A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ABNORMALITY REPRESENTING THE SYMPTOMS AND TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA EXPERIENCED BY COLE SEAR IN THE SIXTH SENSE MOVIE.
A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ABNORMALITY
REPRESENTING THE SYMPTOMS AND TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
EXPERIENCED BY COLE SEAR IN THE SIXTH SENSE MOVIE
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a
Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature
By:
Qowy Ummah Supianoveri
10211144037
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
2015
MOTTOS
For each one are successive [angels] before and behind him
who protect him by the decree of Allah . Indeed, Allah will not
change the condition of a people until they change what is in
themselves. And when Allah intends for a people ill, there is
no repelling it. And there is not for them besides Him any
patron.
(QS Ar-Ra d : 11)
Make a history in your life, not just a story
(Reza M. Syarief)
Learn From Yesterday, Live From Today,
And Hope For Tommorow
(Albert Eistein)
BUILD YOUR DREAMS,
or
Someone Else Will Hire You to Build Theirs
(Farrah Gray)
v
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to the wonderful people
in my life:
My beloved father Bapak Supardi and
my beloved mother Ibu Warsilah .
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. All praise and glory
to Almighty Allah (Subhanahu Wa Taalaa) who gave me courage and patience to
carry out this thesis. Peace and blessing of Allah be upon the last Prophet
Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him). In addition, the writing cannot be completed
without some help from other people. I would like to express the deepest
appreciation to:
1.
Drs. Suhaini Muhammad Saleh, M.A., my first supervisor, and Paulus
Kurnianta, M.Hum., my second supervisor, who have given me priceless
knowledge, time, guidance, and patience as well as valuable understanding in
this thesis completion;
2.
Donald J. Nababan, S.S., M.Hum., my academic supervisor, who guided me
during my study in this university;
3.
the lecturers of English Education Department who have shared their
knowledge;
4.
my parents, Bapak Supardi and Ibu Warsilah who always love, support,
motivate, and give the best things in my life;
5.
my brother, Furqon Suparzaki, who always helps me solve my problems;
6.
my grandmother and grandfather who always pray for my success;
7.
my triangulators, Fika and Wisnu for helping me check the thesis;
8.
all my friends in Class H 2010 for coloring my life as a student with laughter,
joy, sorrow, and silliness;
9.
all my friends of English Language and Literature 2010 for their motivation,
help, and memories;
vii
10. my very best friends: Yudi, Novia, Dita, Sholekhah, Dedy, Fika, Mahdika,
and 13 Union for their togetherness, cheerful moments and their sincerity in
wonderful friendship; and
11. all people who have sincerely helped me finish this thesis, all of whom I
cannot mention one by one.
I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect because there are still
many weaknesses and shortcomings. Thus, comments and suggestions are
welcomed for the improvement of this thesis. I hope this thesis can give value to
the readers and other researchers.
Yogyakarta, 20 February 2015
Qowy Ummah Supianoveri
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .........................................................................................
i
APPROVAL ...........................................................................................
ii
RATIFICATION SHEET ....................................................................
iii
MOTTOS................................................................................................
v
SURAT PERNYATAAN ........................................................................
iv
vi
DEDICATIONS.....................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE.................................
...
ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ............................................................
ix
xi
xii
1
B. Research Focus ...............................................................................
4
D. Objective of the Research
5
C. Formulation of the Problem.............................................................
E. Significance of the Research..
........................................................
..
5
5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
A. Theoretical Background....................................................................
7
1. Psycholinguistics............................................................................
7
3. Mental Illness
12
2. Language and the Brain
................................................
.................................................................
4. Schizophrenia ...............................................................................
5. The Sixth Sense Movie
9
17
..
38
B. Conceptual Framework .....................................................................
40
6. Previous Research ........................................................................
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of Study
................................................................................
ix
39
44
B. Research Instrument
........................................................
45
C. Forms, Context and Source of Data................................................
46
E. Techniques of Data Analysis ..........................................................
50
D. Techniques of Collecting Data .......................................................
46
F. Trustworthiness................................................................................
50
A. Findings ............................................................................................
52
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
B. Discussion .........................................................................................
55
1. The Phenomena of the Symptoms of Schizophrenia Experienced by Cole
in The Sixth Sense Movie
56
Sense Movie
70
2. Types of Schizophrenia Represented by Cole Sear in The Sixth
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions .........................................................................................
78
REFERENCES ..........................................................................................
81
B. Suggestions ...... ................................................................................... 79
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Data Findings of The Symptoms and Types of Schizophrenia
Represented By Cole Sear in The Sixth Sense Movie
Appendix 2. Surat Pernyataan Triangulasi ........................................
x
84
104
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
Tables
Table 1 : Sample Data Sheet of the Symptoms and Types of Schizophrenia..
49
Table 2 : Frequency of Occurrence of the Symptoms and types of Schizophrenia
Represented by Cole in The Sixth Sense movie
Figure
Figure 1 : Analytical Construct
53
..
xi
43
A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ABNORMALITY
REPRESENTING THE SYMPTOMS AND TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
EXPERIENCED BY COLE SEAR IN THE SIXTH SENSE MOVIE
Qowy Ummah Supianoveri
10211144037
ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze phenomena of language and mind under
psycholinguistic approach. The researcher takes schizophrenia as the main topic.
In this research, there are two objectives: (1) to identify kinds of symptoms of
schizophrenia represented by a schizophrenic sufferer, Cole Sear in The Sixth
Sense movie; and (2) to classify the types of schizophrenia based on the
symptoms shown by Cole in The Sixth Sense movie.
This research applied the qualitative method with the researcher as the
main instrument and data sheet as the secondary instrument. The data of this
research were in the form of utterances spoken by Cole Sear in The Sixth Sense
movie. The data were collected by watching the film, checking the dialogue in the
script, and transferred the relevant data into a table. Theory and researcher
triangulations were applied to enhance the trustworthiness of the data.
The findings reveal 29 data. Among eight symptoms of schizophrenia,
Cole experiences four items. They are poverty of speech (PoS), weakening of goal
(WG), peculiar use of words (PW), and non-logical reasoning or peculiar logic
(PL). The first most-often appearing symptom is non-logical reasoning or peculiar
logic. It occurs 16 times from the total 29 (55.17%) occurrences. This symptom
becomes the dominant symptom. Following non-logical reasoning or peculiar
logic, as the second most appearing symptom, there are poverty of speech and
weakening of goal. They have the same occurrence; each of them appears 6 times
with the percentage of 20.69%. The last rank is the symptoms of peculiar use of
words which occurs once or 3.45%. According to the symptoms of schizophrenia,
the researcher classifies the types of schizophrenia. Different types of
schizophrenia are defined according to the most significant and predominant
characteristics which are presented in each person at each point in time. In the
movie The Sixth Sense, Cole as a schizophrenic sufferer does not reveal all the
types. There are two possible types of schizophrenia shown by Cole, paranoid and
disorganized type. However, according to the dominant symptoms, Cole suffers
paranoid type.
Keywords: psycholinguistics, schizophrenia, speech abnormality, The Sixth Sense
xii
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15
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and/or irritable to sad and hopeless, with periods of a
normal mood in between. Other symptoms of bipolar disorder include sleep and
eating disturbances and changes in activity and energy levels.
z95#r: ;
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Schizophrenia is a serious brain disorder and it is characterized by a profound
disruption in cognition and emotion, affecting the most fundamental human attributes
such as language, thought, perception, affect and sense of self (Mental Health
Association, 2011: par. 30). It is believed to be caused by chemical imbalances in the
16
brain that cause a variety of positive symptoms including hallucinations, delusions,
withdrawal, and incoherent speech and impaired reasoning.
?@?ABtCD
Dementias are characterized by a disturbance of consciousness and a change
in cognition, (including memory loss and a decline of intellectual and physical
functioning) which develops over a short period (Mental Health Association, 2011:
par. 44). These disorders include Alzheimer s, vascular dementia, dementia due to
medical conditions, substance-induced dementia, and dementia due to a combination
of multiple factors.
?= ECFBAG >BDHI
REPRESENTING THE SYMPTOMS AND TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
EXPERIENCED BY COLE SEAR IN THE SIXTH SENSE MOVIE
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a
Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Language and Literature
By:
Qowy Ummah Supianoveri
10211144037
ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
2015
MOTTOS
For each one are successive [angels] before and behind him
who protect him by the decree of Allah . Indeed, Allah will not
change the condition of a people until they change what is in
themselves. And when Allah intends for a people ill, there is
no repelling it. And there is not for them besides Him any
patron.
(QS Ar-Ra d : 11)
Make a history in your life, not just a story
(Reza M. Syarief)
Learn From Yesterday, Live From Today,
And Hope For Tommorow
(Albert Eistein)
BUILD YOUR DREAMS,
or
Someone Else Will Hire You to Build Theirs
(Farrah Gray)
v
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to the wonderful people
in my life:
My beloved father Bapak Supardi and
my beloved mother Ibu Warsilah .
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. All praise and glory
to Almighty Allah (Subhanahu Wa Taalaa) who gave me courage and patience to
carry out this thesis. Peace and blessing of Allah be upon the last Prophet
Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him). In addition, the writing cannot be completed
without some help from other people. I would like to express the deepest
appreciation to:
1.
Drs. Suhaini Muhammad Saleh, M.A., my first supervisor, and Paulus
Kurnianta, M.Hum., my second supervisor, who have given me priceless
knowledge, time, guidance, and patience as well as valuable understanding in
this thesis completion;
2.
Donald J. Nababan, S.S., M.Hum., my academic supervisor, who guided me
during my study in this university;
3.
the lecturers of English Education Department who have shared their
knowledge;
4.
my parents, Bapak Supardi and Ibu Warsilah who always love, support,
motivate, and give the best things in my life;
5.
my brother, Furqon Suparzaki, who always helps me solve my problems;
6.
my grandmother and grandfather who always pray for my success;
7.
my triangulators, Fika and Wisnu for helping me check the thesis;
8.
all my friends in Class H 2010 for coloring my life as a student with laughter,
joy, sorrow, and silliness;
9.
all my friends of English Language and Literature 2010 for their motivation,
help, and memories;
vii
10. my very best friends: Yudi, Novia, Dita, Sholekhah, Dedy, Fika, Mahdika,
and 13 Union for their togetherness, cheerful moments and their sincerity in
wonderful friendship; and
11. all people who have sincerely helped me finish this thesis, all of whom I
cannot mention one by one.
I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect because there are still
many weaknesses and shortcomings. Thus, comments and suggestions are
welcomed for the improvement of this thesis. I hope this thesis can give value to
the readers and other researchers.
Yogyakarta, 20 February 2015
Qowy Ummah Supianoveri
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE .........................................................................................
i
APPROVAL ...........................................................................................
ii
RATIFICATION SHEET ....................................................................
iii
MOTTOS................................................................................................
v
SURAT PERNYATAAN ........................................................................
iv
vi
DEDICATIONS.....................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE.................................
...
ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study ............................................................
ix
xi
xii
1
B. Research Focus ...............................................................................
4
D. Objective of the Research
5
C. Formulation of the Problem.............................................................
E. Significance of the Research..
........................................................
..
5
5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
A. Theoretical Background....................................................................
7
1. Psycholinguistics............................................................................
7
3. Mental Illness
12
2. Language and the Brain
................................................
.................................................................
4. Schizophrenia ...............................................................................
5. The Sixth Sense Movie
9
17
..
38
B. Conceptual Framework .....................................................................
40
6. Previous Research ........................................................................
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of Study
................................................................................
ix
39
44
B. Research Instrument
........................................................
45
C. Forms, Context and Source of Data................................................
46
E. Techniques of Data Analysis ..........................................................
50
D. Techniques of Collecting Data .......................................................
46
F. Trustworthiness................................................................................
50
A. Findings ............................................................................................
52
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
B. Discussion .........................................................................................
55
1. The Phenomena of the Symptoms of Schizophrenia Experienced by Cole
in The Sixth Sense Movie
56
Sense Movie
70
2. Types of Schizophrenia Represented by Cole Sear in The Sixth
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions .........................................................................................
78
REFERENCES ..........................................................................................
81
B. Suggestions ...... ................................................................................... 79
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Data Findings of The Symptoms and Types of Schizophrenia
Represented By Cole Sear in The Sixth Sense Movie
Appendix 2. Surat Pernyataan Triangulasi ........................................
x
84
104
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURE
Tables
Table 1 : Sample Data Sheet of the Symptoms and Types of Schizophrenia..
49
Table 2 : Frequency of Occurrence of the Symptoms and types of Schizophrenia
Represented by Cole in The Sixth Sense movie
Figure
Figure 1 : Analytical Construct
53
..
xi
43
A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ABNORMALITY
REPRESENTING THE SYMPTOMS AND TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
EXPERIENCED BY COLE SEAR IN THE SIXTH SENSE MOVIE
Qowy Ummah Supianoveri
10211144037
ABSTRACT
This study aims to analyze phenomena of language and mind under
psycholinguistic approach. The researcher takes schizophrenia as the main topic.
In this research, there are two objectives: (1) to identify kinds of symptoms of
schizophrenia represented by a schizophrenic sufferer, Cole Sear in The Sixth
Sense movie; and (2) to classify the types of schizophrenia based on the
symptoms shown by Cole in The Sixth Sense movie.
This research applied the qualitative method with the researcher as the
main instrument and data sheet as the secondary instrument. The data of this
research were in the form of utterances spoken by Cole Sear in The Sixth Sense
movie. The data were collected by watching the film, checking the dialogue in the
script, and transferred the relevant data into a table. Theory and researcher
triangulations were applied to enhance the trustworthiness of the data.
The findings reveal 29 data. Among eight symptoms of schizophrenia,
Cole experiences four items. They are poverty of speech (PoS), weakening of goal
(WG), peculiar use of words (PW), and non-logical reasoning or peculiar logic
(PL). The first most-often appearing symptom is non-logical reasoning or peculiar
logic. It occurs 16 times from the total 29 (55.17%) occurrences. This symptom
becomes the dominant symptom. Following non-logical reasoning or peculiar
logic, as the second most appearing symptom, there are poverty of speech and
weakening of goal. They have the same occurrence; each of them appears 6 times
with the percentage of 20.69%. The last rank is the symptoms of peculiar use of
words which occurs once or 3.45%. According to the symptoms of schizophrenia,
the researcher classifies the types of schizophrenia. Different types of
schizophrenia are defined according to the most significant and predominant
characteristics which are presented in each person at each point in time. In the
movie The Sixth Sense, Cole as a schizophrenic sufferer does not reveal all the
types. There are two possible types of schizophrenia shown by Cole, paranoid and
disorganized type. However, according to the dominant symptoms, Cole suffers
paranoid type.
Keywords: psycholinguistics, schizophrenia, speech abnormality, The Sixth Sense
xii
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15
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and/or irritable to sad and hopeless, with periods of a
normal mood in between. Other symptoms of bipolar disorder include sleep and
eating disturbances and changes in activity and energy levels.
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Schizophrenia is a serious brain disorder and it is characterized by a profound
disruption in cognition and emotion, affecting the most fundamental human attributes
such as language, thought, perception, affect and sense of self (Mental Health
Association, 2011: par. 30). It is believed to be caused by chemical imbalances in the
16
brain that cause a variety of positive symptoms including hallucinations, delusions,
withdrawal, and incoherent speech and impaired reasoning.
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Dementias are characterized by a disturbance of consciousness and a change
in cognition, (including memory loss and a decline of intellectual and physical
functioning) which develops over a short period (Mental Health Association, 2011:
par. 44). These disorders include Alzheimer s, vascular dementia, dementia due to
medical conditions, substance-induced dementia, and dementia due to a combination
of multiple factors.
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