PROCEEDING OF ISAE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR BANDAR LAMPUNG AUGUST 10-12, 2017

  PROCEEDING OF ISAE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR BANDAR LAMPUNG AUGUST 10-12, 2017 “Strengthening Food and Feed

Security and Energy Sustainability to

Enhance Competitiveness”

  EDITORIAL TEAM : Dr. Ir. Agus Haryanto, M.P. Dr. Ir. Sugeng Triyono, M.Sc Sri Waluyo, S.T.P., M.Si., Ph.D. Dr. Ir. Sandi Asmara, M.Si Dr. Diding Suhandy, S.T.P, M.Agr. Dr. Mareli Telaumbanua, S.T.P., M.Sc. Cicih Sugianti, S.T.P., M.Si. Winda Rahmawati, S.T.P., M.Sc. Tri Wahyu Saputra, S.T.P, M.Sc.

  PROCEEDING OF ISAE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR BANDAR LAMPUNG, AUGUST 10-12, 2017 “Strengthening Food and Feed Security and Energy Sustainability to Enhance Competitiveness”

  ISBN : 978-602-72006-2-3

Published by : Departement of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture,

University of Lampung Address : Prof. Dr. Ir. Sumantri Brojonegoro street, No. 1, Gedong Meneng, Rajabasa, Bandar Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia 35141 E-mail : isae@fp.unila.ac.id Published date : February 2018

  

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PREFACE

Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin, I would like to express how grateful we are to finished

  

“Proceeding of ISAE International Seminar 2017, Bandar Lampung, August 10-12, 2017 with

theme “Strengthening Food and Feed Security and Energy Sustainability to Enhance Competitiveness

  ”. We are here to communicate and gather dissemination of information and

research results in the field of agriculture as part of planning the development of agriculture in

the future towards food and biomass-based energy self-sufficiency. Through this proceeding,

we shared the problem, ideas, knowledge and technology to arrange solutions that

communicated and discussed at ISAE International Seminar, Bandar Lampung, August 10-12,

2017. This proceeding contains 118 papers that divided by 8 categories namely Agricutural

Engineering, Agribussiness, Agricutural Technology, Agricutural Science, Energy, Food, Natural

Resources, and Sistem and Agricultural Management from many universities and many

institutes in Indonesia.

  I would like to extend gratitude for all authors of the proceeding who communicated and

shared their research results, editorial team who work together to executed this proceeding,

Agricultural Engineering Departement of University of Lampung, Faculty of Agriculture of

University of Lampung, University of Lampung, PERTETA and committee members. Salutations

to Dr. Ir. Sam Herodian, M.S. as Profressional Staff of The Minister of Agriculture of Republic of

Indonesia; Ir. Sutono, MM as Regional Secretary of Lampung Province; Prof. Dr. Ir. Hasriadi Mat

Akin, M.P. as Rector University of Lampung; Prof Dr. Ir. Irwan Sukri Banuwa, M.Si. as Dean of

Agricultural Faculty of University of Lampung; Prof. Mikio Umeda from Kyoto University, Japan;

Prof. Dr. Ir. Irwandi Jaswir, M.Sc. from International Islamic University, Malaysia; Dr. S. D. Filip

To, PHD. PE from Mississippi State University, USA; Dr. Rosanna Marie C. Amongo from

University of the Philippines Los Baños, The Philippines; Prof. Dr. Ir. Lilik Sutiarso, M.Eng. from

Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia; and Prof. Raden Achmad Bustomi Rosadi, M.S. from

University of Lampung.

  Last, we hope that you will have a great memories about the experience in Bandar Lampung and the relationship that have managed at Seminar can become better in the future.

  Best Regard, Dr. Ir. Sandi Asmara, M.Si Chairman of ISAE IS 2017

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  V Preface

  Opening Speechers of Seminar vi

  Keynote Speakers of Seminar vii

  List of Paper Codes x

  Table of Contents xii

  A : Agricultural Engineering

  A.1 EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF PNEUMATIC CONVEYING RECIRCULATED

  1 DRYER FOR DRYING OF FLOURS MATERIALS Abadi Jading, Nursigit Bintoro, Lilik Sutiarso, Joko Nugroho Wahyu Karyadi

  A.2 FIELD PERFORMANCE OF RICE COMBINE HARVESTER PROTOTYPE FOR TIDAL

  9 SWAMP LAND Anjar Suprapto, Sulha Pangaribuan, Dony Anggit, Titin Nuryawati

  A.3 DESIGN AND MODELLING OF TEA PICKER MACHINE (Camellia Sinensis (L). Kuntze)

  15 TYPE RECIPROCATING SINGLE CUTTER WITH A BATTERY POWER SOURCE Anri Kurniawan, Bambang Purwantana, Lilik Sutiarso

  A.4 A DRAFT FORCE CALCULATION FOR DITCHER IMPLEMENT ON SOYBEAN

  23 CULTIVATION UNDER SATURATED SOIL CULTURE Azmi Asyidda Mushoffa, Wawan Hermawan, Radite Praeko Agus Setiawan

  A.5 DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PRIME MOVER FOR OIL PALM

  31 FERTILIZER APPLICATOR Desrial, Tineke Mandang, Dwi Budi Aswin, Taufik Nugraha

  A.6 STUDY OF HIGH ELECTROSTATIC FIELD PRETREATMENT TO MAINTAIN

  37 POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF CHERRY TOMATO Redika Ardi Kusuma, Lilik Pujantoro, Dyah Wulandani

  A.7 DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SEPARATION MECHANISMS OF PULP AND

  43 MANGOSTEEN SEEDS Rosyid Ridho, Wawan Hermawan, Usman Ahmad

  A.8 DESIGN OF MACHINE FOR SHELL REMOVAL OF OIL PALM SEED

  49 Tamrin, Kukuh Setiawan, Hanang Agung Prasetyo, Ardian M.

  A.9 DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF TEA SHOOTS CHOPPER: THE FISRT STEP TO OBTAIN

  57 OPTIMUM TEA STALKS AND TEA LEAVES SEPARATION Agus Sutejo, Sutrisno, Wawan Hermawan, Desrial

  A.10 FERTILIZING PERFORMANCE BY USING HAND GRANULE SPREADER TASCO GS-10

  63 Gatot Pramuhadi, M. Ali Imran S, Henry Haryanto Yap A.11 MODIFICATION OF CORN (Zea mays L.) SHELLER BY ELECTRIC MOTOR POWER

  71 SOURCE Omil Charmyn Chatib, Santosa, Oggi Alif Riyanda

  A.12 ANALYSIS OF WORKING CAPACITY AND FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HAND TRACTOR

  77 ON DRY LAND IN NAGARI TANJUNG BONAI LINTAU BUO UTARA TANAH DATAR Ifmalinda

  A.13 CURING TOOL DESIGN OF MEAT AND FISH

  81

  ,

  Indah Widanarti , Acep Ponadi Muchlis Alahudin A.14 PERFORMANCE AND ERGONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CHILI (Capsicum annuum L.)

  85 PLANTING TOOLS USING TUGAL MECHANISM Rengga Arnalis Renjani, Putri Chandra Ayu, Rizki Aidil P. Putra, and Desrial

  A.15 ANALYSIS OF BLADE FROM PORTABLE CHOPPER MACHINE FOR PALM OIL FROND

  91 USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD Ramayanty Bulan, Safrizal, T. Saiful Bahri

  A.16 DEVELOPMENT OF HOLER TOOL FOR PLASTIC MULCH WITH ELECTRIC HEATER

  97 R. Mislaini and Omil Charmyn Chatib A.17 STUDY OF LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESSING WITH DOUBLE JACKET VACUUM 107

  EVAPORATOR FOR IMPROVING QUALITY OF DRAGON FRUIT-MILK CANDY Bambang Susilo

  A.18 PERFORMANCE TES OF COMPOST APPLICATOR 113

  Iqbal, Mahmud Achmad, Muhammad Tahir Sapsal A.19 DEVELOPMENT OF SAWMILL-WASTE GRADING FOR COMPOSITE MATERIAL 117

  UTILIZATION Muhammad Makky, Leo Saputra Napitu, Khandra Fahmy

  B : Agribusiness

  B.1 CONCEPTION-ADOPTION MODEL OF CRYSTAL GUAVA 125 (A CASE STUDY OF BANDUNG REGENCY, WEST JAVA) Mahra Arari Heryanto, Pandi Pardian, Adi Nugraha

  B.2 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND AGROINDUSTRY LINKAGE IN CREATING REGIONAL 133 ECONOMIC MULTIPLIER IN NEW REGIONAL AUTONOMY Teguh Endaryanto, Lina Marlina

  B.3 STRATEGY BUSINESS CILEMBU SWEET POTATOES CHIPS MAUTIK (CASE STUDY OF 141 SWEET POTATOES CHIPS MAUTIK, CILEMBU VILLAGE, PAMULIHAN, SUMEDANG, WEST JAVA) Aprilianti, Gema Wibawa Mukti

  B.4 STUDY ON IMPLEMENTATION OF GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP) IN 149

  IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY AND COCOA FARMERS INCOME (CASE STUDY OF NATURAL AULIA FARMERS GROUP, KORONG AMBUNG KAPUA, NAGARI SUNGAI SARIAK, VII KOTO SUBDISTRICT, PADANG PARIAMAN DISTRICT, WEST SUMATERA PROVINCE) Lucyana Trimo, Syarif Hidayat, Yosini Deliana, Endah Djuendah

  B.5 LOCAL PROCESSED FOOD INDUSTRY BASED CASSAVA IN IMPROVING RURAL 155 ECONOMY Fitriani, Bina Unteawati, Cholid Fatih

  B.6 159

  COSTUMER SATISFACTION ON COFFEE OF CAFE’S MARKETING Muhammad Arief Budiman, Endah Djuwendah, Eti Suminartika

  B.7 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS OF CRYSTAL GUAVA IN THE DISTRICT OF CIMAUNG, 169 REGENCY OF BANDUNG Pandi Pardian, Mahra Arari Heryanto, and Dhany Esperanza

  B.8 RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN OF MANGO EXPORT- ORIENTED IN 171 SEDONG, CIREBON Tuti Karyani, Agriani Hermita, Hesty Nurul Utami, Hepi Hapsari, Elly Rasmikayati

  B.9 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF TWO VARIETIES INPARI IN RICE FARM ENVIRONMENTLY 185 FRIENDLY Yulia Pujiharti and Zahara

  B.10 MOTIVATION AND PARTICIPATION OF FOOD BARN MEMBERS IN LAMPUNG PROVINCE 189 Indah Nurmayasari, Fembriarti Erry Prasmatiwi, Yuliana Saleh

  B.11 FARMER READINESS FOR ADOPTING STEVIA CULTIVATION 193 (A CASE STUDY AT DISTRICT OF PASIR JAMBU, REGENCY OF BANDUNG) Dika Supyandi, Yayat Sukayat, Hepi Hapsari

  B.12 ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS MODEL FOR POPULACE TEA PRODUCTION ENTERPISE ON CAP 199

DUA PETANI GREEN TEA BAG PRODUCTS

  (CASE STUDY GAPOKTAN KARYA MANDIRI SEJAHTERA, CIBODAS VILLAGE, PASIR JAMBU SUBDISTRICT, BANDUNG REGENCY, WEST JAVA PROVINCE) Erlisa Yuniasih and Gema Wibawa Mukti

  B.13 THE ROLE OF EXTENSION WORKER IN DEVELOPING URBAN FARMING IN CISARANTEN 205 KIDUL BANDUNG CITY Rani Andriani Budi Kusumo, Anne Charina, Yossini Deliana, Nurul Fazri

  B.14 ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES FOR INDONESIAN 211 ROBUSTA COFFEE BEANS Muhammad Arief Budiman, Sulistyodewi Nur Wiyono, Eti Suminartika

  C : Agricultural Technology

  C.1 SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF L-ASCORBIC ACID AND GLUCOSE IN MIXTURE 219 SOLUTION USING FTIR-ATR TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY COMBINED WITH PLS2 REGRESSION Diding Suhandy, Meinilwita Yulia

  C.2 NIR SPECTROSCOPY APPLICATION FOR DETERMINATION OF TRIGONELLINE AND 227 CHLOROGENIC ACID (CGA) CONCENTRATION IN COFFEE BEANS

  I Wayan Budiastra, Sutrisno, Sukrisno Widyotomo, Putri Chandra Ayu C.3 DETECTION OF RIDGE GOURD (Luffa acutangula) FRUIT QUALITY DURING STORAGE 233

  USING NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROMETER Kusumiyati, Syariful Mubarok, Jajang Sauman Hamdani, Farida, Wawan Sutari, Yuda Hadiwijaya, Ine Elisa Putri

  C.4 RIGHT-ANGLE FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY COUPLED WITH PLS-DA FOR 247 DISCRIMINATION OF INDONESIAN PALM CIVET COFFEE Diding Suhandy, Meinilwita Yulia, Tetsuhito Suzuki, Yuichi Ogawa, Naoshi Kondo

  C.5 RAPID AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE QUANTIFICATION OF CHLOROGENIC ACID IN INTACT 253 COFFEE BEANS BY DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY Yusmanizar, Imas Siti Setiasih, Sarifah Nurjanah, Mimin Muhaeimin

  C.6 NON-DESTRUCTIVE DETERMINATION OF SWEETNESS AND FIRMNESS LEVEL FOR 257 PAPAYA CALINA (Carica papaya L.) USING ULTRASONIC METHOD Maman Setiawan, I Wayan Budiastra

  C.7 A STUDY OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS SWEET 263 POTATO CLONES (Ipomoea batatas L.) Mardhiah Hayati, Sabaruddin, Efendi, Ashabul Anhar, Rita Hayati, Ari Sandi

  C.8 L-ASCORBIC ACID DETERMINATION USING FTIR-ATR TERAHERTZ SPECTROSCOPY 269 COMBINED WITH PLS2 REGRESSION Meinilwita Yulia, Diding Suhandy, Tetsuhito Suzuki, Yuichi Ogawa, Naoshi Kondo

  C.9 ON-LINE MEASURING GRAIN MOISTURE CONTENT USING MICROWAVE PRINCIPLES 275 Renny Eka Putri, Azmi Yahya, Nor Maria Adam, Samsuzana Abd Aziz

  C.10 EFFECTS OF ANALYSIS METHOD IN PREDICTION CANE QUALITY USING NIR 281 SPECTROSCOPY Risvan Kuswurjanto, Linda Mustikaningrum

  C.11

  VIS-NIR PROXIMAL SENSING TO ESTIMATE SOIL TEXTURE 287 S.Virgawati, M. Mawardi, L. Sutiarso, S. Shibusawa, H. Segah, M. Kodaira

  C.12 APPLICATION OF MICROCONTROLLER TO CONTROL ROOM ENVIRONMENT OF A 297 MUSHROOM HOUSE Sugeng Triyono, Dermiyati, Jamalam Lumbanraja, Hanung Pramono, Aditya H. Probowo

  C.13 NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY : FAST AND SIMULTANEOUS 303 PREDICTION OF AGRICULTURAL SOIL NUTRIENTS CONTENT Devianti, Zulfahrizal, Sufardi, Agus Arip Munawar

  C.14 CLEAN TECHNOLOGY IN COPRA AND COCONUT SHELL PROCESSING INDUSTRY 307 Agus Margiwiyatno, Wiludjeng Trisasiwi, Anisur Rosyad

  C.15 THE QUALITY OF FERMENTED CACAO BEANS IN SMALL-SCALE 313 Dwi Dian Novita, Cicih Sugianti, Kartinia Sari

  C.16 THE TASTE OF ROBUSTA COFFEE POWDER FROM CLOSED STEAMING SYSTEM PROCESS 319

  IN HIGH TEMPERATURE Sapto Kuncoro, Lilik Sutiarso, Joko Nugroho, Rudiati Evi Masithoh

  C.17 EVALUATION OF QUALITY AND LIFE STORED THE WHITE COPRA FROM DRYING 325 PROCESS USING SOLAR TRAY DRYER TYPE Murad, Rahmat Sabani, Guyup Mahardhian Dwi Putra

  C.18 TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY CONTROL SYSTEM IN CURLY RED CHILI 329 SEEDLING HOUSE USING ARDUINO UNO Andasuryani, Santosa, M. Rizal

  D : Agricultural Science

  D.1 THE RESPONSES OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) CULTIVAR GRANOLA TO 337 DIFFERENT MEDIA AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN IN VITRO CULTURE AND ACCLIMATIZATION IN MEDIUM LAND Anne Nuraini, Erni Suminar, Neni Rostini, Dewi Susanti

  D.2 POTENCY OF BIOFERTILIZER FOR INCREASING YIELD OF SOYBEAN 343 ON THE DRYLAND ACID Endriani

  D.3

  INCREASING OF PRODUCTIVITY AND PRODUCTION OF LOWLAND BY ENHANCING 349 PLANTING INDEX (IP 200) Hasbi, Daniel Saputra, Tri Tunggal

  D.4 EFFECT OF MIXED CROPPING BETWEEN Brachiaria Humidicola GRASS WITH LEGUME 353 ON DRY MATTER YIELD OF FORAGE, CRUDE PROTEIN CONTENT AND CRUDE FIBER CONTENT OF GRASS Iin Susilawati, U. Hidayat Tanuwiria, M. Fauzi Al Irsyad, Kania Ayu Puspadewi

  D.5 RESPONSE OF SEVERAL SOYBEAN VARIETIES ON ACID DRY LAND IN GUNUNG GEULIS 357 BOGOR Junaedi Prasetiyo, Prihanti Kamukten, Reza Y Purwoko, M. Muchlish Adie

  D.6 NITROGEN, PHOSPHOR AND CALCIUM UPTAKE ON PADJADJARAN CORN HYBRID AS 361 FEED FORAGE INTERCROPPED WITH SOY BEAN Nyimas Popi Indriani, Yuyun Yuwariah, Sudarjat, Dedi Ruswandi, Anne Nuraini, Hepi Hapsari, Muhamad Kadapi

  D.7 THE SELECTION OF LOCAL GENETIC SOURCE RICE POPULATION DIFFERENTIATED BY 365 THEIR GENETIC MARKERS IN LOWLAND AND UPLAND ORGANIC ENVIRONMENT Saiful Hikam, Paul B. Timotiwu, Denny Sudrajat

  D.8 COMPOSTING OF RICE STRAW 373

  Sumiyati, I Wayan Tika, Yohanes Setiyo, I Putu Gede Budisanjaya D.9 QUALITY OF POTATO SEEDS FROM SOME MODELS OF CULTIVATION AFTER STORAGE 377

  Yohanes Setiyo, Dewa Gde mayun Permana, IGA lani Triani, IBP Gunadnya D.10 PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON THE EFFICACY OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS INDUCING 383 RESISTANCE IN MAIZE PLANTS TO CONTROL DOWNY MILDEW AND LEAF BLIGHT

  Cipta Ginting, Joko Prasetyo, Tri Maryono, Mila Safitri, Ika Ayuningsih D.11 STRUCTURE, BEHAVIOR, AND PERFORMANCE OF RUBBER MARKETING IN SINTANG 389

  DISTRICT ON WEST KALIMANTAN Dhanang Eka Putra, Slamet Hartono, Masyhuri, Lestari Rahayu Waluyati

  D.12 A STUDY OF VIGOR OF STORABILITY OF SEEDS OF SOME SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor 399 L. Moench.) GENOTYPES WITH ACCELERATED AGEING Eko Pramono, Muhammad Kamal, F. X. Susilo, Paul B. Timotiwu

  D.13 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CASSAVA STARCH CM-CHITOSAN-ACRYLIC 405 ACID HYDROGEL PREPARED FROM RADIATION-INDUCED CROSSLINKING Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso

  D.14 APPLICATION OF ONE CYCLE RED-BLUE ARTIFICIAL LIGHT IMPROVED THE 411 PRODUCTIVITY OF CHRYSANTHEMUM

  I Made Anom Sutrisna Wijaya, Ni Wayan Anik Wahyuni, I Made Nada D.15 ENDOPHYTE FUNGAL EXPLORATION FROM GRAMINAE ROOT WITH PLANT GROWTH 419 PROMOTER POTENTIAL

  Mamat Kandar, I. Nyoman P. Aryantha, Sony Suhandono D.16 ACTIVITY OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS DURING THE GROWTH OF SWEET CORN (Zea 425

  mays saccharata Sturt) IN SECOND PLANTING TIME WITH THE APPLICATION OF

  COMBINATION ORGANONITROFOS, INORGANIC FERTILIZERS, AND BIOCHAR Nyang Vania Ayuningtyas Harini, Dermiyati, Agus Karyanto, Ainin Niswati

  D.17 THE SHIFTING OF WEED COMPOSITION AT SOME PLANT SPACING SETTINGS AND THE 433 PROPORTION OF INORGANIC NITROGEN AND COMPOST NITROGEN OF WHEAT CROP Yosefina Mangera

  D.18 THE EFFECT OF RATION BASED OF THE FERMENTED PALM OIL BY PRODUCT AND ZN- 441 LYSINATE ON THE PERFORMANCE AND DIGESTIBILITY GOAT Muhtarudin, K. Adhianto, A. Haryanto, Liman, S. Tantalo. A. Ramadhani, M. T. Aldhi

  D.19 CORN CROP WASTE PRODUCT ABSORPTION of N, P, and Ca at VARIOUS ALTITUDES 445

  IN THE WEST JAVA Ana Rochana, Nyimas Popi Indriani, Rachmat Wiradimadja, Budi Ayuningsih, Dedi Rahmat, Tidi Dhalika, Heryawan Kemal Mustafa, Iin Susilawati

  D.20 POTENTIAL OF LIQUID SMOKE FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE MATERIAL AS 449 NATURAL PESTICIDE Dewi Rumbaina Mustikawati

  D.21 PADDY YIELDS INCREASING EFFORTS BY FERTILIZER DOSING TECHNOLOGY IN 455 THREE SUB-DISTRICT PADDY PRODUCER CENTRE IN TULANG BAWANG BARAT DISTRICT Kuswanta Futas Hidayat, Irwan Sukri Banuwa, Purba Sanjaya

  D.22 THE USE OF BACTERIA Coryne bacterium ANTAGONISTS AS PREVENTIVE ACTIONS TO 461 REDUCE MAIN DISEASES IN RICE Nila Wardani and Yulia Pujiharti

  D.23 PERFORMANCE OF GROWTH,DISEASE, AND PRODUCTION OF HOT CHILI BY APPLYING 467 SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE Nila Wardani and Nina Mulyanti

  E : Energy

  E.1

  ISOLATION OF CELLULASE ENZYME FROM COW RUMEN TO HYDROLYZE NYPA MIDRIB 473

  IN PRODUCING BIO-ETHANOL Wiludjeng Trisasiwi, Agus Margiwiyatno, Gunawan Wijonarko, Erni Astutiningsih, Nova Damayanti

  E.2 479

  ENERGY EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION IN RICE STORAGING WITH VARIATIONS’ TECHNOLOGY AND GETTING THE BEST QUALITY RICE IN PLASTIC SACKS Indriyani, Nur’aeni, Ria Delta, Lies Kumaradewi

  E.3 KINETICS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL THROUGH 483 MICROWAVE-ASSISTED TRANSESTRIFICATION REACTION Agus Haryanto, Melauren Oktavina Renata, Sugeng Triyono

  E.4 PHYSICAL DIMENSION OF OIL PALM FRESH FRUIT BUNCH AT MINERAL AND PEAT 489 LAND Andreas Wahyu Krisdiarto, Daru Tri Hidayat

  E.5 FEASIBILITY STUDY OF PLANT MICROBIAL FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY IN INDONESIA’S 493 RURAL AREA Dwi Cahyani, Agus Haryanto

  E.6 ENERGY AUDITING IN CPO (CRUDE PALM OIL) PRODUCTION PROCESS 499 S. Endah Agustina

  E.7 LIFE CYCLE ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OIL PALM PLANTATION SYSTEM FOR BIODIESEL 505 PRODUCTION IN ACEH PROVINCE Kiman Siregar, Agus Arif Munawar, Syafriandi, Edi Iswanto Wiloso, Saminuddin B.Tou

  E.8 PROCESS ANALYSIS OF RAW PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT USING SINGLE FEEDING 513 SYSTEM Nuraeni Dwi Dharmawati, Gading Yulta Farida, Wahyono, Rengga Arnalis Renjani

  E.9

  INDONESIAN PALM OIL: FROM GLOBAL MARKET TO DOMESTIC MARKET FOR 521 BIOFUEL Sakti Hutabarat

  F : Food

  F.1 STUDY CONTROL OF Salmonella Sp. CONTAMINATION ON WHITE SHRIMP 531 (Litopenaeus vannamei) USING NATURAL ANTIMICROBIAL FROM EXTRACT OF CHERRY TOMATOES FRUITS (Lycopersicum cerasiformae Mill.) Dewi Sartika, Suharyono A. S, Febry Darma Putri

  F.2 PROTECTION OF FISHMEAL PROTEIN WITH TAMMARIND SEED TANNIN ON 539 FERMENTABILITY, DRY MATTER AND ORGANIC MATTER DIGESTIBLE, AND UNDEGRADED DIETARY PROTEIN IN VITRO U. Hidayat Tanuwiria, A Budiman, Iin Susilawati, Thomas Julian

  F.3 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VEGETABLE OILS AS COATING MATERIALS TO REDUCE 547 DETERIORATION OF TOMATO FRUIT DURING STORAGE

  I Made Supartha Utama, Made Arya Nugeraha Inggas, Nirma Yopita Sari Tarigan, N. L. Yulianti, Pande Ketut Diah Kencana, Gede Arda, G. Luther

  F.4 EFFECT OF SOYBEAN DIET TO IMPROVE FAT ACCUMULATION: A REVIEW 555 Sienny Muliaty, Prihanti P. Kamukten, Reza Y. Purwoko, Lili Indrawati, Erliana Ginting

  F.5 THE PROFILE OF RED DRAGON FRUIT PEEL EXTRACT AS A NATURAL 565 ANTIMICROBIALS IN REDUCING E. Coli Dewi Sartika, Sutikno, Syarifah R.M

  F.6 RESPONSE OF COCOA (Theobroma cacao L.) SEEDLING TOWARDS WATERING 569

  INTERVAL AND SHELTER DENSITY Yudithia Maxiselly, Jessica Amanda Claudia, Cucu Suherman

  F.7 SHELF LIFE STUDY OF WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE (WPC) AT VARIOUS PACKAGING 573

MATERIALS WITH ACCELERATED SHELF LIFE TESTING (ASLT) APPROACH

  K. Dewi T. Pasaribu, Robi Andoyo, Efri Mardawati F.8 STABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY ANALYSIS ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF 583

  SEVEN RED PEPPER (Capsicum sp.) GENOTYPES Neni Rostini, Noladhi Wicaksana, Sudarjat, Anas, Anne Nuraini, Endjang Sujitno , Taemi Fahmi, Liferdi, Yati Haryati, Triasfitriya, Masayu

  F.9 STUDY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR : TREND PURCHASE OF COFFEE AND THEIR 589 OPINION TO VARIETY OF PRODUCTS AND POTENTIAL OF THE COFFEE SHOP Elly Rasmikayati, Pandi Pardian, Hepi Hapsari, Risyad M. Ikhsan, Bobby Rachmat Saefudin

  F.10 EFFECT OF PARITY ON MILK YIELD AND LACTATION LENGTH OF ANGLO NUBIAN 597 GOATS Lisa Praharani, Rantan Krisnan, Rahmat Quanta Supryati

  F.11 ANALYSIS OF MINIMIZING THE SOYBEAN IMPORT IN INDONESIA: 601 FORECAST OF ITS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION Agus Hudoyo, Indah Nurmayasari

  G : Natural Resources

  G.1 THE APPLICATION OF TERRACE AND GABION ON SLOPE STABILIZATION 607 Asep Sapei, Eko Santoso Pajuhi

  G.2 CLIMATE CHANGE ON MAXIMUM RAINFALL DAN FLOOD AT BANDAR LAMPUNG 613 Mohamad Amin, Ridwan, Ahmad Tusi

  G.3 GROWTH PATTERNS AND CONDITION FACTORS OF SNAKEHEAD FISH (Channa sriata 621 (Bloch, 1793)) IN THE FLOOD PLAIN AREA OF SEBANGAU PALANGKA RAYA Elen Selviana, Ridwan Affandi, M. Mukhlis Kamal

  G.4 APPLICATION METHOD OF BIOCHAR ON THE SOIL AMELIORATION TO INCREASE 627 PRODUCTION OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) Etik Puji Handayani

  G.5 FLOOD HANDLING SOLUTION BASED ON FLOOD RATE REVIEW AND EFFECTIVE 633 CAPACITY OF RIVER (CASE STUDY OF KRUENG PEUSANGAN WATERSHED) Ichwana and Dewi Sri Jayanti

  G.6 UTILIZATION OF PADDY WASTE AS A SOIL AMENDMENTS AND IT IS EFFECT ON SOIL 639 PROPERTIES OF ULTISOLS UPLAND EAST LAMPUNG Junita Barus and Soraya

  G.7 UTILIZATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR EMPOWERMENT OF CLIMATE 643 CHANGE-TRIGGERED DISASTER VICTIMS Prakoso Bhairawa Putera, Rita Nur Suhaeti, Akmadi Abbas

  G.8 THE LAND CONSERVATION EFFORTS FOR WATERSHED’S HYDROLOGICAL FUNCTION 649 Sitti Nur Faridah, Mahmud Achmad, Elsa Hasak Almunawwarah

  G.9 OPTIMIZATION OF BIOFILTRATION PROCESS FOR PRE-TREATMENT OF RAW WATER 655 FROM POLLUTED RIVER WATER Suprihatin, Mohamad Yani, Endah Purwa Ari Puspitaningrum

  G.10 LAND MANAGEMENT FOR FULFILLING REQUIREMENT AND AVAILABILITY OF GRAIN 661 FOOD Dewi Sri Jayanti, Mustafril, Ichwana, Fitriani

  G.11 AGROTECHNOLOGY APPROACH OF LABORATORIUM LAPANG TERPADU FACULTY OF 671 AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG BY LAND UNITS Iskandar Zulkarnain, Irwan Sukri Banuwa, Tamaluddin Syam, Henrie Buchari

  G.12

  INTEGRATION OF OPERATION SYSTEM BETWEEN DAM AND WEIR WITH DIFFERENT 681 TIME BASE FOR IRRIGATION Ridwan, Putu Sudira, Sahid Susanto, Lilik Sutiarso

  G.13 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL AND SAND AS MEDIA LAYER IN GREEN ROOF VEGETATED 691 WITH Arachis pintoi : THERMAL AND WATER QUALITY Yudi Chadirin, Shinta Agustia, Umniah Hanesti, Miselia Axteria, Kartika Pramesthi, Yanuar Chandra Wirasembada, Satyanto K. Saptomo

  H : System and Agricultural Management

  H.1 FARMERS RESPOND TO SCHOOL FIELD MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED PLANT CORN 695 (SLPTT-JAGUNG) (CASE IN MEKAR LAKSANA FARMER GROUP, ARJASARI SUB-DISTRICT, BANDUNG DISTRICT) Hepi Hapsari, Anne Nuraini, Nyi Mas Popi Indriani, Tuti Karyani, Yuyun Yuwariah

  H.2 THREATS OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN 701 RURAL AREAS OF WEST JAVA, INDONESIA Iwan Setiawan, Siska Rasiska, Adi Nugraha

  H.3 STUDY ON FOOD SECURITY IN RICE PRODUCTION CENTER 707 (SURVEY IN BUAHDUA DISTRICT, SUMEDANG-WEST JAVA) Lies Sulistyowati, Ananda Putri Sari, Trisna Insan Noor, Iwan Setiawan, Hepi Hapsari

  H.4 SEDIMENT YIELD CALCULATION ON A RESERVOIR USING SWAT MODEL 715 Putu Sudira, Bayu Dwi Apri N, Abdul Holik

  H.5 COMPETITIVE AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF COCOA 725

  IN TANGGAMUS, LAMPUNG PROVINCE, INDONESIA Rusdi Evizal, Fembriarti Erry Prasmatiwi, Maria Christina Pasaribu, Ivayani, Lestari Wibowo, Winda Rahmawati, Agus Karyanto

  H.6 733

  FARMER’S UNDERSTANDING ON ECOFRIENDLY FARMING SYSTEM (CASE STUDY ON VEGETABLE’S FARMER IN SUKAMANAH VILLAGE, SUBDISTRICT OF PANGALENGAN, DISTRICT OF BANDUNG, WEST JAVA) Syarif Hidayat, Taupik, Lucyana Trimo

  H.7 ENGAGING FARMERS’ COMMUNITY IN CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE AND 739 ADAPTATION PLANS: CASE STUDY SEDAYU, TANGGAMUS REGENCY, LAMPUNG PROVINCE, INDONESIA Tumiar Kataruna Manik, Bustomi Rosadi, Onny Krisna Pandu Perdana

  H.8 FARMER GROUP: AN ACCELERATOR TO DEVELOP UNPAD CHILLI SEED (PERSPECTIVE 749 OF SUSTAINABLE DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION) Yayat Sukayat, Hepi Hapsari, Neni Rostini, Yosini Deliana, Iwan Setiawan, Dika Supyandi

  H.9 READINESS OF ORGANIC VEGETABLES FARMER GROUPS IN DEALING MEA 753 Anne Charina, Rani Andriani Budi Kusumo, Agriani Hermita, Yosini Deliana

  H.10

  IDENTIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS INNOVATION PROCESS FOR 759 STRATEGIC EXPORT COMMODITY IN PT MALABAR KOPI INDONESIA THROUGH HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Devi Maulida Rahmah, Fahmi Rizal, S. Rosalinda

  H.11 FORMULATING POLICIES IN FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURAL LAND USE 765 MANAGEMENT TO MEET FOOD SECURITY PROGRAMS AND EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET IN INDONESIA Ardiyanto W. Nugroho

  H.12 URBAN FARMING: A POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE (A CASE STUDY IN BANDUNG CITY) 773 Ari Ganjar Herdiansah, Adi Nugraha, Oekan S. Abdoellah

  H.13 THE POTENTIAL OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN FARMING DEVELOPMENT 777 Suryani and Rini Fitri

  H.14 EVALUATION ON RSPO STANDARD APPLICATION OF OIL PALM KKPA SMALLHOLDERS 781 TOWARDS CERTIFICATION IN KAMPAR KIRI TENGAH SUB-DISTRICT, KAMPAR DISTRICT: APPLICATION OF RAPFISH APPROACH Novia Dewi, Sakti Hutabarat, Suardi Tarumun

  H.15 THE COMMUNITY ABILITY IN SUPPORTING THE LOCAL RESOURCE-BASED 785 PRODUCTIVE EFFORT IN FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENT VILLAGES OF LAMPUNG PROVINCE Kordiyana K. Rangga

  H.16 MODEL AND STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING OF FOOD SECURITY IN METRO 791 BASED ON EMERGENCY STATUS Sandi Asmara, Roni Kastaman, Ace Setiawan, Ade Moetangad

  E.5

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF PLANT MICROBIAL FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY IN

  

INDONESIA’S RURAL AREA

  1

  2 Dwi Cahyani and Agus Haryanto

  1 Master student of Biosystem Engineering, sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University Bornse

Weilanden 9 Building 118 P.O. Box 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.

  2 Lecturer of Agricultural and Biologial Engineering, Universitas Lampung, Sumantri Brojonegoro street No. 01, Gedong Meneng,

Rajabasa, Kota Bandar Lampung, Lampung 35141, Indonesia:

  E-mail; agusharyid65@gmail.com

  

ABSTRACT

Seven points two million families are having no access to electricity services now in Indonesia's rural

area. Mostly, people are using traditional kerosene lantern to obtained light. Apparently, the light output

of kerosene lamp is minuscule, also harmful to the environment and human health. Hence, we would

like to propose a possible green energy, plant microbial fuel cell (P-MFC), to generate electricity in the

isolated district. P-MFC is a sustainable and renewable energy which take advantages of photosynthesis

process of a plant and bacteria to transform the sunlight into electricity. Moreover, P-MFC is non-

destructive, non-food compete, and applicable in the wetlands area and rice paddy field. The study

focuses on the current development of P-MFC and reviews three main paradigms. Firstly, the effect of

rhizodeposition and photosynthesis processes to plants in producing electricity. Secondly, the current

development of P-MFC design and its power generation. And lastly, the potential to implement P-MFC

in Indonesia's rural area.

  Keywords : plant microbial fuel cell, bioenergy, light, rural area, Indonesia.

I. I NTRODUCTION

  The great Thomas Edison narrative that “we will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles" is nearly right, especially to a current significant development of industrialisation. But, he didn't anticipate the perplexity of millions of people who still have lack access to electricity. However, IEA projected that today hundreds of billions of people worldwide are still left behind without proper energy service where mostly located in developing countries (IEA 2016). In more detail, four out of five people with no access to electricity are live in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (Mahapatra, Chanakya, and Dasappa 2009).

  Nowadays, most of the inhabitants in non-electrified rural area are using candles, car batteries, diesel generator and kerosene lamp for lighting. Seven million of household or equal to 12% of Indonesian are still using kerosene for cooking and lighting which equal to 1.9 Mt of kerosene liquid (Permadi, Sofyan, and Kim Oanh 2017). Moreover, this high energy needs of fuel source are predicted to keep increase by 30% at 2040 where hundreds of people are projected to be still left behind without proper energy service (IEA 2016). However, excessive use of fossil fuel to generate light is regarded to bring a devastating consequence on the environment. Many believe that this nonrenewable energy fuel is the leading source of world’s global warming pollution, such as climate change, resource depletion, pollution, toxicity, and diversity loss. The worst influence is a direct bearing on human health (Gates, Trauger, and Czech 2014). Hence, high production of energy derived from renewable and sustainable energy is needed to develop.

  Renewable energy needs are projected to increase in the future and will replace the position of fossil fuel. Moreover, some environmental and economic advantages of renewable energy transition were measured. But, Pimentel (2014) in his book stated that several issues are rising due to the prerequisite of a large scale power generation from biofuels technology, such as competition for food and feed, also land opposition for agricultural, forestry, urbanisation and wildlife activities. With this intention, we considered Plant-Microbial Fuel Cell (P-MFC) as one of possible solution since this technology is non-destructive, renewable, and non-land/food compete (Strik et al. 2008).

II. DEVELOPMENT OF P-MFC

  On 1910, a botanist named Potter implanted the idea of the possibility of electricity generation by microbes (Potter 1911). Unfortunately, his idea didn't reach a lot of attention. After two decades, the technology recognised and welcomed by the researchers because its state of arts of converting wastage into energy without any damaging effect on the environment (zero footprints). In the long run, many improvement and advancement were made within the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology. And one of the current innovation is by applying MFC onto plants which are known as Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (P-MFC). The idea of P-MFC was to incorporate a plant at an anode section as the source of food uptake for the bacteria (substrate).

  This technology is a collaboration between many discipline areas differing from the study of microbes, bio- electrochemical, plants, environment, biosystem and other engineering areas., The focal point of plant science is to understand the adaptation of the rhizodeposition due to the choice of suitable plants upon their morphology and physiology point of view. The microbial study is required due to the factor of microbial strain chosen in the rhizosphere-soil consortium to study better electrically active microbes. Next, the environmental engineering is necessary to familiarise with the wastewater treatment approach of heavy metals removal and organics degradations. Chemical engineering is favourable for its possible fabrications of electrodes which are cost effective, and less toxic. Electrical engineering is necessary to know the possible stacking to maximise the power output. Then, biosystem engineering is comprised in the interconnection of living and non-living components to reach an understanding of P-MFC as a biosystem for the production of biomass and bioenergy (Nitisoravut and Regmi 2017).

  Fig. 1. Overview of Plant-Microbial Fuel Cell (Strik et al. 2008) P-MFC is a novel technology for energy generation which takes advantages from living plants to generate electricity (Fig. 1). It was proven to produce electricity in 2007 (Strik et al. 2008) by a demonstration using Reed mannagrass. Then it was being introduced in 2008. Moreover, P-MFC harvested the energy in situ without affecting any harm to the environment. To point out, the only side product of P-MFC is pure water that resulted from a simultaneous electron flows through the external circuit within the system.

  P-MFC holds a naturally occurred process which leads it to be fully sustainable and renewable. Sunlight and carbon dioxide are two important matters to support the photosynthesis of the plant. Plants utilise solar energy to produce biomass with the help of chlorophyll pigments within the green parts of it leaves. However, only 40% of the energy used by the plants for its biological growth. The remaining half of it then exudates to the rhizosphere which resulted in the form of organic carbon; such as carbohydrate and glucose. Next, the organic matter is exploited by the microbe state which presents in the soil around the root to break it down become electrons, proton, and carbon dioxide. Lastly, this process could trigger the production of electricity after the electron flows from the anode to the cathode through a load, then the electricity produced is so called "bioelectricity."

  In general, P-MFC needs a submerged anaerobic area to proceed the ions exchange from the anode to the cathode. Hence, this technology is projected to implement in a natural wetland area and to couple it with a rice paddy field. We could obtain two benefits by this implementation; additional values of wetlands function, and electricity production.

  III.

  

PHOTOSYNTHESIS PATHWAY AND RHIZODEPOTISION OF PLANTS USED IN P-MFC

  The choices plant of PMFC gives a significant power output difference. Two factors contributed to this effect is probably rhizodeposition and photosynthesis. Plants are classified into three categories based on their photosynthetic pathways, namely; C3, C4 and CAM (crassulacean acid-metabolism). Plants didn't store all of the solar energy within their biomass due to energy losses through the photosynthesis process. A significant loss occurs mostly to outside photosynthetically active spectrum, reflection, and other limitation (Fig. 2). Hence, C4 plants efficacy is higher than other plants because of its ability to restrict photorespiration.

  Fig. 2. Solar energy convertion to C3 and C4 plants (Zhu, Long, and Ort 2010) Understanding the photosynthetic pathways of a plant is necessary for choosing the plants for PMFC. The conversion efficiency of C3 plants is estimated around 4.6%, while C4 is estimated to be 6%. This efficiency matter means that C4 plants are projected to produce more bioelectricity in the application of PMFC. Some advantages of choosing C4 over C3 in PMFC technology are:

  1. C4 plants can grow well in hot and dry ambient.

  2. Theoretically more efficient to absorb solar energy (6 % over 4.6 %).

  3. Higher photosynthesis efficiency leads to a higher rhizodeposition. Hence, more rhizodeposition in C4 plants is available for microbes and fuel production.

  Moreover, crassulacean acid metabolism or CAM plants are dissents from C3 and C4 plants due to its characteristic of inhabiting a dry and arid area. The CAM names come from its plant family names, the Crassulaceae. CAM plants have an ability to uptake CO2 during the night, hence lead to water collection within their leaves. Furthermore, CAM plants grow slower than C3 and C4 which resulted in less biomass production. However, challenges are present to do further research on the prospect of CAM as a plant driver in PMFC.

  Plants residues in the form of organic matter then exudate from the live roots. The secretion from the roots brings out the carbon based organic matter, such as glucose and organic acids. These organic compound can be easily used as a substrate in the rhizosphere by the microbes. From the total input of the organic compound, organic rhizodeposition could provide 30-40%. Hence, organic matter from plant roots holds a significant role in the rhizosphere.

  Fig. 3 Spartina anglica plant (Sloth 2003).

  Spartina anglica (Fig. 3) and Glyceria maxima are two most used kinds of grass in the current research of PMFC,

  and both of them belong to C4 class plant. Moreover, Oryza sativa is the most popular food crop being studied so far, and its belong to C3 plant. The power output of S. anglica reaches a better performance than the latter two in almost every study being carried (Helder et al. 2013, Helder et al. 2010, Timmers et al. 2010).

IV. DEVELOPMENT OF P-MFC DESIGN AND ITS POWER GENERATION

  Fig 4. Three types of P-MFC models; A. Tubular, B. Modular, and C. Flat plat (source: Wetser (2016) and plant-e.com) Table 1. Overview of PMFC development

  5.9 Klaisongkram and Holasut (2015)

  The system cost of PMFC reactor is consist of each anode and cathode 8.5%, reactor 68.5%, spacer (membrane) 11%, mediator 1.4%, and collector 2.7% (Deng, Chen, and Zhao 2012). The anode and cathode used in the experiment were mostly a carbon based material with electrical conductivity, for example; carbon felt, graphite felt, carbon fibre, graphite rod, etc. A spacer is needed to separate the anode and the cathode physically, preventing

  b PGA : Plant Growth Area (total area of plants root within the reactor).

  Hoagland solution : rich nutrient solution for plant growth

  a

  (2015)

  b ) Wetser et al.

  Graphite felt S. anglica Climate chamber Nitrate less ammonium rich medium 679 (PGA

  Red soil 163 Deng, Chen, and Zhao (2012)

  (2010) Graphite plate P. setaceum Ambient condition

  22 Helder et al.

  A. anomola (C4) Climate chamber Hoagland solution

  Raphite rod Graphite felt

  C. involucratus (C3) Ambient condition Lotus soil, wastewater

  MFC Fabrication Plant Types (Pathways)

  Three types of PMFC design recently studied are flat plat, tubular, and roof top (modular). Flat plat and tubular design are mostly used on the lab scale. On the other hand, the roof top system or commercially known as the modular design (plant-e.com) is initially aimed as a green roof garden to decrease the effect of dense population in the urban area. None of them is reportedly applied yet in the natural area. Text Font of Entire Document

  67 Strik et al.

  Hoagland solution

  Graphite felt G. maxima (C3) Climate chamber

  33 Schamphelaire et al. (2008) Graphite granule

  a

  (2016) Graphite granules O. sativa (C3) Greenhouse Hoagland solution

  Anode Cathode Graphite felt O. sativa (C3) Rice field Soil/fertilizer 80 Ueoka et al.

  ) Reference

  2

  (mW/m

  Operating condition Sub-strate Max. power density

  (2008) Graphite felt a short circuit. The spacer is preferably non-conductive and small (to reduce the ionic and transport losses). Moreover, the mediator is the section where the PMFC being put on, for example in modular type; it is set in a black plastic box, while in a flat plat design, thin glass is occupied. A current collector is needed to harvest the electricity generation, for example; titanium wire, gold wire and aluminium wire.

V. POWER POTENTIAL OF P-MFC IN INDONESIA'S RURAL AREA

  P-MFC needs an anaerobic state which only possible in a submerged area. Two kinds of an immersed area which has a potential for PMFC application in Indonesia are rice paddy field and natural wetlands such as peatland or marsh. The total area of rice paddy field in Indonesia is 8.114.829 ha (BPS 2017), while the total of a natural wetland, especially peatland, is around 6 million ha (Sari 2012). Moreover, wetland methane emission could give an estimation to the national potential power generation of the PMFC. Therefore, particular data of each wetland type is required to get the ultimate potential power. In this estimation, we only consider rice paddy field and peatland area, while of course other wetland area such marshes and swamps also present.

  The electricity potential calculation is based on the ability of electrochemically active bacteria to outcompete the methanogens as an electron donor. Consequently, the methane is not released to the atmosphere but used for electricity production. The power generation is calculated using equation 1 (Wetser, 2016).

   P=JnFU/Mt