Bab 6 Induksi Elektromagnetik
memformulasikan konsep induksi Faraday dan arus bolak-balik, keterkaitannya, serta aplikasinya.
Setelah mempelajari bab ini, Anda harus mampu:
menerapkan konsep kelistrikan dan kemagnetan dalam berbagai penyelesaian masalah dan produk teknologi.
Hasil yang harus Anda capai:
Induksi
Elektromagnetik
A. Gejala Induksi
Elektromagnetik
B. Aplikasi Induksi
Elektromagnetik
Faraday
C. Arus dan Tegangan
Listrik Bolak-balik
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Generator listrik mampu mengubah energi kinetik menjadi energi listrik melalui proses induksi elektromagnetik.
Bab
6
(2)
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Tes Kompetensi Awal
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A. Gejala Induksi Elektromagnetik
1. Pengertian Induksi Elektromagnetik
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Gambar 6.1 Induksi elektromagnetik (a) ketika magnet diam, jarum galvanometer juga diam, (b) ketika magnet dimasukkan ke dalam kumparan, jarum galvanometer bergerak ke kanan, dan (c) ketika magnet dikeluarkan dari dalam kumparan, jarum galvanometer bergerak ke kiri.
1 2
3
Aktivitas Fisika 6.1
Induksi Elektromagnetik Tujuan Percobaan
Mengamati arus induksi Alat-Alat Percobaan 1. Kumparan 2. Galvanometer 3. Magnet batang
Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Susunlah peralatan seperti gambar berikut.
kumparan magnet
(3)
2. Hukum Faraday
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2 @5AD2181><D1B2941>7;D=@1A1>G1>749C5=2DB?<58=541>=17>5C9; 2. Siapkan magnet batang, kemudian dekatkan pada kumparan, dan diamkan.
Catat hasil pengamatan Anda.
3. Gerakkan magnet mendekati kumparan atau masukkan ke dalam kumparan. Amati jarum galvanometer dan catat hasil pengamatannya.
4. Diamkan magnet batang di dalam kumparan. Amati jarum galvanometer dan catat hasil pengamatannya.
5. Gerakkan magnet batang dengan arah menjauhi kumparan atau keluar kumparan, amati jarum galvanometer, dan catat hasil pengamatannya. 6. Balikkan polaritas magnet batang, lakukan lagi percobaan langkah 2 dan
langkah 5. Catat hasil pengamatannya. 7. Tulis kesimpulan Anda tentang kegiatan ini.
Gambar 6.2
Garis-garis gaya magnetik yang membentuk sudut terhadap garis normal.
Tokoh
Michael Faraday(1791–1867)
Michael Faraday adalah seorang ahli Fisika, ahli Kimia, dan ahli Filsafat berkebangsaan Inggris, tepatnya lahir di Newington Butts, Surey, pada tahun 1971. Ia bersama-sama dengan Joseph Henry menemukan
fenomena induksi elektromagnetik. Penemuan ini merupakan kebalikan dari penemuan Oersted, yaitu dari medan listrik dapat menghasilkan arus listrik.
Sumber:www.allbiographies.com
B
A
garis normal
(4)
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Bagaimana pengaruh perubahan lilitan terhadap ggl induksi?,52D18=17>5C4975A1;;1>=5>:1D89;D=@1A1>G1>7C5A49A91C1B<9<9C1>1<1= F1;CDB6<D;B=17>5C9;G1>7=5>5=2DB;D=@1A1>25A;DA1>741A9KJ02
=5>:149KJ025A1@177<G1>7499>4D;B9;1>@141D:D>7D:D>7;D=@1A1>
1
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B
KJ02JKJ02
JKJ02
02
/
B
#14977<G1>7499>4D;B9;1>141<18/
Contoh
6.1
3. Ggl Induksi karena Perubahan Luas Bidang Kumparan
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1 1 /
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Gambar 6.3 Penghantar PQ digerakkan dengan kecepatan vdi dalam medan magnet homogen B.
B
R
P
Q
v
x
I
Gambar 6.4 Gerak elektron dalam batang konduktor bergerak di atas medan magnet.
v F
(5)
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J
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Para teknisi ini sedang memasang generator pada instalasi pembangkit listrik di Meksiko. Bagian yang terlihat di sini adalah stator, yang tidak bergerak. Selanjutnya, ke dalam stator itu dimasukkan rotor. Rotor merupakan sebuah elektromagnetik kuat yang dapat berputar dengan kecepatan tinggi. Akibat perputaran rotor, terjadi perubahan medan magnetik dan membangkitkan arus listrik pada kumparan di dalam stator.
The pisture have shown the technician placing generator on electrical instalation in Mexico. You can see a part, called stator. The rotor is put inside it. Rotor is a strong electromagnetic device that can spin with cause the velocity. That spin is what cause the change of magnetic field and generate electrical element on coil inside stator.
Sumber: The Oxford Children’s Book of Science, 1995
Informasi
untuk Anda
Information for You
Contoh
6.2
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Q P
B
F
v
w = mg
0,25 R
(6)
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Sebuah penghantar berbentuk U terletak di dalam daerah berinduksi magnetik homogen B = 4 × 10–3 Tberarah menembus bidang kertas. Penghantar PQ sepanjang 40 cm menempel pada penghantar U dan digerakkan ke kanan dengan kecepatan tetap v = 10 m/s. Hitung ggl induksi antara ujung-ujung PQ.
arah telapak tangan
arah jari lain arah ibu jari
F
B I
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2 ;535@1C1>;?>BC1>;1F1C@5>781>C1A
1
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2 $535@1C1>;?>BC1>C5A31@19;5C9;171G1%?A5>CHB1=145>71>71G125A1C @5>781>C1A
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4. Induktansi Diri
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J2
Induktor adalah sebuah elektromagnet, yaitu sebuah kumparan kawat dengan atau tanpa inti magnetik yang menghasilkan magnetisme jika arus mengalir melewatinya.
Inductor is an electromagnet, made of wire coil with or without magnetic core which can produce magnetism when electric current through.
Sumber:Jendela Iptek, 1997
Informasi
untuk Anda
Sumber:www.linearmagnetics.com
(7)
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Gambar 6.5
Sebuah rangkaian tertutup (a) saklar s
ditutup, lampu menyala dan (b) saklar s
dibuka, lampu masih menyala beberapa saat kemudian padam.
1 S S I L L P P 2
Contoh
6.3
-?A?94145>71><D1B@5>1=@1>73=41>@1>:1>7>G13==5=9<9;9<9<9C1>
-5>CD;1><189>4D;C1>B949A9C?A?941C5AB52DC
1
9;5C18D9
3=KJ=
3==
KJ02 =
B589>77149@5A?<58
02 = =
=
KJ!!
#1499>4D;C1>B949A9C?A?941141<18!
,D1CDA1>7;191>G1>7C5A49A91C1BB52D18;D=@1A1>9>4D;C?A B52D18<1=@D)41>BD=25AC571>71>
G1>749<5>7;1@945>71>B52D18B1;<1AC1=@1;@141)-$5C9;1B1;<1A498D2D>7;1><1=@D C941;B575A1=5>G1<1=1;B9=D=C5C1@9141:541F1;CDB5B11C)141B11C 1ADB49@DCDB;1>@141B1;<1A@5>78D2D>7<1=@DC941;B575A1@141= C5C1@9141:541F1;CDB5B11C)5A81C9;1>)-)5A9BC9F19>9 =5>D>:D;;1> C9=2D<>G1 1ADB 9>4D;B9 G1>7 49B5212;1> ?<58 141>G1 @5AD2181>6<D;B=17>5C9;@1419>4D;C?A
)5AD2181> 1ADB @141 B52D18 ;D=@1A1> 41@1C =5>9=2D<;1> 77< 9>4D;B9G1>725B1A>G125A21>49>7<DADB45>71>35@1C>G1@5AD2181>;D1C 1ADB>G1,531A1=1C5=1C9B@5A>G1C11>G1>749;5=D;1;1>@5AC1=1;1<9 ?<58+.",$"*-29>949CD<9B;1>B52171925A9;DC
J
Pembahasan Soal
Kuat arus listrik dalam suatu rangkaian tiba-tiba turun dari 10 A menjadi 2 A dalam waktu 0,1 s. Selama peristiwa ini terjadi, timbul ggl induksi sebesar 32 V dalam rangkaian. Induktansi rangkaian adalah ....
a. 0,32 H b. 0,40 H c. 2,5 H d. 32 H e. 40 H
UMPTN 1993 Pembahasan:
Diketahui:
I = 10 A – 2 A = 8 A
ind = 32 V
ind dI L d
32 V = 3,2 V 8 A
s
L = 3,2 8
s
V A = 0,4 H
(8)
Gambar 6.6 Sebuah kawat induktor yang dialiri arus listrik.
I
a b
-1>41>571C96=5AD@1;1>@5>G5BD191>45>71>!D;D=%5>H#9;1 <1:D@5AD2181>;D1C1ADB-
;?>BC1>=1;1"-.)*341@1C
49CD<9B;1>B52171925A9;DC
-
J
$5C5A1>71>
;D1C1ADB<9BCA9;@141;51411>1F1< ;D1C1ADB<9BCA9;@141;51411>1;89A
-J-B5<1>7F1;CD@5AD2181>;D1C1ADB<9BCA9;B
Contoh
6.4
,52D18;D=@1A1>45>71>9>4D;C1>B949A9!491<9A91ADBB5217196D>7B9F1;CD
J-41<1=1=@5A541>-41<1=B5;?>-5>CD;1>77<9>4D;B949A9G1>7C5A:149
B11C-B
1
9;5C18D9
!
J-
5>71>=5>77D>1;1>"-.)*3 49@5A?<58
-
J!J-
JJ /
#14977<9>4D;B949A9@141B11C-141<18/
5. Energi yang Tersimpan dalam Induktor
">4D;C?A=1=@D=5>G9=@1>5>5A79>5A79C5AB52DCC5AB9=@1>41<1= 25>CD;=541>=17>5C)5A81C9;1>)-#9;1B52D189>4D;C?A 491<9A91ADB<9BCA9;G1>7B5<1<D25AD218C5A8141@F1;CD25B1A>G1C571>71> 1>C1A1C9C9;41>141<18
- J
B589>77125B1A>G141G1G1>74925A9;1>@1419>4D;C?A141<18
-
J
>5A79 G1>7 4925A9;1> @141 9>4D;C?A 49@5A?<58 45>71> =5>7 9>C57A1B9;1>41G1@1419>4D;C?AB589>77149@5A?<58@5AB1=11>
(9)
J
6. Rapat Energi dalam Bentuk Medan Magnetik
-5<18 49;5C18D9 25B1A>G1 9>4D;B9 =17>5C9; 49 @DB1C B?<5>?941 =5=5>D89@5AB1=11>25A9;DC
(1C1D
(
41@D>9>4D;C1>B949A9@141B?<5>?941141<18( #9;1>9<19 41>>9<199>4D;C1>B9>41BD2BC9CDB9;1>;541<1="-.)*3
1;1>49@5A?<58@5AB1=11>
(
(
J
5>71>E?<D=5B?<5>?941 C?A?941141<18 #9;1A1@1C5>5A79
1C1D5>5A79@5AB1CD1>E?<D=5;9C14925A9>?C1B925A<1;D8D2D>71>
J
Contoh
6.5
,52D18B?<5>?941=5=9<9;9:D=<18<9<9C1>B521>G1;2D18@1>:1>741><D1B @5>1=@1>7B?<5>?941141<183=41>3=!9CD>7<18
1 9>4D;C1>B949A9B?<5>?941
2 5>5A79G1>74981B9<;1>@141B?<5>?941:9;11ADB<9BCA9;G1>7=5>71<9AB525B1A 3 25B1A77<9>4D;B949A9G1>7C5A:149:9;141<1=F1;CDB;D1C1ADB25AD218=5>:149
1
9;5C18D9
<9<9C1>
3=KJ=
3=KJ=
1 ">4D;C1>B949A9B?<5>?941141<18
02 = = !
=
2 >5A79G1>74981B9<;1>@141B11C141<18
! #
3 5B1A %9>4D;B949A9:9;11ADB25AD218=5>:149141<18
! /
B
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Sebuah kumparan (solenoida) memiliki induktansi 500 mH. Hitunglah besar induksi ggl yang dibangkitkan dalam kumparan itu jika ada perubahan arus listrik dari 100 mA menjadi 40 mA dalam waktu 0,01 s secara beraturan.(10)
Kata Kunci
• gaya gelak listrik (ggl) • induksi elektromagnetik • Hukum Faraday • fluks medan magnetik • Hukum Lenz • gaya Lorentz • ggl induksi diri • kumparan primer • kumparan sekunder • induktansi silang
Gambar 6.8 Perubahan arus pada kumparan 1 akan memengaruhi arus pada kumparan 2.
I
8. Induktansi Silang
)5A81C9;1>)- -1=@1; 4D1 2D18 ;D=@1A1> G19CD ;D=@1A1>@A9=5A)41>;D=@1A1>B5;D>45A,G1>725A45;1C1>$D=@1A1> @A9=5A)498D2D>7;1>45>71>BD=25AC571>71>
41>81=21C1>E1A9125< $D=@1A1>B5;D>45A,498D2D>7;1>45>71>B52D1871<E1>?=5C5A #9;1 @141 ;D=@1A1> @A9=5A C5A:149 @5AD2181> ;D1C 1ADB 45>71> =5>7D218D21881=21C1>1;1>C5A:149@5AD2181>6<D;B=17>5C9;@141 ;D=@1A1> @A9=5A 5>71> 45=9;91> 6<D;B =17>5C9; G1>7 49<9>7;D@9 ;D=@1A1>B5;D>45A@D>1;1>25AD218@D<1)5AD2181>6<D;B=17>5C9; C5AB52DC1;1>=5>9=2D<;1>77<@141;D=@1A1>B5;D>45A7<G1>7C9=2D<@141;D=@1A1>@A9=5A=1D@D>;D=@1A1>B5;D>45A 49B52DC#(.%-(,#,#&(!1C1D#(.%-(,#-#'&&#%5B1A>G177<9>4D;B9 G1>7C9=2D<@141;D=@1A1>B5;D>45A;1A5>1@5>71AD8@5AD2181>6<D;B =17>5C9;41<1=F1;CD-=5=5>D89@5AB1=11>
-
J
-
J#9;1"-.)*349C9>:1D<5298<1>:DC49@5A?<58
1C1D
-
5>71>=5C?459>C57A1B91;1>49@5A?<58
J
5>71> =5>77D>1;1> @5>1<1A1> G1>7 B1=1 =1;1 41A9"-.)* 3 1;1> 49@5A?<58
J
5B1A6<D;B=17>5C9;G1>749C9=2D<;1>?<581ADB<9BCA9;45>71> :D=<18<9<9C1>141<18
#9;1>9<1949BD2BC9CDB9
;1>;541<1="-.)*3 49@5A?<58@5AB1=11>25A9;DC
J
$5C5A1>71>
;D1C1ADB<9BCA9;;D=@1A1>@A9=5A 9>4D;C1>B9B9<1>7!
:D=<18<9<9C1>;D=@1A1>B5;D>45A :D=<18<9<9C1>;D=@1A1>@A9=5A
6<D;B=17>5C9;G1>749<9>7;D@9?<58;D=@1A1>B5;D>45AG1>749
C9=2D<;1>?<58;D=@1A1>@A9=5A02
Gambar 6.7 Induktor silang antara dua buah kumparan.
R
P S
(11)
Contoh
6.6
,52D18B?<5>?941;D=@1A1>=5=9<9;9@1>:1>73=45>71><D1B@5>1=@1>7 KJ=41>21>G1;<9<9C1>
<9<9C1>9B5;9C1A@DB1CB?<5>?941
49<9<9C;1>;D=@1A1>45>71>21>G1;<9<9C1><9<9C1>-5>CD;1>
1 9>4D;C1>B9B9<1>7;54D1;D=@1A1>
2 77<G1>7C9=2D<@141;D=@1A1>:9;1@141;D=@1A1>=5>71<9A1ADBB525B1A G1>725A21<9;1A1841<1=F1;CDB
1
1 5>71>=5>77D>1;1>"-.)* 3 25B1A9>4D;C1>B9B9<1>741@1C 49C5>CD;1>B52171925A9;DC
02 = =
=
KJ!
2 )141;D=@1A1>D>CD;B5<1>7F1;CD-B;D1C1ADB25A21<9;1A18 B589>771#JJJ5B1A77<9>4D;B9@141;D=@1A1>
41@1C49@5A?<58B52171925A9;DC
2
! B /
Tes Kompetensi
Subbab
A
"-&'*($!()0'0(/%$*#9;1=17>5C@5A=1>5>4975A1;;1>=5=1BD;9;D=@1A1> ;1F1CG1>7C5A@1B1>7B52D181=@5A5=5C5A1<1CD;DA 1ADB:1AD=1=@5A5=5C5A1;1>=5>G9=@1>741A9 ;54D4D;1> B5C9=21>7>G1 5B1A1> 1@1;18 G1>7 =5>G5212;1>C9=2D<>G1@5>G9=@1>71>C5AB52DC @1;18G1>7C5A:149@141:1AD=1=@5A5=5C5A:9;1 1 21C1>7=17>5C491=41<1=;D=@1A1> 2 21C1>7=17>5C4975A1;;1><529835@1C
3 21C1>7=17>5C4975A1;;1>;5<D1A41A9;D=@1A1> <D;B=17>5C9;G1>7=5=?C?>7BD1CD;D=@1A1> 25A;DA1>741A902=5>:1490241<1=F1;CDB #9;1;D=@1A1>C5A49A91C1B<9<9C1>C5>CD;1>77<G1>7 4981B9<;1>
)141B52D189>4D;C?A45>71><9<9C1>=5>71<9A1ADB <9BCA9;G1>725AD218C5A8141@F1;CDG19CD B 1<1=F1;CDG1>7B1=1=5>9=2D<;1>@5AD2181> 6<D;B=17>5CG1>749<9>7;D@9>G1B525B1A02 -5>CD;1>
1 9>4D;B949A9;D=@1A1>
2 77<9>4D;B949D:D>7D:D>7;D=@1A1>
,5@?C?>7;1F1C25A75A1;=5=?C?>7=541>=17>5C9; 8?=?75>G1>725B1A>G1-41>=5=25>CD;BD4DC I#9;1<D1B6<D;BG1>7C5A@?C?>7=41<1=F1;CD
BC5>CD;1>77<9>4D;B9G1>7C9=2D<
$1F1C)*B5@1>:1>73=4975A1;;1>;5;1>1> 45>71>;535@1C1>= B41>=5=?C?>7C571;<DADB 9>4D;B9=17>5C9;KJ-B5@5AC9@14171=21A
-5>CD;1>25B1A71G1%?A5>CH@141;1F1C)*41>1A18 1ADB>G1
1<1=B52D18;D=@1A1>C5A41@1C@5AD2181>;D1C1ADB B525B1AG1>7=5>9=2D<;1>@5AD2181>6<D;B =17>5C9;02@141;D=@1A1>;54D1G1>7C5A<5C1; 49<D1A;D=@1A1>@5AC1=1-5>CD;1>9>4D;C1>B9B9<1>7 ;54D1;D=@1A1>:9;1;D=@1A1>;54D1=5=9<9;9 <9<9C1>
Q P
R = 0,5
v = 20 m/s
B
(12)
sikat karbon
cincin luncur arah putaran
kumparan
B. Aplikasi Induksi Elektromagnetik Faraday
@<9;1B99>4D;B95<5;CA?=17>5C9;1A141G41<1=;5894D@1>B581A9 81A91>C1A1<19>B52171925A9;DC1. Generator
)5A>18;18>4125A;D>:D>7;5C5=@1C)5=21>7;9C%9BCA9;-5>171 9AG1>714149#1C9<D8DA#1F11A1C9B1>1C5A41@1C1<1C<9BCA9;G1>7 49>1=1;1>!(+-)+ 5>5A1C?A141<181<1CG1>725A6D>7B9=5>7D218 5>5A79 ;9>5C9; =5>:149 5>5A79 <9BCA9; 5>5A1C?A 25;5A:1 25A41B1A;1> @A9>B9@ 9>4D;B9 5<5;CA?=17>5C9; -5A41@1C 4D1 :5>9B 75>5A1C?A G19CD 75>5A1C?A1ADB2?<1;21<9;41>75>5A1C?A1ADBB51A18
a. Generator Arus Bolak-Balik
)-=5>D>:D;;1>B;5=175>5A1C?A1ADB2?<1;21<9;1A1 ;5A:175>5A1C?AC5AB52DC141<18B52171925A9;DC
$D=@1A1>G1>749<5C1;;1>41<1==541>=17>5C9;49@DC1AB589>771 =5>71<1=9@5AD2181>:D=<1871A9B71G1=17>5C9;;921C>G1C5A:149 77<9>4D;B9G1>7=1=@D=5>781B9<;1>1ADB<9BCA9;ADB<9BCA9;G1>7 4981B9<;1>>G125AD@11ADB2?<1;21<9;1C1D &-+(-#(!.++(- ;1A5>1B5C91@;1A2?>1;1>=5>41@1C;1>@?<1A9C1B77<9>4D;B9G1>7 25AD218D218;DCD2@?B9C9641>;DCD2>571C96B531A125A71>C91> .>CD;=5>G1<DA;1>1ADB<9BCA9;G1>749@5A?<58;54D1D:D>7;D=@1A1>
49@1B1>7939>39>G1>7C5A@9B1841>49C5=@5<;1>@141B9;1C;1A2?> G1>7498D2D>7;1>45>71>;125<@5>G1<DA
b. Generator Arus Searah
)14141B1A>G1@A9>B9@;5A:175>5A1C?A1ADBB51A18B1=145>71>@A9>B9@ ;5A:1 75>5A1C?A 1ADB 2?<1;21<9; )5A25411>>G1 @141 75>5A1C?A 1ADB B51A1849@1B1>7%)'.--)+25AD@1B52D1839>39>25<18D>7B9;?=DC1C?A 9>9=5>71CDA171AB5C91@B9;1C;1A2?>B5<1<D=5>41@1C;1>@?<1A9C1B77< 9>4D;B9G1>7C5C1@B9;1C@5AC1=1@?B9C9641>B9;1C<19>>G1>571C96
2. Transformator (Trafo)
+(, )+'-)+141<181<1CG1>725A6D>7B9=5>7D218=5>19;;1>1C1D =5>DAD>;1>C571>71><9BCA9; (<58;1A5>19CDCA1>B6?A=1C?A492179 =5>:1494D1:5>9BG19CDCA1>B6?A=1C?A,-*.*41>CA1>B6?A=1C?A,-*)0(
Gambar 6.9 Skema generator arus bolak-balik
Gambar 6.10 Skema generator arus searah
kumparan
komutator
sikat karbon
(13)
-A1>B6?A=1C?AC5A49A91C1B;D=@1A1>@A9=5A;D=@1A1>B5;D>45A41>9>C9 25B9?>C?8CA1>B6?A=1C?A49CD>:D;;1>@141)-
a. Transformator Step-up
-A1>B6?A=1C?A,-*.*25A6D>7B9=5>19;;1>C571>71><9BCA9;171> B545A81>1B52D18CA1>B6?A=1C?A,-*.*49CD>:D;;1>@141)- )141CA1>B6?A=1C?ABC5@D@:D=<18<9<9C1>B5;D>45A<529821>G1;41A9@141 :D=<18<9<9C1>@A9=5A,*
b. Transformator Step-down
-A1>B6?A=1C?A,-*)0(25A6D>7B9=5>DAD>;1>C571>71><9BCA9; 171> B545A81>1 B52D18 CA1>B6?A=1C?A,-*)0( 49CD>:D;;1> @141
)-)141CA1>B6?A=1C?A,-*)0(:D=<18<9<9C1>@A9=5A<5298 21>G1;41A9@141:D=<18<9<9C1>B5;D>45A*,
)A9>B9@;5A:1CA1>B6?A=1C?A141<18B52171925A9;DC
$D=@1A1>@A9=5A498D2D>7;1>45>71>C571>71>=1BD;1>25AD@1 1ADB2?<1;21<9;25B1A41>1A18>G1B5<1<D25AD218D218
(<58;1A5>11ADBG1>725AD218D218@1419>C925B9C5A:149@5AD2181> :D=<1871A9B71G1=17>5C9;B531A1C5ADB=5>5ADB;921C>G1@141 ;D=@1A1>B5;D>45AC5A:14977<9>4D;B941>1ADB9>4D;B9B521719;5<D1A1> ).-*.-41A9CA1>B6?A=1C?A
)5A21>49>71>1>C1A1C571>71>@A9=5A*41>C571>71>B5;D>45A ,@141CA1>B6?A=1C?AB1=145>71>@5A21>49>71>1>C1A1:D=<18<9<9C1> @A9=5A*41><9<9C1>B5;D>45A,,531A1=1C5=1C9B41@1C49CD<9B B52171925A9;DC
* *
, ,
J
$5C5A1>71>
* C571>71>@A9=5A/ * :D=<18<9<9C1>@A9=5A
, C571>71>B5;D>45A/ , :D=<18<9<9C1>B5;D>45A
#9;1@141CA1>B6?A=1C?A491>771@C941;1415>5A79<9BCA9;G1>725A D218=5>:1495>5A7925>CD;<19>CA16?9451<25A<1;D8D2D>71>B521719 25A9;DC
41G1@A9=5A41G1B5;D>45A
@B1C1D@@BB J
$5C5A1>71>
* 41G1@A9=5A0
, 41G1B5;D>45A0
* 1ADB@A9=5A
, 1ADBB5;D>45A
Gambar 6.11 Transformator
Gambar 6.12
Bagan transformator step-up
primer
Np
sekunder
Ns
Gambar 6.13
Bagan transformator step-down Sumber: PHYWE, 1989
primer
Np
sekunder
(14)
Aktivitas Fisika 6.2
Membuat Transformator Tujuan Percobaan
Membuat transformator step-up.
Alat-Alat Percobaan
1. Kawat tembaga kira-kira 1 m 2. Sumber tegangan 12 V (AC) Langkah-Langkah Percobaan
1. Susunlah peralatan seperti gambar berikut.
2. Lilitkan 10 lilitan kawat pada bagian kiri inti besi, sebagai kumparan primer. Kemudian, sebanyak 20 lilitan pada bagian karena inti besi yang lain, sebagai kumparan sekunder. Hubungkan dengan sumber tegangan.
3. Catat besar tegangan yang terbaca pada voltmeter.
4. Teruskan menambah 10 lilitan pada kumparan sekunder hingga menjadi 50 lilitan. Amati dan catat besar tegangan yang terbaca pada voltmeter. 5. Masukkan data hasil pengamatan Anda pada tabel. Kemudian, buatlah grafik
tegangan sekunder terhadap jumlah lilitan sekunder.
6. Berikan kesimpulan Anda dari kegiatan ini.
kumparan
inti besi
voltmeter
No 1. 2. 3. 4.
Jumlah Lilitan Sekunder 20
30 40 50 Data Percobaan
Besar Tegangan Sekunder ....
.... .... ....
Contoh
6.7
,52D18CA16?BC5@4?F>1;1>497D>1;1>D>CD;=5>G1<1;1>A149?/41A9BD=25A )%'/-5>CD;1>
1 @5A21>49>71><9<9C1>@A9=5A41>B5;D>45ACA16?C5AB52DC 2 :D=<18<9<9C1>@A9=5A:9;1<9<9C1>B5;D>45A>G1<9<9C1>
3 1ADBG1>7497D>1;1>A149?:9;149;D=@1A1>@A9=5AC5A41@1C1ADBB525B1A
1
9;5C18D9
*/,<9<9C1>,/*
1 )5A21>49>71>C571>71>B521>49>745>71>@5A21>49>71>:D=<18<9<9C1> /
/
* * *
, , ,
#149@5A21>49>71>*B
2 5A41B1A;1>81B9<@5A89CD>71>21791>=1;1
*
*
#149:D=<18<9<9C1>@A9=5A<9<9C1>
3 .>CD;=5>789CD>71ADB<9BCA9;41@1C497D>1;1>@5AB1=11>
*,1C1D**,,
/
/ * ,
,
, * ,
#1491ADBG1>7497D>1;1>A149?141<18
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Anda memiliki walkman yang menggunakan baterai 3 V. Bagaimana caranya agarwalkman tersebut dapat menggunakan listrik dari PLN yang besarnya 220 V?
(15)
)141;5>G1C11>>G1C941;141CA1>B6?A=1C?AG1>79451<,521791>5>5A79 <9BCA9;25AD218=5>:14925>CD;5>5A79<19>41<1=CA1>B6?A=1C?A=9B1<>G1 5>5A79@1>1B#149D>CD;CA1>B6?A=1C?AC941;9451<B5<1<D25A<1;D41G1 B5;D>45A<5298;539<41A9@14141G1@A9=5A,*B589>771569B95>B9>G1
<5298;539<41A9
69B95>B9B52D18CA1>B6?A=1C?A494569>9B9;1>B52171981B9<217941G1 <9BCA9; B5;D>45A 45>71> 41G1 <9BCA9; @A9=5A 69B95>B9 CA1>B6?A=1C?A 49>G1C1;1>41<1=@5AB5>B531A1=1C5=1C9B49CD<9B
, *
J
$5C5A1>71>
569B95>B9CA1>B6?A=1C?A , 41G1<9BCA9;B5;D>45A
* 41G1<9BCA9;@A9=5A
Contoh
6.8
Tidak ada transformator yang efisiensinya 100% karena sebagian energi listrik berubah menjadi bentuk energi lain.
Ingatlah
,52D18CA1>B6?A=1C?A41<1=B52D18A149?CA1>B9BC?A41@1C=5>7D218C571>71>41A9 /=5>:149/#D=<18<9<9C1>B5;D>45A>G1<9<9C1>C5A>G1C1;D1C1ADBG1>7 =5>71<9A@141A149?#9;1569B95>B9CA1>B6?A=1C?AC5AB52DCC5>CD;1> 1 ;D1C1ADB<9BCA9;@141;D=@1A1>@A9=5A
2 41G1@A9=5A41>41G1B5;D>45A
1
9;5C18D9
*/,<9<9C1>,/, 1 -A1>B6?A=1C?AC941;25AB961C9451<=1;125A<1;D
, , ,
* * *
/
/ *
*
#149;D1C1ADB<9BCA9;@141;D=@1A1>@A9=5A141<18 2 .>CD;=5>789CD>741G1@141B5C91@;D=@1A1>41@1C497D>1;1> @5AB1=11>
***/0
#14941G1@A9=5A>G1141<180
,,,/0
#14941G1B5;D>45A>G1141<180 c. Arus Pusar pada Transformator
)5A81C9;1>21C1>7;?>4D;C?A1>C1A14D1=D;1;DCD25<5;CA?=17>5C9; B5@5AC9G1>749CD>:D;;1>@141)-#9;1=541>=17>5C9; 1>C1A1 =D;1 ;DCD2 9CD 25AD218 C5A8141@ F1;CD 6<D;B G1>7 =5<1<D9 B5=21A1>7B9=@1<C5ACDCD@41<1=21C1>71;1>25AD218:D71B589>771 C9=2D<1ADBADB9>949>1=1;1>45>71>+.,21C1D1ADB@DB1A
ADB @DB1A G1>7 C5A:149 @141 9>C9 CA16? =5AD79;1> B5212 CA16? ;589<1>71>5>5A791C1D41G1>G1=5>:149@1>1B#9;1@1>1B9>93D;D@ C9>779CA16?41@1CC5A21;1AB589>771ADB1;
.>CD;=5>35718;5AD791>41G121C1>7;?>4D;C?ACA1>B6?A=1C?A 492D1C25A<1@9B<1@9BB5@5AC9@141)- 91>C1A1<1@9B1> @5<1C<?71=4925A99B?<1B9&%+B589>771<9>7;1A1>1ADB@DB1A=5>:149
Gambar 6.14
(a) Trafo dengan inti besi. (b) Trafo dengan inti besi berupa lempengan yang terpisahkan oleh laker.
arus pusar inti besi kumparan
1
(16)
;539<5>71>31A1B5@5AC99>9;5AD791>41G11;921C1ADB@DB1A41@1C 49;DA1>79
-941;B5=D11ADB@DB1A25AB961C=5AD79;1>@1412525A1@1@5A1<1C1> G1>7 =5>77D>1;1> @A9>B9@ 9>4D;B9 5<5;CA?=17>5C9; 1ADB @DB1A G1>7 C9=2D<41@1C=5>7D>CD>7;1>B5@5AC9@141A5==17>5C9;CD>7;D<9BCA9; 41>B5CA9;1<9BCA9;
3. Transmisi Daya Listrik Jarak Jauh
-A1>B=9B941G1<9BCA9;:1A1;:1D8=5AD@1;1>@A?B5B@5>G1<DA1>41G1 <9BCA9;;5C5=@1CCD:D1>C5AC5>CDG1>7:1A1;>G1:1D841A9@DB1C@5=21>7;9C <9BCA9; %9BCA9; G1>7 B1=@19 49 AD=18AD=18 @5>4D4D; 141<18 81B9< CA1>B=9B941G1<9BCA9;:1A1;:1D8
414D131A1=5>CA1>B=9B9;1>41G1<9BCA9;:1A1;:1D8G19CD 45>71>;D1C1ADB<9BCA9;25B1AG1>74981B9<;1>?<5875>5A1C?A 45>71>C571>71>G1>7<5298C9>77941A9C571>71>G1>74981B9<;1>
?<5875>5A1C?A
)141D=D=>G1CA1>B=9B941G1<9BCA9;:1A1;:1D8=5>77D>1;1>C571>7 1>C9>779$5D>CD>71>G1>749@5A?<5845>71>=5>77D>1;1>CA1>B=9B9 C571>71>C9>779141<181ADB<9BCA9;G1>7=5>71<9A=5<1<D9;1F1CA5<1C96 ;539<B589>771D;DA1>;1F1CCA1>B=9B9G1>7;539<:D7141@1C=5=25A9;1> 1>771A1>291G1:1D8<52985;?>?=9B41>41G1<9BCA9;G1>789<1>7B5@1>:1>7 ;1F1CCA1>B=9B9:1D8<5298;539<B589>77149@5A?<58569B95>B941G1<9BCA9; G1>725B1A
)141@A?B5BCA1>B=9B941G1<9BCA9;:1A1;:1D8497D>1;1>CA1>B6?A=1C?A BC5@D@G1>7C5A41@1C49@DB1C@5=21>7;9CG1>7=5>19;;1>C571>71> 89>771=5>31@19B5;9C1A/$5=D491>41G1<9BCA9;49CA1>B=9B9;1> ;5;?C1;?C1CD:D1>9;?C1;?C1CD:D1>497D>1;1>CA1>B6?A=1C?ABC5@ 4?F>G1>749@1B1>74971A4D71A4D<9BCA9;B589>771C571>71><9BCA9;B91@ 497D>1;1>@141C571>71>B5;9C1A/
Gambar 6.15 Bagan transmisi daya listrik jarak jauh
transmisi tegangan tinggi
generator
transformator transformator gardu listrik
rumah pabrik
tiang listrik pusat
pembangkit listrik
Contoh
6.9
,52D1875>5A1C?AG1>741@1C=5>781B9<;1>41G1<9BCA9;&049CA1>B=9B9;1>=5<1<D9 @5>781>C1A45>71>81=21C1> !9CD>7<18@5AB5>C1B541G1G1>789<1>7
=5>:149;1<?A:9;1
1 C571>71>G1>7497D>1;1>CA1>B=9B9;/
2 C571>71>49>19;;1>?<58CA16?BC5@D@=5>:149;/
1
9;5C18D9&0+
1 )5AB5>C1B541G1<9BCA9;G1>789<1>7:9;1497D>1;1>C571>71>CA1>B=9B9;/ 41@1C4989CD>7B52171925A9;DC
CA1>B=9B9 0 /
Kata Kunci
• generator • Alternating Current
• komutator • transformator/trafo
• transformator step-up
• transformator step-down
• efisiensi transformator • arus pusar (arus eddy)
(17)
1G1G1>789<1>7=5>:149;1<?A89<1>7141<18
89<1>7&0
)5AB5>C1B589<1>7 &0&0
2 1G1G1>789<1>7:9;1C571>71>CA1>B=9B949>19;;1>=5<1<D9CA16?=5>:149 ;/141<18
CA1>B=9B9 / 0
1G1G1>789<1>7=5>:149;1<?A89<1>7141<18
89<1>7200
#149@5AB5>C1B589<1>7 &0;0
,52D18CA1>B6?A=1C?ABC5@D@=5=9<9;9<9<9C1>@141 ;D=@1A1>@A9=5A>G141><9<9C1>@141;D=@1A1> B5;D>45A>G1$D=@1A1>@A9=5A4925A91ADB2?<1;21<9; 25AC571>71>/
1 5A1@1C571>71>;D=@1A1>B5;D>45A
2 #9;11ADB41<1=;D=@1A1>B5;D>45A25A1@1 1ADBG1>7=5>71<9A41<1=;D=@1A1>@A9=5A 3 5A1@1 41G1 =1BD;1> 41> 41G1 ;5<D1A1>
CA1>B6?A=1C?A
,52D18CA1>B6?A=1C?A498D2D>7;1>45>71>BD=25A C571>71>)%'/41>;D1C1ADB>G1-5A>G1C1 C571>71>;5<D1A1>>G1B525B1A/41>;D1C1ADB>G1
!9CD>7
1 569B95>B9CA1>B6?A=1C?A
2 @5A21>49>71>:D=<18<9<9C1>@A9=5A41> B5;D>45A
,52D18 CA1>B6?A=1C?A G1>7 49@1B1>7 @141 A149? =5=9<9;9 B@5B969;1B9 / C5A=9>1< @A9=5A>G1 498D2D>7;1>45>71>BD=25A)%'/#9;1:D=<18 <9<9C1>B5;D>45ACA1>B6?A=1C?AC5AB52DC<9<9C1>41> 1ADBG1>7=5>71<9A41<1=A149?C5>CD;1> 1 :D=<18<9<9C1>@A9=5A
2 ;D1C1ADB@141;D=@1A1>@A9=5A
3 41G1@A9=5A41>41G1B5;D>45A:9;1569B95>B9 CA1>B6?A=1C?A
Tes Kompetensi
Subbab
B
"-&'*($!()0'0(/%$*C. Arus dan Tegangan Listrik Bolak-balik
ADB 41> C571>71> <9BCA9; 2?<1;21<9; =5=9<9;9 >9<19 G1>7 B5<1<D 25AD218D218 C5A8141@ F1;CD B531A1 @5A9?49; 219; 25B1A =1D@D> 1A18>G15B1A1>1ADB41>C571>71>2?<1;21<9;49<1=21>7;1>45>71> 5F1B19>981=@9AB5=D1@5A1<1C1>AD=18C1>77149?@5A1B9;1> 45>71>5>5A79<9BCA9;1ADB2?<1;21<9;,5@5AC9>41;5C18D9@5A25411> =5>41B1A1>C1A11ADB2?<1;21<9;41>1ADBB51A18141<18@?<1A9C1B>G1
.>CD;=5>75C18D9@?<1A9C1B1ADBB51A18G1>7B5<1<DC5C1@41>1ADB 2?<1;21<9;G1>7B5<1<D25AD21841@1C497D>1;1>?B9<?B;?@-")2 ,#&),)* &5<1<D9 1<1C 9>9 41@1C :D71 491=1C9 >9<19 6A5;D5>B9 41> @5AD2181>C571>71>@141B5C91@B11C41<1=25>CD;7A169;41@D>D>CD; =5>7D;DA >9<19 C571>71> 565;C96 41> ;D1C 1ADB <9BCA9; 565;C96 41@1C 497D>1;1>E?<C=5C5A41>1=@5A5=5C5A
1. Sumber Tegangan Bolak-Balik (AC)
5>CD; C571>71> 1ADB G1>7 C5A2131 @141 =?>9C?A ?B9<?B;?@ 25AD218B531A1@5A9?49;=5>DADC6D>7B9B9>DB,1<18B1CDBD=25A G19CD75>5A1C?A1ADB1<1=75>5A1C?A141;D=@1A1>G1>741@1C 25A@DC1A2521B41<1==541>=17>5C8?=?75>
(18)
Gambar 6.18 Pengukuran arus listrik dengan menggunakan volmeter.
1 2
)5A81C9;1>)-(B9<1B971G175A1;<9BCA9;41>1ADB2?<1; 21<9;4981B9<;1>41A9B52D18;D=@1A1>G1>725A@DC1A45>71><1:DC5C1@ )14171=21A7A169;C5AB52DC@D>31;41>B9=@D<75<?=21>7=5>D>:D;;1> ;54D4D;1>;D=@1A1>C5A8141@25B1ABD4DCG1>749C5=@D8>G1
5B1A 77< G1>7 4981B9<;1> 41A9 B52D18 75>5A1C?A G1>7 25A@DC1A =5=5>D89@5AB1=11>25A9;DC
J
1C1DD>CD; - J
;1A5>1 3?B=1;1
3?BJ
1C1D J
3?B -
J
#9;1;9C1CDAD>;1>"-.)*3 4941@1C B9>
J
C1D41@1C:D7149CD<9B;1>45>71> =1;BB9>
J1
$1A5>177<9>4D;B9B1=145>71>2541C571>71>491>C1A14D1;DCD277< 9>4D;B9=1;141@1C49CD<9B
=1;BB9>
J2
$5C5A1>71>
'%,
71G175A1;<9BCA9;=1;B9=D=E?<C
E?<C
'%,C571>71>=1;B9=D=E?<C
6<D;B=17>5C9;02
:D=<18<9<9C1>;D=@1A1> <D1B2941>7;D=@1A1>=
6A5;D5>B9BD4DC@DC1A1>;D=@1A1>A14 B-#9;1 75>5A1C?A C5AB52DC 498D2D>7;1> 45>71> A1>7;191> C5ACDCD@ 1;1>=5>71<9A1ADB
2. Alat Ukur Tegangan dan Arus Bolak-Balik
.>CD;=5>75C18D9141>G1C571>71><9BCA9;@141BD1CDA1>7;191> B1<18B1CD>G1497D>1;1>B52D181<1CG1>749B52DC-,-*()- ;1>C5C1@9C5BC@5>C941;41@1C=5>75C18D925B1A>G1C571>71>G1>7 =5>71<9A@141A1>7;191>C5AB52DC41@D>D>CD;=5>7D;DA>9<19C571>71> 41>;D1C1ADB497D>1;1>E?<C=5C5A41>1=@5A5=5C5A'9<19 G1>7C5A2131@1411<1CD;DA9>9=5>D>:D;;1>81A71565;C9641A9C571>71> 41> ;D1C 1ADB &5<1<D9)- >41 41@1C =5=181=9 81B9< @5>7D;DA1>1ADB<9BCA9;41<1=B52D18A1>7;191>
Gambar 6.16 Grafik tegangan dan arus listrik bolak-balik terhadap waktu.
1
2
V Vm V = Vmsint
T 2T
I I
m I = Im sint
T 2T
bagian atas yang berlogam
bagian tengah yang transparan
lampu
logam
Gambar 6.17 Cara pengukuran dengan testpen
(19)
Gambar 6.19
Pengukuran tegangan pada sebuah rangkaian
resistor
voltmeter
1A9@5>71=1C1>=5<1<D9?B9<?B;?@BD=2DE5AC9;1<491CDA@141C571>71>/ 3=
Contoh
6.10
Gambar 6.20
kWh meter yang ada di rumah digunakan untuk mengukur daya listrik yang terpakai.
)141)-C5A=9>1<;DCD2@?B9C96498D2D>7;1>45>71> 1ADB=1;B9=D=@1411=@5A5=5C5AC5A2131>9<191ADBB541>7 ;1>)-C5A=9>1<@?B9C96498D2D>7;1>45>71>1ADB=1;B9=1< C5A>G1C1C5A2131>9<191ADB)5>7D;DA1>9>9=5>D>:D;;1>218F1 1>7;1G1>7C5A2131@1411<1CD;DA141<18>9<19565;C96>G15=9;91> @D<141<1==5>7D;DAC571>71>B52D18A1>7;191>B5@5AC9)- $5C9;11ADB=5>71<9A:1AD=@5>D>:D;E?<C=5C5A=D<1925AD218'9<19 G1>7C5A2131=5>D>:D;;1>81A71565;C96C571>71>A1>7;191><9BCA9;>41 41@1C:D71=5>7D;DA;D1C1ADBC571>71>41>81=21C1><9BCA9;219; 1ADB =1D@D> 1ADB 45>71> =5>77D>1;1> =D<C9=5C5A =@5A5=5C5A/?<C=5C5A41>(8==5C5A41>?B9<?B;?@
3. Nilai Efektif Tegangan dan Kuat Arus AC
<1C D;DA G1>7 497D>1;1> D>CD; =5>75C18D9 :D=<18 41G1 G1>7 C5A@1;19 @141 ;52DCD81> 5>5A79 <9BCA9; 49 AD=18 141<18 ;08 =5C5A 5A5C1>1>7;1=5>D>:D;;1>25B1A5>5A79<9BCA9;G1>7C5A@1;19
)5A81C9;1>)- -1=@1;:5<1B1>7;1G1>7=5>D>:D;;1> 25B1A5>5A79<9BCA9;G1>7C5A@1;1941<1=B1CD1>;08%#&)--").+ >5A799>949@5A?<5841A9>9<19 41> !1A71565;C961ADB1C1DC571>71> 2?<1;21<9;141<18;D1C1ADB1C1DC571>71>2?<1;21<9;G1>7491>771@ B5C1A145>71>1ADB1C1DC571>71>B51A18G1>7=5>781B9<;1>:D=<18;1<?A G1>7B1=1;5C9;1=5<1<D9BD1CD@5>781>C1A41<1=F1;CDG1>7B1=1
,52D18@5>781>C1AB5@5AC9)- =5=9<9;981=21C1>41<1= F1;CD-5B1A5>5A79;1<?AG1>74981B9<;1>?<581ADB565;C96>G1141<18
Gambar 6.21
(a) Sebuah rangkaian dengan hambatan R;
(b) Grafik hubungan I dengan t.
1
A B I
Im Ief
t
2
1 2t
msin t R
B541>7;1>B5<1>7F1;CD=5>D>:D;;1>=B 3=,;1<1C91@;?C1;=5=9<9;9D;DA1> 3=K3=-5>CD;1>
1 C571>71>=1;B9=D= 2 6A5;D5>B9BD=25A
1
9;5C18D9**/ 3=
1 )14171=21AC5A2131C571>71>@D>31;**141<183=;1A5>1B;1<1E5AC9;1< / 3==1;1
**3=K/ 3=E?<C#149C571>71>=1;B9=D=>G1141<18
'%,**//
2 )5A9?4541<1=7A169;3=,;1<18?A9H?>C1<=B 3==1;1
3=K=B 3==BB
#1496A5;D5>B9BD=25A !H
(20)
- J
>5A79;1<?AG1>74981B9<;1>41<1=A1>7;191>1ADB=5=9<9;9>9<19 G1>7B5<1<D25AD218B531A1@5A9?49;41<1=F1;CD 41>=5=5>D89
@5AB1=11>
- J
"-.)*341>"-.)*3=5=9<9;9>9<19G1>7B1=1 B589>77141@1C49@5A?<5825B1A1ADB565;C96>G1
56
-
56
-
=1;B
- J
45>71>=5>77D>1;1>31A1=1C5=1C9;149@5A?<581ADB565;C96 B521719 25A9;DC
=1;B
J 5>71>31A1G1>7B1=1C571>71>565;C96 1;1>49@5A?<58@5AB1=11>
=1;B J
,52D18A1>7;191>G1>7498D2D>7;1>45>71>BD=25A<9BCA9;2?<1;21<9;49D;DA 45>71>E?<C=5C5A41>=5>D>:D;;1>1>7;1E?<C5A1@1;1881A71=1;B9=D= C571>71>2?<1;21<9;BD=25A41>CD<9B;1>@5AB1=11>>G1:9;16A5;D5>B9>G1!H
1
9;5C18D9
/
!H
1 '9<19C571>71>=1;B9=D==1;B4989CD>745>71>=5>77D>1;1>"-.)* 3B589>77149@5A?<58
=1;B
/
2 )5AB1=11>C571>71>49@5A?<5845>71>=5>77D>1;1>"-.)*3 G19CD
=1;BB9>
B9>
-Contoh
6.11
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Apakah yang menyebabkansengatan listrik, arus listrik, atau tegangan listrik?
(21)
Gambar 6.22 Grafik hubungan I dan t Imaks = kuat arus maksimum
Ir = kuat arus rata-rata.
I Imaks
Ir
t +74F3:C3@9=3;3@3CFD4A>3=43>;=?7?;>;=;:3C93E793@93@D74393;8F@9D;H3=EF
J3;EF D;@.!;EF@9>3: 3 E793@93@?3=D;?F?%#* 4 E793@93@BF@53==7BF@53=(( 5 E793@93@787=E;8
6 8C7=F7@D;3@9F>7C 7 B7C;A67
8 8C7=F7@D;
9 E793@93@D7E7>3:+D7=A@
#7#$
7@93@?7@J3?3=3@B7CD3?33@E793@93@J3@96;=7E3:F;E7C:363B'34#/##0 9?3=36;B7CA>7:
%D;@+ D;@+ 63C;B7CD3?33@E7CD74FE6;B7CA>7:
.63@C36 D 3 % .
4 ((% . . 5 . .
%
6 C36 D
7
D
8 !K
9 D;@+ D;@.
Contoh
6.12
1 2t
4. Harga Kuat Arus dan Tegangan Rata-Rata
!3C93=F3E3CFD4A>3=43>;=C3E3C3E3363>3:=F3E3CFD4A>3=43>;= J3@9 @;>3;@J3 D7E3C3 67@93@ =F3E 3CFD D73C3: F@EF= ?7?;@63:=3@ ?F3E3@ >;DEC;= J3@9 D3?3 63>3? H3=EF J3@9 D3?3 )7C:3E;=3@ 9C38;= D;@FDA;6363C;3CFDD7>3?3 D7=A@#/$#3
-@EF=3CFDD73C3:D7E7>3: D7E7@93:B7C;A67?F3E3@J3@9 6;>3>F;@J3?7?7@F:;B7CD3?33@
) N
63BF@<F?>3:?F3E3@J3@96;>3>F;3CFD4A>3=43>;=63>3?C3@9=3;3@ 363>3:
%#*
(22)
Tugas Anda
Arus listrik bolak-balik dapat diamati menggunakan osiloskop. Bersama kelompok belajar Anda, gunakan osiloskop yang ada di laboratorium sekolah Anda untuk mempelajari penggunaan osiloskop tersebut. Catatlah hal-hal yang Anda anggap penting. Mintalah bimbingan guru Fisika Anda untuk melakukan tugas ini.
3C;'34#/##0 9 63@'34#/##0 9 3=3@6;B7CA>7:B7C D3?33@3CFDC3E3C3E3D74393;47C;=FE
)
%#*
D;@++ N
7@93@?7@99F@3=3@53C3?3E7?3E;=36;B7CA>7:
)%#* N
7@93@B7@<343C3@J3@9D3?33=3@6;B7CA>7:B7CD3?33@E793@93@ C3E3C3E3F@EF=3CFDD747D3C
)%#* N
$7E7C3@93@
) E793@93@C3E3C3E3.
%#*E793@93@?3=D;?F?.
)7CD3?33@E793@93@4A>3=43>;=DF3EFC3@9=3;3@>;DEC;=?7?7@F:;B7CD3?33@
D;@.,7@EF=3@E793@93@C3E3C3E3J3@96;:3D;>=3@DF?47CE7CD74FE #7#$
;=7E3:F;D;@.%#*. 7@93@?7@99F@3=3@'34#/##09 6;B7CA>7:
)%#* .
.
Contoh
6.13
5. Diagram Fasor
-@EF=?7?B7C?F63:?7@93@3>;D;D3C3:E793@93@63@=F3E3CFD 6;9F@3=3@?7EA676;39C3?83DAC3DAC(!*-#+')363>3:DF3EF47D3C3@ J3@96;>F=;D=3@D74393;DF3EFG7=EACJ3@947D3CDF6FEBFE3C@J3E7C:363B DF?4F:AC;KA@E3>D3?367@93@DF6FE83D7@J3 +3DACDF3EFG7=EAC
47CBFE3C47C>3H3@3@3C3:<3CF?<3?67@93@=757B3E3@DF6FE
E7E3B6;93?43C=3@A>7:D74F3:3@3=B3@3:F@EF=?7@J3E3=3@E793@93@63@ =F3E3CFD63C;DF3EFC3@9=3;3@>;DEC;=)363#/$#3 63B3E@63 B7C:3E;=3@6;39C3?83DAC63C;E793@93@63@3CFD4A>3=43>;=
+F?4F:AC;KA@E3>B363 #/$#3 363>3:F@EF=?7@7@EF=3@ 47D3C@J3 DF6FE 83D7 J3@9 6;F=FC 63>3? D3EF3@ 67C3<3E 3E3F C36;3@ D763@9=3@DF?4FG7CE;=3>F@EF=?7@7@EF=3@@;>3;E793@93@63@=F3E 3CFDJ3@9?7CFB3=3@47D3C3@D=3>3C4F=3@G7=EAC&7>3>F;?7EA67 6;39C3?83DAC;@;6;:3C3B=3@@6363B3E?7?3:3?;3C3:83D7G7=EAC 67@93@?F63:
6. Resistor pada Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik
)363#/$#3D74F3:C7D;DEAC?FC@;6;B3D3@963>3?C3@9=3;3@ E7CEFEFB3CFD4A>3=43>;= C38;=E793@93@DF?47CJ3@947CD;83ED;@FDA;63 3=3@?7@9:3D;>=3@3CFDJ3@9<F9347CD;83ED;@FDA;63
Gambar 6.23 Grafik fasor I dan V
Im Vm
t
Gambar 6.24 Rangkaian arus AC dengan hambatan murni R.
a b
I
V = Vmsint R
(23)
)7CD3?33@E793@93@4A>3=43>;=3@E3C3F<F@9F<F@9C7D;DEAC?FC@;
363>3:
%D;@
+ N7@93@?7?7C:3E;=3@6-6/*/J3@9?7@J3E3=3@43:H3=F3E3CFD J3@9?7@93>;C?7?;>;=;:F4F@93@67@93@% %
?3=347D3C
3CFD4A>3=43>;=J3@9?7@93>;C?7>3>F;C3@9=3;3@?7?7@F:;B7CD3?33@
%D;@
+ N)7C:3E;=3@#/$#3 7C63D3C=3@'34#/##0 9 63@
'34#/##093CFD?3=D;?F?63@E793@93@?3=D;?F??7?;>;=; 83D7J3@9D3?3CE;@J3=7E;=3BAD;D;=F?B3C3@?7@53B3;DF6FE M
E793@93@63@3CFDJ3@9?7>3>F;C3@9=3;3@?7@53B3;@;>3;?;@;?F?%74;: <7>3D@J3@63B7C:3E;=3@#/$#3;39C3?83DAC63C;=F3E3CFD 63@E793@93@@J3?7?;>;=;3C3:J3@9D3?3
t
Imaks Vmaks
Gambar 6.26 Diagram fasor arus I dan tegangan V memiliki arah yang sama.
Gambar 6.27
Rangkaian arus bolak-balik dipasang seri dengan sebuah induktor murni.
Gambar 6.25
Grafik kuat arus I dan tegangan V
pada rangkaian hambatan murni, arus I, dan tegangan V sefase.
rotasiVm im
V = Vmsint i = imsint
2
3 2
5 2
2 3
t
*7D;DEAC?7CFB3=3@D3>3:D3EF=A?BA@7@>;DEC;=J3@9D7C;@96;9F@3=3@+7E;3B C7D;DEACJ3@96;<F3>6;B3D3C3@?7?;>;=;@;>3;C7D;DE3@D;E7CE7@EF,F93D@634F3E>3: C7DF?7?7@97@3;53C3?7@9;67@E;8;=3D;@;>3;D74F3:C7D;DEAC+7E7>3:?7?4F3E C7DF?7;@;6;:3C3B=3@@6363B3E?7@97@3>;C7D;DEAC63@?3?BF?7@7@EF=3@ @;>3;C7D;DE3@D;@J363C;5;C;5;C;J3@96;?;>;=;C7D;DEACE7CD74FE93C>74;:?7@3C;= D7CE3=3@93?43C?353??353?C7D;DEAC63>3?EF>;D3@@63
Mari Mencari Tahu
a L b
I = Im sint
7. Induktor Murni pada Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik
)7C:3E;=3@#/$#3+74F3:;@6F=EAC?FC@;?7?;>;=;;@6F= E3@D;6;C;)363D33E3CFD>;DEC;=?7@93>;C63>3?C3@9=3;3@3=3@E;?4F> 93J397C3=>;DEC;=;@6F=D;99>6;3@E3C3F<F@9;@6F=EACJ3@947D3C@J3 363>3:
+
63BF@ 4763 E793@93@ 3@E3C3 F<F@9F<F@9 =F?B3C3@ D74393; 8F@9D; H3=EF363>3:
%D;@
+ N#;=3@63B7C:3E;=3@C3@9=3;3@3CFD4A>3=43>;=63>3?#/$#3 C3@9=3;3@E7CD74FE?7CFB3=3@C3@9=3;3@E7CEFEFB63@47C>3=F!F=F? ""$;C5:A88!F=F?""$;C5:A88?7@J3E3=3@43:H3
(>7:=3C7@363>3?C3@9=3;3@E7CD74FEC7D;DEAC?FC@;E;63=363J3;EF @;>3;?3=36;B7CA>7:B7CD3?33@=F3E3CFDD74393;47C;=FE
*,%)"&,#+') %D;@
+N+
+ % D;@
+Gambar 6.28
Grafik kuat arus I dan tegangan V
pada rangkaian induktif murni. Tegangan V mendahului arus I
sekitar 90°.
I = Im sint Vm
im
2
2 t V = Vm sin (t)
(24)
%
D;@+ +
%
N 5AD +
% D;@ +
D;@ N
%
+
N
7@93@?7?7C:3E;=3@B7@FCF@3@'34#/##09 6;=7E3:F;43:H3 %
%
&7@FCFE!F=F?(:??7CFB3=3@@;>3;:3?43E;@6F=EAC
J3@96;D74FEC73=E3@D;;@6F=E;8D7:;@99363B3E6;EF>;D
3E3F N
$7E7C3@93@
C73=E3@D;;@6F=E;8
=757B3E3@DF6FEC36 D ;@6F=E3@D;6;C;!8C7=F7@D;!K
7@93@?7@93?3E;:F4F@93@'34#/##0963@'34#/##0 9 6;=7E3:F;B7C47633@83D73@E3C3E793@93@63@=F3E3CFDJ3@9 ?7>3>F;C3@9=3;3@;@6F=E;8E7CD74FED747D3C 7@93@DF6FE83D73CFD E7CE;@993>363>3: C3663C;DF6FE83D7E793@93@
@63 3=3@ >74;: ?7?3:3?; <;=3 ?7?7C:3E;=3@ 9C38;= E793@93@ D;@FDA;63>63@9C38;=3CFDD;@FDA;63>E7C:363BH3=EF?7>3>F;#/$#3 #;=3E793@93@B363F<F@9F<F@9C3@9=3;3@?3=D;?F?@;>3;3CFD 63>3?C3@9=3;3@3=3@?;@;?F?+743>;=@J3<;=3E793@93@47C@;>3; ?;@;?F?3CFDJ3@9?7>3>F;C3@9=3;3@3=3@?3=D;?F?%#* Gambar 6.29
Diagram fasor arus I dan tegangan V. Tegangan mendahului 90°.
VL
I
90°
)363D74F3:C3@9=3;3@3CFD4A>3=43>;=67@93@8C7=F7@D; !K6;B3D3@9;@6F=EAC D747D3C!*3@9=3;3@;@;?7@9:3D;>=3@3CFD?3=D;?F?!;EF@9E793@93@ ?3=D;?F?;@6F=EACE7CD74FE
#7#$ ;=7E3:F;
8C7=F7@D;
Contoh
6.14
3CFD?3=D;?F?%
;@6F=E3@D;;@6F=EAC!
,793@93@?3=D;?F?63B3E6;:;EF@967@93@B7CD3?33@
%% %
!K ! .
(25)
8. Kapasitor pada Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik
)C;@D;B =79F@33@@J3 D3?3 67@93@ ;@6F=EAC $3B3D;EAC 63>3? C3@9=3;3@3CFD4A>3=43>;=6;B3D3@9F@EF=?7?B7CA>7:7@7C9;>;DEC;=J3@9 >74;:47D3CCFD>;DEC;=J3@9?7>3>F;=3B3D;EACJ3@9=3B3D;E3D@J3D747D3C
D7>3?3+3=3@?7@J7434=3@=3B3D;EAC47C;D;?F3E3@D747D3C + N
63BF@?F3E3@J3@9E7CD;?B3@63>3?=3B3D;EAC#/$#3 363>3:
N
6;?3@3
.%D;@
+ N3C;=76F3'34#/##0963@'34#/##09 63B3E6;B7CA>7:
+
+
%+D;@ +
D;@
+%5AD+%
5AD+%5AD
+%D;@
+
N
7@93@?7?7C:3E;=3@B7@FCF@3@'34#/##096;=7E3:F;43:H3
%%
&7@FCFE!F=F?(:? ?7CFB3=3@@;>3;:3?43E3@=3B3D;EACJ3@96;D74FEC73=E3@D;=3B3D;E;8D7:;@99363B3E6;EF>;D
3E3F N
$7E7C3@93@
C73=E3@D;=3B3D;E;8
=3B3D;E3D=3B3D;EAC
8C7=F7@D;DF6FEC36 D7@93@?7@93?3E;:F4F@93@'34#/##0963@'34#/##0 96;=7E3:F;B7C47633@83D73@E3C3E793@93@63@=F3E3CFDJ3@9 ?7>3>F;C3@9=3;3@=3B3D;E;8E7CD74FED747D3C 7@93@DF6FE83D73CFD ?7@63:F>F;363>3: C3663C;DF6FE83D7E793@93@
@63 3=3@ >74;: ?7?3:3?; <;=3 ?7?7C:3E;=3@ 9C38;= E793@93@ D;@FD;A63>63@9C38;=3CFDD;@FD;A63>E7C:363BH3=EF?7>3>F;#/$#3
#;=3 E793@93@ B363 F<F@9F<F@9 C3@9=3;3@ ?3=D;?F? @;>3; 3CFD 63>3? C3@9=3;3@ 3=3@ ?3=D;?F? % +743>;=@J3 <;=3 E793@93@ 47C@;>3;?3=D;?F?3CFDJ3@9?7>3>F;C3@9=3;3@3=3@?;@;?F?
Gambar 6.32
Diagram fasor I dan V pada kapasitor.
Gambar 6.31
Grafik I dan V pada kapasitor dalam rangkaian AC. Gambar 6.30 Rangkaian kapasitor
a C b
V = Vmsint
Vi
V = Vm sin
t 2
i = imsint
V
I
(26)
Tantangan
untuk Anda
Sebuah kapasitor 100Fdihubungkan dengan sumber tegangan bolak-balik. Arus yang mengalir melalui rangkaian memenuhi persamaan
I = 4 sin 200t A. Tuliskan persamaan tegangan kapasitor itu.
+74F3:=3B3D;EAC67@93@6;B3D3@9B363DF?47CE793@93@4A>3=43>;= 67@93@8C7=F7@D; !K,793@93@?3=D;?F? %.D7B7CE;B36393?43C 47C;=FE
!;EF@93CFD?3=D;?F?B363=3B3D;EACE7CD74FE #7#$
;=7E3:F; ON
!K%. C36 D
C36 D
(>7:=3C7@3;EF3CFD?3=D;?F?@J3363>3:% %
Contoh
6.15
V = Vmsint 200 c F !#$'.
*3@9=3;3@63@B363*3@9=3;3@CFDA>3=3>;=
1 #0)-#+#0 '#-5#04+ +(#5 6056-'056-'34#/##04+0
*7D;DEAC D783D7 %D;@+
"@6F=EAC $ E7CE;@993> %D;@
+
D747D3C C36
$3B3D;EAC ?7@63:F>F; %D;@ + D747D3C
C36
!#$'. ?7@993?43C=3@ B7CD3?33@ 3CFD J3@9 ?7@93>;C 63>3? E;3BC3@9=3;3@#;=3DF?47CE793@93@4A>3=43>;=6;3@993BD3?3J3;EF
%D;@
++747EF>@J3@6363B3E?7@7@EF=3@E7C>74;:63:F>FB7CD3?33@3CFD 43CF=7?F6;3@B7CD3?33@E793@93@@J3&;D3>@J33CFDJ3@9?7@93>;C 63>3?E;3BC3@9=3;3@D3?3%D;@
+?3=33=3@6;63B3EB7CD3?33@E793@93@B363
3 C7D;DEAC%D;@
+4 ;@6F=EAC%D;@
+
(27)
9.
R
,
L
, dan
C
Dipasang Seri dalam Rangkaian Arus Bolak-Balik
*3@9=3;3@3CFD>;DEC;=4A>3=43>;=J3@9?7?;>;=;:3?43E3@?FC@;6;B3D3@9D7C;67@93@;@6F=EACD7CE3=3B3D;EAC3=3@?7@9:3D;>=3@ E3?43:3@7@7C9;>;DEC;=J3@9>74;:47D3CE7E3B;C3@9=3;3@//D7C;;@; :3@J363B3E6;9F@3=3@F@EF=?7?B7C47D3C63J3>;DEC;=J3@9E7C43E3D CFD?3=D;?F?63>3?C3@9=3;3@?7?;>;=;@;>3;63@83D7J3@9D3?3B363 D7E;3B=A?BA@7@%74;:<7>3D63B3E@63B7C:3E;=3@#/$#3
#;=3 @63 E7E3B=3@ B7CD3?33@ 3CFD 63>3? C3@9=3;3@ D747D3C
%D;@ + B7CD3?33@D7E;3BE793@93@67@93@?7?7C:3E;=3@6;39C3? 83DACB363#/$#3 J3;EF
?D;@
+?7?;>;=;83D7J3@9D3?367@93@3CFD ?D;@+ ?7@63:F>F;83D7D747D3C
C36
?D;@
+ E7CE;@993>83D7D747D3C C36)7C:3E;=3@C3@9=3;3@//D7C;B363#/$#3 +7E;3B=A?BA@7@ ?7?;>;=;E793@93@63@+753C383DACE793@93@E793@93@;@; 63B3E6;<F?>3:=3@D74393;47C;=FE
" " " " N (>7:=3C7@3 " " 63@ "D3>;@9E793=>FCFD:3C9363B3E6; E7@EF=3@67@93@?7@99F@3=3@:;EF@9G7=EACJ3;EF
N
67@93@?7?7C:3E;=3@=7?43>;#/$#3:3?43E3@EAE3>C3@9=3;3@ D7C;NNJ3@96;D74FE67@93@;?B763@D;C3@9=3;3@.63B3E6;:;EF@9 63C;'34#/##09
N3
3E3F
N4
(>7:=3C7@33CFD?3=D;?F?J3@9?7@93>;C6;D7E;3B=A?BA@7@D3?3 47D3C@J3:F4F@93@3@E3C3E793@93@?3=D;?F?63@3CFD?3=D;?F?;@; ?7?7@F:;B7CD3?33@2J3;EF
N
$7E7C3@93@
% E793@93@?3=D;?F?
;?B763@D;C3@9=3;3@
NC73=E3@D;EAE3>
Gambar 6.33 Resonansi rangkaian
R–L–C seri
Gambar 6.35
Diagram fasor Z, R,XL, dan XC. Gambar 6.34
Diagram fasor V, VR, VL, dan VC.
Z
X
L – XC
X
L
R X
C
R L C
v
I = Im sin t
i L
V– VC L
V
V
R
V
C
(1)
Proyek
Semester 1
)363D7?7DE7C93@<;>;@;@63E7>3:?7?B7>3<3C;34E7@E3@9"@6F=D; >7=ECA?39@7E;=@63E3:F43:H33CFD>;DEC;=63B3E6;:3D;>=3@63C;?763@?39@7E 63@=3H3E?7>3>F;BCAD7D;@6F=D;-@EF=>74;:?7?3:3?;=A@D7BE7CD74FE@63 3=3@6;EF93D=3@F@EF=?7>3=F=3@=79;3E3@D7?7DE7CD753C347C=7>A?BA=47CD3?3 E7?3@@63,F93DJ3@9:3CFD6;>3=F=3@363>3:?7?4F3E97@7C3EAC>;DEC;=D767C:3@3 3>3?D3EF=7>3D6;439;?7@<36;6F3=7>A?BA=$7>A?BA=B7CE3?3?7@97C<3=3@ B7?4F3E3@97@7C3EACJ3@9?7@9:3D;>=3@3CFDD73C3:63@=7>A?BA==76F3 ?7@97C<3=3@B7?4F3E3@97@7C3EACJ3@9?7@9:3D;>=3@3CFD4A>3=43>;=-@EF= ?7@93C3:=3@B7=7C<33@@636;EF>;D=3@BF>3>3@9=3:>3@9=3:B7@97C<33@EF93D BCAJ7=
;3=:;CB7=7C<33@@6347CD3?3E7?3@D7=7>A?BA=:3CFD?7@JFDF@>3BAC3@ =79;3E3@J3@947C;D;=3@#F6F>,F<F3@>3E63@3:3@3D3CE7AC;E7@E3@997@7C3EAC 63@<7@;D3CFDJ3@96;:3D;>=3@)CAD76FCB7C5A433@@3>;D;DC3@9=3;3@$7D;?BF>3@ 63@+3C3@$7?F6;3@>3BAC3@E7CD74FE6;BC7D7@E3D;=3@6;:363B3@=7>A?BA=>3;@63@ 9FCF;D;=3@63
Generator Listrik Sederhana
!6,6#0')+#5#0&7?4F3E97@7C3EAC>;DEC;=D767C:3@3J3@963B3E?7@9:3D;>=3@3CFD3E3F .#5�#*#0
$3H3E7?3;>6;3?7E7C??D75F=FB@J3
&39@7E43E3@9(5?5?+5?6F34F3:
B7@99F@33@?39@7E;@;4;D36;93@E;67@93@?39@7E47=3D$',*(#)
)3B3@>3@63D3@(5?5?+5?
)3B3@E;3@9BACAD(5?5?+5?6F34F3:)7C:3E;=3@93?43C
36;D3?B;@9
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lubang poros 9 cm
1 cm 4 cm
lubang poros roda pemutar 12 cm
5 cm
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pegangan roda pemutar
5 cm
1,5 cm
roda pemutar
roda poros roda tampak muka
(2)
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII 170
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ujung kabel 1
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CFD CFD
(3)
Tes Kompetensi Fisika
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(4)
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII 172
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(6)
Mudah dan Aktif Belajar Fisika untuk Kelas XII 174
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