LOCATIONS OF CATLLE SHELTER IN RELATION TO INDOOR DENSITIES OF Anopheles aconitus MALARIA VECTOR IN CENTRAL JAVA
LOCATIONS OF CATLLE SHELTER IN RELATION TO INDOOR
DENSITIES OF Anopheles aconitus MALARIA VECTOR
IN CENTRAL JAVA
Darnar 'lki Boewono
l',
Sustriap Nalirn I ) , and Singgih H. Sigit
')
ABSTRAK
Pertelitiart l~rzntkrlrertgarltari pertgantlt bc.rbuLgai ca1.a peltetltpatart rentak (kerbazc) terltadap
kepadatan vektor rlralana Anopheles aconitus di dala17z ntr7rall telalt dilah-ukan di Desa Kaligading,
Kecantatan Boja, Kahuipate~t Kendal, Jaiva Tetzgalt.
Hasil pettelitian ntertzirtjukkan bult~vapcrteuzpatatt kaildartg tentak (kerbau, sapil di dalanz dart
17terrenzpelpadanlntah, rlzertirtgkatkart kepadatarl An. aconitus yang r~zer~gs~~git
orang di dalar71nrntah,
ntasing-inasirtg 6 , l dart 3,7 kali dibandingkan dengart ntrlzalt tartpa ternak. Penerttpatatt kerbau atazi
sapi 20 r?teter di htar ninlah, dapat r7ten~rntitkankeyadatart populasi An. aconitus ntasiitg- rltasing
2,8 dart 5,2 kali dibandirtgkart ncrttah de~tgartkartdaltg tentak rtrertentpel dart ntntah dertgart tentak
di dalanr.
INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia particularly Java,Attoplteles
aco~rinrsis the most important vector for
This 'pecies is
zOO~hilic,and
over 90 percent of the population depend on
blood meal from bovids!
Because of prolonged use of DDT since
1957, this species developed resistance to DDT
as reported first in Central Java in 196.5~To
improve vector control methods, alternative
insecticides and several methods of application
have been suggested7. However, many
insecticide problems have been detected such
as development of vector resistance, the
community's reluctance in accepting routine
spraying in the houses, etc. To cope uith these
"
1)
problems, other control methods based on the
1
vector bionomics are being considered .
The present paper will report the results
of a study conducted in an effort to investigate
those asDects of Atl. acollifits behaxiour related
to cattle and to determine the effect on indoors
human vector contact in relation to various
location of cattle shelter.
hl.ATERIAL AND METHODS
1. Study .Area
Kaligading village. Boja subdistrict was
selected for the study. This area is located 27
km South - West of Semarang, in the Northern
foothills of Mount Ungaran, at an elevation of
about 390 meters. The climate is warm and
Vector Control Research Station. Sational Institute of Health Research and Development: P.O.
Central Java.
Veterinary Facult);. B o g r Agriculture Institute. Bogor. LVest Java
BuL Penelit K e s 19 ( I ) 1991
Boy
100. Salatlga.
Location of catlle shelter........Damar Tn Boewono et.al
humid with temperatures of ZO'C minimum
to 3 2 ' ~ maximum and an annual rainfall of
about 300 mm. Kaligading area is agricultural,
with rice as the most important crop, which
is extensively a larval habitat of An. aco~lihrs.
Other crops are casava, sweet potatoes, peanuts,
fruits such as papaya, bananas, etc. grown near
houses. Kaligading village contains about 20
hamlets, 7071 people. 1254 houses and 153cattle
shelters. The study hamlet Kaligading Krajan
has a population of 617 with 154 houses and
16 cattle shelters containing 19 buffaloes and
32 cows. The area is ahout 12 km persegi and
is shown on the map (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Map showing the Study Area. Kaligading Village
Location of catlle shelter........Damar Tn Boewono et.al
2. Method
A total of 14 houses selected for the study
of i) F~~~ houses, where
shelters were closed, located inside the building
as part of ,he house; ii) lzour houses, where
cattle shelters were attached to the house; iii)
Four houses, where cattle shelters s e r e located
about 20 meters from the main building and
c o m ~ l e t e lopen
~
and iv)
remaining
houses, where no cattle shelters existed was used
Or cows were
for comparison. Two
placed in two different cattle shelters at the
same location. The location of selected houses
On lhe map (Figure 2).
are
ki
*
*
D
k k - Rice fields, breeding habitat of An. aconitus
44- Rubber estate
- Cattle shelter inside
A* - Cattle shelter attached
Houses with cows shelter
b* - Cattle shelter 20 meters
5 . Houses with buffaloes shelter
- distance from the dwellings
0 - Untreated houses
Figure 2. Map of Kaligading Hamlet, showing the houses selected and location of the cattle
shelters
A
-.
Bul. Penelit. Kes. 19 (1) 1991
a*
a*
7
Locatlon of catlle shelter ........ Damar Tri Ruewono et.al
3.
Entomological Evaluation
Table I. S ~ g h~ndoorlandlngand
t
hlorn~ngindoorresting
d e n s ~ t l e s( p e r - m a n i h o u r ) of Anopheles
aconifus.
The study was conducted from February
till June 1986, the season known to be major
peak of Aft. ucortihls (Joshi et al., 1977).
Densities of Art. acorlihrs in both treated and
u n t r e a t e d h o u s e s were d e t e r m i n e d by
forthnightly collections as follous : i) Indoor
landing on man by one collector in each treated
and untreated house from 18.00 - 24.00 hours.
ii) Indoor resting catches nhere one collector
each searched in treated or untreated houses
from 06.00 - 07.00 hours Newman Keuls Test
was used for statistical analysis.
4.. Precipitin Test
A total of 100 blood-fed specimens of
An. a~011iht~
collected during day time along
stream banks and irrigation ditches were futed
on filter paper and sent for analysis in Vector
Control Research, Pondicherry - India.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The highest density of ,411. acortihrs both
landing on man and resting indoors was found
in the houses with cattle shelter inside, i.e. 3.52
p e r - m a n i h o u r a n d 11.30 p e r - m a n l h o u r
respectively. Indoor landing rates on man where
the cattle shelters are located inside and
attached to the house were 3.52 per-man,'hour
and 2.18 per-manihour respectively. The ratio
of indoor landing rates on man where the cattle
shelter was located inside, and attached to the
house were respectively6.1 and 3.7 times higher
than houses without cattle shelter (Table 1).
8
-
Indoor landing
Indoor resting
Density Ratio
easity Ratio
-1
Treatment of houses
.
-.
-
-----
-
W~thoutcattle shelter
0.58
1.0.
2.68
Cattle shelter 20 meters
distance from dwell~ngs
0.52
0.9
250
Cattle shclrer attached
1.18
Cattle shelter inside
3.52
l.O
O9
3.7
6.1
1
l
i1
5.83
2.2
1130
42 j
These results were significantly different
(P) to the houscs without cattle and houses with
cattle shelter located 20 meters from the
dwellings. It shows that man-malaria vector
contact in the houses with cattle inside and
houseswith cattle shelters attached to the house,
increased, thus also increasing the possibility
of the malaria transmission. However if the
cattle shelter locatcd at distance of 20 meters
approximately from the dwillings, the vector
density is significantly reduced. The reduction
of An. acolfihls density landing on man indoor
were 5.2 and 2.8 times respectively compared
to cattle shelter inside and attached to the house.
These results indicate that Arr. acortihts is
strongly attracted to watcr buffalo and the cow.
The dcnsity of Art. acor~itlisboth landing on
man and rcstingindoors, where the cattle shelter
was located 20 meters from the house and
houses without cattle shelter were not
significantly different (P0.05). The density of
A~t.aconihrsindoors on the various locations of
cows and buffaloes shelter were not significantly
different (P0.05). These results indicate that
there was no significant difference in the
attraction of An acorrihls to cows as well as
buffaloes. Bruce-Chwatt stated that genetic
Rul. Penelil. lies. 19 ( 1 ) 1991
Location of catlle shelter ........Damar Tri Boewono et.al
factors of mosquitoes would be very important
in determining the host-seeking behaviour5.
Kirnowardoyo and Supalin revealed that the
man-cattle ratio is not the main factor in
determining the man-mosquito contact6.
However, in order t o survive in a harsh
environment, adaptation of mosquitoes will
occur and frequently zoophylic species u4II
become anthropophylic in the absence of cattle
or other mammals. Joshi et al. reported that
An. acortitz~sis highly zoophylic, more than 90%
of the population fed on bovine animals1.
Precipitin test results of total of 100An.acorlihts
blood meals from natural outdoor collections
in this study (man-cattle ratio 13.1 : I), show
that 51.0 % of this species prefer feeding on
cows, 21.0 5 on buffaloes and only 3.0 5 feed
on man (Table 3).
Table 2. Precipitin test of An. aconitus blood meals * )
Percent (Q) blood meals positibz for
!No.
lTested
Man
100
3.0
Goat Sheep Cow Buffalo Unidentified
4.0
12.0 51.0
21.0
approximately, the vector densities indoors is
significantly reduced. This study also indicates
that there was no significant difference in the
attractiveness of water buffaloes and cows to
An. aconihis.
This study was supported in part by a
from the UNDP,'world Bank/WHO Special
Program for Research and Training in Tropical
Diseases.
The authors would like to thank Ir. Sri
Soewasti Soesanto MPH, Head of The Health
Ecology Research Centre?NIHRD for support
and encouragement. We are also grateful to Dr.
Rajagopalan, Head of VCRC. Pondicnerry
India for his work on precipitin test.
Thanks are also due to Dr. Soenarjo
Sastrahadinoto. Veterinary Facultv. Bogor
Agriculture Institute, for his assistance and
implementation of the study, and Dr. Y.H. Bang
for his comments and adlice in the preparation
of this manuscript.
9.0
*) Mosquitoes were collected from natural outdoor
shelters.
However in Kalibenda village,
Banjarnegara regency where the man-cattle
ratio is low (57 : I), 57.4 5% of AII.acorrihls
population were found feeding on man 7 .
REFFERENCES
1.
Joshi. G.P.. 1 3 . Self. Salim Usman. C.P. Pant. M.J.
Selson and Supalin. (1977). Erological studies on
Anopheles aconitus in the Scmarang area of Central
Java. Indonesia. WHO.YHCi77.677.
2.
Soemno. M.. A.S. Badaai. D.A. Muir. A. Soedono
B \I. Siran. (1965). Obsen-ation on doubly resistant
Anopheles aconitus Donitz in Java. Indonesia. and
s
to treatment with malathion. Bul.
on ~ t amenability
WHO. 33 : 153459.
3.
Sudomo. M. Barodji and N. Sustrial-u. (1985).
Chemical control on malaria vector Anopheles
aconitus in Centnal Java. Indonesia. Southeast Asia
J. Trop. Med. Pub. Hlth. 16 : 153 - 162.
CONCLUSION
If the cattle shelters are located inside
or attached to the dwellings, it appears to
increase vector densities indoors and thereby
increasing man-vector contact. However if the
cattle shelter is located at a distance of 20 meters
BuL Penelit lies. 19 (1) 1991
Location of catlle shelter ........Damar Tri Boewono et.al
4.
Subodro. (1980). Masalah penyakit malaria di Jawa
Tengah. Makalah dalam simposium masalah
penyakit parasit dalam program pelayanan
kesehatan. Yogyakana.
5.
Bruce - Chwatt. L.J.. (1981). Essent~alMalarioa.
William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.. London.
35.1 p.
6.
Kirnowardoyo. S. dan Supalin. (1983). Arti dan
Manfaat ternak untuk pengendalian Aaopheles
aconitus Donitz dalam program pemberantasan
malaria dl Jawa Tengah. Kongres Entomologi 11,
Jakarta
7.
WHO. (1980). Species complexis of An aconitus
and possible role on the epidemiology and control
of malaria. WHO (1980) (Unpublished).
Bul. PeneliL Kes. 19 (1) 1991
DENSITIES OF Anopheles aconitus MALARIA VECTOR
IN CENTRAL JAVA
Darnar 'lki Boewono
l',
Sustriap Nalirn I ) , and Singgih H. Sigit
')
ABSTRAK
Pertelitiart l~rzntkrlrertgarltari pertgantlt bc.rbuLgai ca1.a peltetltpatart rentak (kerbazc) terltadap
kepadatan vektor rlralana Anopheles aconitus di dala17z ntr7rall telalt dilah-ukan di Desa Kaligading,
Kecantatan Boja, Kahuipate~t Kendal, Jaiva Tetzgalt.
Hasil pettelitian ntertzirtjukkan bult~vapcrteuzpatatt kaildartg tentak (kerbau, sapil di dalanz dart
17terrenzpelpadanlntah, rlzertirtgkatkart kepadatarl An. aconitus yang r~zer~gs~~git
orang di dalar71nrntah,
ntasing-inasirtg 6 , l dart 3,7 kali dibandingkan dengart ntrlzalt tartpa ternak. Penerttpatatt kerbau atazi
sapi 20 r?teter di htar ninlah, dapat r7ten~rntitkankeyadatart populasi An. aconitus ntasiitg- rltasing
2,8 dart 5,2 kali dibandirtgkart ncrttah de~tgartkartdaltg tentak rtrertentpel dart ntntah dertgart tentak
di dalanr.
INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia particularly Java,Attoplteles
aco~rinrsis the most important vector for
This 'pecies is
zOO~hilic,and
over 90 percent of the population depend on
blood meal from bovids!
Because of prolonged use of DDT since
1957, this species developed resistance to DDT
as reported first in Central Java in 196.5~To
improve vector control methods, alternative
insecticides and several methods of application
have been suggested7. However, many
insecticide problems have been detected such
as development of vector resistance, the
community's reluctance in accepting routine
spraying in the houses, etc. To cope uith these
"
1)
problems, other control methods based on the
1
vector bionomics are being considered .
The present paper will report the results
of a study conducted in an effort to investigate
those asDects of Atl. acollifits behaxiour related
to cattle and to determine the effect on indoors
human vector contact in relation to various
location of cattle shelter.
hl.ATERIAL AND METHODS
1. Study .Area
Kaligading village. Boja subdistrict was
selected for the study. This area is located 27
km South - West of Semarang, in the Northern
foothills of Mount Ungaran, at an elevation of
about 390 meters. The climate is warm and
Vector Control Research Station. Sational Institute of Health Research and Development: P.O.
Central Java.
Veterinary Facult);. B o g r Agriculture Institute. Bogor. LVest Java
BuL Penelit K e s 19 ( I ) 1991
Boy
100. Salatlga.
Location of catlle shelter........Damar Tn Boewono et.al
humid with temperatures of ZO'C minimum
to 3 2 ' ~ maximum and an annual rainfall of
about 300 mm. Kaligading area is agricultural,
with rice as the most important crop, which
is extensively a larval habitat of An. aco~lihrs.
Other crops are casava, sweet potatoes, peanuts,
fruits such as papaya, bananas, etc. grown near
houses. Kaligading village contains about 20
hamlets, 7071 people. 1254 houses and 153cattle
shelters. The study hamlet Kaligading Krajan
has a population of 617 with 154 houses and
16 cattle shelters containing 19 buffaloes and
32 cows. The area is ahout 12 km persegi and
is shown on the map (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Map showing the Study Area. Kaligading Village
Location of catlle shelter........Damar Tn Boewono et.al
2. Method
A total of 14 houses selected for the study
of i) F~~~ houses, where
shelters were closed, located inside the building
as part of ,he house; ii) lzour houses, where
cattle shelters were attached to the house; iii)
Four houses, where cattle shelters s e r e located
about 20 meters from the main building and
c o m ~ l e t e lopen
~
and iv)
remaining
houses, where no cattle shelters existed was used
Or cows were
for comparison. Two
placed in two different cattle shelters at the
same location. The location of selected houses
On lhe map (Figure 2).
are
ki
*
*
D
k k - Rice fields, breeding habitat of An. aconitus
44- Rubber estate
- Cattle shelter inside
A* - Cattle shelter attached
Houses with cows shelter
b* - Cattle shelter 20 meters
5 . Houses with buffaloes shelter
- distance from the dwellings
0 - Untreated houses
Figure 2. Map of Kaligading Hamlet, showing the houses selected and location of the cattle
shelters
A
-.
Bul. Penelit. Kes. 19 (1) 1991
a*
a*
7
Locatlon of catlle shelter ........ Damar Tri Ruewono et.al
3.
Entomological Evaluation
Table I. S ~ g h~ndoorlandlngand
t
hlorn~ngindoorresting
d e n s ~ t l e s( p e r - m a n i h o u r ) of Anopheles
aconifus.
The study was conducted from February
till June 1986, the season known to be major
peak of Aft. ucortihls (Joshi et al., 1977).
Densities of Art. acorlihrs in both treated and
u n t r e a t e d h o u s e s were d e t e r m i n e d by
forthnightly collections as follous : i) Indoor
landing on man by one collector in each treated
and untreated house from 18.00 - 24.00 hours.
ii) Indoor resting catches nhere one collector
each searched in treated or untreated houses
from 06.00 - 07.00 hours Newman Keuls Test
was used for statistical analysis.
4.. Precipitin Test
A total of 100 blood-fed specimens of
An. a~011iht~
collected during day time along
stream banks and irrigation ditches were futed
on filter paper and sent for analysis in Vector
Control Research, Pondicherry - India.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The highest density of ,411. acortihrs both
landing on man and resting indoors was found
in the houses with cattle shelter inside, i.e. 3.52
p e r - m a n i h o u r a n d 11.30 p e r - m a n l h o u r
respectively. Indoor landing rates on man where
the cattle shelters are located inside and
attached to the house were 3.52 per-man,'hour
and 2.18 per-manihour respectively. The ratio
of indoor landing rates on man where the cattle
shelter was located inside, and attached to the
house were respectively6.1 and 3.7 times higher
than houses without cattle shelter (Table 1).
8
-
Indoor landing
Indoor resting
Density Ratio
easity Ratio
-1
Treatment of houses
.
-.
-
-----
-
W~thoutcattle shelter
0.58
1.0.
2.68
Cattle shelter 20 meters
distance from dwell~ngs
0.52
0.9
250
Cattle shclrer attached
1.18
Cattle shelter inside
3.52
l.O
O9
3.7
6.1
1
l
i1
5.83
2.2
1130
42 j
These results were significantly different
(P) to the houscs without cattle and houses with
cattle shelter located 20 meters from the
dwellings. It shows that man-malaria vector
contact in the houses with cattle inside and
houseswith cattle shelters attached to the house,
increased, thus also increasing the possibility
of the malaria transmission. However if the
cattle shelter locatcd at distance of 20 meters
approximately from the dwillings, the vector
density is significantly reduced. The reduction
of An. acolfihls density landing on man indoor
were 5.2 and 2.8 times respectively compared
to cattle shelter inside and attached to the house.
These results indicate that Arr. acortihts is
strongly attracted to watcr buffalo and the cow.
The dcnsity of Art. acor~itlisboth landing on
man and rcstingindoors, where the cattle shelter
was located 20 meters from the house and
houses without cattle shelter were not
significantly different (P0.05). The density of
A~t.aconihrsindoors on the various locations of
cows and buffaloes shelter were not significantly
different (P0.05). These results indicate that
there was no significant difference in the
attraction of An acorrihls to cows as well as
buffaloes. Bruce-Chwatt stated that genetic
Rul. Penelil. lies. 19 ( 1 ) 1991
Location of catlle shelter ........Damar Tri Boewono et.al
factors of mosquitoes would be very important
in determining the host-seeking behaviour5.
Kirnowardoyo and Supalin revealed that the
man-cattle ratio is not the main factor in
determining the man-mosquito contact6.
However, in order t o survive in a harsh
environment, adaptation of mosquitoes will
occur and frequently zoophylic species u4II
become anthropophylic in the absence of cattle
or other mammals. Joshi et al. reported that
An. acortitz~sis highly zoophylic, more than 90%
of the population fed on bovine animals1.
Precipitin test results of total of 100An.acorlihts
blood meals from natural outdoor collections
in this study (man-cattle ratio 13.1 : I), show
that 51.0 % of this species prefer feeding on
cows, 21.0 5 on buffaloes and only 3.0 5 feed
on man (Table 3).
Table 2. Precipitin test of An. aconitus blood meals * )
Percent (Q) blood meals positibz for
!No.
lTested
Man
100
3.0
Goat Sheep Cow Buffalo Unidentified
4.0
12.0 51.0
21.0
approximately, the vector densities indoors is
significantly reduced. This study also indicates
that there was no significant difference in the
attractiveness of water buffaloes and cows to
An. aconihis.
This study was supported in part by a
from the UNDP,'world Bank/WHO Special
Program for Research and Training in Tropical
Diseases.
The authors would like to thank Ir. Sri
Soewasti Soesanto MPH, Head of The Health
Ecology Research Centre?NIHRD for support
and encouragement. We are also grateful to Dr.
Rajagopalan, Head of VCRC. Pondicnerry
India for his work on precipitin test.
Thanks are also due to Dr. Soenarjo
Sastrahadinoto. Veterinary Facultv. Bogor
Agriculture Institute, for his assistance and
implementation of the study, and Dr. Y.H. Bang
for his comments and adlice in the preparation
of this manuscript.
9.0
*) Mosquitoes were collected from natural outdoor
shelters.
However in Kalibenda village,
Banjarnegara regency where the man-cattle
ratio is low (57 : I), 57.4 5% of AII.acorrihls
population were found feeding on man 7 .
REFFERENCES
1.
Joshi. G.P.. 1 3 . Self. Salim Usman. C.P. Pant. M.J.
Selson and Supalin. (1977). Erological studies on
Anopheles aconitus in the Scmarang area of Central
Java. Indonesia. WHO.YHCi77.677.
2.
Soemno. M.. A.S. Badaai. D.A. Muir. A. Soedono
B \I. Siran. (1965). Obsen-ation on doubly resistant
Anopheles aconitus Donitz in Java. Indonesia. and
s
to treatment with malathion. Bul.
on ~ t amenability
WHO. 33 : 153459.
3.
Sudomo. M. Barodji and N. Sustrial-u. (1985).
Chemical control on malaria vector Anopheles
aconitus in Centnal Java. Indonesia. Southeast Asia
J. Trop. Med. Pub. Hlth. 16 : 153 - 162.
CONCLUSION
If the cattle shelters are located inside
or attached to the dwellings, it appears to
increase vector densities indoors and thereby
increasing man-vector contact. However if the
cattle shelter is located at a distance of 20 meters
BuL Penelit lies. 19 (1) 1991
Location of catlle shelter ........Damar Tri Boewono et.al
4.
Subodro. (1980). Masalah penyakit malaria di Jawa
Tengah. Makalah dalam simposium masalah
penyakit parasit dalam program pelayanan
kesehatan. Yogyakana.
5.
Bruce - Chwatt. L.J.. (1981). Essent~alMalarioa.
William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.. London.
35.1 p.
6.
Kirnowardoyo. S. dan Supalin. (1983). Arti dan
Manfaat ternak untuk pengendalian Aaopheles
aconitus Donitz dalam program pemberantasan
malaria dl Jawa Tengah. Kongres Entomologi 11,
Jakarta
7.
WHO. (1980). Species complexis of An aconitus
and possible role on the epidemiology and control
of malaria. WHO (1980) (Unpublished).
Bul. PeneliL Kes. 19 (1) 1991