Analysis of Theme through Dictions of Wilfred Owen's Poems.
ABSTRACT
Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis tema dari tiga puisi Wilfred
Owen yang berjudul “Dulce Et Decorum Est,” “The Last Laugh,” dan “Anthem
for Doomed Youth” melalui diksi. Ketiga puisi tersebut menggambarkan
penderitaan orang-orang, khususnya para prajurit yang ikut berperang pada
Perang Dunia Pertama, dan diungkapkan oleh Wilfred Owen melalui berbagai
pilihan kata yang berhubungan dengan perang.
Melalui puisi-puisi tersebut, pembaca seolah diajak kembali ke masa-masa
kelam yang dialami oleh para tentara di masa itu. Betapa banyaknya penderitaan
yang mereka hadapi dalam masa peperangan, dan betapa banyaknya kematian siasia dari para prajurit muda yang berkorban demi negaranya tanpa penghargaan
yang setara. Pada akhirnya, pembaca menyadari bahwa tidak ada keuntungan
yang dapat diraih dari peperangan.
iii
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................
ii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study .....................................................................
Statement of the Problem ....................................................................
Purpose of the Study ...........................................................................
Method of Research .............................................................................
Organization of the Thesis ..................................................................
1
2
3
3
3
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF THEME THROUGH DICTIONS OF
WILFRED OWEN’S POEMS ...........................................................
4
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION .............................................................
16
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...........................................................................................
20
APPENDICES
Poems by Wilfred Owen .....................................................................
Biography of Wilfred Owen ...............................................................
23
26
ii
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
World War I was such a devastating tragedy in history that it inspired
many literary figures to write about it, prominently in poetry. It can be seen from
the fact that there were poets produced war poems at that time. Among all of the
war era poets, I choose to focus on Wilfred Owen, who is against the war.
Wilfred Owen is a famous English poet and was also known as a great
soldier. His poems were characterized by brutal honesty about the condition at the
battlefield and deep compassion for the soldiers as victims, as stated at this
biography; “Owen is regarded by historians as the leading poet of the First World
War, known for his war poetry on the horrors of trench and gas warfare”
(“Wilfred Owen”). Besides, his poems were rich and multi-layered, concerning
his negative points of views about the war. I choose to analyze three poems which
showed his dislike towards the war, namely “Dulce Et Decorum Est,” “Anthem
for Doomed Youth,” and “The Last Laugh.”
In my thesis, I am going to analyze the theme of the poems through the
diction to get a better understanding about the meaning of the poems and the
1
Maranatha Christian University
poet’s view about World War I. Theme itself means “the total meaning discovered
by the writer in the process of writing and by the reader in the process of reading”
(Kenney 94), while diction is "a saying, expression, word, in its original, primary
meaning, refers to the writer's or the speaker's distinctive vocabulary choices and
style of expression in a poem or story” (“Diction”). Diction can also mean “The
choice of words, phrases, sentence structures, and figurative language in a literary
work; the manner or mode of verbal expression, particularly with regard to clarity
and accuracy” (“Diction”).
Statement of the Problem
1. What are the themes of the poems?
2. How do the dictions help in revealing the themes?
Purpose of the Study
1. To show the themes of the poems.
2. To show how the dictions help in revealing the themes.
Method of Research
I conduct a library research for my thesis. First, I read the poems. After
that, I analyze the themes of these poems through the dictions. And then, I search
for a number of references from books and Internet websites. In the end, I draw
some conclusion from my analysis.
2
Maranatha Christian University
Organization of the Thesis
I divide my thesis into three parts, preceded by the Acknowledgments, the
Table of Contents and the Abstract. Chapter One is the Introduction, which
consists of the Background of the Study, the Statement of the Problem, the
Purpose of the Study, the Method of Research, and the Organization of the Thesis.
Chapter Two is the theme analysis of three of Wilfred Owen’s poems. Chapter
Three is the Conclusion. The thesis ends with the bibliography and the
appendices, which contain Wilfred Owen’s poems and the biography of Wilfred
Owen.
3
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
Having done my analysis in chapter two, I am going to draw some
conclusion from the analysis. I find that Wilfred Owen uses sarcasm in the
dictions to show his view on World War I. In addition, he also employes figures
of speech, such as simile and personification, to deliver his message. As a soldier
fighting in World War I, Owen knows exactly what war is like. His description of
war and the meaninglessness of the deaths of the soldiers at the battlefield provide
the readers with a gloomy perspective of war. In the three poems, the readers can
also learn that Owen is pessimistic about war. He clearly shows the readers about
the grief, misery and sufferings of war.
I conclude that the three poems have different themes that concern with the
same war. The theme of the first poem, “Dulce Et Decorum Est,” is “Fighting in a
war is worthless because it only brings suffering and traumatic experience.” He
uses simile like “bend double, like old beggars under sacks,” and dictions like
“Drunk with fatigue;” to give the image of suffered and weak soldiers. Owen also
uses sarcasm in line 25 and 26, “My friend, you would not tell with such high
16
Maranatha Christian University
zest. To children ardent for some desperate glory,” which is emphasized in the
next two lines, “The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est.” “The old lie” is an
encouragement for the soldiers to fight for their country, but in reality fighting for
one’s country also means sacrificing oneself and suffering. Then Owen shows the
reader that the soldiers also feel traumatic experience through “Dim through the
misty panes and thick green light. As under a green sea, I saw him drowning, In
all my dreams before my helpless sight. He plunges at me, guttering, choking,
drowning,” which mean that the soldier sees the death of his friends with his own
eyes. In a simile “His hanging face, like a devil’s sick of sin,” the narrator is said
to have nightmare or bad memory of war and is powerless to do anything about
that.
The theme of the second poem entitled “The Last Laugh” is “War brings
adversity and horrifying situation.” This sarcastic poem tries to convey to the
readers about the adversities and cruelty of the battlefield by personifying the
weapons which hit them to emphasize the horrifying situation and the suffering.
Each of the three stanzas opened with the soldiers’ cry as emotional expressions to
make the readers imagine how miserable their condition is.
Owen uses personifications such as “The Bullets chirped - In vain! vain!
vain!” which literally mocks the soldiers’ useless sacrifice. The sound of a big
gun that “guffawed,” or in “And the Bayonets' long teeth grinned;” are to
emphasize the “happiness” of the weapons when they bring sufferings to the
soldiers. “And the lofty Shrapnel-cloud Leisurely gestured, - Fool! And the
falling splinters tittered” emphasize the point that there is nothing to gain in war,
17
Maranatha Christian University
even the splinters “tittered” to mock the soldiers’ useless sacrifice. With the words
“kissed the mud,” the poet wants to convey a tragic and a horrifying condition of
the soldier who ends up kissing the mud instead of the girl he loves. Then the
words “grinned” and “groaned” are used to emphasize how the weapons mock the
soldiers and at the same time generate a horrifying situation of the war.
The theme of the third poem, “Anthem for Doomed Youth,” is “War is a
cruel event that only brings sadness and sorrow.” Owen uses sarcasm to
emphasize the cruelty of war that brings sorrow. There are two questions in the
poem, the first question “what passing-bells for these who die as cattle?” and the
second question is “What candles may be held to speed them all?” arouse
sorrowful feeling to the readers and emphasize the useless fighting in a war. Then
the question “who die as cattle” provides the readers with the meaninglessness of
war that only brings bad impacts to strong and spirited young soldiers who are
slaughtered in the battlefield like cattles. Owen also personifies the guns to have
“monstrous anger” to show how violently the guns kill the soldiers at the
battlefield. There will be no prayers and bells to praise the soldiers but the shrill,
demented choirs of wailing shells; And bugles calling for them from sad shires
which emphasize the sad and sorrowful death of the soldiers in that cruel war.
The cruelty of a war above is informed through sarcastic lines in which the mourn
for the dead soldiers comes from the weapons instead from their families or
relatives.
Having analyzed the theme of three of Wilfred Owen’s poems, I find that
Owen succeeds in giving a realistic picture of war. I agree with Owen that war
18
Maranatha Christian University
only causes suffering and pain to the soldiers and I am personally against the war
because it only brings restlessness not only to the soldiers, but also to the citizens
and the children. In addition, war also brings destruction to the environment. I
argue that the poems show Owen’s effort as one of the victims of the war to show
to the world that war is evil and has to be avoided. War is not the way to settle
differences, war is a way to lose for both sides as it only brings suffering, sorrow,
and death.
19
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Texts
“Wilfred Owen.” Poem hunter. Web. 26 May 2015.
References
“Bugles.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Cattle.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Chirp.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Christianity:
death
rites.”
bbc.co.uk/
schools/
gcsebitesize/
rs/
death/
chdeathritesrev3.shtml. 2014. Web. 1 January 2016.
“Chuckle.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Cud.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Diction.” answers/topic/diction. 2010. Web. 07 May 2012.
20
Maranatha Christian University
“Drunk.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
Duffy, Michael. “Feature Articles - The Causes of World War One.”First world
war. 22 August, 2009. Web. 8 April 2012.
“Dulce et decorum est, Pro patria mori.” Dictionary.reference. 2012. Web. 20
May 2015.
“Fling.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Grin.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Guffaw.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Hags.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Hasty.” Dictionary.com. Web. 20 May 2015.
“Hoot.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
Kenney, William. How to analyze fictions. Canada: Little, Brown and Company.
1983. Print.
“Monstrous.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Obscene.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
21
Maranatha Christian University
“Orison.” Dictionary.com. 2009. N.d. 20 May 2015.
“Pall.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Smother.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Titter.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Vile.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Wilfred Owen: Poet of the Trenches.” wilfredowen.org.uk/Biography. Web. 20
May 2015.
Wilde,
Robert,
“Wilfred
Edward
Salter
Owen.”
europeanhistory.
/poetrysongsofww /a/ biowowen.htm. N.d. Web. 20 May 2015.
“Wilfred-owen.” wordsworth-editions.com/authors/owen-wilfred. 2014. Web. 21
May 2015.
“World War One – Timeline.” Historyonthenet. 2000. Web. 08 April 2012.
“Zest.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
22
Maranatha Christian University
Dalam Tugas Akhir ini, saya menganalisis tema dari tiga puisi Wilfred
Owen yang berjudul “Dulce Et Decorum Est,” “The Last Laugh,” dan “Anthem
for Doomed Youth” melalui diksi. Ketiga puisi tersebut menggambarkan
penderitaan orang-orang, khususnya para prajurit yang ikut berperang pada
Perang Dunia Pertama, dan diungkapkan oleh Wilfred Owen melalui berbagai
pilihan kata yang berhubungan dengan perang.
Melalui puisi-puisi tersebut, pembaca seolah diajak kembali ke masa-masa
kelam yang dialami oleh para tentara di masa itu. Betapa banyaknya penderitaan
yang mereka hadapi dalam masa peperangan, dan betapa banyaknya kematian siasia dari para prajurit muda yang berkorban demi negaranya tanpa penghargaan
yang setara. Pada akhirnya, pembaca menyadari bahwa tidak ada keuntungan
yang dapat diraih dari peperangan.
iii
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................
ii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study .....................................................................
Statement of the Problem ....................................................................
Purpose of the Study ...........................................................................
Method of Research .............................................................................
Organization of the Thesis ..................................................................
1
2
3
3
3
CHAPTER TWO: ANALYSIS OF THEME THROUGH DICTIONS OF
WILFRED OWEN’S POEMS ...........................................................
4
CHAPTER THREE: CONCLUSION .............................................................
16
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...........................................................................................
20
APPENDICES
Poems by Wilfred Owen .....................................................................
Biography of Wilfred Owen ...............................................................
23
26
ii
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
World War I was such a devastating tragedy in history that it inspired
many literary figures to write about it, prominently in poetry. It can be seen from
the fact that there were poets produced war poems at that time. Among all of the
war era poets, I choose to focus on Wilfred Owen, who is against the war.
Wilfred Owen is a famous English poet and was also known as a great
soldier. His poems were characterized by brutal honesty about the condition at the
battlefield and deep compassion for the soldiers as victims, as stated at this
biography; “Owen is regarded by historians as the leading poet of the First World
War, known for his war poetry on the horrors of trench and gas warfare”
(“Wilfred Owen”). Besides, his poems were rich and multi-layered, concerning
his negative points of views about the war. I choose to analyze three poems which
showed his dislike towards the war, namely “Dulce Et Decorum Est,” “Anthem
for Doomed Youth,” and “The Last Laugh.”
In my thesis, I am going to analyze the theme of the poems through the
diction to get a better understanding about the meaning of the poems and the
1
Maranatha Christian University
poet’s view about World War I. Theme itself means “the total meaning discovered
by the writer in the process of writing and by the reader in the process of reading”
(Kenney 94), while diction is "a saying, expression, word, in its original, primary
meaning, refers to the writer's or the speaker's distinctive vocabulary choices and
style of expression in a poem or story” (“Diction”). Diction can also mean “The
choice of words, phrases, sentence structures, and figurative language in a literary
work; the manner or mode of verbal expression, particularly with regard to clarity
and accuracy” (“Diction”).
Statement of the Problem
1. What are the themes of the poems?
2. How do the dictions help in revealing the themes?
Purpose of the Study
1. To show the themes of the poems.
2. To show how the dictions help in revealing the themes.
Method of Research
I conduct a library research for my thesis. First, I read the poems. After
that, I analyze the themes of these poems through the dictions. And then, I search
for a number of references from books and Internet websites. In the end, I draw
some conclusion from my analysis.
2
Maranatha Christian University
Organization of the Thesis
I divide my thesis into three parts, preceded by the Acknowledgments, the
Table of Contents and the Abstract. Chapter One is the Introduction, which
consists of the Background of the Study, the Statement of the Problem, the
Purpose of the Study, the Method of Research, and the Organization of the Thesis.
Chapter Two is the theme analysis of three of Wilfred Owen’s poems. Chapter
Three is the Conclusion. The thesis ends with the bibliography and the
appendices, which contain Wilfred Owen’s poems and the biography of Wilfred
Owen.
3
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER THREE
CONCLUSION
Having done my analysis in chapter two, I am going to draw some
conclusion from the analysis. I find that Wilfred Owen uses sarcasm in the
dictions to show his view on World War I. In addition, he also employes figures
of speech, such as simile and personification, to deliver his message. As a soldier
fighting in World War I, Owen knows exactly what war is like. His description of
war and the meaninglessness of the deaths of the soldiers at the battlefield provide
the readers with a gloomy perspective of war. In the three poems, the readers can
also learn that Owen is pessimistic about war. He clearly shows the readers about
the grief, misery and sufferings of war.
I conclude that the three poems have different themes that concern with the
same war. The theme of the first poem, “Dulce Et Decorum Est,” is “Fighting in a
war is worthless because it only brings suffering and traumatic experience.” He
uses simile like “bend double, like old beggars under sacks,” and dictions like
“Drunk with fatigue;” to give the image of suffered and weak soldiers. Owen also
uses sarcasm in line 25 and 26, “My friend, you would not tell with such high
16
Maranatha Christian University
zest. To children ardent for some desperate glory,” which is emphasized in the
next two lines, “The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est.” “The old lie” is an
encouragement for the soldiers to fight for their country, but in reality fighting for
one’s country also means sacrificing oneself and suffering. Then Owen shows the
reader that the soldiers also feel traumatic experience through “Dim through the
misty panes and thick green light. As under a green sea, I saw him drowning, In
all my dreams before my helpless sight. He plunges at me, guttering, choking,
drowning,” which mean that the soldier sees the death of his friends with his own
eyes. In a simile “His hanging face, like a devil’s sick of sin,” the narrator is said
to have nightmare or bad memory of war and is powerless to do anything about
that.
The theme of the second poem entitled “The Last Laugh” is “War brings
adversity and horrifying situation.” This sarcastic poem tries to convey to the
readers about the adversities and cruelty of the battlefield by personifying the
weapons which hit them to emphasize the horrifying situation and the suffering.
Each of the three stanzas opened with the soldiers’ cry as emotional expressions to
make the readers imagine how miserable their condition is.
Owen uses personifications such as “The Bullets chirped - In vain! vain!
vain!” which literally mocks the soldiers’ useless sacrifice. The sound of a big
gun that “guffawed,” or in “And the Bayonets' long teeth grinned;” are to
emphasize the “happiness” of the weapons when they bring sufferings to the
soldiers. “And the lofty Shrapnel-cloud Leisurely gestured, - Fool! And the
falling splinters tittered” emphasize the point that there is nothing to gain in war,
17
Maranatha Christian University
even the splinters “tittered” to mock the soldiers’ useless sacrifice. With the words
“kissed the mud,” the poet wants to convey a tragic and a horrifying condition of
the soldier who ends up kissing the mud instead of the girl he loves. Then the
words “grinned” and “groaned” are used to emphasize how the weapons mock the
soldiers and at the same time generate a horrifying situation of the war.
The theme of the third poem, “Anthem for Doomed Youth,” is “War is a
cruel event that only brings sadness and sorrow.” Owen uses sarcasm to
emphasize the cruelty of war that brings sorrow. There are two questions in the
poem, the first question “what passing-bells for these who die as cattle?” and the
second question is “What candles may be held to speed them all?” arouse
sorrowful feeling to the readers and emphasize the useless fighting in a war. Then
the question “who die as cattle” provides the readers with the meaninglessness of
war that only brings bad impacts to strong and spirited young soldiers who are
slaughtered in the battlefield like cattles. Owen also personifies the guns to have
“monstrous anger” to show how violently the guns kill the soldiers at the
battlefield. There will be no prayers and bells to praise the soldiers but the shrill,
demented choirs of wailing shells; And bugles calling for them from sad shires
which emphasize the sad and sorrowful death of the soldiers in that cruel war.
The cruelty of a war above is informed through sarcastic lines in which the mourn
for the dead soldiers comes from the weapons instead from their families or
relatives.
Having analyzed the theme of three of Wilfred Owen’s poems, I find that
Owen succeeds in giving a realistic picture of war. I agree with Owen that war
18
Maranatha Christian University
only causes suffering and pain to the soldiers and I am personally against the war
because it only brings restlessness not only to the soldiers, but also to the citizens
and the children. In addition, war also brings destruction to the environment. I
argue that the poems show Owen’s effort as one of the victims of the war to show
to the world that war is evil and has to be avoided. War is not the way to settle
differences, war is a way to lose for both sides as it only brings suffering, sorrow,
and death.
19
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Texts
“Wilfred Owen.” Poem hunter. Web. 26 May 2015.
References
“Bugles.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Cattle.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Chirp.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Christianity:
death
rites.”
bbc.co.uk/
schools/
gcsebitesize/
rs/
death/
chdeathritesrev3.shtml. 2014. Web. 1 January 2016.
“Chuckle.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Cud.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Diction.” answers/topic/diction. 2010. Web. 07 May 2012.
20
Maranatha Christian University
“Drunk.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
Duffy, Michael. “Feature Articles - The Causes of World War One.”First world
war. 22 August, 2009. Web. 8 April 2012.
“Dulce et decorum est, Pro patria mori.” Dictionary.reference. 2012. Web. 20
May 2015.
“Fling.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Grin.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Guffaw.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Hags.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Hasty.” Dictionary.com. Web. 20 May 2015.
“Hoot.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
Kenney, William. How to analyze fictions. Canada: Little, Brown and Company.
1983. Print.
“Monstrous.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Obscene.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
21
Maranatha Christian University
“Orison.” Dictionary.com. 2009. N.d. 20 May 2015.
“Pall.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Smother.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Titter.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Vile.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
“Wilfred Owen: Poet of the Trenches.” wilfredowen.org.uk/Biography. Web. 20
May 2015.
Wilde,
Robert,
“Wilfred
Edward
Salter
Owen.”
europeanhistory.
/poetrysongsofww /a/ biowowen.htm. N.d. Web. 20 May 2015.
“Wilfred-owen.” wordsworth-editions.com/authors/owen-wilfred. 2014. Web. 21
May 2015.
“World War One – Timeline.” Historyonthenet. 2000. Web. 08 April 2012.
“Zest.” Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008. Print.
22
Maranatha Christian University