PROS Sri Subanti The effect of environmental fulltext
Proceedings of the IConSSE FSM SWCU (2015), pp. MA.86–89
MA.86
ISBN: 978-602-1047-21-7
The effect of enviromental attributes, facilities, and
demographic profile on travelled option
Sri Subanti
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Sebelas Maret University,
Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
Abstract
The objective of this study was to know the influence of environmental attributes,
facilities, and the demographic profile of the traveled option. There were three area
tourist destinations in the Semarang District as follows Gedong Songo Temple,
Pemandian Muncul, and Bukit Cinta. By using primary data obtained from survey to
the tourists who were visiting. Method of analysis with econometric approach
through logistic regression. The determinants of option traveled were environmental
attributes, facilities, income, and education.
Keywords demographic profile, environment, facility, option traveled
1. Introduction
The potential of tourism site development in Semarang District corresponds with
Government policy, it will be developed in the natural tourism. Furthermore, it will be
developed to the scale of the provincial and regional services to attract tourists and to
improve the region's image both nationally and internationally. As interesting as, the
Rawapening is located in the middle of the triangle location, Semarang-Yogya-Solo, this
region has a strategic strengths and potential for development through tourism activities.
The tourism development in Semarang District needs to notice the visitors’
preferences so that changes in the condition or quality of tourism can provide multiple
benefits for both visitors and tourism operators (local government). Moreover, taking into
account the environmental costs, as well as the value or price of natural resource use over
time or between generations, expected future generations can also enjoy the beauty of
nature and the benefits perceived by the present generation. The cost or price of the sacrifice
of the future will reflect the values of the loss of benefits due to the degradation of the
natural resources that exist now.
Therefore, environmental preservation and social responsibility is indispensable as a
form of care that can provide economic benefits not only local people but the visitors in
tourism site in Semarang District. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of
environmental attributes, facilities and demographic profile on travelled option.
2. Materials and methods
The model that established in the studies with this contingency valuation method
assumes that individuals in this case the visitor in tourism site will receive the offer price of
admission for maximize its utility, which can be described in the following equation
(Hanemann, 1984 in Bowker & Stoll, 1988; Lee, 1997 ; Lee & Han, 2002; Adjaye & Tapsuwan,
2008):
SWUP
S. Subanti
MA.87
1, 7 − (; S + ≥ 0, 7; S + ¼ ,
otherwise the individual or in this case the visitor in tourism site will reject the offer price of
admission if it is not able to maximize its utility, this condition can be described as follows:
1, 7 − (; S + ≤ 0, 7; S + ¼ .
From the above equations, is the indirect utility function, 7 is income (household monthly
income), ( is a bid or offer price of admission, æ is the socio-economic characteristics of
individuals or known by demographic characteristics, ¼ and
are the stochastic
component, random variable that independently distributed with zero mean or known
independently distributed random variables with zero mean.
Then, the utilities difference between the response that agree and do not agree with
the offer price of admission, defined in the following equation:
∆^ = 1, 7 − (; S − 0, 7; S +
− ¼ .
Based on the above equation which the format of dichotomous choice contingent valuation
methods is the binary choice dependent variable, thus requiring a qualitative choice models,
that there are two options namely logit model or probit model. This study choses to use logit
models compared probit model. According to the explanation of the Hill et al. (2001) in
Adjaye & Tapsuwan (2008), that the logit model formed based on the cumulative distribution
while probit model is formed based on the normal distribution and numerically more
complicated to estimate. This question is also confirmed by Bishop and Heberlein (1979) and
sheller, Stoll, and Chavas (1985) in Lee (1997) which states that the logit model is relatively
more chosen than probit models, as well as in many other similar studies, including
recreation, because this model is relatively easy to count.
Furthermore, individual who is faced with the choice of whether accept or reject the
bid level market hypothesis, would have a probability (Pi), where the individual who receives
the offer price of admission can be shown in the form of logarithm or log-logit models as
follows:
o
x .þ , = ô^Δ^ = -1 + , o∆$ . =
,
(1)
"‹ œ 5o–› —o–” ˜o–™š
which ô^ is a cumulative distribution function, m is the intercept, and represents the
coefficients of variables the offer price of admission, income, and demographic conditions.
Because , , and ‰ are the estimated coefficients so expected
≤ 0, , ‰ > 0 vice
versa ‰ > 0 . Logit model in Eq. (1) is then estimated using the method of maximum
likelihood (ML), which is a technique commonly used to estimate logit model. The description
of the variables is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Variables and description.
Dependent Variable
Travel
1 if the respondent traveled three tourists destination (Pemandian Muncul, Bukit
Cinta, dan Pemandian Muncul), and 0 if the respondent did not traveled
Independent Variable
Income
Income respondent per month
Gend
Sex. 1 if male, and 0 if female
Educ
Time attained for formal education
Age
Age
Fac
Respondent perceptions associated with the decision to specific facilities
Envir
Respondent perceptions associated with the views of enviromental functions
SWUP
The effect of enviromental attributes, facilities, and demographic profile on travelled option
MA.88
3. Results and discussion
From Table 2, it can be known that the significant factors influence the respondents
visited are monthly respondents income (income), educational level of respondents (educ),
facilities (fac), and enviromental (envir).
Table 2. Output estimation.
Variabel
Coef.
Std. Err.
Sign.
0.281
0.175
–0.208
–0.234
Gend
0.214
–0.447
Educ
–0.749
–0.270
**
Fac
0.235
0.122
**
Envir
0.312
0.167
**
Income
Age
*
McFadden R2: 0.322
LR statistic (9 df): 98.440
% of Right Prediction: 77.330
Sign. Alpha: * = 10%, ** = 5%, *** = 1 %
Another variable is not significant, such as age and sex suggest that visitors who come
into a tourist destination not segmented in the range of age groups and specific gender, as
shown in demographic profile (see table 3). Instead, visitors will also not provide a good
assessment for tourism in Pemandian Muncul, Bukit Cinta, and Gedong Songo Temple.
Table 3. Demographic profile.
Characteristics
Female
Sex
Male
16 – 25
26 – 35
36 – 45
Age
46 – 55
> 55
High School or Less
Education
Graduate
Master
1.0 – 1.50 million
1.51 – 2.0 million
Monthly Household
2.01 – 2.5 million
Income
2.51 – 3.0 million
>= 3.01 million
Percentage
21.33
78.67
38.67
42.22
13.33
4.44
1.33
82.21
14.67
3.11
21.33
29.78
32.44
12.44
4.00
4. Conclusion and remarks
Semarang District has a variety of interesting tourism site that can be an alternative
destination tourism activity because it is a form of ecotourism or often referred to as a
tourism site that is environmentally sound. The study is expected to catch the trend shift in
SWUP
S. Subanti
MA.89
the interest of those who have moved into tourism activities with interest in diversity and
special interests.
References
Adjaye, Asafu, J., & Tapsuwan, S. (2008). A contingent valuation study of scuba diving benefits: Case
study in Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park, Thailand. Tourism Management, 29, 1122–1130.
Bowker, J.M., & Stoll, J.R. (1988). Use dichotomous choice non market methods to value the whooping
crane resource. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70, 372–381.
Hakim, A.R., Subanti, S., & Tambunan, M. (2011). Economic valuation of nature based tourism object
in Rawapening Indonesia: An application of travel cost and contingent valuation method. Journal
of Sustainable Development, 4(2).
Lee, C.-K., & Mjelde, J.W. (2007). Valuation of ecotourism resources using a contingent valuation
method: The case of the Korean DMZ. Ecological Economics, 63, 511–520.
Tambunan, M. (2002). The economic of natural resources and enviroment: Theory and policy. Bahan
Ajar Kuliah Ekonomi SDA dan Lingkungan PPIE Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.
SWUP
MA.86
ISBN: 978-602-1047-21-7
The effect of enviromental attributes, facilities, and
demographic profile on travelled option
Sri Subanti
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Sebelas Maret University,
Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
Abstract
The objective of this study was to know the influence of environmental attributes,
facilities, and the demographic profile of the traveled option. There were three area
tourist destinations in the Semarang District as follows Gedong Songo Temple,
Pemandian Muncul, and Bukit Cinta. By using primary data obtained from survey to
the tourists who were visiting. Method of analysis with econometric approach
through logistic regression. The determinants of option traveled were environmental
attributes, facilities, income, and education.
Keywords demographic profile, environment, facility, option traveled
1. Introduction
The potential of tourism site development in Semarang District corresponds with
Government policy, it will be developed in the natural tourism. Furthermore, it will be
developed to the scale of the provincial and regional services to attract tourists and to
improve the region's image both nationally and internationally. As interesting as, the
Rawapening is located in the middle of the triangle location, Semarang-Yogya-Solo, this
region has a strategic strengths and potential for development through tourism activities.
The tourism development in Semarang District needs to notice the visitors’
preferences so that changes in the condition or quality of tourism can provide multiple
benefits for both visitors and tourism operators (local government). Moreover, taking into
account the environmental costs, as well as the value or price of natural resource use over
time or between generations, expected future generations can also enjoy the beauty of
nature and the benefits perceived by the present generation. The cost or price of the sacrifice
of the future will reflect the values of the loss of benefits due to the degradation of the
natural resources that exist now.
Therefore, environmental preservation and social responsibility is indispensable as a
form of care that can provide economic benefits not only local people but the visitors in
tourism site in Semarang District. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of
environmental attributes, facilities and demographic profile on travelled option.
2. Materials and methods
The model that established in the studies with this contingency valuation method
assumes that individuals in this case the visitor in tourism site will receive the offer price of
admission for maximize its utility, which can be described in the following equation
(Hanemann, 1984 in Bowker & Stoll, 1988; Lee, 1997 ; Lee & Han, 2002; Adjaye & Tapsuwan,
2008):
SWUP
S. Subanti
MA.87
1, 7 − (; S + ≥ 0, 7; S + ¼ ,
otherwise the individual or in this case the visitor in tourism site will reject the offer price of
admission if it is not able to maximize its utility, this condition can be described as follows:
1, 7 − (; S + ≤ 0, 7; S + ¼ .
From the above equations, is the indirect utility function, 7 is income (household monthly
income), ( is a bid or offer price of admission, æ is the socio-economic characteristics of
individuals or known by demographic characteristics, ¼ and
are the stochastic
component, random variable that independently distributed with zero mean or known
independently distributed random variables with zero mean.
Then, the utilities difference between the response that agree and do not agree with
the offer price of admission, defined in the following equation:
∆^ = 1, 7 − (; S − 0, 7; S +
− ¼ .
Based on the above equation which the format of dichotomous choice contingent valuation
methods is the binary choice dependent variable, thus requiring a qualitative choice models,
that there are two options namely logit model or probit model. This study choses to use logit
models compared probit model. According to the explanation of the Hill et al. (2001) in
Adjaye & Tapsuwan (2008), that the logit model formed based on the cumulative distribution
while probit model is formed based on the normal distribution and numerically more
complicated to estimate. This question is also confirmed by Bishop and Heberlein (1979) and
sheller, Stoll, and Chavas (1985) in Lee (1997) which states that the logit model is relatively
more chosen than probit models, as well as in many other similar studies, including
recreation, because this model is relatively easy to count.
Furthermore, individual who is faced with the choice of whether accept or reject the
bid level market hypothesis, would have a probability (Pi), where the individual who receives
the offer price of admission can be shown in the form of logarithm or log-logit models as
follows:
o
x .þ , = ô^Δ^ = -1 + , o∆$ . =
,
(1)
"‹ œ 5o–› —o–” ˜o–™š
which ô^ is a cumulative distribution function, m is the intercept, and represents the
coefficients of variables the offer price of admission, income, and demographic conditions.
Because , , and ‰ are the estimated coefficients so expected
≤ 0, , ‰ > 0 vice
versa ‰ > 0 . Logit model in Eq. (1) is then estimated using the method of maximum
likelihood (ML), which is a technique commonly used to estimate logit model. The description
of the variables is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Variables and description.
Dependent Variable
Travel
1 if the respondent traveled three tourists destination (Pemandian Muncul, Bukit
Cinta, dan Pemandian Muncul), and 0 if the respondent did not traveled
Independent Variable
Income
Income respondent per month
Gend
Sex. 1 if male, and 0 if female
Educ
Time attained for formal education
Age
Age
Fac
Respondent perceptions associated with the decision to specific facilities
Envir
Respondent perceptions associated with the views of enviromental functions
SWUP
The effect of enviromental attributes, facilities, and demographic profile on travelled option
MA.88
3. Results and discussion
From Table 2, it can be known that the significant factors influence the respondents
visited are monthly respondents income (income), educational level of respondents (educ),
facilities (fac), and enviromental (envir).
Table 2. Output estimation.
Variabel
Coef.
Std. Err.
Sign.
0.281
0.175
–0.208
–0.234
Gend
0.214
–0.447
Educ
–0.749
–0.270
**
Fac
0.235
0.122
**
Envir
0.312
0.167
**
Income
Age
*
McFadden R2: 0.322
LR statistic (9 df): 98.440
% of Right Prediction: 77.330
Sign. Alpha: * = 10%, ** = 5%, *** = 1 %
Another variable is not significant, such as age and sex suggest that visitors who come
into a tourist destination not segmented in the range of age groups and specific gender, as
shown in demographic profile (see table 3). Instead, visitors will also not provide a good
assessment for tourism in Pemandian Muncul, Bukit Cinta, and Gedong Songo Temple.
Table 3. Demographic profile.
Characteristics
Female
Sex
Male
16 – 25
26 – 35
36 – 45
Age
46 – 55
> 55
High School or Less
Education
Graduate
Master
1.0 – 1.50 million
1.51 – 2.0 million
Monthly Household
2.01 – 2.5 million
Income
2.51 – 3.0 million
>= 3.01 million
Percentage
21.33
78.67
38.67
42.22
13.33
4.44
1.33
82.21
14.67
3.11
21.33
29.78
32.44
12.44
4.00
4. Conclusion and remarks
Semarang District has a variety of interesting tourism site that can be an alternative
destination tourism activity because it is a form of ecotourism or often referred to as a
tourism site that is environmentally sound. The study is expected to catch the trend shift in
SWUP
S. Subanti
MA.89
the interest of those who have moved into tourism activities with interest in diversity and
special interests.
References
Adjaye, Asafu, J., & Tapsuwan, S. (2008). A contingent valuation study of scuba diving benefits: Case
study in Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park, Thailand. Tourism Management, 29, 1122–1130.
Bowker, J.M., & Stoll, J.R. (1988). Use dichotomous choice non market methods to value the whooping
crane resource. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70, 372–381.
Hakim, A.R., Subanti, S., & Tambunan, M. (2011). Economic valuation of nature based tourism object
in Rawapening Indonesia: An application of travel cost and contingent valuation method. Journal
of Sustainable Development, 4(2).
Lee, C.-K., & Mjelde, J.W. (2007). Valuation of ecotourism resources using a contingent valuation
method: The case of the Korean DMZ. Ecological Economics, 63, 511–520.
Tambunan, M. (2002). The economic of natural resources and enviroment: Theory and policy. Bahan
Ajar Kuliah Ekonomi SDA dan Lingkungan PPIE Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.
SWUP