Makalah Bahasa Inggris Readin and Gramma

PREFACE

Thank to Almighty God who has given His blessings to me as a writer to finish this English Assignment on time. And also I want to thank Ma’am Nurintan T, M.Pd as my English teacher who always teach me and the other student English so well.
This English Assignment composed so many kind of Reading, Dialogue and Grammar with examples and exercises for each chapter. And to help the learnings there’s some videos to complete and make us easier to learn English.
I hope my goal making this English Assignment is to make us learn English easier and more accurate will be achieved. Critism and advice are needed here to make this task better,

Thank you.

Jakarta, November 22^nd 2015
Writer,
Bonita Rahma L

Table of contents

1. PREFACE………………………………………………………….2

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………..3

1. CHAPTER 1 (READING)……………………………………...5

   1. Narrative……………………………………………………6

   2. Report………………………………………………………8

   3. Spoof……………………………………………………….10

   4. Description………………………………………………….13

   5. Recount…………………………………………………......15

   6. Hortatory Exposition………………………………………..17

   7. Analytical Exposition……………………………………….19

   8. Explanation………………………………………………….22

   9. News Item’s…………………………………………………24

   10. Discussion…………………………………………………27

   11. Advertisment………………………………………………29

   12. Procedure……………………………………………….....31

2. DIALOGUE……………………………………………………34

   1. Expressing Self Introduction & Introduction to someone...34

   2. Expressing Sympathy & Responding to Condolences…….36

   3. Asking for Advice and Offering Advice…………………..38

   4. Expressing Necessity……………………………………....40

   5. Expressing Like and Dislike……………………………….42

   6. Expressing Surprise………………………………………..44

   7. Expressing Pride…………………………………………...46

   8. Expressing Ability and Inability…………………………...48

   9. Expressing Apology……………………………………….50

   10. Expressing Accepting and Refusing Help……………….52

   11. Expressing Accepting and Refusing Invitation………….54

   12. Exppressing Asking, Giving, And Refusing Permission..56

   13. Expressing Pleased and Displeased……………………...58

   14. Expressing Agreement and Disagreement……………….60

   15. Expressing Satisfaction and Disatisfaction………………63

3. GRAMMAR…………………………………………………..65

   1. Preferences………………………………………………….65

   2. Passive, and Active Voice…………………………………..67

   3. Direct, and indirect Speech………………………………….70

   4. Causative Have and Get……………………………………..72

iii. BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………….74

CONTAINS :

• Narrative

• Report

• Spoof

• Descriptive

• News Item

• Hortatory Exposition

• Procedure

• Recount

  

• Analytical Exposition

• Discussion

  

• Advertisements

• Brocures

• Posters / Pamphlete

• Application Letter

• Formal / Informal Card

• Caption

I. Narrative

A. Definition

Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative text is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration.

B. The purpose

The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a story.

C. Generic Structures

1) Orientation
Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces the participants of the story: who and what is involved in the story.
2) Complication
Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax) of the main participants.
3) Resolution
The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a sad (tragic) ending
4) Re-orientation/Coda
This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It consists of a moral lesson, advice or teaching from the writer

D. Example

The Ugly Duckling

One upon time, a mother duck sat on her eggs. She felt tired of sitting on them. She just wished the eggs would break out.

Several days later, she got her wish. The eggs cracked and some cute little ducklings appeared. "Peep, peep" the little ducklings cried. "Quack, quack" their mother greeted in return.

However the largest egg had not cracked. The mother duck sat on it for several days. Finally, it cracked and a huge ugly duckling waddled out. The mother duck looked at him in surprise. He was so big and very gray. He didn't look like the others at all. He was like a turkey.

When the mother duck brought the children to the pond for their first swimming lesson., the huge grey duckling splashed and paddled about just as nicely as the other ducklings did. "That is not a turkey chick. He is my very own son and quite handsome" the mother said proudly.

However, the other animals didn't agree. They hissed and made fun of him day by day. Even his own sisters and brothers were very unkind. "You are very ugly" they quacked.

The little poor duckling was very unhappy. "I wish I looked like them" he thought to himself. One day, the ugly duckling run away and hid in the bushes. The sad duckling lived alone through the cold and snow winter. Finally the spring flowers began to bloom. While he was swimming in the pond, he saw three large white swans swimming toward him. "Oh, dear. these beautiful birds will laugh and peck me too" he said to himself. But the swans did not attack him. Instead, they swam around him and stroked him with their bills. As the ugly duckling bent his neck to speak to them, he saw his reflection in the water. He could not believe his eyes. "I am not an ugly duckling but a beautiful swam" he exclaimed.

He was very happy. From that day on, he swam and played with his new friends and was happier than he had never been.

Source: http://duoulala.blogspot.co.id/2013/07/narrative-text-definition-purposes.html

E. Language Features

• Past tense (killed, drunk,etc)

• Adverb of time (Once upun a time, one day, etc)

• Time conjunction (when, then, suddenly, etc)

• Specific character. The character of the story is specific, not general. (Cinderella, Snow White, Alibaba, etc)

• Action verbs. A verb that shows an action. (killed, dug, walked, etc)

• Direct speech. It is to make the story lively. (Snow White said,”My name is Snow White). The direct speech uses present tense.

F. Exercise

Snow White

Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her aunt and uncle because her parents were dead.

One day she heard her uncle and aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.

Snow White didn’t want her uncle and aunt to do that so she decided that it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away into the woods. She was very tired and hungry. Then she saw a little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.

Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs.

The dwarfs said, “What is your name?”

Snow White said, “My name is Snow White.”

Then, Snow White told the dwarfs the whole story.

The dwarfs said, “If you want, you may live here with us.”

Snow White answered, “Oh, could I? Thank you.”

Finally, Snow White and the seven dwarfs lived happily ever after.

1. What type of the text is used by the witer?
a. narrative
b. report
c. anecdote
d. comparative
e. news item

2. To tell the plot, the writers uses…………..
a. a rhetorical question and an exclamation
b. time sequences
c. contrastive evidences
d. past tense
e. concessive conjunctions

3. Why Snow White ran away to the woods?
a. Her parents passed away
b. Her uncle was angry with her
c. Her uncle and aunt would go to America
d. Snow White was happy to run away
e. Snow White liked playing in the woods.

4. When did Snow White run away to the woods?
a. In the afternoon
b. In the morning
c. In the evening
d. In the full moon
e. In the middle of night

5 Where did Snow White live after she ran away to the woods?
a. She lived in the cave
b. She lived in the lion nest
c. She lived everywhere in the woods
d. She lived in the dwarfs’ cottage
e. She lived on the street

II. Report

A. Definition

The report text often also known as informational report. "Report", the Concise Oxford Dictionary 10th Edition, is defined as :

1) An account is given of a matter after investigation or consideration.

2) A piece of information about an event or situation.

So we can conclude, in a language view, a report text is used to serves to provide information about an event or situation, after the investigation and through the multi consideration.

B. The Purpose

The purpose of the report is to convey information text observations and systematic analysis. The information described in the report text is usually general in nature, be it natural or artificial like a mammals, planets, rocks, plants, state, cultural, transportation, etc.

C. Generic Sturtures

1) General Clasification » statements that describe the common subject of the report, common description, and classification.

2) Description » Tells what the phenomenon under discussion; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors; This section gives us an overview of commonly occurring phenomenon, either of its parts, its properties, habit, or behavior. The point is, presenting elaboration of scientific classification.

There is also some information on the generic text structure report, which includes :

1) General information, is the part that mentions the general information of the theme of writing.

2) Bundles of Specific Information, give us the elaboration of general information.

D. Example VENICE

Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been known as the “Queen of the Adriatic”, “City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The City of Light”. The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.

Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot.

You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most Venetians travel by motorised waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along the major canals and between the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats. The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges.

You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most interesting aspects of Venetian countryside.

They are surrounded by elegant gardens, suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The city is also well known for its beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.

Source: http://di-copy.blogspot.co.id/2013/01/example-of-report-text-definition.html

E. Language Features

1) Use of general nouns, that is, an object (be it alive or dead) of a general nature. Just compare beetwen "Hunting dogs" and "My dog"​​. Hunting dogs are common, while my dog ​​is more spesific.

2) Use of Relating verbs to describe features, the grammar is also called linking verbs. As to be [is, am, are: present], seem, look, taste, etc.

3) Some use of action verbs when describing behavior, eg Emus can not fly;

4) Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, is one time in the simple present markers such as "often, Usually, always" and others. eg Tropical cyclonesalways begin over the sea;

5) Use of technical terms, eg "Isobars" are lines drawn on a weather map; For example, on "music" then, the terms of the music should be there.

6) Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organisé bundles of information; repeated naming of the topic as the beginning focus of the clause.

F. Exercise

Octopus

The Octopus is an ocean creature with eight effective feet which it utilizes as hands. These are called tentacles or limbs. “Octopus” originates from two words that have meaning “eight feet”.

The octopus, the squid and the cuttlefish fit in with the same family that has no outside shells. Their bodies are secured totally with skin. Along these lines the assortment of an octopus is delicate. It would appear that a huge blow up. A completely developed octopus can be as huge as 8,5 meters from the tip of one arms to the tip of another. It can weigh as much as 45 kilograms.

Other than utilizing its tentacles or limbs to catch little fish, ocean plants, crab and lobsters, the octopus additionally utilizes them against its adversaries. The octopus wraps its appendages around the exploited person and crushes it before eating it

The octopus escapes from its adversaries by giving out a thick dull liquid to obscure the water. It can likewise change the color of its body to match its surroundings. It escapes its enemis by doing this.

1. Which group of sea creatures belongs to the same family with octopus?

a. turttle and crab
b. shrimp and crab
c. crab and cuttlefish
d. cuttlefish and squid
e. turtle and shrimp

2. How much a fully-grown octopus can weight?

a. 25 kilograms.
b. 35 kilograms.
c. 45 kilograms
d. 55 kilograms.
e. 65 kilograms

3. How does the octopus look for food?

a. It uses magic colors.
b. It uses its teeth.
c. It uses its hand.
d. It uses its tentacles.
e. It uses its leg.

4. Before the octopus eats its victim, the octopus…

a. changes the color of its body
b. realizes a thick dark fluid
c. bite it
d. crushes it
e. break it

5. How large a fully-grown octopus can be from the tip of one tentacle to the tip of another?

a.6,5 metres.
b. 7,5 metres.
c. 8,5 metres.
d. 9,5 metres.
e. 10,5 metres.

III. Spoof

A. Definition

Mentioned in the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary Online, there are two meanings of spoof text. First, as a noun, the meaning is, "a funny and silly piece of writing, music, theater, etc.. That copies the style of an original work". Being second, spoof as a verb, meaning, "to try to make someone believe in something is not true, as a joke." Spoof of the second meaning above, it can be concluded that the definition of spoof text is a text that contains humor though most of the text has been modified from the original.

B. The Purpose

To tell a short story or event with a humorous twist. The stories are normal in the beginning and have a funny twist at the end that makes you laugh.

C. Generic Structures

Generic Structure (general arrangement) in a spoof text are :
» Orientation, provides an introduction to the characters, setting, settings etc..
» Events, provides even or events
» Twist, ending the story (the ending is considered funny, sometimes unexpected)

A description of the orientation and the event is oftenly discussed, especially on the subject narrative text and recount text. In any spoof text, orientation and the event was not much different from the one in the narrative and recount.

Looking for a twist, for those not used to writing a humorous story may be very difficult to understand the twist was hard enough, let alone making up their own.

D. Example

The Bathroom Story
Two years ago some friends and I came to Indonesia to learn some Bahasa Indonesia. While here, we stayed in villages with host families. One friend and I lived in Rejoso, and my other friend lived in a village called Jeding. Whenever we were asked where we lived, my friend said, “Saya tinggal di Jeding.” Everyone would start laughing.

After a few days he started to get upset. He didnʼt understand why people kept laughing at him. Finally he asked one of our Indonesian friends why. Our friends started laughing saying, “Jeding means bathroom in Javanese!” So every time someone asked him where he was living he was saying, “I live in a bathroom.”

Source: https://luarbiasamengajarbersama.wordpress.com/2013/01/10/spoof-text/

E. Language Features

1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order.

F. Exercise

What time is it?
A tramp lie down and sleep in the park. He had been sleeping for about 5 minutes when a couple walked by. The man stopped, woke the tramp up , and asked him, "Excuse me.
Do you know what the time is?" The tramp replied, "I'm sorry - I don't have a watch, so I don't know the time."
The man apologized for waking the tramp and the couple walked away.

The tramp lay down again, and after a few minutes went back to sleep. Just then, a woman, who was out walking her dog, shook the tramp's shoulder until he woke up again.
The woman said, "I'm sorry to trouble you, but I'm afraid I've lost my watch - do you happen to know the time?" The tramp was a little annoyed at being woken up again, but he politely told the woman that he didn't have a watch and didn't know the time.

After the woman had gone, the tramp had an idea.
He opened the bag that contained all his possessions and got out a pen, a piece of paper and some string. On the paper, he wrote down, 'I do not have a watch. I do not know the time'.
He then hung the paper round his neck and eventually dropped off again.

After about 15 minutes, a policeman who was walking through the park noticed the tramp asleep on the bench, and the sign around his neck.
He woke the tramp up and said, "I read your sign. I thought you'd like to know that it's 2:30 p.m."

1. Why the tramp don’t know about the time ?
A. Because he has an amnesia
B. Because he didn’t have any watch
C. Because he still tired
D. Because he was disturbed by the couple
E. Because he hate the couple

2. What is the tramp’s idea after the woman had gone from his sight ?
A. He sleep again
B. The tramp chase that woman
C. He write a sign in a paper and hung it down
D. He tries to find his watch
E. He didn’t have any idea

3. What was the police told to the tramp after he saw the sign ?
A. The police told the tramp the time.
B. The tramp woke up and he run away.
C. The police giving him a watch
D. The police woke the tramp up and steal the sign
E. The police bring him to the watch shop.

4. From the following statements, which one is TRUE according to the text ?

A. The couple woke the tramp up and mock him
B. The tramp get angry after the woman asked him
C. The tramp is sleeping in the park for 1 hour
D. The police came and told the tramp that the time is 2:30 p.m.
E. The tramp open the bag and take a small pillow.

5. What is the general structure of the text ?
A. Orientation – Events – Twist
B. Orientation – Issue – Twist
C. Resolution – Steps – Argments
D. Twist – Orientation – Steps
E. Orientation – Arguments – Twist

IIII. Descriptive

A. Definition

Descriptive text is a text which presents information about something specifically. A text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

And we can use this desciption style in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to:

- Describe a special place and explain why it is special.

- Describe the most important person in your live.

- Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

Descriptive writing or text is usually also used to help writer develop an aspect of their work, e.g. to create a particular mood, atmosphere or describe a place so that the reader can create vivid pictures of characters, places, objects etc.

B. The Purpose

As a feature, description in descriptive text is a style of writing which can be useful for other variety of purposes as:

1. To engage a reader’s attention
2. To create characters
3. To set a mood or create an atmosphere
4. To being writing to life

C. Generic Structures

1. Identification: introduce a particular person or thing or place.
2. Description: describing physical appearance, quality, behaviour, etc.

D. Example

Prambanan Temple

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta.

The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the largest Hindu temples in south-east Asia. It is characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the 47m high central building inside a large complex of individual temples.

It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after its construction, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites. A temple will only be rebuilt if at least 75% of the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of the smaller shrines are now visible and with no plans for their reconstruction.

The temple was damaged during the earthquake in Java in 2006. Early photos suggest that although the complex appears to be structurally intact, damage is significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple has been closed to the public until damage can be fully assessed. The head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that: “it will take months to identify the precise damage”. However, some weeks later in 2006 the site re-opened for visitors. The immediate surroundings of the Hindu temples remain off-limits for safety reasons.

Source: http://di-copy.blogspot.co.id/2014/08/example-of-descriptive-text-definition.html

E. Language Features

- Using Simple Present Tense

- Using action verbs

- Using passive voice

- Using noun phrase

- Using adverbial phrase

- Using technical terms

- Using general and abstract noun

- Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

F. Exercise

Orchard Road

Orchard Road is a Boulevard which becomes business and entertainment center in Singapore. Orchard Road is surrounded by a lush tropical and flower gardens which are beautiful. At first, Orchard Road is just a suburban street lined with orchards, plantations nutmeg, and pepper farming. However, in the 1970s, it turned into a shopping center in Singapore. In 1960 and 1970 entertainment industries began to enter this road. Shopping centers such as mall and Plaza was built in 1974.

Orchard Road runs along about 2.2 km. This road is one-way street flanked by a variety of shopping malls, hotels and restaurants. The shopping area which is nearly 800,000 square meters provides a wide range of Things, food, and entertainment. In this area there are many options that can satisfy visitors from all walks of life starting from the luxury branded things to the Popular branded, from exclusive restaurants to fast food.

There are so many ways that can be accessed to get to Orchard road such as: by taxi, bus or drive your own car. For those who are driving to Orchard Road can be entered from the west through the Napier Road. Vehicles from Dunearn Road can turn to left at the intersection of the Marriott Hotel junction. Vehicles that come from Paterson can turn right onto Orchard Road. Orchard is always crowded so you have to be careful in order not to get lost.

1. The text mainly focuses on
a. Singapore
b. Orchard Plantation
c. Plaza and Mall
d. Orchard road as business and entertainment center
e. Shopping Center

2. Which statement is TRUE?
a. At first Orchard Road is a crowded settlement
b. Orchard road became business and entertainment center since 1974
c. Vehicles from Dunrean road turn to the left at intersection of the Marriott Hotel junction
d. Orchard road is infamous place at Singapore
e. Orchard road is not surrounded by flower garden

3. In the third paragraph the writer describes about?
a. The location of Orchard Road
b. The things that we can see at orchard road
c. The direction to get to Orchard Road
d. The history of Orchard Road
e. The distance of Orchard Road

4. Words “it” in line 4 refers to?
a. The plantation
b. Luxury branded things
c. The plaza
d. Singapore
e. Suburban street

5. The word “satisfy” in line eighth has the closet meaning with?
a. Pleased
b. Free
c. Frighten
d. Threat
e. Loved

5. News Item

A. Definition

News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or important. News Item is text which used to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. We often find it in a newspaper because the passage often tells the readers about great, important, interesting, tragic, entertaining or fresh incident or events that all people should know about it

B. The Purpose

To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

C. Generic Structure

Newsworthy event(s): recount the event in summary form.

Background event(s): elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstance

Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event

D. Example TOWN CONTAMINATED

Newsworthy Event:
Moscow: A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe, which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town

Background/ Elaboration:

Velena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explotion of a nuclear submarine at the nava bas of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock.

The accident, which occurred 13 months before the Chaernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall – out over the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union.

Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor class submarine during a refit had been a thermal and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.

Sources:
A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

Source: https://nurinuryani.wordpress.com/kumpulan-tugas/news-item-2/

E. Language Features

1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.
3. Uses of material processes to retell the event. (mental process is ….)
4. Use of projecting verbal process in sources stage

F. Exercise

This text is for questions 1 to 3

BANDUNG: Thousand of people who had fled from their houses located on the slopes of smoldering Mount Gamkonara on Halmahera Island, North Maluku province, could return to their homes after the authorities downgraded the vulcano’s top-alert status Monday.

The Head of the Volcanology Center and Geology Disaster Mitigation Agency, Surono, said that the returning residents still could not get within three kilometers are of the volcano in Ibu district, West Halmahera regency.

The alert status for the volcano was downgraded because the volcano e volcano had shown less volcanic activity. Since July 10 to July 15, only to small tectonic quakes measuring below 2 of the Richter scale were recorded in the mountain and the volcano did not burst out hot lava or other volcanic materials from its crater.

“Compared to the last Monday’s explosion, wherein the ash spewed was 4.000 above the crater, it is now only about 10 meters high”, Surono told the journalist in Bandung on Monday.

Following the volcano’s increased acivity last week, which led authorities to put it in the top

alert status, around 10.000 residents in Ibu district fled to safety. Mos of the resident were taking shelter in Shouth Ibu and Central Ibu districts.

Surono warned the people not to get close to the volcano because small emissions of smoke could throw materials from the volcano’s crater.

The 1.635-meter volcano has erupted 12 times since records have been kept. The last time ash and smoke streamed out of the volcano was in 1987. No casualties were reported.

1. What is the text about?
a. Thousands of people who return home to the Maluku volcano area.
b. The increasing activity of a number volcanic mountains in Maluku.
c. The reason for the downgraded alert status of Maluku volcano.
d. The Head of the Volcanology Center and Geology Disaster.
e. The increasing volcanic activity of mount Gamkonora.

2. Which information is TRUE according to the text?
a. Mount Gamkonora shows more activity.
b. The authority downgraded the alert status.
c. The people from Mount Gamkonora have not returned home.
d. Two tectonic-quakes measuring 5 of the Richter scale recorded.
e. The explosions only happened during Monday with ash spewing 4.000 above the crater.

3. The height of the volcano is … Meter
a. 10.000.
b. 4.000.
c. 3.987.
d. 1.987.
e. 1.635.

This text is for question 4 and 5

Seven people were killed in a collision between a bus, a car, and a truck on Jalan sultan at 10:35 p.m. last night. The dead were all passenger of the car. The police believed the car had been trying to overtake the bus when it was struck by a truck coming from the opposite direction ? the driver of the car might not be using his lights, as the truck driver said he did not see the car approaching.

The police said the car should not have tried to pass the bus, since overtaking is not allowed on Jalan sultan. In addition, the police reported that the car, a small Japanese car, should not have been carrying more than five people, if the passenger had brought their identity cards, he police would have identified the names of the victims easily.

4. The text meanly reports that there was/were......
a. A car accident.
b. Careless driver.
c. A small Japanese car.
d. Victims of an accident.
e. The function of an identity card.

5. What was the cause of the collision ?
a. The truck came from the opposite directions.
b. The car carried more than five people.
c. The truck driver didn’t use his light.
d. The truck driver didn’t see the car.
e. The car tried to overtake the bus.

6. Hortatory Exposition

A. Definition

It is a kind of text type that presents arguments or reasons to support the opinion. It is aimed to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case. The difference of analytical and hortatory exposition is on the term of its generic structure in the last part that is called as reiteration in analytical and recommendation in hortatory exposition. The function of both is quite different. In analytical exposition, reiteration is used to give emphasize on the writer’s opinion by restating point of view. While in hortatory exposition, recommendation is used to give advice or such a suggestion to the readers to make a choice by considering the presented arguments.

B. The Purpose

The purpose of hortatory exposition text is to argue a case for against a particular position or point of view and it purposes a suggestion in the end of the argumentation.

C. Generic Structures

1. An Introductory Statement : It consists of the author’s point of view(thesis), preview of the arguments that will follow in the next section, and a question or emotional statement to get audience attention.

2. A series of arguments to convince the audience: This part is

significant to support about the thesis. Therefore, it needs some requirements. They are explained as follow:

• A new paragraph is used for each argument

• Each new paragraph begins with topic sentence

• After topic sentence comes the details to support the arguments

• Emotive words are used to persuade the audience into believing the author.

3. Recommendation: statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments.

D. Example COUNTRY CONCERN

In all discussion over the removal of leaded vehicles from petrol (and atmosphere) there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of the difference between driving in the city and the country.

While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel through the country, where you only see another car every five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads.

Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don’t seem to appreciate that in the country there is no public transport to fall back upon and one’s own vehicle is the only way to get about.

I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who live in the city.

Adapted from the samples of texts in the Competence Standards of Curriculum 2004 by Depdiknas

E. Language Features

1. Focusing on the writer

2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc

3. Using action verb

4. Using thinking verb

5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc

6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc

7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc

8. Using passive voice

9. Using simple present tense

F. Exercise

This text is for questions 1 to 3
There are many reasons for keeping dogs as pets in the city area, but many people feel that keeping pet dogs should not be allowed in the city. Dogs are often not taken care properly. They are kept in small backyards and rarely taken for walks. They are left in the yard all day by themselves while the family is at work. Very little attention is given to the dog and it is not a very good life for it. It is no wonder why these dogs bark and disturb the neighbours and become a nuisance to the community.

On the other hand, not all people treat their dogs this way and why should the people receive a lot of pleasure and enjoyment from dog's suffer? Dogs can make a lonely person's life happy or make wonderful playmate. It can also teach a child responsibility as they not only get to lay with the dog, but also need to exercise, feed, and care for the dog.
I feel that we should be allowed to keep dogs in the city, because if it is taken care of properly, dogs can be a great source of pleasure. As a child I used to enjoy playing and taking care of my pet. There is not greater loyalty a person can get than from a well-cared dog.

1. Some people do not like the presence of pet dogs in their surroundings because ....
A. the dogs are left in the yards
B. the dogs are often neglected
C. the dogs often bark and disturb the neighbours
D. the dogs play with the owner's child
E. the dogs guard the security of the environment

2. The main idea of the last paragraph is ....
A. pet dogs are loyal animals
B. pet dogs are more loyal than humans
C. dogs can be a great source of pleasure
D. the writer has no objection to keeping dogs in the city
E. the writer used to play and took care of his pet when he was a child

3. We can infer from the text that keeping pet dogs in the city will not cause any problem as long as ....
A. the dogs are amusing
B. the neighbours like having pet dogs
C. the dogs do not bark at the neighbours
D. the writer has succeeded in persuading the neighbours
E. its presence does not disturb the neighbourhood

This text is for questions 4 and 5

Faster planes and cheaper flights

Faster planes and cheaper flights are making it easier than ever before for people to travel. In the most 'developed' societies, visiting exotic places is a sought-after status symbol. The tourism industries of both developed and developing countries have recognised this fact and are learning to take advantage of it.

There are, however, some problems associated with this new industry.Firstly, there is the increasing crime rate. Some local's tourists as an easy prey because, not only are they in unfamiliar territory and therefore less able to take care of themselves, but also they carry visible items of wealth, such as cameras and jewelery which can be disposed of quickly for profit.

Another major problem is health. With greater mobility comes greater danger of spreading contagious diseases around the world. One carrier returning home could easily start an epidemic before their illness was diagnosed. Moreover, the emergence of many diseases which resist antibiotics is causing scientists to be increasingly concerned about this issue.

Also to be considered is the natural environment, which can be seriously threatened by too many visitors. Australia's Great Barrier Reef, for example, is in danger of being destroyed by tourists and there are plans to restrict visitors to some of the more delicate coral cays.

These are just three of the reasons why any country should be wary of committing itself to an extensive tourism development program.

4. Why does the natural environment become one of the serious problem associated with the faster planes ail cheaper flight? Because ....
A. it easily started an epidemic before their illness was diagnosed
B. it can be destroyed by too many visitors
C. the health problem will increase
D. they carry visible items of wealth
E. it can increase crime rate

5. Why is the crime rate increasing due to the new industry?
A. Some tourists carry visible items of wealth.
B. The tourists are spreading contagious diseases.
C. The government is planning to restrict visitors to some coral cays.
D. The new industry makes the number of unemployment increase.
E. The tourists come by plane.

7. Procedure

A. Definition

Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

B. The Purpose

An anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions. A particular course of action intended to achieve a result. Or To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.

C. Generic Structures

Goal : It is containt the purpose of the text. (e.g : How to make spagheti)

Material or Ingredient : it is containt of the materials that used in the process. (e.g : the material to cook omelette are egg, onion, vegetable oil, etc)

Step : it is containt of the steps to make something in the goal. (e.g : first, wash the tomatoes, onion, ...., second cut the onions becomes slice. . . )

D. Example

How to make a sandwich (aim/goal)
You need (materials)

* 2 slices of bread
* peanut butter
* a banana
* honey

What you should do are : (steps)
* Take two slices of bread
* Spread peanut butter
* Cut up a banana onto small slices and put them on one of the slices
* Pour some honey over the bananas
* Put the other slice of bread on top

E. Language Features

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE. And:

Use of imperatives (e.g.: cut, don’t mix)

Use of action verbs (e.g.: turn, put, mix)

Use of connectives (e.g. : first, then, finally, …)

Use of adverbial phrases (e.g. : for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top)

F. Exercise

Watch the video that separated from this paper for answer the question! ( Video : 1.1
Procedure Text)

1. What is she making on the video?
a. Pizza
b. Macroni Scottle
c. Mac n Cheese
d. Spaghetti
e. Ravioli Cheese

2. How many ingredients that needed to make it?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
e. 6

3. What kind of pasta is she use to make it?
a. Penne
b. Fusilli
c. Ravioli
d. Farfalle
e. Fettucine

4. How long is needed to cook the pasta?
a. 6 minutes
b. 5 minutes
c. 4 minutes
d. 3 minutes
e. a couple minutes.

5. How is she cook the pasta?
a. by steam it
b. by boil it
c. by bake it
d. by microwave
e. by burn it

8. Recount

A. Definition
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative.

B. The Purpose
To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event.

C. Generic Structure
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time
2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past
3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story.

D. Example
Visiting Bali
There were so many places to see in Bali that my friend decided to join the tours to see as much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the first three days swimming and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour agents and selected two tours. The first one was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud.
On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend and his group drove on through mountains. Singaraja is a city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet town. The street are lined with trees and there are many old Dutch houses. Then they returned very late in the evening to Kuta.
The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery but to see the art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a center of stone sculpture. There my friend watched young boys were carving away at big blocks of stone. The next stop was Celuk, a center for silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that he stopped a little while for lunch at Sukawati and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center.
My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent on the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.

Source : http://darialdahlan.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/kind-of-textdefinitiongeneric-structure.html

E. Language Features

Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc
Using chronological connection; then, first, etc
Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc
Using action verb; look, go, change, etc
Using simple past tense

F. Exercise

Watch the video that separated from this paper for answer the question! ( Video : 1.2 Recount Text)

1. Which country is Celine from?
a. Khazastan
b. Turkmenistan
c. Pakistan
d. Turki
e. Iran

2. What job was her father always wanted to become?
a. electronics engineer
b. communication engineer
c. information technology
d. public relations
e. civil engineer

3. Why did her grandpa tell her father to picked information technology?
a. because it’s a cool job
b. because it’s not wasting much of cost
c. because it’s nice
d. because it has a promising career
e. because it’s modern

4. Why does her father eat spicy foods when he gets hungry?
a. because it’s healthy
b. because he loves it the most
c. because it’s delicious
d. because he’s forced
e. because it’s the only foods he has

5. What kind of sweets are celine prefer to eat?
a. ice cream and candy
b. dodol and ice cream
c. cakes and chocolate
d. muffin and dodol
e. chocolate and candy

9. Analytical Exposition

A. Definition

Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

B. The Purpose

The purpose of analytical exposition is to persuade the readers by presenting one side of an argument. In other word, it can be said that an analytical exposition is used to argue point of view or to persuade the audience to do something.

C. Generic Stuctures

• Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position

• Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position

• Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s position more

• Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position

D. Example

Rubbish

Lakes and rivers are often polluted because drains from towns and factories empty into them. And factories sometimes dump very harmful chemicals into the water. The chemicals poison the water. Wildlife cannot easily survive in it.

Ocean-going tankers sometimes empty tank fills of oily water into the sea. When this happens, great patches of oil are left floating on the sea’s surface. If fish swallow the oil, or if their gills become dogged up, they die. Birds land on the sea and the oil is cleaned off the birds will die.

Electricity for your home is made in buildings called power plants. Power plants usually use coal, oil, or gas to make electricity. But some plant use nuclear energy.

To make nuclear energy, uranium is needed. And uranium is radioactive, which means it gives off rays which are very dangerous to any living thing. People working in nuclear power plants wear special clothing and masks to protect themselves.

After the uranium has been used there is some dangerous waste, rubbish, left. Scientists haven’t yet found out how to make rubbish completely safe. So it is sealed in huge concrete containers and buried at sea, or deep underground.

Some people are worried that the radioactivity might escape and poison living things. And this rubbish remains dangerous for thousands of years.

In short, our environment has been contaminated by chemicals. And there’s human’s role beyond the pollution.

Taken from Nature in Danger, 1993

E. Language Features

1. General nouns, e.g. ears, zoos, etc

2. Abstract nouns, e.g. Policy, government, etc

3. Technical words, e.g. Species of animals, etc

4. Relating verbs, e.g. It is important … ,etc

5. Action verbs, e.g. We must have …, etc

6. Thinking verbs, e.g. many people believe … , etc

7. Modal verbs, e.g. We must preserve … , etc

8. Modal adverbs, e.g. Certainly we must try … , etc

9. Connectives, e.g. Firstly, secondly, etc

F. Exercise

School Uniform, Another Good Lesson

School uniform is special clothes worn by all students of a particular school. The uniform of a school may differ from others. Why should schools use uniforms? Below are some reasons.

First of all, Notre Dame’s Department of Sociology produced a study in 1998 concerning school uniforms. Their findings using 10th grade students showed that uniforms have no direct effect on “substance abuse, behavioral problems or attendance.” It also claimed a negative effect on student achievements for those students considered ‘pro-school’.

Secondly, uniform helps to create a strong sense school ethos and a sense of belonging to a particular community. As such it promotes discipline and helps to drive up academic standards, which is why a uniform is often adopted by schools which are being reopened with a fresh start after being classified as failing.

Finally, uniform acts as a social leveler, under which all students are equal in the eyes of the school and of each other. In institutions without uniform students are often competitive and worry endlessly about their appearance and the clothes they should wear. Pupils without expensive designer clothes and trainers may be singled out as social outcasts, or stigmatized as being from poor backgrounds. For these reasons many parents prefer uniforms as they save them money on buying clothes for school wear. Considering the findings, schools should implement the uniform as their identity. The government should also publish some kind of rule which makes uniform compulsory for schools.

1.	What is the text about?
	a.	The school rules					d.	The importance of school uniform
	b.	The school identity					e.	The equally among students
	c.	What we should wear at school
2.	In institutions without uniform students, one will be regarded poor because he/she ……
	a.	does not wear a school uniform					d.	posses a bad academic record
	b.	cannot afford to buy a school uniform					e.	has a bad attitude at school
	c.	wears no expensive designer clothes
3.	“As such it promotes discipline and helps to drive up academic standards ………..” (Paragraph 3). What does the underlined word refer?
	a.	Community	c.	Research finding					e.	Uniform
	b.	School ethos	d.	A study
4.	The last paragraph is about ……….
	a.	The writer’s suggestion			d.	The writer’s general statement
	b.	The writer’s arguments			e.	The writer’s thesis
	c.	The writer’s reasons
5.	“……. Substance abuse, behavioral problems or attendance.” (Paragraph 2) The antonym of the underlined word is ……..
	a.	arrival	c.	appearance					e.	absence
	b.	come up	d.	Presence

IIIIIIIIII. Discussion

A. Definition

It is kind of text type that discussing a topic including both sides of the case. In other words, when a writer is going discuss about the positive side of marriage in the young age, consequently he is also going to discuss the negative side of marriage in the young age. Discussing both sides of a case can be viewed from the negative/bad sides and positive/good side.

B. The Purpose

The purpose of presenting both sides of a case to the audiences is to provide the readers with different opinion on a topic and at the end, the writer’s opinion. The discussion text therefore functions to present a way to look at more than one side issue.

C. Generic Structure

1. Firstly, the text presents some statements outlining the issue.This part is also supported by some background information about the issue (statement).

2. In the second part the text provides evidences for different arguments for and against issue (argument for and argument against).

3. Finally, the text leaves a conclusion or recommendation, which might sum up either sides or might recommended in favor of one particular side (conclusion).

D. Example

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world’s energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It causes no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:

• It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.

• It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.

• It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.

• It produces small amount of waste.

• It is reliable.

On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca is a major accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990’s nuclear power was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.

Source: https://brrrexpresion.wordpress.com/discussion/

E. Language Features