A Decade of Accounting Research in Indonesia - Satu Dekade Riset Akuntansi di Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
A DECADE OF ACCOUNTING RESEARCH IN INDONESIA
The present research aimed to assess and reveal the trend of accounting research published in Indonesia. A content analysis and citation analysis were carried out on three selected journals. Content analysis shows that in private sector, some research fields are are actively researched (Financial Accounting and Capital Market, Management and Behavioral Accounting, Information System, Auditing, and Professional Ethics) while some others are rarely researched (Taxation, Sharia Accounting, Accounting Education, Corporate Governance, CSR, dan Fraud & Forensic Accounting). Furthermore, there is little emphasis on public sector accounting. Citation analysis shows that the most cited article from 2003 to 2012 was “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure, published in Journal of Financial Economics, written by Jensen, Michael C dan William H. Meckling in 1976, whereas the most cited journal was “The Accounting Review” with total 415 citations. Interestingly, Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Indonesia is the only Indonesian accounting journal that is categorized as Top 20 most-cited article, with a total of 129 citations. It can be seen that Accounting research in Indonesia has been strongly impacted by foreign accounting research.
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Universitas Kristen Maranatha ABSTRAK
SATU DEKADE RISET AKUNTANSI DI INDONESIA
Riset ini bertujuan untuk mengukur dan mengungkapkan tren riset akuntansi di Indonesia. Analisa isi dan analisa pengutipan dilakukan pada tiga jurnal yang telah dipilih. Analisa isi menunjukkan bahwa dalam sektor swasta, beberapa bidang riset telah diteliti secara aktif (Financial Accounting and Capital Market, Management and Behavioral Accounting, Information System, Auditing, and Professional Ethics), sedangkan yang lainnya jarang diteliti (Perpajakan, Akuntansi Syariah, Akuntansi Pendidikan, Corporate Governance, CSR, dan Akuntansi Fraud & Forensic). Di sisi lain, hanya ada sedikit penekanan pada sektor umum. Analisis kutipan menunjukkan bahwa artikel yang paling sering dikutip dari 2003 hingga 2012 adalah “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure, yang diterbit dalam Journal of Financial Economics, ditulis oleh Jensen, Michael C dan William H. Meckling in 1976, sedangkan jurnal yang paling sering dikutip adalah “The Accounting Review” dengan total 415 pengutipan. Yang menarik adalah bahwa Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Indonesia adalah satu-satunya jurnal Akuntansi Indonesia yang dikategorikan sebagai artikel Top 20 yang sering dikutip, dengan total 129 pengutipan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa riset akuntansi di Indonesia sangat dipengaruhi oleh riset akuntansi asing.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ... i
ENDORSEMENT PAGE (LEMBAR PENGESAHAN) ... ………ii
STATEMENT OF THESIS AUTHENTICITY (PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI)……….…iii
FOREWORD ... iv
ABSTRACT ... vi
ABSTRAK ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii
LIST OF TABLES ... x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background ... 1
1.2 Research questions ... 2
1.3 Research objectives ... 2
1.4 Research benefit ... 3
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ... 4
2.1 Previous studies ... 4
2.2 Accounting Research’ s Field in Indonesia ... 6
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Universitas Kristen Maranatha
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 12
3.3 Source and data used in this research ... 13
3.3 Procedure ... 13
3.3.1 Sample selection ... 13
3.3.2 Topics and trends that have dominated accounting research from 2003 to 2012...13
3.3.3 Who and what have had the most impact in accounting research . 15 CHAPTER IV RESULT AND ANALYSIS ... 16
4.1 Sample selection ... 16
4.2 Content and trend analysis ... 20
4.3 Citation analysis ... 24
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 33
5.1 Conclusions ... 33
5.2 Limitations ... 34
5.2 Suggestions ... 35
REFERENCES ... 36
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
TABLE 1 Accounting Journal Analysis ... 5
TABLE II Sample Selection of Journal ... 16
TABLE III Content Analysis Results (Private Sector) from 2003 to 2012 ... 20
TABLE IV Content Analysis Results (Public Sector) from 2003 to 2012…… .21
TABLE V Content Analysis Results (Other Categories) from 2003 to 2012 ... 22
TABLE VI Trend Analysis from 2003 to 2012 ... 22
TABLE VII Authors cited more than 8 times from 2003 to 2012 ... 25
TABLE VIII 20 Top Journal from 2003 to 2012 ... 27
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Universitas Kristen Maranatha
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundResearch has an important role in developing theories and practices towards accounting discipline. In Indonesia, accounting research has grown rapidly as shown with the increasing number of research publication, and conference and symposium. For example, there is Accounting National Symposium (SNA), which is the most scientific event for researchers, teachers, students, and practitioners from all over Indonesia in the field of accounting to perform their research and papers.
There are a number of reasons to study the topics of accounting research in Indonesia. Firstly, it is simply interesting to see what has kept Indonesian accounting research preoccupied all those years. Secondly, such analysis allows for the formulation of research priorities for the future. Thirdly, examining the citations revealed influences on the evolving Indonesian accounting research literature.
In accounting field, similar studies have also been done. Several studies have analyzed the trend of research in accounting journals. Several researches that observe the direction and development of accounting by conducting analysis being as follows: (1) Kusuma (2001), analyzed the direction and development of BRIA; (2) Meyer & Rigsby (2001), analyzed the content, methods used and contributors of BRIA and several other researchers. The present research aimed to assess and reveal the trend
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Chapter1 Introduction 2
of accounting research published in Indonesia. A content analysis and a citation analysis were carried out on published accounting journals. Articles were classified according to their fields using abstracts and keywords. Topic/article contents are classified using field of study in Accounting National Symposium (SNA). Citation analysis were also conducted to reveal who and what articles have had the most impact in accounting research.
To be included in our sample, a journal must be accredited consistently within ten years by Indonesian Ministry of Education. The inclusion of only consistent accredited accounting journals improves the accuracy of the research assessment. Results of such assessment produce valuable information for future improvement of accounting research/provide insight into trends within a field.
1.2 Research Questions
Based on current accounting research issues described above, the author intends to gain empirical evidence about:
1. What are the accounting topics that have dominated accounting research from 2003 to 2012?
2. Who have had the most impact in accounting research? 3. What articles have the most impact in accounting research?
1.3 Research Objectives
The objectives of this research is to gain empirical evidence:
1. To identify what accounting topics that have dominated accounting research from 2003 to 2012
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Chapter1 Introduction 3
Universitas Kristen Maranatha 2. To identify who and have had the most impact in accounting research 3. To identify which Articles that have had the most impact in accounting
research
1.4 Research Benefit
Based on research objectives, this research is expected:
- To provide information for future improvement of accounting research by helping in formulating future research priorities.
- To provide insight into trends in Indonesian accounting research from
2003 to 2012.
- To reveal influences on the evolving Indonesian accounting research literature.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions
The present research aimed to assess and reveal the trend of accounting research published in Indonesia. A content analysis and citation analysis were carried out on published accounting journals. Citation analysis was also conducted to reveal who and what articles have had the most impact in accounting research. The analysis was conducted on Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Indonesia, Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan and Jurnal Akuntansi dan Auditing Indonesia.
In general, it can be cocluded that, in private sector, some research fields are are actively researched (“Financial Accounting and Capital Market”, Management and Behavioral Accounting, Information System, Auditing, and Professional Ethics), while some are rarely researched (Taxation, Sharia Accounting, Accounting Education, Corporate Governance, CSR, dan Fraud & Forensic Accounting). Also, there is little emphasis on public sector accounting, that could be due to those researchs are published in journals with specific interests in those areas.
Those findings suggest that published accounting research were more focused in one field of accounting research over another. An obsession of publishing research in one specific field, while little interest in some field may cause accounting research fail to address contemporary accounting issues faced by accounting various field in Indonesia. This state of accounting research suggests that accounting research should be reoriented to enable it to embrace interdisciplinary; hence, accounting research can keep up with issues faced by accounting profession in Indonesia.
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34 Chapter V Conclusions And Suggestions
Universitas Kristen Maranatha At the same time, it cannot be denied that “Financial Accounting and Capital marlet” is perhaps the most important field of accounting; hence, it becomes the most focused field. Establishing specific journal to include underdeveloped field or by collaborating with related field legislations could be a solution.
It can be noted that the most cited article from 2003 to 2012 was “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure”, published in Journal of Financial Economics, written by Jensen, Michael C dan William H. Meckling in 1976. While the most cited journal was “The Accounting Review with total 415 citations. Interestingly, the most cited article also came from the article of Jensen, Michael C and William H. Meckling. Interestingly too, Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Indonesia is the only Indonesian accounting journal that are categorized as Top 20 most-cited article is with total 129 citations. It can be seen that Accounting research in Indonesia has been strongly impacted by foreign accounting research.
5.2 Limitations
This research can provide insight into trends in accounting research in Indonesia, but there are still some related limitations. Several limitations that can be identified were:
1. Content assesment towards research are only done in terms of topics and research streams. To gain more insight in accounting research development, research methodology used, research design in accounting research can also be assesed.
2. Although the classification provided by National Accounting Symposium is considered enough, it is still considered broad. More specific
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35 Chapter V Conclusions And Suggestions
classification of issue can provide more insight towards research development per topics. For example, Management and Behavioral categories can be further divided into sub-categories such as managerial control, organizational culture, performance evaluation, costing methods and so on.
3. The classification of accounting topics were done by using judgment which is subjected to human error or incosnsistent classification.
5.3 Suggestions
Based on above limitations, there are several suggestions for improvement of future research:
1. To gain more insight in accounting research development, research method used, research design in accounting research can also be assesed. For example, by classifying research methods, we can identify which type of study (eg. Analytical, archival, and empirical) underlies the research article.
2. More specific classification of issue can provide more insight towards research development per topics. It can provide information about more-detailed accounting issues that can become consideration for future accounting research.
3. The classification of accounting topics can be done by using other procedures that can provide more accurate and consistent classification. Another means that can be used for classification is IBM-SPSS For Text Analytics for Surveys.
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Universitas Kristen Maranatha REFERENCES
Coyne, Summers, William, Wood. 2010. What is Accounting research? http://www.byuaccounting.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=What_is_ac
Accessed on December 2013 counting_research%3F
Jerome I. Rotgans. 2012. The themes, institutions, and people of medical education research 1988–2010: content analysis of abstracts from six journals Adv in Health Sci Educ 17:515–527
Kabir Tahir Hamid. IBF 8211 (Accounting for Islamic Financial Instituions) http://www.academia.edu/2027832/IBF_8211_Accounting_for_Islami c_Financial_Institutions_ Accessed on Januari 2014
Lee D. Parker , James Guthrie , Simon Linacre. 2011 “ The relationship between academic accounting research and professional practice”. Accounting, Auditing &Accountability Journal Vol. 24 No. 1 pp. 5-14 Meyer, M. And Rigsby , J.T. 2001, “A Descriptive Analysis of the Content
and Contributors of Behavioral Research in Accounting 1989-1998”. Behavioral Research in Accounting. Vol.13, pp. 253-278
Suwardjono. 2009. Akuntansi Pengantar. Edisi ketiga. BPFE. Yogyakarta
Tan, M.K. 2004. “Influential Articles in BRIA: A Citation Analysis of BRIA from 1999 to 2002. unpublished paper
Tan, M.K. 2013. “ Influential sources and Authors on Behavioral Research in Accounting 2003-2012: A Citation Analysis”. Proceedings The 2nd IBSM International Conference on Business, Management and Accounting, Chiang Mai-Thailand, 2-4 October
Tan, M.K., and Tin, S. 2004 “An Analysis of Trend & Development Behavioral Research in Accounting on Behavioral Research In Accounting Journal”, Jurnal Akuntansi Vol.2 No.2 November: 122-133
Vasundhara Chakraborty , et al. 2010. Automatic Classification of Accounting Literature Collected Papers of the Nineteenth Annual Strategic and Emerging Technologies Research Workshop San Francisco, CA, USA. IAI-KAPd (2014) Tentang SNA. http://snaxvii.iaikapd.or.id/tentang 3Tema%20SNA%20XVII.html Accessed on 2 Januari 2014
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Chapter1 Introduction 2
of accounting research published in Indonesia. A content analysis and a citation analysis were carried out on published accounting journals. Articles were classified according to their fields using abstracts and keywords. Topic/article contents are classified using field of study in Accounting National Symposium (SNA). Citation analysis were also conducted to reveal who and what articles have had the most impact in accounting research.
To be included in our sample, a journal must be accredited consistently within ten years by Indonesian Ministry of Education. The inclusion of only consistent accredited accounting journals improves the accuracy of the research assessment. Results of such assessment produce valuable information for future improvement of accounting research/provide insight into trends within a field.
1.2 Research Questions
Based on current accounting research issues described above, the author intends to gain empirical evidence about:
1. What are the accounting topics that have dominated accounting research from 2003 to 2012?
2. Who have had the most impact in accounting research? 3. What articles have the most impact in accounting research?
1.3 Research Objectives
The objectives of this research is to gain empirical evidence:
1. To identify what accounting topics that have dominated accounting research from 2003 to 2012
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Chapter1 Introduction 3
2. To identify who and have had the most impact in accounting research 3. To identify which Articles that have had the most impact in accounting
research
1.4 Research Benefit
Based on research objectives, this research is expected:
- To provide information for future improvement of accounting research by helping in formulating future research priorities.
- To provide insight into trends in Indonesian accounting research from 2003 to 2012.
- To reveal influences on the evolving Indonesian accounting research literature.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions
The present research aimed to assess and reveal the trend of accounting research published in Indonesia. A content analysis and citation analysis were carried out on published accounting journals. Citation analysis was also conducted to reveal who and what articles have had the most impact in accounting research. The analysis was conducted on Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Indonesia, Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan and Jurnal Akuntansi dan Auditing Indonesia.
In general, it can be cocluded that, in private sector, some research fields are are actively researched (“Financial Accounting and Capital Market”, Management and Behavioral Accounting, Information System, Auditing, and Professional Ethics), while some are rarely researched (Taxation, Sharia Accounting, Accounting Education, Corporate Governance, CSR, dan Fraud & Forensic Accounting). Also, there is little emphasis on public sector accounting, that could be due to those researchs are published in journals with specific interests in those areas.
Those findings suggest that published accounting research were more focused in one field of accounting research over another. An obsession of publishing research in one specific field, while little interest in some field may cause accounting research fail to address contemporary accounting issues faced by accounting various field in Indonesia. This state of accounting research suggests that accounting research should be reoriented to enable it to embrace interdisciplinary; hence, accounting research can keep up with issues faced by accounting profession in Indonesia.
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34 Chapter V Conclusions And Suggestions
At the same time, it cannot be denied that “Financial Accounting and Capital marlet” is perhaps the most important field of accounting; hence, it becomes the most focused field. Establishing specific journal to include underdeveloped field or by collaborating with related field legislations could be a solution.
It can be noted that the most cited article from 2003 to 2012 was “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure”, published in Journal of Financial Economics, written by Jensen, Michael C dan William H. Meckling in 1976. While the most cited journal was “The Accounting Review with total 415 citations. Interestingly, the most cited article also came from the article of Jensen, Michael C and William H. Meckling. Interestingly too, Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Indonesia is the only Indonesian accounting journal that are categorized as Top 20 most-cited article is with total 129 citations. It can be seen that Accounting research in Indonesia has been strongly impacted by foreign accounting research.
5.2 Limitations
This research can provide insight into trends in accounting research in Indonesia, but there are still some related limitations. Several limitations that can be identified were:
1. Content assesment towards research are only done in terms of topics and research streams. To gain more insight in accounting research development, research methodology used, research design in accounting research can also be assesed.
2. Although the classification provided by National Accounting Symposium is considered enough, it is still considered broad. More specific
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35 Chapter V Conclusions And Suggestions
classification of issue can provide more insight towards research development per topics. For example, Management and Behavioral categories can be further divided into sub-categories such as managerial control, organizational culture, performance evaluation, costing methods and so on.
3. The classification of accounting topics were done by using judgment which is subjected to human error or incosnsistent classification.
5.3 Suggestions
Based on above limitations, there are several suggestions for improvement of future research:
1. To gain more insight in accounting research development, research method used, research design in accounting research can also be assesed. For example, by classifying research methods, we can identify which type of study (eg. Analytical, archival, and empirical) underlies the research article.
2. More specific classification of issue can provide more insight towards research development per topics. It can provide information about more-detailed accounting issues that can become consideration for future accounting research.
3. The classification of accounting topics can be done by using other procedures that can provide more accurate and consistent classification. Another means that can be used for classification is IBM-SPSS For Text Analytics for Surveys.
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REFERENCES
Coyne, Summers, William, Wood. 2010. What is Accounting research? http://www.byuaccounting.net/mediawiki/index.php?title=What_is_ac
Accessed on December 2013 counting_research%3F
Jerome I. Rotgans. 2012. The themes, institutions, and people of medical education research 1988–2010: content analysis of abstracts from six journals Adv in Health Sci Educ 17:515–527
Kabir Tahir Hamid. IBF 8211 (Accounting for Islamic Financial Instituions) http://www.academia.edu/2027832/IBF_8211_Accounting_for_Islami c_Financial_Institutions_ Accessed on Januari 2014
Lee D. Parker , James Guthrie , Simon Linacre. 2011 “ The relationship between academic accounting research and professional practice”. Accounting, Auditing &Accountability Journal Vol. 24 No. 1 pp. 5-14 Meyer, M. And Rigsby , J.T. 2001, “A Descriptive Analysis of the Content
and Contributors of Behavioral Research in Accounting 1989-1998”. Behavioral Research in Accounting. Vol.13, pp. 253-278
Suwardjono. 2009. Akuntansi Pengantar. Edisi ketiga. BPFE. Yogyakarta
Tan, M.K. 2004. “Influential Articles in BRIA: A Citation Analysis of BRIA from 1999 to 2002. unpublished paper
Tan, M.K. 2013. “ Influential sources and Authors on Behavioral Research in Accounting 2003-2012: A Citation Analysis”. Proceedings The 2nd IBSM International Conference on Business, Management and Accounting, Chiang Mai-Thailand, 2-4 October
Tan, M.K., and Tin, S. 2004 “An Analysis of Trend & Development Behavioral Research in Accounting on Behavioral Research In Accounting Journal”, Jurnal Akuntansi Vol.2 No.2 November: 122-133
Vasundhara Chakraborty , et al. 2010. Automatic Classification of Accounting Literature Collected Papers of the Nineteenth Annual Strategic and Emerging Technologies Research Workshop San Francisco, CA, USA. IAI-KAPd (2014) Tentang SNA. http://snaxvii.iaikapd.or.id/tentang 3Tema%20SNA%20XVII.html Accessed on 2 Januari 2014