Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Tropical Agriculture

  

Alim Isnansetyo · Tri Rini Nuringtyas

Editors

Proceeding of the

1st International Conference on Tropical Agriculture

  Alim Isnansetyo • Tri Rini Nuringtyas Editors Proceeding of the 1st

International Conference

on Tropical Agriculture

  Editors Alim Isnansetyo Tri Rini Nuringtyas Department of Fisheries Faculty of Biology Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Gadjah Mada Universitas Gadjah Mada Teknika Utara Sekip Selatan Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Yogyakarta, Indonesia

  ISBN 978-3-319-60362-9 ISBN 978-3-319-60363-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60363-6

  Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954358 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

  Contents

  

  Danar Wicaksono, Arif Wibowo, and Ani Widiastuti

  

  Dasih Rahmawati, Sri Nuryani Hidayah Utami, and Cahyo Wulandari

  

  Diah Rachmawati, Maryani, and Ulfatul Masruroh vii

  x Contents

  

  Sara Ratna Qanti, Nur Syamsiyah, Agriani Hermita Sadeli, and Ronnie Susman Natawidjaja

  

  Abyadul Fitriyah, Supriyono, Dian Octaviana Said, and Hery Harianto

  

  Adi Ratriyanto, Rysca Indreswari, Adi Magna Patriadi Nuhriawangsa, and Ade Afrina Arifin

  

  Aldyon Restu Azkarahman, Yuny Erwanto, Widodo Hadisaputro, Lies Mira Yusiati, and Nanung Agus Fitriyanto

  

  Amrih Prasetyo, Lies Mira Yusiati, Yuny Erwanto, Wihandoyo, Nanung Agus Fitriyanto, and Rusman

  

  Bambang Suwignyo, Bambang Suhartanto, Cuk Tri Noviandi, Nafiatul Umami, Nilo Suseno, Hermanto, and Bambang Waluyo Hadi Eko Prasetiyono

  

  Caribu Hadi Prayitno and Suwarno

  

  Dwi Ahmad Priyadi, Yudi Adinata, and Tety Hartatik

  

  Endang Baliarti, Bayu Andri Atmoko, Febri Ariyanti, Nono Ngadiono,

  I Gede Suparta Budisatria, Panjono, Tri Satya Mastuti Widi, and Muhammad Danang Eko Yulianto

  Characteristics of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T Heterotrophic and Aerobic Ammonium Removal for Potential Livestock’s Wastewater Treatment Aldyon Restu Azkarahman, Yuny Erwanto, Widodo Hadisaputro, Lies Mira Yusiati, and Nanung Agus Fitriyanto

Abstract Alcaligenes spp. was found to have the ability to grow and remove

  ammonium in the medium through the nitrification-denitrification process. This ability was also known as an ammonium treatment in organic wastewater including livestock’s wastewater. In order to further understand its potential to remove ammo- nium in livestock’s wastewater, microbial growth, ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate production of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T were investigated in phosphate medium at dif- ferent carbon/nitrogen ratios (C/N ratios) along with constant airflow. Ammonium sulfate was used as sole nitrogen source with acetate and citrate as an organic car- bon source in a separate medium. Results showed that Alcaligenes sp. LS2T could utilize ammonium as sole nitrogen source which associated with acetate and citrate as carbon source at different C/N ratios, resulting in ammonium removal and pro- duction of nitrite and nitrate at various concentrations in the medium. The highest ammonium removal was found in the acetate C/N 28 medium where 94.44% of initial ammonium was removed.

  

Keywords Alcaligenes sp. LS2T • Ammonium removal • Heterotrophic

  nitrification

1 Introduction

  Development in livestock’s industry was followed by the intensive farming system, causing accumulation of ammonium in livestock’s waste area. Excess of ammo- nium was known to cause several environmental problems, one of it is eutrophica- tion. Therefore, ammonium removal in wastewater treatment became essential to A.R. Azkarahman ( ) • Y. Erwanto • W. Hadisaputro • L.M. Yusiati • N.A. Fitriyanto * Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Fauna No. 3, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia e-mail:

  

  © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 337

  A. Isnansetyo, T.R. Nuringtyas (eds.), Proceeding of the 1st International

  Conference on Tropical Agriculture, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60363-6_32

  A.R. Azkarahman et al. 338 overcome this problem; thus, the sustainable farming system could be achieved.

  Conventional ammonium removal in wastewater treatment plants consist of nitrifi-

   ] and difficult to apply

  because autotrophic bacteria are vulnerable to the high concentration of ammonium and organic matters with C/N ratio of 0 to 2 [

  Thus, wastewater pretreatment must

  

  

  have been done to observe potential of various heterotrophic microbes which could live in the higher C/N ratio medium and are able to remove ammonium on live- stock’s wastes like on dairy wastewater [

  

  

   ]. Alcaligenes spp. was known as heterotrophic bacteria that could be

  used for removing ammonium in wastewater [

  -

  

  Alcaligenes sp. LS2T is one

  bacterium that could remov

   ], allegedly through

  heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification process. In this research, we further observe the potential of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T for livestock’s wastewater treatment. Investigation on its characteristics to remove ammonium at different C/N ratios in the phosphate medium was done, and nitrite and nitrate production which was also the result of the nitrification-denitrification process was also determined.

2 Methods

  2.1 Microorganisms and Culture Conditions

Alcaligenes sp. LS2T was collected from the soil around layer farm in Yogyakarta,

  Indonesia, and then cultured and stocked in agar medium in the Laboratory of Animal Skins, By-products, and Animal Wastes Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The phosphate medium was prepared by dis- solving the following in 1 L of distilled water: (NH ) SO 0.472 g, MgSO .7H O

  4

  2

  4

  4

  2

  0.05 g, K HPO 0.2 g, NaCl 0.12 g, MnSO .H O 0.01 g, and FeSO 0.01 g. Sodium

  2

  4

  

4

  2

  4

  acetate and trisodium citrate were used as organic carbon source separately in the medium, abbreviated as acetate medium and citrate medium, respectively. The growth of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T in these experiments was performed in shaken Erlenmeyer flasks containing 500 mL medium and 1% preculture of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T on a rotary shaker at 120 rpm with constant airflow.

  2.2 Shaking Culture Experiment

  In order to elucidate the influence of carbon-to-nitrogen molar ratio (C/N) on the nitrifying capacity, the amount of N-ammonium was fixed at approximately 100 mg/L, while the amount of carbon was adjusted to the appropriate C/N ratio

  Characteristics of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T Heterotrophic and Aerobic Ammonium… 339 which was 7, 14, 21, and 28. The ammonium removal ability was investigated in the acetate medium and citrate medium separately. Samples were taken periodically to examine changes in growth, concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate.

2.3 Analytical Methods

  The growth of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T was monitored by measuring the optical den- sity at 600  nm (OD 600  nm) of the culture medium using a spectrophotometer

   ]. Culture samples were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for ammo-

  nium, nitrite, and nitrate analysis. Ammonium concentration was analyzed by Nessler’s reagent photometry method [

  as determined by

  

   ]. Nitrate concentration

  was measured by using EPA [

  All tests were conducted in triplicate.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Growth Characteristics

  The growth of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T at different C/N ratios in the acetate and citrate medium in shaking culture is shown in Fig. 

   . Growth curves were established by measurement of the OD value at 600 nm.

  In the acetate medium, the log phase of the bacterium was all similar started at 3 h. However, the growth peak in the C/N 7 medium was relatively lower than any other medium, and the stationary phase starts later than any other acetate medium, indicating that carbon source was deficient for cell synthesis. The shorter stationary phase was found in the C/N 14 medium which lasts for 9 h, while the longest sta- tionary phase was found in the C/N 28 medium which lasts for 24 h. In the citrate medium under same conditions, the log phase of the bacteria was all similar started at 3 h. The growth peak in the citrate C/N 7 medium was also relatively lower, and the stationary phase was also started later than any other citrate medium. The growth phase trend in citrate medium was relatively the same than in the acetate medium, with the longest stationary phase found in the citrate C/N 21 and C/N 28 media which lasts for 21 h and the shortest was found in the citrate C/N 14 medium which lasts for only 9 h.

  A.R. Azkarahman et al. 340

  a _1.600 ) 1.400 _{600 0.800 1.000 1.200 0.400} 0.600

  Optical density (OD _{0.000 0.200 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72} time (h) b _1.600

  ) _{600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400}

  0.600 _0.400

  Optical density (OD _{0.000 0.200 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72} time (h)

  

Fig. 1 The growth of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T at different C/N ratios in the (a) acetate medium and

  (b) citrate medium. Closed square, C/N7; open square, C/N 14; closed circle, C/N 21; open circle, C/N 28

3.2 Heterotrophic Nitrification

  In order to investigate the correlation between microbial growth, ammonium removal, and release of products during heterotrophic nitrification, Alcaligenes sp. LS2T was inoculated into acetate and citrate media under different C/N ratios. Cultures were sampled every 12 

   shows the changes by nitri- fication (ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate) during the 96 h growth period.

  In the acetate medium, the highest ammonium removal after 96 h was found in C/N 28 medium, and about 94.44% of initial ammonium removed, followed by C/N 21, C/N 14, and C/N 7 which removed 93.49%, 93.12%, and 93.04% of initial ammonium, respectively. Furthermore, the highest nitrite production was found in C/N 14 medium (0.79 mg/L), followed by C/N 28 (0.69 mg/L), C/N 21 (0.68 mg/L), and C/N 7 (0.63 mg/L). The highest nitrate production was found in C/N 28 medium (35.53 mg/L), while in the C/N 7 medium was 22.59 mg/L, 23.31 in C/N 14, and 26.71 mg/L in the C/N 21 medium.

  In the citrate medium after 96 h growth period, the highest ammonium removal was found in the C/N 21 medium, with 89.98% of initial ammonium removed,

  341 followed by C/N 28 with 88.45%, C/N 14 with 86.36%, and C/N 7 with 83.49% of initial ammonium removed. The highest nitrite production was found in the C/N 7 and C/N 14 medium which both produced 0.27 mg/L, while in the C/N 21 and C/N 28 medium both produced 0.24 mg/L nitrite. The C/N 7 medium was found to pro- duce the highest nitrate production, with 23.89 mg/L of nitrate produced after 96 h, followed by C/N 21, C/N 14, and C/N 28 medium which produced 22.45  mg/L, 22.08 mg/L, and 20.13 mg/L of nitrate, respectively. Heterotrophic nitrification pro- cess in citrate medium under different C/N ratios is sho

   .

  The pre

   ] showed that Alcaligenes sp. LS2T has the abil-

  ity to utilize ammonium as a nitrogen source for metabolism. Various studies showed that some Alcaligenes spp. has the ability to perform heterotrophic nitrifica- tion under aerobic condition [

  this study, we investigate the growth

  profiles of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T at different C/N ratios in the acetate and citrate medium. The results indicate that log phase by Alcaligenes sp. LS2T was found in 3  h in both acetate and citrate medium at all C/N ratios researched. In all C/N 7 medium, the stationary phase was found later than in any other C/N ratio medium. Furthermore, the growth was relatively lower; this could be caused by the lack of carbon source for metabolism, resulting in less ammonium removal in the medium. ^{0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 NO 2 - concentration (mg.L -1 ) NH 4 + and NO}

• ^{-1 3 - concentration (mg·L )}

  time (h) (A) (B) (D) (C) ^{0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 NO (m 2 - co nc en tr at io n g. L -1 ) NH NO 4 + an d (m 3 - co nc en tr at io n g· L -1 )} time (h)

  0.1 ^{0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90} _{12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96} ^{NO 2 - concentration (mg.L -1 )} _NH ^{4 + and NO}

• ^{-1 3 - concentration (mg·L )}

  time (h) ^{0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 NO 2 - concentration (mg.L -1 ) NH 4 + and NO}

• ^{-1 3 - concentration (mg·L )} time (h)

  

Fig. 2 Nitrification products of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T in acetate medium at (a) C/N 7, (b) C/N 14,

  (c) C/N 21, (d) C/N 28. Closed square, NH ^{4 +} -N; closed circle, NO ^{2 -N; closed triangle, NO 3 −} -N Characteristics of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T Heterotrophic and Aerobic Ammonium…

  342 The highest ammonium removal in acetate medium was found in C/N 28 and for the citrate medium was found in C/N 21; both were known to achieve earlier and longer stationary phase than in any other C/N in the respective medium. The corre- lation between earlier and longer stationary phase with higher ammonium removal is because the assimilation ratio is as high as heterotrophic nitrification ratio

  ) NH ^{4 +} a nd NO ^{3 -} co nc en tr at io n (m g· L

• ^-1

  

Fig. 3 Nitrification products of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T in citrate medium at (a) C/N 7, (b) C/N 14,

  time (h) (A) (C)

(B)

(D)

  )

  ) NH ^{4 +} an d NO ^{3 -} co nc en tr at io n (m g· L

• ^-1

  NO ^{2 -} co nc en tr at io n (m g. L

• ^-1

  time (h) ^{0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 20 40 60 80 100 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96}

  )

  ) NH ^{4 +} an d NO ^{3 -} co nc en tr at io n (m g· L

• ^-1

  NO ^{2 -} co nc en tr at io n (m g. L

• ^-1

  0.1 ^{0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 20 40 60 80 100} _{0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96}

  time (h)

  )

  NO ^{2 -} co nc en tr at io n (m g. L

• ^-1

  wth, and the nitrogen removal

  time (h) ^{0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 20 40 60 80 100 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96}

  )

  ) NH ^{4 +} an d NO ^{3 -} co nc en tr at io n (m g· L

• ^-1

  NO ^{2 -} co nc en tr at io n (m g. L

• ^-1

   ^{0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 20 40 60 120 80 100 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96}

  trophic nitrification by Alcaligenes sp. LS2T is similar with A. faecalis strain NR

  -

  medium, nitrite and nitrate were formed by Alcaligenes sp. LS2T during heterotro- phic ammonium removal process. The experimental results showed that the forma- tion of nitrate is higher than nitrite. Nitrite and nitrate concentration in this research demonstrates a whole time nitrification process until 96 h; these results correspond to the present study that indicates heterotrophic nitrite/nitrate production is linked with growth and supports that heterotrophic nitrification can take place during the entire growing phase [

  At four different C/N ratios in both

  and longer stationary phase can take ammonium quickly into the cell, resulting in more effective ammonium removal [

  Therefore, microorganisms with earlier

  rate is affected by cell doubling time [

  (c) C/N 21, (d) C/N 28. Closed square, NH ₄ ⁺ -N; closed circle, NO ₂ ⁻ -N; closed triangle, NO ₃ ⁻ -N A.R. Azkarahman et al.

  Characteristics of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T Heterotrophic and Aerobic Ammonium… 343 like A. faecalis C16 [

   ] had nitrite as the dominant product over nitrate in the process of heterotrophic nitrification.

  Carbon dependency has been shown in this research. A possible reason is that ammonium is oxidized by a sequence involved in some way with the metabolism of a certain or specific carbon source that could provide the acceptor molecules for the synthesis of intermediate org

   ]. Results of this research

  also showed that even if the C/N ratio is as high as 28, which is too high for autotro- phic nitrifying bacteria, Alcaligenes sp. LS2T still exhibits nitrification ability. These results showed Alcaligenes sp. LS2T potential in livestock’s wastewater treatment like in piggery wastewater with C/N ratio around 5 to 20 [

  ven

  chick ].

4 Conclusions

  

Alcaligenes sp. LS2T was capable of removing ammonium in the medium through

  nitrification process, utilizing ammonium in the medium for cell synthesis, and pro- ducing nitrite and nitrate with organic carbon sources. The highest ammonium removal was found in the acetate medium at C/N 28; this indicates that Alcaligenes sp. LS2T could perform heterotrophic nitrification under relatively high C/N ratio. Results of this research suggest deeper research on the ammonium removal ability of Alcaligenes sp. LS2T which is in the production of hydroxylamine and nitrogen gas and its application on various livestock’s wastewater, so that clearer nitrogen pathway in this process could be conducted.

  

Acknowledgments This research was supported by Program Penelitian Unggulan (Prime

  Research Program) UGM 2016 DPKM Management contract number 690/UN1-P.III/LT/DIT- LIT/2016. The authors also thank Laboratory of Animal Skins, By-products, and Animal Wastes Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, for providing research needs.

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