Pengaruh Jarak Antara Elektroda Pada Reaktor Elektrokoagulasi Terhadap Pengolahan Effluent Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
[1]
Arina P. Schrier-Uijil, M. Silvius, F. Parish, K.H. Lim, S. Rosediana and G.
Anshari, “Environmental and Social Impacts of Oil Palm Cultivation On
Tropical Peat”, Scientific Review, 2013. http://www.rspo.org, Diakses pada
17 Desember 2015.
[2]
Hermawan Febriansyah, Ahmad Agus Setiawan, Kutut Suryopratomo and
Agus Setiawan, “Gama Stove : Biomass Stove for Palm Kernel Shells in
Indonesia”. Energy Procedia, 47, 2014 : 123-132.
[3]
Nila Rifai, Yusman Syaukat, Hermanto Siregar and E. Gumbira Sa’id, “ The
Development and Prospect of Indonesian Palm Oil Industry and Its
Derivative Products”, Journal of Economics and Finance, 4, 2014 : 27-39.
[4]
Nazatul Shima Azmi and Khairul Faezah Md. Yunos, “Wastewater
Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) by Ultrafiltration Membrane
Separation Technique Coupled with Adsorption Treatment as Pretreatment”, Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 2, 2014 : 257264.
[5]
Budi Yanto, “Sistem Pendukung Keputusan dalam Pemilihan Alternatif
Pengelolaan Limbah Kelapa Sawit dengan Metode Analityc Network
Process (ANP)”, Riau Journal of Computer Science, 2 (1), 2016 : 89-96.
[6]
Noor Mohammad, Md. Zahangir Alam, Nassereldeen A. Kabbashi and
Amimul Ahsan, “Effective Composting of Oil Palm Industrial Waste by
Filamentous Fungi”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 58, 2012 : 6978.
[7]
Petrus Nugro Rahardjo, “Studi Banding Teknologi Pengolahan Limbah Cair
Pabrik Kelapa Sawit”, Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan, 10 (1), 2009 : 09-18.
32
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[8]
Mohammad Y.A. Mollah, Paul Morkovsky, Jewel A.G. Gomes, Mehmet
Kesmez, Jose Parga and David L. Cocke, “Fundametals, Present and Future
Perspectives of Electrocoagulation”, Journal of Hazardous Materials B114,
2004 : 199-210.
[9]
Fauzil Husni, “Pengolahan Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Effluent
RANUT (Reaktor Anaerobik Unggun Tetap) Menggunakan Teknik
Elektrokoagulasi”, Tesis, Program Studi Magister Teknik Universitas
Sumatera Utara, Medan, 2010.
[10] Ansori Nasution, Bee Lan Ng, Ehssan Ali, Zahira Yaakob and Siti Kartom
Kamarudin, “Electrocoagulation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Treatment
and Hydrogen Production Using Respose Surface Methodology”, Pol. J.
Environ. Stud, 25 (5), 2014 : 1669-1677.
[11] Ahmed Samir Naje, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Zuriati Zakaria and Saad
A. Abbas, “Enchancement of an Electrocoagulation Process for the
Treatment of Textile Wastewater under Combined Electrical Connections
Using Titanium Plates”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 10, 2015 : 4495 – 4512.
[12] Gary D. Paoli, Piers Gillespie, Philip L. Wells, Lex Hovani, Aisyah Sileuw,
Neil Franklin and James Schweithelm, “Oil Palm in Indonesia: Governance,
Decision Making and Implications for Sustainable Development”, 2013,
The Nature Conservancy : Jakarta.
[13] Parveen Fatemeh Rupani, Rajeev Pratap Singh, M. Hakimi Ibrahim and
Norizan Esa, “Review of Current Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment
Methods: Vermicomposting as a Sustainable Practice”, World Applied
Sciences Journal, 11 (1), 2010 : 70-81.
33
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[14] Abdul LatifAhmad, Suzylawati Ismail and Subhash Bhatia, “Water
Recycling From Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Membrane
Technology”, Desalination, 157, 2003 : 87-95.
[15] Edwi Mahajoeno, Bibiana Widiyati Lay, Surjono Hadi Sutjahjo and
Siswanto, “Potensi Limbah Cair Pabrik Minyak Kelapa Sawit untuk
Produksi Biogas”, Biodiversitas, 9 (1), 2008 : 48-52.
[16] Balthasar Kambuaya, “KEMEN LH. Baku Mutu Air Limbah”, Lampiran III
Peraturan Menteri Lingungan Hidup Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun
2014 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah, (1815), 2014 : 22.
[17] Keputusan
Menteri
Negara
Lingkungan
Hidup
Nomor
:
Kep-
51/Menlh/10/1995 Tentang Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Bagi Kegiatan Industri,
1995, Jakarta.
[18] Yahaya S. Madaki and Lau Seng, “Palm Oil Mill Effluent (Pome) From
Malaysia Palm Oil Mills: Waste Or Resource”, International Journal of
Science, Environment and Technology, 2 (6), 2013 : 1138-1155.
[19] PT. PP London Sumatra Indonesia, “Effluent Analysis Result”, Bagerpang,
Medan, Februari 2016.
[20] Zhang Yejian, Yan Li, Chi Lina, Long Xiuhua, Mei Zhijian and Zhang
Zhenjia, “Startup and Operation of Anaerobic EGSB Reactor Treating Palm
Oil Mill Effluent”, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20, 2008 : 658-663.
[21] Ehsan Ali and Zahira Yaakob, “Electrocoagulation for Treatment of
Industrial Effluents and Hydrogen Production”, Intech, Chapter 11, 2012 :
227-242.
34
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[22] Frano Barbir, “PEM Electrolysis For Production Of Hydrogen From
Renewable Energy Sources”, Solar Energy, 78, 2005 : 661-669.
[23] G. Ghen, “Electrochemical Technologies In Wastewater Treatment”, Sep.
Purif. Technol., 38, 2004 : 11-41.
[24] Muhammad Ansori Nasution, Zahira Yaakob, Ehsan Ali, Ng Bee Lan1 and
Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, “A Comparative Study Using Aluminum
and Iron Electrodes for the Electrocoagulation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent to
Reduce its Polluting Nature and Hydrogen Production Simultaneously”,
Pakistan J. Zool., 45 (2), 2013 : 331-337.
[25] Chantaraporn Phalakornkulea, Juntipa Mangmeemakb, Kanita Intrachodb
and Boonyarit Nuntakumjorn, “Pretreatment Of Palm Oil Mill Effluent By
Electrocoagulation And Coagulation”, Science Asia, 36, 2010 : 142–149.
[26] Ville Kuokkanen, Toivo Kuokkanen, Jaakko Ramo and Ulla Lassi, “Recent
Applications of Electrocoagulation in Treatment of Water and Wastewater :
A Review”, Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 3, 2013 : 89-121.
[27] Peter K. Holt, Geoffrey W. Barton and Cynthia A. Mitchell, “The Future
For Electrocoagulation As A Localized Water Treatment Technology”,
Chemosphere, 59, 2005 : 355–367.
[28] Mohammad M. Emamjomeh and Muttucumaru Sivakumar, “Review Of
Pollutants Removed By Electrocoagulation And Electrocoagulation /
Flotation Processes”, Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2009 :
1663–1679.
[29] Jinming Duana and John Gregory, “Coagulation by hydrolysing metal
salts”, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 100-102, 2003 : 475-502.
35
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[30] Yushi Tian, Weihua He, Xiuping Zhu, Wulin Yang, Nanqi Ren and Bruce
E. Logan, “Energy Efficient Electrocoagulation Using an Air-Breathing
Cathode to Remove Nutrients From Wastewater”, Chemical Engineering
Journal, 292, 2016 : 308-314.
[31] Erick Butler, Yung-Tse Hung, Ruth Yu-Li Yeh and Mohammed Suleiman
Al Ahmad, “Electrocoagulation in Waste Water Treatment”, Water, 3, 2011
: 495-525
[32] Yavuz Demirci, Lutfiye C. Pekel and Mustafa Alpbaz, “Investigation of
Different
Electrode
Connections
in
Electrocoagulation
of
Textile
Wastewater Treatment”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 10, 2015 : 2685-2693.
[33] Mikko Vepsäläinen, “Electrocoagulation in The Treatment of Industrial
Waters and Wastewaters”, Thesis, Degree of Doctor of Science
(Technology), VTT Science 19, Finland, 2012.
[34] Andik Yulianto, Lukman Hakim, Indah Purwaningsih dan Vidya Ayu
Pravitasari, “Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Batik Pada Skala
Laboratorium dengan Menggunakan Metode Elektrokoagulasi”, Jurnal
Teknologi Lingkungan, 5 (1), 2009 : 6-11.
[35] Mohd Nasrullah, Lakhveer Singh and Zularisam A. Wahid, “Treatment of
Sewage by Electrocoagulation and the Effect of High Current Density”,
Energy and Environmental Engineering Journal, 1 (1) 2012 : 27-31.
[36] Gerber Pumps, “Electrocoagulation : Water & Wastewater Treatment”,
2015, www.gerberpumps.com, Diakses pada 25 Januari 2016.
[37] Ukiwe L.N., Ibeneme S. I., Alisa C.O., and Chijioke-Okere M., “Evaluation
of Inorganic Coagulants in Removal of Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity
36
Universitas Sumatera Utara
and Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater”, American Jaournal of
Science and Technology, 3 (1), 2016 : 12-16.
[38] CP Ukpaka, “The Concept of Examination of Biochemical and Chemical
Oxygen Demand in Stagnant Water System”, Chemistry Research Journal,
1 (1), 2016 : 35-43.
[39] Yoon-Chang Kim, Kyong-Hoon Lee, Satoshi Sasaki, Kazuhito Hashimoto,
Kazunori Ikebukuro and Isao Karube, “Photocatalytic Sensor for Chemical
Oxygen Demand Determination Based on Oxygen Electrode”, Analytical
Chemistry, 72 (14), 2000 : 3379-3382.
[40] Douglas Roby, “New Mexico Wastewater Laboratory Certification Study
Guide”, 2007, New Mexico : Utility Operators Certification Program,
Chapter 14-2.
[41] Tian Zhang, John Stansbury and Jessica Branigan, “Development of a Field
Test Method for Total Suspended Solids Analysis”, Final Reports &
Technical Briefs fro MID-America Transportation Center, 52, 2013 : 223.
[42] Rosie Jotin, Shaharin Ibrahim and Normala Halimoon, “Electro coagulation
for Removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand in Sanitary Landfill Leachate”,
International Journnal of Environtmental Sciences, 3 (2), 2012 : 921-930.
37
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[1]
Arina P. Schrier-Uijil, M. Silvius, F. Parish, K.H. Lim, S. Rosediana and G.
Anshari, “Environmental and Social Impacts of Oil Palm Cultivation On
Tropical Peat”, Scientific Review, 2013. http://www.rspo.org, Diakses pada
17 Desember 2015.
[2]
Hermawan Febriansyah, Ahmad Agus Setiawan, Kutut Suryopratomo and
Agus Setiawan, “Gama Stove : Biomass Stove for Palm Kernel Shells in
Indonesia”. Energy Procedia, 47, 2014 : 123-132.
[3]
Nila Rifai, Yusman Syaukat, Hermanto Siregar and E. Gumbira Sa’id, “ The
Development and Prospect of Indonesian Palm Oil Industry and Its
Derivative Products”, Journal of Economics and Finance, 4, 2014 : 27-39.
[4]
Nazatul Shima Azmi and Khairul Faezah Md. Yunos, “Wastewater
Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) by Ultrafiltration Membrane
Separation Technique Coupled with Adsorption Treatment as Pretreatment”, Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 2, 2014 : 257264.
[5]
Budi Yanto, “Sistem Pendukung Keputusan dalam Pemilihan Alternatif
Pengelolaan Limbah Kelapa Sawit dengan Metode Analityc Network
Process (ANP)”, Riau Journal of Computer Science, 2 (1), 2016 : 89-96.
[6]
Noor Mohammad, Md. Zahangir Alam, Nassereldeen A. Kabbashi and
Amimul Ahsan, “Effective Composting of Oil Palm Industrial Waste by
Filamentous Fungi”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 58, 2012 : 6978.
[7]
Petrus Nugro Rahardjo, “Studi Banding Teknologi Pengolahan Limbah Cair
Pabrik Kelapa Sawit”, Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan, 10 (1), 2009 : 09-18.
32
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[8]
Mohammad Y.A. Mollah, Paul Morkovsky, Jewel A.G. Gomes, Mehmet
Kesmez, Jose Parga and David L. Cocke, “Fundametals, Present and Future
Perspectives of Electrocoagulation”, Journal of Hazardous Materials B114,
2004 : 199-210.
[9]
Fauzil Husni, “Pengolahan Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Effluent
RANUT (Reaktor Anaerobik Unggun Tetap) Menggunakan Teknik
Elektrokoagulasi”, Tesis, Program Studi Magister Teknik Universitas
Sumatera Utara, Medan, 2010.
[10] Ansori Nasution, Bee Lan Ng, Ehssan Ali, Zahira Yaakob and Siti Kartom
Kamarudin, “Electrocoagulation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Treatment
and Hydrogen Production Using Respose Surface Methodology”, Pol. J.
Environ. Stud, 25 (5), 2014 : 1669-1677.
[11] Ahmed Samir Naje, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Zuriati Zakaria and Saad
A. Abbas, “Enchancement of an Electrocoagulation Process for the
Treatment of Textile Wastewater under Combined Electrical Connections
Using Titanium Plates”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 10, 2015 : 4495 – 4512.
[12] Gary D. Paoli, Piers Gillespie, Philip L. Wells, Lex Hovani, Aisyah Sileuw,
Neil Franklin and James Schweithelm, “Oil Palm in Indonesia: Governance,
Decision Making and Implications for Sustainable Development”, 2013,
The Nature Conservancy : Jakarta.
[13] Parveen Fatemeh Rupani, Rajeev Pratap Singh, M. Hakimi Ibrahim and
Norizan Esa, “Review of Current Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment
Methods: Vermicomposting as a Sustainable Practice”, World Applied
Sciences Journal, 11 (1), 2010 : 70-81.
33
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[14] Abdul LatifAhmad, Suzylawati Ismail and Subhash Bhatia, “Water
Recycling From Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Using Membrane
Technology”, Desalination, 157, 2003 : 87-95.
[15] Edwi Mahajoeno, Bibiana Widiyati Lay, Surjono Hadi Sutjahjo and
Siswanto, “Potensi Limbah Cair Pabrik Minyak Kelapa Sawit untuk
Produksi Biogas”, Biodiversitas, 9 (1), 2008 : 48-52.
[16] Balthasar Kambuaya, “KEMEN LH. Baku Mutu Air Limbah”, Lampiran III
Peraturan Menteri Lingungan Hidup Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun
2014 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah, (1815), 2014 : 22.
[17] Keputusan
Menteri
Negara
Lingkungan
Hidup
Nomor
:
Kep-
51/Menlh/10/1995 Tentang Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Bagi Kegiatan Industri,
1995, Jakarta.
[18] Yahaya S. Madaki and Lau Seng, “Palm Oil Mill Effluent (Pome) From
Malaysia Palm Oil Mills: Waste Or Resource”, International Journal of
Science, Environment and Technology, 2 (6), 2013 : 1138-1155.
[19] PT. PP London Sumatra Indonesia, “Effluent Analysis Result”, Bagerpang,
Medan, Februari 2016.
[20] Zhang Yejian, Yan Li, Chi Lina, Long Xiuhua, Mei Zhijian and Zhang
Zhenjia, “Startup and Operation of Anaerobic EGSB Reactor Treating Palm
Oil Mill Effluent”, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20, 2008 : 658-663.
[21] Ehsan Ali and Zahira Yaakob, “Electrocoagulation for Treatment of
Industrial Effluents and Hydrogen Production”, Intech, Chapter 11, 2012 :
227-242.
34
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[22] Frano Barbir, “PEM Electrolysis For Production Of Hydrogen From
Renewable Energy Sources”, Solar Energy, 78, 2005 : 661-669.
[23] G. Ghen, “Electrochemical Technologies In Wastewater Treatment”, Sep.
Purif. Technol., 38, 2004 : 11-41.
[24] Muhammad Ansori Nasution, Zahira Yaakob, Ehsan Ali, Ng Bee Lan1 and
Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, “A Comparative Study Using Aluminum
and Iron Electrodes for the Electrocoagulation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent to
Reduce its Polluting Nature and Hydrogen Production Simultaneously”,
Pakistan J. Zool., 45 (2), 2013 : 331-337.
[25] Chantaraporn Phalakornkulea, Juntipa Mangmeemakb, Kanita Intrachodb
and Boonyarit Nuntakumjorn, “Pretreatment Of Palm Oil Mill Effluent By
Electrocoagulation And Coagulation”, Science Asia, 36, 2010 : 142–149.
[26] Ville Kuokkanen, Toivo Kuokkanen, Jaakko Ramo and Ulla Lassi, “Recent
Applications of Electrocoagulation in Treatment of Water and Wastewater :
A Review”, Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 3, 2013 : 89-121.
[27] Peter K. Holt, Geoffrey W. Barton and Cynthia A. Mitchell, “The Future
For Electrocoagulation As A Localized Water Treatment Technology”,
Chemosphere, 59, 2005 : 355–367.
[28] Mohammad M. Emamjomeh and Muttucumaru Sivakumar, “Review Of
Pollutants Removed By Electrocoagulation And Electrocoagulation /
Flotation Processes”, Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2009 :
1663–1679.
[29] Jinming Duana and John Gregory, “Coagulation by hydrolysing metal
salts”, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 100-102, 2003 : 475-502.
35
Universitas Sumatera Utara
[30] Yushi Tian, Weihua He, Xiuping Zhu, Wulin Yang, Nanqi Ren and Bruce
E. Logan, “Energy Efficient Electrocoagulation Using an Air-Breathing
Cathode to Remove Nutrients From Wastewater”, Chemical Engineering
Journal, 292, 2016 : 308-314.
[31] Erick Butler, Yung-Tse Hung, Ruth Yu-Li Yeh and Mohammed Suleiman
Al Ahmad, “Electrocoagulation in Waste Water Treatment”, Water, 3, 2011
: 495-525
[32] Yavuz Demirci, Lutfiye C. Pekel and Mustafa Alpbaz, “Investigation of
Different
Electrode
Connections
in
Electrocoagulation
of
Textile
Wastewater Treatment”, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 10, 2015 : 2685-2693.
[33] Mikko Vepsäläinen, “Electrocoagulation in The Treatment of Industrial
Waters and Wastewaters”, Thesis, Degree of Doctor of Science
(Technology), VTT Science 19, Finland, 2012.
[34] Andik Yulianto, Lukman Hakim, Indah Purwaningsih dan Vidya Ayu
Pravitasari, “Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Batik Pada Skala
Laboratorium dengan Menggunakan Metode Elektrokoagulasi”, Jurnal
Teknologi Lingkungan, 5 (1), 2009 : 6-11.
[35] Mohd Nasrullah, Lakhveer Singh and Zularisam A. Wahid, “Treatment of
Sewage by Electrocoagulation and the Effect of High Current Density”,
Energy and Environmental Engineering Journal, 1 (1) 2012 : 27-31.
[36] Gerber Pumps, “Electrocoagulation : Water & Wastewater Treatment”,
2015, www.gerberpumps.com, Diakses pada 25 Januari 2016.
[37] Ukiwe L.N., Ibeneme S. I., Alisa C.O., and Chijioke-Okere M., “Evaluation
of Inorganic Coagulants in Removal of Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity
36
Universitas Sumatera Utara
and Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater”, American Jaournal of
Science and Technology, 3 (1), 2016 : 12-16.
[38] CP Ukpaka, “The Concept of Examination of Biochemical and Chemical
Oxygen Demand in Stagnant Water System”, Chemistry Research Journal,
1 (1), 2016 : 35-43.
[39] Yoon-Chang Kim, Kyong-Hoon Lee, Satoshi Sasaki, Kazuhito Hashimoto,
Kazunori Ikebukuro and Isao Karube, “Photocatalytic Sensor for Chemical
Oxygen Demand Determination Based on Oxygen Electrode”, Analytical
Chemistry, 72 (14), 2000 : 3379-3382.
[40] Douglas Roby, “New Mexico Wastewater Laboratory Certification Study
Guide”, 2007, New Mexico : Utility Operators Certification Program,
Chapter 14-2.
[41] Tian Zhang, John Stansbury and Jessica Branigan, “Development of a Field
Test Method for Total Suspended Solids Analysis”, Final Reports &
Technical Briefs fro MID-America Transportation Center, 52, 2013 : 223.
[42] Rosie Jotin, Shaharin Ibrahim and Normala Halimoon, “Electro coagulation
for Removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand in Sanitary Landfill Leachate”,
International Journnal of Environtmental Sciences, 3 (2), 2012 : 921-930.
37
Universitas Sumatera Utara