Maids: From transnational exploitation to transnational strategy.
The
Jakarta Post
o
17
OJan
2
18
o
Senin
o
Selasa
Rabu
4
5
6
21
20
3
19
o
OPeb
•
7
22
8
23
OMei
Mar OApr
o
Kamis
VUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
o
Jumat
Sabtu
0 Minggu
9
10
11
12 ~
24
25
26
27
OJun
OJul'
0 Ags
14
15
29
30
8
.Okt
OSep
ONov
31
ODes
Maids: From transnational exploit tion
to trans ational strategy
.
A g u s P ra tiw i
BANDUNG
fa m ilie s liv in g in th e G c e
T h ro u g h
th e
1995
c o u n trie s .
U ru g u a y
R ound,
O rg a n iz a -
th e W o rld
h e g o v e r n m e n t 's
a n tic lim a c tic
tio n
re sp o n se
to th e
e x e c u tio n
A g re e m e n t
m ig ra n t
w o rk e r
T
R u y a ti
of
b in ti
(W T O )
o f g lo b a l
of
and
h o u s e m a id
Saudi
S iti
A ra b ia ,
N u rja m ila h
re fle c ts
th e
in
g o v e rn -
e x is te n c e
c lu d in g
b u t a ls o to b u ild g lo b a l a w a re n e s s
th e
tra n s n a tio n a l
le n c e
c a rrie d
w o rk e rs.
p a tte rn
out
Or
of
a g a in s t
to
be
d o m e s tic
e x a c t,
th e ir
p ro c e ss
o f th e s e
fo r th e
w o rk e rs.
q u a rte rs
m e n te d ,
In d o n e s ia n
e rs w e re
w om en
w e re e m p lo y e d
T h e re fo re ,
of docu-
m ig ra n t
a s d o m e s tic w o rk e rs .
to p ro te c t
m i-
b e e n d e s ig n e d fo r th e ir p ro te c tio n .
needs
of
th e ir
a n d d e s tin a tio n
d o m e s tic
c o u n trie s
s te m
w o rk o f o rig in
fro m
th e s a m e
s itu a tio n s :
N o o n e is re s p o n s ib le
h o u s e h o ld
d u tie s b e c a u s e
and husband
w o rk
e q u a lly . In b o th
or because
In d o n e s ia ,
th e
th a t
have
e m p lo y m e n t.
in g d a y s
of
and
th e
th e y
hom e
w o rk e rs,
ta in e d
by m em ber
o g n iz e
th e s e
in c lu d -
h is to ric a lly
a re
no
w o rk w o rk in g
e m p lo y m e n t
o f v io le n c e
w o rk e rs
C o u n c il
c e iv e d
th e
re la -
o f k in s h ip
and
a g a in s t
G u lf
C o o p e ra tio n
(G C C )
c o u n trie s
have
m ig ra n t
d o m e s tic
w o rk e rs,
e rs is h is to ric a lly
th e e m p lo y in g
re -
w o rk -
le s s w e ll-k n o w n
by
th e
d o m e s tic
th e d e -
a n d m ig ra tio n .
o f th e n e e d to d is -
s e rv ic e
s e c to rs
h o u s e h o ld
p e rs is ts ,
on
h a s p ro v e d
a n o b s ta c le
fo r th e a g e n b o th w ith in
o f th e n a tio n a l
The
n a tio n a l
and
re g io n a l
agen-
d a s o f s k ill im p ro v e m e n t p ro v e p o w e rle s s w h e n fa c e d w ith th e d o m in a tio n
of
g lo b a l
s u s ta in a b le
For
p o lic ie s
u n s k ille d
m ig ra n t
s e llin g
s u p p o rtin g
jo b s .
d o m e s tic
o f th e ir
la b o r
d e s tin a tio n
c o u n trie s
o n ly o p tio n
fo r th e m
w o rk e rs,
pow er
m ay
w h ile
th e re
G iv e n
th e
tra n s n a tio n a l
p a tte rn
re v is in g th e p ro te c -
tio n ru le s fo r m ig ra n t w o rk e rs , e s p e c ia lly m ig ra n t
d o m e s tic
w o rk e rs,
coun-
In d o n e s ia ,
is a m u s t fo r In d o n e s ia .
B u t w ith
th e g o v e rn m e n t
o p tio n
re n tly
becom e
a te m p tin g
Kllping
fo r
Huma.
is
a n d g lo b a l tra d e o f d o m e s tic w o rk e rs
e rs , p ro m o te d
has
th e
little c h a n c e fo r s k ill im p ro v e m e n t.
th a t th e y
b y h o u s e m a id s '
to
be
w o rk -
o f o rig in , in c lu d in g
and
re g io n a l p ro g ra m .
th e m o d e l o f liv e -in d o m e s tic
trie s
th e
b a s is o f th e d iv is io n o f la b o r o f s k ills
a s c o m m o d itie s ,
fa m ilie s .
W h ile th e fa ilu re o f e q u a l d iv is io n
in th e
trib u te
th e
o f o rig in .
th e m o d e l o f liv e -in d o m e s tic
o f ro le s
re c -
T h e p ro b le m is th a t
th e h o m e c o u n trie s
o f th e s e w o rk e rs ,
in c lu d in g In d o n e s ia ,
h a v e h is to ric a lly a n d
c u ltu ra lly a p p lie d
th e m o d e l o f liv e -in
e m p lo y m e n t.
is a ls o h is to ric a lly
in th e ir c o u n trie s
W h e re
b a te o n fre e tra d e
sus-
th a t
d u rin g
th e fra m e w o rk s
ig n o re s
p ro fe s s io n a l
lo y a lty . A c u ltu re
ro o te d
to th e
s e c to r
T h is
e ig h t-h o u r
tio n s , o n ly re la tio n s
d o m e s tic
happened
com -
be
s e c to rs . T h is
d a o f s k ill im p ro v e m e n t,
re la tio n s .
T h e re
s ta te s
u n s k ille d
s e rv ic e s
in
s e c to rs
m ust
th e m o d e l o f
a p p lie d
c o n c e p ts
s e c to rs
T h e le g itim a c y
is
o f th e s e
a n d c u ltu ra lly
liv e -in
fre e tra d e
it.
a s a m a rk e ta b le
th e
in -
w o rk e rs,
c a s e s , fa m ilie s o fte n
p ro b le m
c o u n trie s
re se rv e s,
d u tie s
a h o u s e m a id .
The
in g
fo r
b o th w ife
a re n o t a b le s h a re h o u s e h o ld
re c ru it
s e rv ic e
th a t th e
w o rk -
g ra n t w o rk e rs s h o u ld b e in lin e w ith
n a tio n a l
s tra te g ie s
th a t h a v e a ls o
The
ru le s
a n d m o s t o f th e m
m e a su re s
e rs in b o th
th e
because
deem ed
is w h a t
th re e
in
A s lo n g a s s o m e u n s k ille d
a re
w o rk
2 0 0 8 -2 0 1 0 ,
th e
d o m e s tic
s e rv ic e s re q u ire s
L abor
(IL O ) b e tw e e n
S e rv ic e s
o f u n s k ille d
o f u n s k ille d
is m a in ta in e d
B a s e d o n d a ta fro m th e In te rn a tio n a l
O rg a n iz a tio n
G e n e ra l
in
fo rth
p e rso n s
m ig ra n t
m o d ity ,
c o m m o d ific a tio n .
T h e is s u e is v e ry im p o rta n t
m ig ra tio n
of
v io -
la y s
th e
It is n o t s u rp ris in g
m e n t 's f a i l u r e t o n o t o n l y t o r e v i s e m i re g u la tio n s
T ra d e
d is trib u tio n
s k ille d
s e c to rs .
g ra n t w o rk e r
p ro te c tio n
on
(G A T S ). T h is
S a tu b i a n d , m o s t re c e n tly , th e d e a th
T ra d e
p ro d u c e d
h a v e a lo n g -te rm
te n d in g
Onpad
to
ZO 11
so
p u rp o se
c o m p ro m is e
c u rth e
d is trib u tio n
of
In d o n e s ia n
w o rk -
re se rv e s,
it is n o t
e rs a s lo w -s k ille d
s u rp ris in g
g ra n t
by
th a t
th e
W o rk e rs'
p la c e m e n t
p re v a ilin g
L aw
ra th e r
th a n
fro m
Saudi
lo m a tic
A ra b ia
In d o n e s ia n
m itm e n t
change
does
d ip -
n o t p ro v e th e
com o f th e s e
The
g o v e rn m e n t
s h o u ld
its p o litic a l s ta n c e a n d c o m e
th e
c o m m o d ific a tio n
re se rv e s.
im p o rta n t
T h is
is
to
to
s tra te g ie s
th e
is
im p o rta n t
fa m ilie s
fro m
caught
up
th e
and
in
d e s ti-
gender
in -
e q u a lity fe e d th e m a rk e t o f d o m e s tic
s e rv ic e s tra d e .
If
o n ly
d u tie s
re d u c e
m em It c a n
e q u a lity
c o u ld
th is s tra te g y
c a n s e rv e to
e x p lo ita tio n
o f m ig ra n t
d o m e s tic w o rk e rs .
For
In d o n e s ia ,
m o re
se v e re .
g lo b a l
tra d e
in
tic w o rk e rs .
th e
F ro m
is a c o u n try
c h a lle n g e
lo o k in g
s e rv ic e s ,
o f o rig in
The
In d o n e s ia
fo r
dom es-
G C C re p re s e n ts
In d o n e s ia n
gauge
m e a su re s
th e
im p le m e n te d
s ta n d a rd s
a d o p te d
th a t
b y d e s tin a -
L o o k in g a t e lig ib ility
a s N o rw a y , th e
e n su re
g o v e rn m e n t
in c o u n trie s
g o v e rn m e n t
such
s ta n d a rd s
a tra n s n a tio n a l
fo c u s
re a lis tic
o p tio n
fo r s e n d in g
w o rk e rs
o v e rse a s.
and
s ta n d a rd iz a tio n
not m eet
e le m e n ts
m ig ra n t
m e a su re s
and
p ro te c tio n
th a t
to m ig ra n t
d o m e s tic
n o t m e re ly
re s tric te d
P e rh a p s
th e n ,
m ig ra n t
d o m e s tic
be
th e
o v e rc o m e .
d a y c a re
m o b il-
e x p lo ita tio n
w o rk e rs
In d ic a to rs
c e n te rs
p s y c h o lo g ic a l
such
fo r m e n
e d u c a tio n
of
m ig h t
fa c ilitie s , h o u s e h o ld
tra in in g
p a re n ts ,
to th e
in th e p u b lic d o m a in . •
and
as
b y th e g o v e rn in th e s p irit
o f e q u a lity .
th a t a im to p ro -
e q u a lity
fro m
o f th e S o c ia l In s titu tio n
th e lik e s
and G ender
In d e x (S IG I), s h o u ld ta k e th e s e in d iM a n y d e v e lo p e d . c o u n trie s ,
in
ity
S c a n d in a v ia ,
fa c ility -b a s e d
p ro g ra m s
s p e c tiv e s
d o m a in
liv e -in
have
to w a rd
w o rk e rs.
G ender
have
p ro v e d
gender
e q u a l-
m ig ra n t
p e r-
d o m e s tic
e q u a lity
in th e
th e
d o m e s tic
am ount
m ig ra n t
b u t th e s e k in d s o f w o rk e rs
b e e n a b o lis h e d
th a t
c o u n trie s
o f th e
N a tio n a l
a n d P ro -
M ig ra n t W o rk -
e rs (B N P 2 T K I).
T hese
s ta n d a rd s
p lo y m e n t
w age,
re s tric tio n
su ra n c e .
ty p e
M ost
s ta n d a rd s
s ta te
in c lu d e
c o n tra c ts ,
th e
em -
m in im u m
of
of
w o rk in g
w o rk
and
im p o rta n tly ,
show
agency
th a t
th e re
re s p o n s ib le
in -
th e s e
is
fo r
a
th e ir
im p le m e n ta tio n .
lo n g e r s e rv e a s a n a g e n c y th a t p la c e s
m ig ra n t w o rk e rs
p e rv is o r
s io n a lis m
w o rk e rs
a b ro a d , b u t a s a su -
o f th e s ta n d a rd s
o f p ro fe s-
a n d p ro te c tio n
o f m ig ra n t
o v e rse a s.
of
s h o u ld
b e re fle c te d a t h o m e s o th a t d e s tin a . ti n c o u n trie s ta k e in to a c c o u n t th is
w o rk e rs,
new
have not
w o rk e rs.
c u ltu re
o f re s p e c tin g
d o m e s tic
a lto g e th e r.
In N o rw a y , fo r e x a m p le ,
w o rk e rs
b y th e N o rw e g ia n
s ta n d a rd iz e s
m ig ra n t
a re p ro fe s s io n a lly
to ra te o fIm m ig ra tio n ,
th a t
espe-
changed
h a s re d u c e d
fa c ilita te d
s ta n d a rd s
O f c o u rs e , s u c h s ta n d a rd s
d o m e s tic
d o m e s tic
is th e re s p o n s ib ility
is to n o t
In s h o rt, th e B N P 2 T K I s h o u ld n o
c a to rs in to a c c o u n t
c ia lly
m in im u m
a re th e n m e t b y d e s tin a tio n
h o u rs,
m o te g e n d e r
th a t
S e ttin g
be
w o rk -
a b ro a d .
te c tio n o f In d o n e s ia n
fo r
c itiz e n s to p e r-
G lo b a l p ro g ra m s
c h o ic e
c h ild
c e n te rs
d u tie s
rig h t
s e n d m ig ra n t w o rk e rs
A g e n c y fo r th e P la c e m e n t
a ll p ro v id e d
h o u s e h o ld
th e
s h o u ld
w o rk
m e n t, w ill e n c o u ra g e
fo rm
e rs , th e n
do
o f p ro fe s s io n a l-
a ffo rd e d
ity o f w o m e n
have
can be a
is m
and
such
s h o u ld
fo rm p a rt o f p o lic ie s th a t a re re la te d
w o rld w id e
a
s ta n d a rd iz a tio n
to m ig ra n t
w o rk e rs
is
a t th e
h u g e m a rk e t fo r th e s e w o rk e rs .
If
gender
th e
re m a in
w o rk e rs.
c o u n trie s
tio n c o u n trie s .
a s in g le ro o t:
in
in d e s tin a tio n
The
in b o th
w ages,
o f fa m ily
b e rs , n o t d o m e s tic
s h o u ld
w o rk e rs
o f o rig in
o rig in a te s
h o u s e h o ld
re s p o n s ib ility
b u ild
because
o f d o m e s tic
c o u n trie s
M ost
th e
b rid g e
o f o rig in a n d d e s tin a tio n .
e x p lo ita tio n
n a tio n
of
a g a in ,
s tra te g y
g a p b e tw e e n
c o u n trie s
B ut
th in g
tra n s n a tio n a l
th e ir
o th e r
p ro te c tio n
u n s k ille d
th e
and
g o v e r n m e n t 's
o u t a g a in s t
a
w o rk e rs
to th e
w o rk e rs.
m ost
m ig ra n t
a c tio n s
a n d re g u la te s
b e s a id th a t e m p lo y in g
c la u s e s o f p ro te c tio n .
R e p a tria tin g
h o u rs
a n d a ll th is fo r re la tiv e ly lig h t w o rk .
M i-
is d o m in a te d
c la u s e s ,
w o rk in g
D ire c -
a s ta te a g e n c y
c o n tra c ts ,
lim its
The writer is a lecturer and
researcher o n feminist legal issues
at the Faculty of Law, Padjadjaran
University, Bandung.
Jakarta Post
o
17
OJan
2
18
o
Senin
o
Selasa
Rabu
4
5
6
21
20
3
19
o
OPeb
•
7
22
8
23
OMei
Mar OApr
o
Kamis
VUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
o
Jumat
Sabtu
0 Minggu
9
10
11
12 ~
24
25
26
27
OJun
OJul'
0 Ags
14
15
29
30
8
.Okt
OSep
ONov
31
ODes
Maids: From transnational exploit tion
to trans ational strategy
.
A g u s P ra tiw i
BANDUNG
fa m ilie s liv in g in th e G c e
T h ro u g h
th e
1995
c o u n trie s .
U ru g u a y
R ound,
O rg a n iz a -
th e W o rld
h e g o v e r n m e n t 's
a n tic lim a c tic
tio n
re sp o n se
to th e
e x e c u tio n
A g re e m e n t
m ig ra n t
w o rk e r
T
R u y a ti
of
b in ti
(W T O )
o f g lo b a l
of
and
h o u s e m a id
Saudi
S iti
A ra b ia ,
N u rja m ila h
re fle c ts
th e
in
g o v e rn -
e x is te n c e
c lu d in g
b u t a ls o to b u ild g lo b a l a w a re n e s s
th e
tra n s n a tio n a l
le n c e
c a rrie d
w o rk e rs.
p a tte rn
out
Or
of
a g a in s t
to
be
d o m e s tic
e x a c t,
th e ir
p ro c e ss
o f th e s e
fo r th e
w o rk e rs.
q u a rte rs
m e n te d ,
In d o n e s ia n
e rs w e re
w om en
w e re e m p lo y e d
T h e re fo re ,
of docu-
m ig ra n t
a s d o m e s tic w o rk e rs .
to p ro te c t
m i-
b e e n d e s ig n e d fo r th e ir p ro te c tio n .
needs
of
th e ir
a n d d e s tin a tio n
d o m e s tic
c o u n trie s
s te m
w o rk o f o rig in
fro m
th e s a m e
s itu a tio n s :
N o o n e is re s p o n s ib le
h o u s e h o ld
d u tie s b e c a u s e
and husband
w o rk
e q u a lly . In b o th
or because
In d o n e s ia ,
th e
th a t
have
e m p lo y m e n t.
in g d a y s
of
and
th e
th e y
hom e
w o rk e rs,
ta in e d
by m em ber
o g n iz e
th e s e
in c lu d -
h is to ric a lly
a re
no
w o rk w o rk in g
e m p lo y m e n t
o f v io le n c e
w o rk e rs
C o u n c il
c e iv e d
th e
re la -
o f k in s h ip
and
a g a in s t
G u lf
C o o p e ra tio n
(G C C )
c o u n trie s
have
m ig ra n t
d o m e s tic
w o rk e rs,
e rs is h is to ric a lly
th e e m p lo y in g
re -
w o rk -
le s s w e ll-k n o w n
by
th e
d o m e s tic
th e d e -
a n d m ig ra tio n .
o f th e n e e d to d is -
s e rv ic e
s e c to rs
h o u s e h o ld
p e rs is ts ,
on
h a s p ro v e d
a n o b s ta c le
fo r th e a g e n b o th w ith in
o f th e n a tio n a l
The
n a tio n a l
and
re g io n a l
agen-
d a s o f s k ill im p ro v e m e n t p ro v e p o w e rle s s w h e n fa c e d w ith th e d o m in a tio n
of
g lo b a l
s u s ta in a b le
For
p o lic ie s
u n s k ille d
m ig ra n t
s e llin g
s u p p o rtin g
jo b s .
d o m e s tic
o f th e ir
la b o r
d e s tin a tio n
c o u n trie s
o n ly o p tio n
fo r th e m
w o rk e rs,
pow er
m ay
w h ile
th e re
G iv e n
th e
tra n s n a tio n a l
p a tte rn
re v is in g th e p ro te c -
tio n ru le s fo r m ig ra n t w o rk e rs , e s p e c ia lly m ig ra n t
d o m e s tic
w o rk e rs,
coun-
In d o n e s ia ,
is a m u s t fo r In d o n e s ia .
B u t w ith
th e g o v e rn m e n t
o p tio n
re n tly
becom e
a te m p tin g
Kllping
fo r
Huma.
is
a n d g lo b a l tra d e o f d o m e s tic w o rk e rs
e rs , p ro m o te d
has
th e
little c h a n c e fo r s k ill im p ro v e m e n t.
th a t th e y
b y h o u s e m a id s '
to
be
w o rk -
o f o rig in , in c lu d in g
and
re g io n a l p ro g ra m .
th e m o d e l o f liv e -in d o m e s tic
trie s
th e
b a s is o f th e d iv is io n o f la b o r o f s k ills
a s c o m m o d itie s ,
fa m ilie s .
W h ile th e fa ilu re o f e q u a l d iv is io n
in th e
trib u te
th e
o f o rig in .
th e m o d e l o f liv e -in d o m e s tic
o f ro le s
re c -
T h e p ro b le m is th a t
th e h o m e c o u n trie s
o f th e s e w o rk e rs ,
in c lu d in g In d o n e s ia ,
h a v e h is to ric a lly a n d
c u ltu ra lly a p p lie d
th e m o d e l o f liv e -in
e m p lo y m e n t.
is a ls o h is to ric a lly
in th e ir c o u n trie s
W h e re
b a te o n fre e tra d e
sus-
th a t
d u rin g
th e fra m e w o rk s
ig n o re s
p ro fe s s io n a l
lo y a lty . A c u ltu re
ro o te d
to th e
s e c to r
T h is
e ig h t-h o u r
tio n s , o n ly re la tio n s
d o m e s tic
happened
com -
be
s e c to rs . T h is
d a o f s k ill im p ro v e m e n t,
re la tio n s .
T h e re
s ta te s
u n s k ille d
s e rv ic e s
in
s e c to rs
m ust
th e m o d e l o f
a p p lie d
c o n c e p ts
s e c to rs
T h e le g itim a c y
is
o f th e s e
a n d c u ltu ra lly
liv e -in
fre e tra d e
it.
a s a m a rk e ta b le
th e
in -
w o rk e rs,
c a s e s , fa m ilie s o fte n
p ro b le m
c o u n trie s
re se rv e s,
d u tie s
a h o u s e m a id .
The
in g
fo r
b o th w ife
a re n o t a b le s h a re h o u s e h o ld
re c ru it
s e rv ic e
th a t th e
w o rk -
g ra n t w o rk e rs s h o u ld b e in lin e w ith
n a tio n a l
s tra te g ie s
th a t h a v e a ls o
The
ru le s
a n d m o s t o f th e m
m e a su re s
e rs in b o th
th e
because
deem ed
is w h a t
th re e
in
A s lo n g a s s o m e u n s k ille d
a re
w o rk
2 0 0 8 -2 0 1 0 ,
th e
d o m e s tic
s e rv ic e s re q u ire s
L abor
(IL O ) b e tw e e n
S e rv ic e s
o f u n s k ille d
o f u n s k ille d
is m a in ta in e d
B a s e d o n d a ta fro m th e In te rn a tio n a l
O rg a n iz a tio n
G e n e ra l
in
fo rth
p e rso n s
m ig ra n t
m o d ity ,
c o m m o d ific a tio n .
T h e is s u e is v e ry im p o rta n t
m ig ra tio n
of
v io -
la y s
th e
It is n o t s u rp ris in g
m e n t 's f a i l u r e t o n o t o n l y t o r e v i s e m i re g u la tio n s
T ra d e
d is trib u tio n
s k ille d
s e c to rs .
g ra n t w o rk e r
p ro te c tio n
on
(G A T S ). T h is
S a tu b i a n d , m o s t re c e n tly , th e d e a th
T ra d e
p ro d u c e d
h a v e a lo n g -te rm
te n d in g
Onpad
to
ZO 11
so
p u rp o se
c o m p ro m is e
c u rth e
d is trib u tio n
of
In d o n e s ia n
w o rk -
re se rv e s,
it is n o t
e rs a s lo w -s k ille d
s u rp ris in g
g ra n t
by
th a t
th e
W o rk e rs'
p la c e m e n t
p re v a ilin g
L aw
ra th e r
th a n
fro m
Saudi
lo m a tic
A ra b ia
In d o n e s ia n
m itm e n t
change
does
d ip -
n o t p ro v e th e
com o f th e s e
The
g o v e rn m e n t
s h o u ld
its p o litic a l s ta n c e a n d c o m e
th e
c o m m o d ific a tio n
re se rv e s.
im p o rta n t
T h is
is
to
to
s tra te g ie s
th e
is
im p o rta n t
fa m ilie s
fro m
caught
up
th e
and
in
d e s ti-
gender
in -
e q u a lity fe e d th e m a rk e t o f d o m e s tic
s e rv ic e s tra d e .
If
o n ly
d u tie s
re d u c e
m em It c a n
e q u a lity
c o u ld
th is s tra te g y
c a n s e rv e to
e x p lo ita tio n
o f m ig ra n t
d o m e s tic w o rk e rs .
For
In d o n e s ia ,
m o re
se v e re .
g lo b a l
tra d e
in
tic w o rk e rs .
th e
F ro m
is a c o u n try
c h a lle n g e
lo o k in g
s e rv ic e s ,
o f o rig in
The
In d o n e s ia
fo r
dom es-
G C C re p re s e n ts
In d o n e s ia n
gauge
m e a su re s
th e
im p le m e n te d
s ta n d a rd s
a d o p te d
th a t
b y d e s tin a -
L o o k in g a t e lig ib ility
a s N o rw a y , th e
e n su re
g o v e rn m e n t
in c o u n trie s
g o v e rn m e n t
such
s ta n d a rd s
a tra n s n a tio n a l
fo c u s
re a lis tic
o p tio n
fo r s e n d in g
w o rk e rs
o v e rse a s.
and
s ta n d a rd iz a tio n
not m eet
e le m e n ts
m ig ra n t
m e a su re s
and
p ro te c tio n
th a t
to m ig ra n t
d o m e s tic
n o t m e re ly
re s tric te d
P e rh a p s
th e n ,
m ig ra n t
d o m e s tic
be
th e
o v e rc o m e .
d a y c a re
m o b il-
e x p lo ita tio n
w o rk e rs
In d ic a to rs
c e n te rs
p s y c h o lo g ic a l
such
fo r m e n
e d u c a tio n
of
m ig h t
fa c ilitie s , h o u s e h o ld
tra in in g
p a re n ts ,
to th e
in th e p u b lic d o m a in . •
and
as
b y th e g o v e rn in th e s p irit
o f e q u a lity .
th a t a im to p ro -
e q u a lity
fro m
o f th e S o c ia l In s titu tio n
th e lik e s
and G ender
In d e x (S IG I), s h o u ld ta k e th e s e in d iM a n y d e v e lo p e d . c o u n trie s ,
in
ity
S c a n d in a v ia ,
fa c ility -b a s e d
p ro g ra m s
s p e c tiv e s
d o m a in
liv e -in
have
to w a rd
w o rk e rs.
G ender
have
p ro v e d
gender
e q u a l-
m ig ra n t
p e r-
d o m e s tic
e q u a lity
in th e
th e
d o m e s tic
am ount
m ig ra n t
b u t th e s e k in d s o f w o rk e rs
b e e n a b o lis h e d
th a t
c o u n trie s
o f th e
N a tio n a l
a n d P ro -
M ig ra n t W o rk -
e rs (B N P 2 T K I).
T hese
s ta n d a rd s
p lo y m e n t
w age,
re s tric tio n
su ra n c e .
ty p e
M ost
s ta n d a rd s
s ta te
in c lu d e
c o n tra c ts ,
th e
em -
m in im u m
of
of
w o rk in g
w o rk
and
im p o rta n tly ,
show
agency
th a t
th e re
re s p o n s ib le
in -
th e s e
is
fo r
a
th e ir
im p le m e n ta tio n .
lo n g e r s e rv e a s a n a g e n c y th a t p la c e s
m ig ra n t w o rk e rs
p e rv is o r
s io n a lis m
w o rk e rs
a b ro a d , b u t a s a su -
o f th e s ta n d a rd s
o f p ro fe s-
a n d p ro te c tio n
o f m ig ra n t
o v e rse a s.
of
s h o u ld
b e re fle c te d a t h o m e s o th a t d e s tin a . ti n c o u n trie s ta k e in to a c c o u n t th is
w o rk e rs,
new
have not
w o rk e rs.
c u ltu re
o f re s p e c tin g
d o m e s tic
a lto g e th e r.
In N o rw a y , fo r e x a m p le ,
w o rk e rs
b y th e N o rw e g ia n
s ta n d a rd iz e s
m ig ra n t
a re p ro fe s s io n a lly
to ra te o fIm m ig ra tio n ,
th a t
espe-
changed
h a s re d u c e d
fa c ilita te d
s ta n d a rd s
O f c o u rs e , s u c h s ta n d a rd s
d o m e s tic
d o m e s tic
is th e re s p o n s ib ility
is to n o t
In s h o rt, th e B N P 2 T K I s h o u ld n o
c a to rs in to a c c o u n t
c ia lly
m in im u m
a re th e n m e t b y d e s tin a tio n
h o u rs,
m o te g e n d e r
th a t
S e ttin g
be
w o rk -
a b ro a d .
te c tio n o f In d o n e s ia n
fo r
c itiz e n s to p e r-
G lo b a l p ro g ra m s
c h o ic e
c h ild
c e n te rs
d u tie s
rig h t
s e n d m ig ra n t w o rk e rs
A g e n c y fo r th e P la c e m e n t
a ll p ro v id e d
h o u s e h o ld
th e
s h o u ld
w o rk
m e n t, w ill e n c o u ra g e
fo rm
e rs , th e n
do
o f p ro fe s s io n a l-
a ffo rd e d
ity o f w o m e n
have
can be a
is m
and
such
s h o u ld
fo rm p a rt o f p o lic ie s th a t a re re la te d
w o rld w id e
a
s ta n d a rd iz a tio n
to m ig ra n t
w o rk e rs
is
a t th e
h u g e m a rk e t fo r th e s e w o rk e rs .
If
gender
th e
re m a in
w o rk e rs.
c o u n trie s
tio n c o u n trie s .
a s in g le ro o t:
in
in d e s tin a tio n
The
in b o th
w ages,
o f fa m ily
b e rs , n o t d o m e s tic
s h o u ld
w o rk e rs
o f o rig in
o rig in a te s
h o u s e h o ld
re s p o n s ib ility
b u ild
because
o f d o m e s tic
c o u n trie s
M ost
th e
b rid g e
o f o rig in a n d d e s tin a tio n .
e x p lo ita tio n
n a tio n
of
a g a in ,
s tra te g y
g a p b e tw e e n
c o u n trie s
B ut
th in g
tra n s n a tio n a l
th e ir
o th e r
p ro te c tio n
u n s k ille d
th e
and
g o v e r n m e n t 's
o u t a g a in s t
a
w o rk e rs
to th e
w o rk e rs.
m ost
m ig ra n t
a c tio n s
a n d re g u la te s
b e s a id th a t e m p lo y in g
c la u s e s o f p ro te c tio n .
R e p a tria tin g
h o u rs
a n d a ll th is fo r re la tiv e ly lig h t w o rk .
M i-
is d o m in a te d
c la u s e s ,
w o rk in g
D ire c -
a s ta te a g e n c y
c o n tra c ts ,
lim its
The writer is a lecturer and
researcher o n feminist legal issues
at the Faculty of Law, Padjadjaran
University, Bandung.