Pengaruh Komposisi Limbah Abu Pembakaran Biomassa Kelapa Sawit Terhadap Sifat-Sifat dan Karakteristik Komposit Polipropilena
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]
Ratnasari. 2011. Pengolahan Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Dengan Teknik Pirolisis
Untuk Produksi Bio-Oil. Teknik Kimia. Fakultas Teknik. Universitas
Diponegoro. Semarang.
[2]
Ibrahim, M.S.; S.M. Sapuan dan A.A. Faieza. 2012. Mechanical And Thermal
Properties Of Composites From Unsaturated Polyester Filled With Oil Palm
Ash. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences (JMES). Volume 2. Hal:
133-147.
[3]
Altwair, Nurdeen M.; Megat Azmi Megat Johari dan Syed Fuad Saiyid
Hashim. 2011. Strength Activity Index and Microstructural Characteristics of
Treated Palm Oil Fuel Ash. International Journal of Civil & Environmental
Engineering IJCEE-IJENS. Vol: 11. No: 05.
[4]
Andhika, S. Siregar dan Cristopel L. Tobing. 2010. Pemanfaatan Serbuk Pohon
Karet Sebagai Bahan Pengisi Pada Komposit Polipropilena Dengan Penyerasi
Benzoil Peroksida. Teknik Kimia. Fakultas Teknik. Universitas Sumatera
Utara. Medan.
[5]
Radzi, Mohd Ali; Shamsul Baharin Jamaludin; A.Z. Nur Hidayah dan C.M.
Ruzaidi. 2011. Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Composite Palm Ash
Mixed With Phenolic Resins. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences. Vol 5 (11). Hal: 291-296.
[6]
Awal, A.S.M. Abdul dan M. Warid Hussin. 2011. Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Ash
in Controlling Heat of Hydration of Concrete. Elsevier Procedia Engineering .
Vol. 14 (2011). Hal: 2650–2657.
[7]
Awal, A.S.M. Abdul dan Siew Kiat Nguong. 2010. A Short-Term Investigation
On High Volume Palm Oil Fuel Ash (Pofa) Concrete. 35th Conference on Our
World In Concrete & Structures: 25 - 27 August 2010. Singapore.
[8]
Ahmad, M.H.; R.C. Omar; M.A. Malek; N. Md Noor dan S. Thiruselvam.
2008. Compressive Strength of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Concrete. Jurnal ICCBT A
(27). Hal: 297 - 306.
[9]
Ditjen PPHP. 2006. Pedoman Pengelolaan Limbah Industri Kelapa Sawit.
Direktorat Hasil Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. Jakarta
[10]
Kaw, K.A. 1997. Mechanics of Composite Materials. CRC Press : Boca Raton.
[11] Agarwal, B. D. 1990. Handbook of Ceramic and Composite. Vol. 1. New York:
Merecel Dekker Inc.
[12] Hanafi, I. 2004. Komposit Polimer Diperkuat Pengisi dan Gentian Pendek
Semula Jadi. Universitas Sains Malaysia: Malaysia.
[13] Yudhanto, A. 2007. Aplikasi Material Komposit di Industri Migas. Jurusan
Teknik Material, ITS: Surabaya.
46
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[14] Taurista, A.Y., Agita, O.R. dan Khrisna, H.P. 2004. Komposit Laminat Bambu
Serat Woven Sebagai bahan Alternatif Pengganti Fiber Glass Pada Kulit Kapal.
Jurusan Teknik Material, ITS: Surabaya.
[15] Wirjosentono, B. 1998. Struktur Dan Sifat Mekanisme Polimer. Intan Dirja
Lela Press: Medan.
[16] Khairunizar, Siti. 2009. Peranan Pendispersi Asam Stearat Terhadap
Kompabilitas Campuran Plastik Polipropilena Bekas Dengan Bahan Pengisi
Dekstrin. Jurusan Kimia, USU: Medan.
[17] Hakim, Luthfi dan Fauzi Febrianto. 2005. Karakteristik Fisis Papan Komposit
dari Serat Batang Pisang (Musa, SP) dengan Perlakuan Alkali. Penomena
Foresty Science Journal Vol.1 No.1. Hal 21-26.
[18] The European Flame Retardants Association. 2007. Flame Retardants
Frequently Asked Questions. Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4 B - 1160
Brussels, Brussels.
[19] Aya; Bayu Hadiwinoto; Sjahroel; Siwahid dan Ian Radiansyah. 2010. Fire
Retardant pada Polimer. http://material-sciences.blogspot.com. Diakses pada
Tanggal 9 Januari 2013.
[20] Fisk, P.R.; A.E. Girling dan R.J. Wildey. 2003. Prioritisation Of Flame
Retardants For Environmental Risk Assessment. Environment Agency.
Howbery Park. Wallingford.
[21] Callister, W.D., Material Science and Engineering. Seventh Edition.
(Singapore : John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007), hal 596.
[22] Schwartz, M. M., Composite Materials Handbook, (New York : McGraw Hill
Book Company, 1984), hal 76
[23] Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., Kriz, G.S., Introduction To Spectroscopy : A
Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry. (Singapore : Brooks/Cole Thomson
Learning, 2001), hal 26
[24] Wikipedia, Lost on Ignition. http://www.wikipedia.org/. Diakses pada 18
Januari 2014.
[25] Wikipedia, Ash Content. http://www.wikipedia.org/. Diakses pada 18 Januari
2014.
[26] W Jones, R. M., Mechanics of Composite Materials. Second Edition. (U.S.A :
Taylor & Francis, 1999), hal 49
[27] Hexion, Composite Cable Flame Retardant. www.technoflame.com. Diakses
pada 7 Juli 2013.
[28] Cristaldi G., Latteri A., Recca G., Cicala G., Composites Based on
Polypropilene. www.intechopen.com. Diakses pada 7 Juli 2013.
[29] Faisal, Tengku Z. H. (2008). Pengaruh Modifikasi Kimia Terhadap Sifat-Sifat
Komposit Polietilena Densitas Rendah (LDPE) Terisi Tempurung Kelapa.
Tesis Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan.
[30] Amazon, Composite Flame Retardant. http://www.amazon.com. Diakses pada
tanggal 21 Februari 2014.
47
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[31] Huang, N. H. Et. Al., Synergistic Flame Retardant Effects Between Sepiolite
and Magnesium Hydroxide in Ethylene-vinyl Acetate (EVA) matrix, eXPRESS
Polymer Letters. Vol.4, No.4 (2010) 227–23.
48
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1]
Ratnasari. 2011. Pengolahan Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Dengan Teknik Pirolisis
Untuk Produksi Bio-Oil. Teknik Kimia. Fakultas Teknik. Universitas
Diponegoro. Semarang.
[2]
Ibrahim, M.S.; S.M. Sapuan dan A.A. Faieza. 2012. Mechanical And Thermal
Properties Of Composites From Unsaturated Polyester Filled With Oil Palm
Ash. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences (JMES). Volume 2. Hal:
133-147.
[3]
Altwair, Nurdeen M.; Megat Azmi Megat Johari dan Syed Fuad Saiyid
Hashim. 2011. Strength Activity Index and Microstructural Characteristics of
Treated Palm Oil Fuel Ash. International Journal of Civil & Environmental
Engineering IJCEE-IJENS. Vol: 11. No: 05.
[4]
Andhika, S. Siregar dan Cristopel L. Tobing. 2010. Pemanfaatan Serbuk Pohon
Karet Sebagai Bahan Pengisi Pada Komposit Polipropilena Dengan Penyerasi
Benzoil Peroksida. Teknik Kimia. Fakultas Teknik. Universitas Sumatera
Utara. Medan.
[5]
Radzi, Mohd Ali; Shamsul Baharin Jamaludin; A.Z. Nur Hidayah dan C.M.
Ruzaidi. 2011. Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Composite Palm Ash
Mixed With Phenolic Resins. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences. Vol 5 (11). Hal: 291-296.
[6]
Awal, A.S.M. Abdul dan M. Warid Hussin. 2011. Effect of Palm Oil Fuel Ash
in Controlling Heat of Hydration of Concrete. Elsevier Procedia Engineering .
Vol. 14 (2011). Hal: 2650–2657.
[7]
Awal, A.S.M. Abdul dan Siew Kiat Nguong. 2010. A Short-Term Investigation
On High Volume Palm Oil Fuel Ash (Pofa) Concrete. 35th Conference on Our
World In Concrete & Structures: 25 - 27 August 2010. Singapore.
[8]
Ahmad, M.H.; R.C. Omar; M.A. Malek; N. Md Noor dan S. Thiruselvam.
2008. Compressive Strength of Palm Oil Fuel Ash Concrete. Jurnal ICCBT A
(27). Hal: 297 - 306.
[9]
Ditjen PPHP. 2006. Pedoman Pengelolaan Limbah Industri Kelapa Sawit.
Direktorat Hasil Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. Jakarta
[10]
Kaw, K.A. 1997. Mechanics of Composite Materials. CRC Press : Boca Raton.
[11] Agarwal, B. D. 1990. Handbook of Ceramic and Composite. Vol. 1. New York:
Merecel Dekker Inc.
[12] Hanafi, I. 2004. Komposit Polimer Diperkuat Pengisi dan Gentian Pendek
Semula Jadi. Universitas Sains Malaysia: Malaysia.
[13] Yudhanto, A. 2007. Aplikasi Material Komposit di Industri Migas. Jurusan
Teknik Material, ITS: Surabaya.
46
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[14] Taurista, A.Y., Agita, O.R. dan Khrisna, H.P. 2004. Komposit Laminat Bambu
Serat Woven Sebagai bahan Alternatif Pengganti Fiber Glass Pada Kulit Kapal.
Jurusan Teknik Material, ITS: Surabaya.
[15] Wirjosentono, B. 1998. Struktur Dan Sifat Mekanisme Polimer. Intan Dirja
Lela Press: Medan.
[16] Khairunizar, Siti. 2009. Peranan Pendispersi Asam Stearat Terhadap
Kompabilitas Campuran Plastik Polipropilena Bekas Dengan Bahan Pengisi
Dekstrin. Jurusan Kimia, USU: Medan.
[17] Hakim, Luthfi dan Fauzi Febrianto. 2005. Karakteristik Fisis Papan Komposit
dari Serat Batang Pisang (Musa, SP) dengan Perlakuan Alkali. Penomena
Foresty Science Journal Vol.1 No.1. Hal 21-26.
[18] The European Flame Retardants Association. 2007. Flame Retardants
Frequently Asked Questions. Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4 B - 1160
Brussels, Brussels.
[19] Aya; Bayu Hadiwinoto; Sjahroel; Siwahid dan Ian Radiansyah. 2010. Fire
Retardant pada Polimer. http://material-sciences.blogspot.com. Diakses pada
Tanggal 9 Januari 2013.
[20] Fisk, P.R.; A.E. Girling dan R.J. Wildey. 2003. Prioritisation Of Flame
Retardants For Environmental Risk Assessment. Environment Agency.
Howbery Park. Wallingford.
[21] Callister, W.D., Material Science and Engineering. Seventh Edition.
(Singapore : John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007), hal 596.
[22] Schwartz, M. M., Composite Materials Handbook, (New York : McGraw Hill
Book Company, 1984), hal 76
[23] Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., Kriz, G.S., Introduction To Spectroscopy : A
Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry. (Singapore : Brooks/Cole Thomson
Learning, 2001), hal 26
[24] Wikipedia, Lost on Ignition. http://www.wikipedia.org/. Diakses pada 18
Januari 2014.
[25] Wikipedia, Ash Content. http://www.wikipedia.org/. Diakses pada 18 Januari
2014.
[26] W Jones, R. M., Mechanics of Composite Materials. Second Edition. (U.S.A :
Taylor & Francis, 1999), hal 49
[27] Hexion, Composite Cable Flame Retardant. www.technoflame.com. Diakses
pada 7 Juli 2013.
[28] Cristaldi G., Latteri A., Recca G., Cicala G., Composites Based on
Polypropilene. www.intechopen.com. Diakses pada 7 Juli 2013.
[29] Faisal, Tengku Z. H. (2008). Pengaruh Modifikasi Kimia Terhadap Sifat-Sifat
Komposit Polietilena Densitas Rendah (LDPE) Terisi Tempurung Kelapa.
Tesis Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan.
[30] Amazon, Composite Flame Retardant. http://www.amazon.com. Diakses pada
tanggal 21 Februari 2014.
47
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[31] Huang, N. H. Et. Al., Synergistic Flame Retardant Effects Between Sepiolite
and Magnesium Hydroxide in Ethylene-vinyl Acetate (EVA) matrix, eXPRESS
Polymer Letters. Vol.4, No.4 (2010) 227–23.
48
Universitas Sumatera Utara