Eddie`s personality changes as the effect of his incestuous love as seen in arthur miller`s a view from the bridge - USD Repository

  EDDIE’S PERSONALITY CHANGES AS THE EFFECT OF HIS INCESTUOUS LOVE AS SEEN IN ARTHUR MILLER’S A VIEW FROM THE BRIDGE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

NILA KRISNAWATI

  Student Number: 034214056

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009

  EDDIE’S PERSONALITY CHANGES AS THE EFFECT OF HIS INCESTUOUS LOVE AS SEEN IN ARTHUR MILLER’S A VIEW FROM THE BRIDGE AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

NILA KRISNAWATI

  Student Number: 034214056

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009

  i

  v

  

Three things in life that, once gone, never come back:

time, words, and opportunity.

  

Three things in life that may never be lost:

peace, hope, and honesty.

  

Three things in life that are most valuable:

love, self-confidence, and friends.

  

Three things in life that are never certain:

dreams, success, and fortune.

  

Three things that make a person:

hard work, sincerity, and commitment.

  

Three things in life that can destroy a person:

alcohol/ drugs, pride, and anger.

  

This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to

My Lovely Family

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  I am amazed to know that actually there are many important things to do in this life. It is wonderful to know that from those important things we do, we will have significant things for our life. I have gained a star that I have dreamed for so long. I cannot forget all the sublime people who have already guided, helped and supported me. First, I would like to thank God for the strength, health, and love that have supported me in writing this thesis. I thank God, for always loving and blessing me even in the worst time.

  Second, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Dra. Th. Enny Anggraini, M. A. who has willingly sacrificed her time to read, correct, and criticized my thesis. I am very grateful to my co-advisor, Dewi Widyastuti, S. Pd.

  M. Hum. I thank her for correcting and giving suggestion for my thesis writing. I thank them for her advice, guidance, patience, understanding, and support during the process of my writing.

  I also want to express my gratitude to all lecturers who have passionately taught me and share their knowledge. I thank mbak Ninik and all Sanata Dharma staff, for helping me during whole semesters.

  My deepest appreciation goes to my beloved parents, Goso Sutikno and Umiyati. I thank them for their endless support and fantastic love in understanding and fulfilling my needs. My deep thanks also go to my beloved husband, Djaka Ade Praja Saputra, for being patient and helpful. I thank my little princess, Salwa Febrianika Putri, for the wonderful day and great motivation. I would also thank all of my three lovely sisters, mbak Liana, mbak Selvi and Ervina.

  I am also very grateful for Tika who is really helpful in this thesis writing. I thank my best friends Dwi, Ika, Poppy, Reni and all of ’03 English Letters student in Sanata Dharma University. Greatest thanks also go to Kelompok 1; Caca, Cici, Ririt, Kiki, Nino, Vero, Pandu, and Paul, for experiences we shared together.

  I also thank all of my friends whose names cannot be mentioned one by one. Thank you for helping me during the process of this thesis writing. I would never have finished my study well in this University without your help, support, guidance, and advice.

  Yogyakarta Nila Krisnawati

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGE

  B. Review of Related Theories ...............................................................12

  1. Selfish..........................................................................................40

  C. Central Character’s Personality Changes as the Effect of His Incestuous Love...................................................................................39

  B. Central Character’s Incestuous Love toward his niece .......................33

  5. Overprotective father..................................................................30

  4. Caring Person..............................................................................28

  3. Respectful...................................................................................27

  2. Loyal...........................................................................................26

  1. Generous.....................................................................................26

  

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................21

A. Object of the Study ............................................................................21 B. Approach of the Study ......................................................................22 C. Method of the Study ..........................................................................23

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................25

A. The Description of the Central Character ......................................... 25

  C. Theoretical Framework ......................................................................19

  3. Theory of Personality Changes ................................................16

  2. Theories of Incest ......................................................................14

  1. Theories of Character and Characterization ...............................12

  A. Review of Related Studies ...................................................................8

  ......................................................................................... ii

  .....................................................8

  CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW

  D. Definition of Terms .............................................................................5

  C. Objectives of the Study .......................................................................5

  B. Problem Formulation ...........................................................................5

  A. Background of the Study ......................................................................1

  ......................................................................1

  

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... xi

ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

  ................................................................................ ix

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  ............................................................................ vii

  

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ............................................................................ iv

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................. v

DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  .................................................................................... iii

  ACCEPTANCE PAGE

  2. Cruel............................................................................................41

  3. Rude............................................................................................46

  4. Violent........................................................................................ 47

  5. Jealous Man.................................................................................49

  

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................51

BIBLIOGRAPHY

  ...............................................................................................54

  

APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 56

Appendix 1 ................................................................................................56 Appendix 2

  ...............................................................................................61

  

ABSTRACT

  NILA KRISNAWATI. Eddie’s Personality Changes as the Effect of His

Incestuous Love as Seen in Arthur Miller’s A View from the Bridge .

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2009.

  This study deals with A View from the Bridge, a revised-play by Arthur Miller. It is based on the writer’s interest on one’s personality that changes badly as the effect of incestuous love he experienced. Everyone has his or her own way to express his or her love. In reality, love becomes an important problem that is able to change and give certain effect in one’s life. It can develop or destroy one’s life. It can make one’s life better or worse, depends on how one is facing love problem.

  This thesis discusses the personality changes as the effect of Eddie’s incestuous love as seen in Arthur Miller’s A View from the Bridge. The objectives of the study in this thesis are (1) To find out the characteristics of Eddie as described in the story, (2) To find out how Eddie’s incestuous love is revealed in the story, (3) To find out the changes of his personality as the effect of his incestuous love.

  Since this study deals with one’s personality, the psychological approach is used as the suitable approach to analyze the formulated problems as seen in the story. This thesis uses the library research method to gain the data. The primary reference is Arthur Miller’s play A View from the Bridge. The secondary references are some critics about Miller’s A View from the Bridge. The third references are some theories that are supporting in finding the analysis. This study needs the theory of character and characterization, theory of incest and the theory of personality changes.

  The results of this study are: firstly, the readers can see that Eddie is described as generous, loyal, respectful, caring person, and overprotective father. Secondly, we can see that Eddie experienced incestuous love; he loves his own niece, whom he raised as his own daughter. His incestuous love is revealed by his own action, manner and conversation with other characters. His characteristics, then, change after what he has been through in his life. He is obsessed to have her own niece because he has too much love for her. Then, his possessiveness leads him to act irrationally. Realizing that he cannot fulfill his desire, he transfers his frustration to be worse. As the third result, we can find that there are some changes of his personality as the effect of his incestuous love. He changes into a selfish, cruel, rude, violent and jealous man.

  

ABSTRAK

  NILA KRISNAWATI. Eddie’s Personality Changes as the Effect of His

Incestuous Love as Seen in Arthur Miller’s A View from the Bridge.

Yogyakarta: Fakultas Sastra, Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2009.

  Studi in berkaitan dengan A View from the Bridge, sebuah drama yang ditulis oleh Arthur Miller. Studi ini didasarkan pada ketertarikan penulis pada kepribadian seseorang yang berubah menjadi buruk yang disebabkan oleh hubungan cinta sedarah yang telah dialaminya. Setiap orang memiliki caranya sendiri untuk mengungkapkan cintanya. Pada kenyataanya, cinta menjadi masalah yang penting dan mampu merubah serta memberi dampak khusus terhadap kehidupan seseorang. Cinta dapat berkembang atau merusak hidup seseorang. Cinta bisa membuat hidup seseorang menjadi lebih baik atau buruk, tergantung kepada cara kita dalam menghadapi masalah cinta itu sendiri.

  Skripsi ini membahas perubahan kepribadian sebagai dampak dari hubungan cinta sedarah yang dialami oleh Eddie dalam sebuah drama A View karya Arthur Miller. Tujuan-tujuan dari studi ini adalah: (1) untuk

  from the Bridge

  mempelajari sifat-sifat Eddie sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam cerita. (2) untuk mempelajari bagaimana hubungan cinta sedarah yang dialami oleh Eddie diungkapkan dalam cerita. (3) untuk mempelajari perubahan-perubahan kepribadiannya sebagai dampak dari hubungan cinta sedarahnya.

  Karena studi ini berhubungan dengan kepribadian seseorang, pendekatan psikologi digunakan sebagai pendekatan yang tepat untuk menganalisis perumusan masalah. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka untuk mengumpulkan data-data. Referensi utama adalah drama A View from the Bridge oleh Arthur Miller. Referensi kedua mengenai beberapa kritik tentang A View karya Arthur Miller. Referensi ketiga adalah beberapa teori yang

  from the Bridge

  mendukung dalam pencarian analisa. Studi ini membutuhkan teori tokoh dan penokohan, teori incest (hubungan sedarah), dan teori perubahan kepribadian.

  Kesimpulan dari studi ini adalah: pertama, pembaca dapat mengetahui pelukisan watak Eddie, yaitu sebagai orang yang murah hati, setia, peduli, penuh perhatian, dan protektif. Kedua, kita dapat mengetahui bahwa Eddie mengalami cinta sedarah; dia mencintai keponakannya yang telah dibesarkan seperti anaknya sendiri. Cinta sedarahnya diungkapkan dengan tindakan and kelakuannya sendiri serta pembicaraannya dengan orang lain. Sifat-sifatnya, kemudian, berubah setelah dia mengalami semua yang telah terjadi didalam hidupnya. Die terobsesi untuk memiliki keponakannyan sendiri karena dia terlalu mencintainya. Kemudian, rasa untuk memilikinya mendorong dia untuk bertindak hal yang tidak masuk akal. Menyadari bahwa dia tidak dapat memenuhi keinginannya, dia melampiaskan keputus-asaannya dengan sesuatu yang buruk. Sebagai kesimpulan yang ketiga, dapat diketahui bahwa ada beberapa perubahan kepribadian sebagai dampak cinta sedarahnya. Dia berubah menjadi orang yang pelit, kejam, tidak sopan, bengis, dan pencemburu.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study Drama is a special and unique form of writing in the world of literature. It is

  different from other literary works of poetry, novel, or fiction. Drama has different processes in telling the story by using stage directions and dialogue to describe the environment or the characters in the story. Drama is meant to be more than language on a page. It needs not only to be read but also to be performed. Through its performance, the audiences will be helped to understand more about the story (Vena and Nouryeh, 1996: viii).

  Drama is able to demand our imaginations more than in most other forms of literature. Through drama, we can see what is explicitly said and done. And we can understand what is implied and what is unspoken. Drama conveys a story with its characters in action and conflict, its happening in time and space, the completed meaning of all that has happened. In understanding drama, we have to understand how dramatic scripts work in setting the stage, developing the characters, and advancing the story. It is also described that “most plays move forward through the resolution of conflicts that develop between characters. These conflicts create tension and become the catalysts for further physical or psychological action” (Vena and Nouryeh, 1996: viii-ix).

  Plays often portray oppositions between characters or groups, each of whom have differences and uniqueness. As Murphy said in Understanding Unseen,

  2 people’s uniqueness can be recognized in real life from “their outward appearance, by the way they dress, walk, look, gestures, and so on” (1972: 161). It shows that each person has his/her own characteristics, temperament, and behavior that always change and develop. The changes may lead them either to be a better or worse person. The changes may also give certain effects to other people around them. Basically, it depends on each individual and how they deal with many kinds of situations in daily life.

  In the book Understanding Plays, drama is described as the reflection of ourselves, it leads us to discoveries and reflections about our personalities, circumstances, desires, anxieties, hopes, and dreams. It is able to show the ways in satisfying our willingness in relationships or confronting despair in death. The characters in the play have struggled to show love and affection to one another. “Great plays confront us with life’s varieties, conveying the hope, courage, despair, compassion, violence, love hate, exploitation, and generosity experienced by all humankinds ”(Barranger, 1994:7).

  As experienced by some people, love is the most serious and important problem that is able to change and give certain effects in one’s life. Love is regarded as something powerful and it emerges uniquely in each individual. For some people, love may come to them accidentally from the first encounter with others because of particular reason, like having immediate interest in one’s physical appearance or performance (Hauck, 1983:20).

  Realizing it or not, people who fall in love will experience some changes in their life. They will be more motivated in doing their activities in relation to catch

  3 his/her attention. People will give more attention to his/her attention and they will be more careful in his/her attitudes and behavior. When people are satisfied with the fulfillment of their desires to love and be loved, they will experience some excessive feelings such as nervous as well as excited. As the expression of their gratitude, they always give something good and sacrifice for the one they love. However, it may turn to be worse when the practice of love doesn’t meet their expectation. This condition makes people unable to control their emotion and makes them drop mentally and physically. Then, their emotion will turn to depression, anger, anxiety, jealousy, or excessive passivity (1983:1). Love may remain worst impact like frustration that leads someone to act irrationally by committing suicide or killing other people who have broken their hearts.

  The statement above supports the writer in deciding to choose the play entitled A View from the Bridge as the subject matter of this analysis. The play, which was written by one of the great literary authors, Arthur Miller, has power and substance. It tells about people who lived at the same place but with different characteristics of one another, especially the influences of the family and environment condition where the people live toward their personality and behavior. For the specific and deeper analysis, the writer chooses one of the central characters to be analyzed named Eddie Carbone. He lives in his simple flat with his wife and his niece. Learning the story of this play, it is found that Eddie really loves his niece as the woman to be possessed. In fact, she is regarded as his own daughter because they have lived together since she was a child. Eddie’s love as a man who wants to have his niece, appears when she is growing to be a mature

  4 woman. It can be seen clearly in the early stage of the play, when two brothers of Eddie’s wife are arriving in his flat. His niece falls in love with one of them and plans to marry him. After that incident, the Carbone family’s life changes forever.

  Their loves and their loyalties are tested. Eddie always tries to prohibit their relationship because actually he also wants to posses his niece. Eddie does everything in order to have his niece. His action makes his relationship with other characters worse.

  The writer has found an interesting point from this play. The character Eddie tries to explore the psychological sides as human being. Someone as a human being has his own personality. The personality of a person could change as it is influenced and shaped by his environment and his experiences. This play also interests the writer because the play reveals one term of abnormal behavior, that is incestuous love between father and daughter. This forbidden love, then, makes some great changes in Eddie’s life. He faces so many conflicts as the play develops. The first conflict is between him and other characters; including verbal and physical conflict. The second conflict is within himself as he grapples with his love of Catherine, his own niece. As the great impact of his love is that he loses his life, his love leads him into tragic ending that he must die in defending his love.

  Moreover, by analyzing this play, we can learn how to face the world and control ourselves in the right way. We must consider how the effects are if we do something shameful and forbidden. Then, we understand that love is able to give the great and incredible effects in our life. Life can change into joyful or tragic as

  5 someone’s personality develops or a relation between individuals becomes deeper or worse only because of love. In other cases, love also can be the only one which people can do to overcome their problems.

  B. Problem Formulation

  Considering the previous background, there are three main problems that can be formulated in the study. They are as follow:

  1. What are the characteristics of Eddie?

  2. How is Eddie’s incestuous love revealed in the play?

  3. What are the changes of his personality as the effects of his incestuous love as seen in the play?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  The analysis of the study mainly aims to answer the three questions stated in the problem formulation above. First, this study aims to know the characteristics of Eddie through his personal description, past life, speech, opinions from others, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and his mannerism.

  The second objective is to try to identify how Eddie’s incestuous love is revealed in the play. The third goal is to find out the effects of Eddie’s incestuous love toward his personality changes.

  6

D. Definition on Terms

  In analyzing this play, there are three terms that need to be clarified in order to provide an accurate analysis and clearer explanation to answer the formulated problems. These terms are:

  1. Character

  Abrams stated that character means the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who is interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expected in what they say, the dialogue and by what they do in action (1981:20)

  So, characters are the representatives of human being. They are described through dialogue, behavior, and though that can make them just like ordinary human being. These characters inherit human characteristics. They can be found in a performance such as drama, and in other literary works of short story or novel. They are presented not only depends on the narration of the author but also from their speech and action.

  2. Incestuous love

  Incestuous behavior is sexual interaction between relatives. It includes sexual contact between siblings, or between children and their parents, grandparents, uncles, or aunts ( Robert, Baur, 1983: 603). In the book Abnormal

  , it is described that incestuous is culturally

  Psychology and Modern Life

  prohibited sexual relations between family members, such as a brother and sister or a parent and child (Coleman, 1976:576). Incestuous can also be defined as

  7 sexual relations between close relatives for whom marriage is forbidden, most often between daughter and father or between brother and sister (Neale and Davidson, 1996: 340-341).

  While in the book of How to Love and be Loved, love is described as a powerful feeling one has for person, animals or things that has satisfied, is satisfying or will satisfy our deepest desires and needs (1983:16). In New Century

  , love means a deep and tender feeling of affection or attachment or

  Dictionary

  devotion to a person or persons (1952: 982) So, incestuous love is a powerful feeling that is culturally prohibited between family members. In this case, Eddie Carbone experiences the incestuous love for his own niece, Catherine. In the other side, Catherine loves Eddie Carbone too, but in the relation as a father and daughter.

3. Personality Changes

  According to Kalish, personality is “the dynamic organization characteristics attributes leading to behavior and distinguishing one individual from other individuals” (1973:51). It reefers to the total individual and includes “needs, motives, needs of adjusting, temperament qualities, self-concept, role behaviors, attitudes, values, and abilities” (1973:52)

  Personality changes are defined as the personality pattern that can change in some areas and remain persistent in other as well. Furthermore, the change itself is not synonymous with improvement but can be either for the better or worse (Hurlock, 1974:108). Therefore, personality changes are the changes of human behavior in dealing with the way they adjust with the world.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Some of people’s lives are colored by many kinds of experiences such as

  love, marriage failure, broken home, drugs, ridicule, etc. Those experiences will be able to change someone to be better or worse. Those can also motivate someone in creating a good work. Not only Arthur Miller, but some of other great writers tend to use their experiences to motivate their works. As Miller has so many experiences, he also has so many works related to literature. He is famous as a playwright because of his great works. In 1947, he got some prizes for his mature full-length plays titled All My Sons and Death of a Salesman in 1949. and with his historical play The Crucible, it was thought by many critics to be more unified and superior drama. However, many critics recognized him as a potential writer and supported him to continue writing that produced better works. In his experiences, Arthur Miller got the job around the New York waterfront. Through this job, he learned much about the life of simple Americans who became the focus of many of his works. Then, he wrote A View from the Bridge as the reflection of waterfront works (Chalandra and Robets, 1968:5).

  As a provisional writer, Arthur Miller wrote not only plays but also other works of writing. He wrote a novel entitled Focus in 1945, which took anti- Semitism as its subject. He also wrote a screenplay The Misfits, which

  9 employed his second wife Marilyn Monroe as the actress. The biographical novel also succeeded with his life story with Marilyn Monroe. This novel entitled After

  the Fall.

  Arthur Miller can prove himself as a talented social playwright through his work in A View from the Bridge. It tells about a longshoreman, Eddie Carbone, who is driven to violate the most sacred tied of trust that binds his community by compulsion to posses his niece, Catherine. The story of the play is based on Miller’s experience when he lived in Brooklyn. He had to enter the community for about two years to understand their accent, and also social life. Then, he represented a social theme in his play, particularly the tragedy of a common man. The play ends with the death of Eddie Carbone which shows the unavoidable and violent end of a sick man (Reinert, 1961:16).

  In the book Drama from Ibsen to Brecth, it is said that A View from the

  

Bridge emphasizes one personal being broken and destroyed by guilt. The crisis is

  related to the intense primary relationships of an insecure and partly illegal group- Brooklyn waterfront slum, with ties back to Italy, receiving unauthorized immigrants and hiding them within its own fierce loyalties. Eddie Carbone’s breakdown are sexual and the guilt which are deeply related to love. The personal breakdown leads to a sin against this community, when in the terrors of his complicated jealousies Eddie betrays immigrants of his wife’s brothers to the external law. As usual, the center of the drama is against relationship between parents and child, and in this play, the vital relationship is between a man and the niece to whom he has been a father. Eddie is shown being destroyed by farces that

  10 he cannot control, and the complex of love and guilt has the effect of literal disintegration (Williams, 1971: 274-275).

  In the book Literature, it is said that A View from the Bridge was originally a one act-play written in the genre of naturalism. In this play, the character was more realistically developed. Miller related the relationships of the neighborhood characters to a rigid code of ethics that influence Eddie’s actions and reactions.

  Eddie experiences great conflict between parental love and sexual attraction to his niece, Catherine, whom he adopted after his sister-in-law’s death. Eddie’s repression of this sexual attraction and his accusation of his cousin, Rodolpho’s homosexuality are evidence of the conflict. These emotions create a sense of alienation in Eddie that ultimately leads him to violence (Hogins, 1975:882-884).

  East Carolina University, School of Theatre and Dance wrote that A View e is a powerful drama of which the critics wrote by Walter Kerr,

  From the Bridg

  New York Herald Tribune; "A dramatic bonfire", John Chapman, New York Times; "Splendid, stunning theatre", London Times; "A play of imaginative power", New York Daily News; "Intensely, absorbing drama.” This play has become a modern classic. It features some of Miller's best works in his deeply observed characters, muscular writing, steamroller narrative and riveting climax.

  This play was gripping, stirring, steadily illuminated by the incandescence of a deeply-feeling playwright whose insights into human beings is always profound.

  (http://www.theatredance.ecu.edu/Productions/Bridge/View_from_the_Bridge.ht ml).

  11 There is also review by Frank Rich, who tells that A View from the Bridge is about the destruction of jealous Eddie wreaks on himself and his family once

  Catherine falls in love with Rodolpho. The star of the play, Eddie, is one of the Brooklyn longshoremen with a secret, unrecognized passion “that had moved into his body like stranger “. That passion is an incestuous, possessive love for his orphaned niece, Catherine. “Eddie’s reckless path of vengeance leads inexorably to catastrophic violence, but not before he has committed the cardinal sin against his close-knit community - informing to the immigration police” (http://partners.nytimes.com/books/00/11/12/specials/miller-bridge83.html).

  The original version of A View from the Bridge was revised into two acts. In this version, the verse became prose, the length was expanded to two acts, and the characters were allowed to speak more - thus becoming more human and more sympathetic. The later version goes into slightly more detail about how the network brings the illegal immigrant into the country (Hayman, 1970: 55-60).

  In this thesis, the writer tries to give more study on the character’s personality. The discussion will be focused on Eddie’s personality that changes as the effect of his forbidden love to his niece. Interesting point in this study is that the personality of a person could change since it is influenced and shaped by his environment and his experiences.

  12

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Characters and Characterization

  Character is defined as the description of a person who has certain type and quality. It can be good or bad. The authors will present their characters in their works. Based on their importance, characters are divided into two parts, major and minor characters. Major characters can be the center of the story. They are the most important characters in the story. Minor characters appear only once or twice in the story. Their roles are less important than the major one (Milligan, 1983:155). Upon the characters we can build expectations and desires to establish our values and to present convincing dramatization of human issues of the book.

  The book will essentially fail if the characters fail in their role (Henkle, 1977: 93).

  Each character has his or her or its own characteristics. Character in a literary work has his or her own personalities and physical appearances or characteristics that make him or her different from each other. Based on their psychological behavior, there are two kinds of characters namely flat and round characters. The flat characters are the characters that represent single characteristics, treat, idea or limited number of qualities. The flat characters are static and do not develop as fully as round characters. Round characters are complex in temperament and motivation. Round characters are dynamic and often appear as the center of the story. They represent number qualities or traits and complex multidimensional characters of significant intellectual and emotional depth that have the capacity to grow and changes (Forster, 1978: 73).

  13 Rohrberger and Woods stated that characterization is the process by which an author creates a character. Not only the physical appearance that the reader can imagine the character, but also through his or her behavior and thought (1971:20). While Barnet, Berman, and Bruto have opinion that characterization is defined by what the characters do, by what they say, by what other say about them and by the setting in which they move ( 1988:746). Based on these opinions above, can be concluded that characterization is the way of the author presents the character.

  M. J. Murphy in his Understanding Unseen (1972: 161-173), he mentions nine ways on how an author may describes the character’s personalities and traits to the reader. They are:

  a. Personal Description An author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes.

  b. Character as seen by another An author uses another character’s eyes and opinions to describe a character.

  c. Speech What a character says can give the reader an insight of another person’s characterization.

  d. Past life A person’s past life can shape his nature. We can find out the character’s past life by the author’s direct explanation, the character’s thoughts and conversation, and also by the minor character.

  14 e. Conversation of others

  The conversation of other people and the things they say about a character can be a clue to a person’s character.

  f. Reactions By allowing the readers to know how a person reacts to various situations and events, an author can also give a clue to a person’s characteristics.

  g. Direct Comment The author can describe or comment on a person’s characteristic directly.

  h. Thoughts The author can give his readers a direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. i. Mannerisms

  We can understand the character through the way in which he behaves and talks when he is with the other people.

2. Theory of Incest

  Incest is one of the forms of sexual disorder. In the book Abnormal

  Psychology

  , “incest is the sexual relationship between close relatives for whom marriage is forbidden, seems virtually universal in human societies” (1996: 341).

  Incest includes all forms of sexual contact. The most common form is between brother and sister. The next most common form, which is considered more pathological, is between father and daughter. It is more often the case to the father who becomes interested in his daughter when she begins to mature

  15 physically. The structure of families in which incest occurs is unusually patriarchal and traditional, especially with respect to the position of women relative to men. Furthermore, it is believed that incest is more prevalent when the mother is absent or disabled and there might be sexual frustration in the marriage.

  Most incest victims tend to be the older women. Some factors that put a child at risk for being subjected to the case of incest are having a stepfather, having a mother who did not graduate from high school, having a poor relationship with the mother, and having fewer than two close friends in childhood ( Neale and Davison,1996: 340-341).

  According to Coleman, there are some causal factors of incestuous behavior occurs in our life. The first factor is because of accidental incest. In this condition, brother and sister share the same bedroom during the preadolescent period. In some cases older brother seduce their younger sister without any apparent understanding of the social prohibitions or possible consequences. Second is incest associated with severe psychopathology. In the case of psychopathic fathers, the incestuous relations maybe associated with the lowering of inner control, such as alcoholics and psychotics. The third is incest associated with pedophilia. The father has an intense craving for young children as sex objects, including his own daughters. Fourth is incest associated with a faulty paternal model. The fathers set an undesirable example for his son by engaging in incestuous relations with his daughters and may encourage his son to do likewise.

  The last one is incest associated with family pathology and disturbed marital

  16 relations. The family has low morals or is disorganized. In some cases, hostile wife may actually foster father-daughter incest (1976:576-577).

3. Theory of Personality Changes

  In the play of A View from the Bridge, the personality of the central character, Eddie Carbone, is very interesting to be analyzed. The changes of his personality and emotion reflect a significant life phenomenon. Many theorists have their own perception and present them in various ways. So, theories of personality changes below will support the writer in understanding more deeply about one’s personality.

  In the book Personality Development, the author defines that personality development is a stage in growth of a constantly changing and evoking process within the individual. The process becomes more complex, in the patterning of one’s self-concept, habit, attitude, emotional states, sentiment, and motives.

  Furthermore, it determines his/her uniqueness in speech, in reactions to people and things, in mannerism, in fantasy, and in other ways directed toward the specific goal to adjust his/her environment (Hurlock, 1974: 7).

  Personality of human being is different from one to another. One’s personality can change by the time. Allport, as cited in Bryne and Kelley (1981:87), stated that “one’s personality is a dynamic process for it can change through one’s life”. The changes happen when there is a condition that leads to a new emotional, informal, or imaginative response. When an individual is faced to

  17 a new fact, there might be dramatic changes in one’s info-belief system, new expectancies, and perhaps new emotional responses as well as attitudes.

  One’s personality is unique. Each person has their own personality. Personality is a psychological pattern of single person consisting of characteristics thought, feeling and behavior. Personality is dynamic. It continually exists over time and situation. There will be different personality in different time and situation. Pattern of characteristics thought, feeling and behavior persist over time and situations and distinguishes over person from another (Phares, 1984:673). So, human’s personality is an important factor that determines his/ her characteristics, behavior, and thought.

  There are three characteristics of changes in personality that stated by Hurlock (1974:120-122). First, the changes are for better and worse. This personality reflects the life adjustment of the individuals are making at certain point. Generally, the worse changes happen at puberty times. The person will have different kinds of personality and this time is called as danger time.

  Sometimes, people forget their good personalities and change their new personalities that are not always better. The second personality is for quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative changes are for the replacement on the whole personality pattern. The quantitative will make the personality strengthen, weaken, or reinforced. A person who is shy, self-conscious, and self-effacing in social status, may be less so in the presence of intimate friends than in the presence of strangers or those whom he regards as his superiors, but his behavior is consistent. While qualitative changes are for the replacement on the part of the

  18 personality. An already present trait is replaced by another trait, usually an undesirable one to be a desirable one. The third changes are for the slow and rapid changes. The changes are regarded as slow if the changes are hardly seen, while rapid changes are clearly seen for all. Usually, personality changes happen slowly and gradually because it involving the replacement of new habit as the substitution for the old habit. The rapid changes are usually having close relationship with the brain damages and this change also considered as danger signal. It is caused by the stimulation which temporarily causes the person to forget his real self-concept and see himself as he would like to be.

  Hurlock stated that the changes do not occur by themselves; there are many conditions that may be responsible for personality changes. There are physical changes, changes in social pressure, changes in role, strong motivation, and changes in self-concept (1974:124).

  It is described that “physical changes may come from maturation and decline from illness, organic, and glandular disturbance, injuries or some other condition resulting from the person’s life pattern not unrelated to the normal changes in the body structure.” Social environment may produce changes in the person’s self-concept and in his personal behavior. A change in environment will not guarantee an improvement in personality. Moving to a new environment will not automatically improve our personality. The changes will depend largely on how well we are accepted in the new environment and whether it meets our needs or not (1974:125).

  19 There will be significant changes if a person has significant people in his life, who might effect personality. This personality will change within social pressure. Generally, people have a strong desire to be accepted by those who are significant to him; he tries to change any personality traits that he can be accepted.

  Strong social pressure to comfort to a socially approved personality pattern thus leads us to change in certain aspect of personality. Traits, which are likely to lead to social rejection such as aggressiveness, shyness, bossiness, and greed, are subjects to an increase in dominance rather than those which are usually admired, such as affection, cooperatives, and generosity (1974:126).

  Role changes result in status changes within the group. One’s role may change because of a change in age, a change in one’s role may come from changes in economic condition. A change in a role may also be due to affiliation with a new group (1974:127).

  The changes can be affected when the motivation to improve the personality is strong enough. Ordinarily, people are strongly motivated to change those traits which they believe will improve their social relationship and earn them social acceptance greater (1974: 127).

  A change in the self concept will lead to a change in the entire personality pattern, because self-concept is the core of personality pattern which determines the kind of adjustment the person will take. Changing one’s self-concept requires tremendous self-insight, which means that a person must be able to see himself as he actually is, not as he would like to be or other perceives him (1974:128).

  20

C. Theoretical Framework

  In this study, theories of character and characterization are needed since the central character takes an important role in this study. The theories of character and characterization are used to explore the characteristics of Eddie Carbone and his personality changes in the story. The analysis of the character in the story will be based on the theory of character that has been stated before. Murphy’s theory of characterization is also used as the most suitable method to give more understanding about the character.

  To answer the second problem, the writer needs theory of incest since the character to be discussed experienced incestuous love. His love gives big influence to the changes of his personality. The writer used theory of incest from Coleman, Neale, and Davison as the suitable theory.

  In answering the third problem, the writer needs both theories of personality and incest to find out the changes of the character’s personality as the effect of his incestuous love.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study

  is the work that is going to be used as the object of