THE CORREIATION BETWEEN STUDENTS' I.ANGUAGE ANXIETY AhID THEIR ACADEMIC ACHIE\TEMENTS IN THE SPEAIIING B CL\SS OF THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF WIDYA MANDAIA CATHOLIC UNI\TERSITY SURABAYA IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR aWO2WI
-.....-'--
THE CORREIATION BETWEEN
STUDENTS' I.ANGUAGE ANXIETY AhID
THEIR ACADEMIC ACHIE\TEMENTS
IN THE SPEAIIING B CL/\SSOF THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
OF WIDYA MANDAIA CATHOLIC UNI\TERSITY SURABAYA
IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR aWO/2WI
A THESIS
In Panial Fullillment of Thc Requirements
For the Seriana Pcndidikan Degree in
English t anguegc Teaching
l{rr !{AU{
UNIVERSITASKATOLIK WIDYA MANDALA SURABAYA
FAKULTASKEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
JURUSANPENDIDIKAN BAHASADAI{ SENI
PROGRAMSTUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASAINGGRIS
FEBRUARY,2004
APPROVAL SFIEET
(1)
This thesis entitled rFIE CORRELATION BETWEEN STUDENTS'
LANGUAGE ANXIETY AND THEIR ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS IN
SPEAKING B CLASS OF TtIE ENGLTSH DEPARTMENT OF WIDYA
MANDALA CATHOLIC UMVERSITY SURABAYA IN THE ACADEMIC
YEAR 2000/ 2001, preparedand submittedby yurius Kumiawan, has been
approvedand acceptedas prtial fulfillment of the requirementfor the sarjana
PendidikanDegreein Englishtanguage Teachingby the following advisors:
rt'i
lri
\,1, -)
---{-*'
Drs. V. Luluk Prijambodo,M.pd.
Advisor I
Advisor II
APPROVAL SFIEET
(2)
This thesis has beenexaminedby the Committee on Ora.lExamination
rvith a gradeof
on
\
,.
t
t,
.,\t rt
.,
|
/
tt
{
?
Dr. E WaeimanAdisutrisno.M.A.
Chairperson
Member
Approved by,
TeacherTraining Faculty
Motto
The futurebelongsto thosewho believein the beautyof
theirdreams.
- Eleanor Rooseyeff-
A shipdockedin a harboris safe,butthat is not purposefor
peopleto makeships.
- GraceHopper-
we cannotdo greatthings.we canonlydo smallthings
with
greatlove.
- MotherTeresa-
Experience
is a harshteacher.Hetestsfirstthenteaches.
-
VemonSaunderc
Rules-
Thereis nothingto be afraidof in life.All needsto be
understood.
- Maie Curie-
I hearthen I forget.
I seethen I hear.
I do then I understand.
- ChineseProverb-
Il
Foreword
First, the writer would like to thank God for His blessings so that tlre writer can
finish this thesis. The writer also would like to thank those who helped him in writing the
thesis, especially for bis family, his girr friend md his thesis advisors.
Writing a thesis is indeed not an easy task to accomplish. It takes more than just
the skills and ability. It takes the courage and persistency,faith and hope- Those are what
the writer has learned during his time in writing this thesis. Those are maybe one of the
essencesof r.nritinga thesis.
The thesis is about the correlation between students' language anxiety and theirs
academicachievement,in this case, SpeakingB classes.The writer hopes that this thesis
may contribute in establishing a more conducive teaching and leaming environment. The
writer also hopes that more researchesare conducted in this are4 since matry mysteries
are still unearth concerning the languageanxiety.
Finally, nothing is perfect in this world. This thesis also has weaknessesand
flaws' Therefore, the writer encouragesanyone interestedin the field of languagemxiety,
to conduct more researchesfor the sake ofbetter and thorough understanding about the
matter.
Surabaya,25 March2004
Thewriter
tv
Acknowledgments
The writer would like to expresshis gratitudefor thosewho havebeensupportinghim
in finishingthe rhesis.
l. He would like to expresshis gratitudeto God for His Divine providencethat
the writer can finish this thesis. without His blessings,the *riter found it
rmpossibleto finish his thesis.
2. The writer would also like to thank his family @apa,Mama and Andry) for
their constant reminding on finishing thii the;is. Their persistency in
reminding urgesthe writer to take stepsneededto finish the thesis.May God
blessthem all forever.
3 . The writer would like to thank his first advisoq Drs. v. Luluk prijambodo,
M.Pd. and his secondadvisor,Dn. HendraTedjasuksmanaM.Hum,-for being
very helpfirl in writing this thesisand being patient wrth the writer.-May God
shineuponthem.
4. The uzriterwould like to thank the Board of Examiner for giving him fruitfirl
inputsto improvethe thesis.May the graceof God be with them it,*yr.
5 . The writer would like to thank Djoko wirjawan, ph.D for his statistical
advices.May Godblesshim andhis family always.
6. The writer would like to thank all his lecturen in the faculty for giving him the
values of truth that he holds up until now (especialti, or. Veionica L.
Dptoadi, Dr. AbbasA. Badib, Drs. M.p. soetrisno,Dra- Agnes santi widiati,
M.Pd'' Dra- SusanaTeopilus, N{-pd.and Dra- soelasfii) May God bless and
keepyou in His Divine providence.
7. Ths writer would like to thank Guntur Bisowamo,s.Si., Apt- and Naftalia
Kusumawardhani,S.Psi, for willingty being his personal*e'ntor. May God
blessthis coupleandtheir children(putri andJolof forwer.
8. The uniter would like to thank Eky Sariningsih Suhermanfor lending her
computer for him to write some part of the thesis. May God bless her in
everythingshedoes.
9. The uniter would like to thank Melani for leirding her computer for him to
write somepart of the thesis.May the graceof God blessher always,
l0- The writer would like to thank att his friendsin the G4lass ,96. This class
taught him how it is like to leam in frm. May God bless them alway'
Especially for Bydiah, may God take you to His side, so that you can have
etemalhappiness.
ll.The writer would like to thank alt his friends in the English Departnent
Pastoral care. This organizationtaught him how to be persistentand never
losehope.l{ay God blessyou all.
12'The writer would like to thankall his friendsin the
StudentActiviry unit on
Spirituality(uKM-v) The writer canbe what he is today
thanksto ail of you.
May God shineuponyou always.
13.The writer would rike to thanh a[ his friends in the
uKM-I (sorry, cannot
figure out tle righl.tgrm
you). They were at his side au.irrg his bad
momentsandhelpedhim to{or
keepon moving.May God str;neuponfiu.
14.The writer would like to thank all his friends in the
ASEACCU student
Family. This organization gave him the chance of intemational
event
experiencesthat in tum bring him more confidence& priJ;.
M"y coa ut"r,
everyonethroughall of you.
15.The writer would like to thank his "rivars" in studentorganization
(we had a
pretty good fight at that time, right?), without them
ai wonderfui sparring
partnerfcr him, the writer cannotbe as what he is today.
Thanksa lot and may
God shineuponyou.
16.The writer would like to thank all his friends in Ubaya for their
encouragrng
cheersand laughterwhenhe wasteachingthere.May 6od br"r. you
all.
17.The writer would like to thank all his friends in pentatrust
Tax and Business
coruultant as well as those in cv rri suksesTrading for their
crazinessas
well as bunch of food and wonderfurtime together
Im
geGg
atter
tireyr
thanksto you all. Ha_haha.).
May God blessthemall.
18.The writer would like to thank his bosses;candrawijayaKartorahardjo
and his
wife Meylianni, Joyocolcrodiharyoand his wrfe shinta roi g"**,iry
grr"g
permissionfor the r,nriterto.go to canpus to finish this thesis
ou""ji"orHng
hours.lvlay God blessthem in all they do.
19.Thewriterwouldlike to sp€cially
thankBernardus
K. Danibaof,or
persistentry
remindinghim to finish thethesis-ffhanks
for beinga frienduth ii.Lr. ruruy
Godblessyoualwaysin all youdo.
20. The writer would like to thank his friends in Network rwenty one (especiaily
Ko Widi and Ce OeUb1.\lr. Singgihand Mrs. Carhrin C*u*unl.
ffr"y raught
the true priority of litb: God - Famrly - Study- Job- Businesf
as well as
fim
how to put them into
t'm
gratefrrr
for
being
ab;l;
.practice.
loin this
organization.May God bless
you all.
21. The writer would like to thank all his friends that cannotbe named
here (Hey,
thergare so many of you!). For hinr, eachpersonhe had ma has
contributeda
portion- of God's grace for him trtat made tiem speciar
*J *or* or
remembrance_
May God blessyou all.
22- Lasl but nol least,the writer would like to thank his grrl friend, tvfaria
Monica
Estiningdyah'along her family for being "the wind-beneathhis wings-,
she
taughthim themeaningof a soulmate.May God shineuponyou atways.
vt
Kurniawan,Yulius, 2a04, The(-.orrelationbetweenstudents'LangutgeAraiety
and Their Academic-Achievements
in the speakingB classiTtile rndiin
Departmen of l|ridya l{andala Catholic University Surabata in the
AcademicYear2000.t200l. Thesis.programstudi pendiaitannanasa aan
Seni. JurusanBahasa Inggris. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu pendidikan.
universitas Katolik widya Mandarasurabaya Advisor: Drs. v. Luruk
Prijambodo,M.Pd, Drs. HendraTedjasuksmana,
M.Hum.
ABSTRACT
Humanbeing is the most uniquecreatureon earth.Many mysteriescover
the speciesthat has beenruling over the earth for centuries.rhe iact that not a
single human being is the samewith another human being is arreadya great
mystery.However,they d9 havethe samequalitiesin termsof tendencyordoing
something.It is not really the same,but similar in nature.
This thesis intends to reveal one of the tendenciesin the way human
beingslearn-In learning somepeopleget anxiouswhile someothersdo .roq
though the subject matter is the same- in this casethe English language."u"n
This
makesthe writer wonden whstherthis is just a coincidence* ttr"t"l* a pa$em
causedby somefactors,
From the literaturesand previousstudies,the writer knows that it is likely
that the secondoption is closerto the truth. However,there went the next question
- how far this pattern, Ianguageanxiety, influences the
leamers in learning
English as foreign language.To find the answer,the writer conducteda research
to seehow far the connectionbetweenlanguageanxiety towards the learnersof
foreigr Ianguageis.
In this correlation study, the writer took the samplesfrom studentsof
SpeakingB classesof the English Departmentof the widya Mandala catholic
univenity in the academicyear of 2Cf,0/2001 as researchsubjects.This study
showedthat the correlationwasnegativeand non-significant.Negativecorrelafion
meansthat the higher languageanxies is, the lower the academicachievementis.
Non-significant meansthat the correlation is too weak to be consideredto be
accepfedas being happenedto the whole population. In short, the result ofthis
study is thgreis no sigrrificantcorrelationbetweenSpeakingB students'language
anxietyand their academicachievements.
The writer hopes that the findings in this thesis help foreigrr language
_
leamersto achievebefier in languageclasses.Besidestha! the writer aso [opes
that the findings will help foreign language teachersas well as edusa.tional
institutiorn asa referenceon guidingthe leamers.
vlt
Table of Contents
Approval Sheet I
Approval Sheet 2
Motto
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Abstract
Table of Contents
Chapter l
Introduction
l.l BackgroundoftheStudy
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
l.l0
1
5
5
Statement
of theProblem
TheObjectiveof the Study
The Significanceof the Study
TheHypothesis
TheAssumptions
Theoretical
Framework
TheScopeandLimitation
Definitionof Key Terms
TheOrganization
of the Study
6
6
1
8
Chapter II
Review on Related Literature
2.1 LanguageAnxiety as a Manifestation of Other More General Types of
Anxiety
2 . 2 LanguageAnxiety as a Dstincfive Form of Anxie8
z.J
The Foreigr Ianguage Class Anxiety Scale (FLCAS)
Chapter III ResearchMethod
3.1 Research
Design
3.2 TheVariables
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
l8
19
19
20
Populationand Sanple
The Data
The Procedureof Data Collection
The Procedureof Data Analvsis
ChapterlV
l0
12
t5
zl
22
Data Anatysisand Findings
4.1 Resrlts of Data Collection
4.2 DataCalculation
23
24
26
4.3 Dscussionon theFindines
vlu
Chapter V
Conclusion and Suggestion
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Suggestion
Bibliography
Appendices
1X
THE CORREIATION BETWEEN
STUDENTS' I.ANGUAGE ANXIETY AhID
THEIR ACADEMIC ACHIE\TEMENTS
IN THE SPEAIIING B CL/\SSOF THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
OF WIDYA MANDAIA CATHOLIC UNI\TERSITY SURABAYA
IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR aWO/2WI
A THESIS
In Panial Fullillment of Thc Requirements
For the Seriana Pcndidikan Degree in
English t anguegc Teaching
l{rr !{AU{
UNIVERSITASKATOLIK WIDYA MANDALA SURABAYA
FAKULTASKEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
JURUSANPENDIDIKAN BAHASADAI{ SENI
PROGRAMSTUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASAINGGRIS
FEBRUARY,2004
APPROVAL SFIEET
(1)
This thesis entitled rFIE CORRELATION BETWEEN STUDENTS'
LANGUAGE ANXIETY AND THEIR ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS IN
SPEAKING B CLASS OF TtIE ENGLTSH DEPARTMENT OF WIDYA
MANDALA CATHOLIC UMVERSITY SURABAYA IN THE ACADEMIC
YEAR 2000/ 2001, preparedand submittedby yurius Kumiawan, has been
approvedand acceptedas prtial fulfillment of the requirementfor the sarjana
PendidikanDegreein Englishtanguage Teachingby the following advisors:
rt'i
lri
\,1, -)
---{-*'
Drs. V. Luluk Prijambodo,M.pd.
Advisor I
Advisor II
APPROVAL SFIEET
(2)
This thesis has beenexaminedby the Committee on Ora.lExamination
rvith a gradeof
on
\
,.
t
t,
.,\t rt
.,
|
/
tt
{
?
Dr. E WaeimanAdisutrisno.M.A.
Chairperson
Member
Approved by,
TeacherTraining Faculty
Motto
The futurebelongsto thosewho believein the beautyof
theirdreams.
- Eleanor Rooseyeff-
A shipdockedin a harboris safe,butthat is not purposefor
peopleto makeships.
- GraceHopper-
we cannotdo greatthings.we canonlydo smallthings
with
greatlove.
- MotherTeresa-
Experience
is a harshteacher.Hetestsfirstthenteaches.
-
VemonSaunderc
Rules-
Thereis nothingto be afraidof in life.All needsto be
understood.
- Maie Curie-
I hearthen I forget.
I seethen I hear.
I do then I understand.
- ChineseProverb-
Il
Foreword
First, the writer would like to thank God for His blessings so that tlre writer can
finish this thesis. The writer also would like to thank those who helped him in writing the
thesis, especially for bis family, his girr friend md his thesis advisors.
Writing a thesis is indeed not an easy task to accomplish. It takes more than just
the skills and ability. It takes the courage and persistency,faith and hope- Those are what
the writer has learned during his time in writing this thesis. Those are maybe one of the
essencesof r.nritinga thesis.
The thesis is about the correlation between students' language anxiety and theirs
academicachievement,in this case, SpeakingB classes.The writer hopes that this thesis
may contribute in establishing a more conducive teaching and leaming environment. The
writer also hopes that more researchesare conducted in this are4 since matry mysteries
are still unearth concerning the languageanxiety.
Finally, nothing is perfect in this world. This thesis also has weaknessesand
flaws' Therefore, the writer encouragesanyone interestedin the field of languagemxiety,
to conduct more researchesfor the sake ofbetter and thorough understanding about the
matter.
Surabaya,25 March2004
Thewriter
tv
Acknowledgments
The writer would like to expresshis gratitudefor thosewho havebeensupportinghim
in finishingthe rhesis.
l. He would like to expresshis gratitudeto God for His Divine providencethat
the writer can finish this thesis. without His blessings,the *riter found it
rmpossibleto finish his thesis.
2. The writer would also like to thank his family @apa,Mama and Andry) for
their constant reminding on finishing thii the;is. Their persistency in
reminding urgesthe writer to take stepsneededto finish the thesis.May God
blessthem all forever.
3 . The writer would like to thank his first advisoq Drs. v. Luluk prijambodo,
M.Pd. and his secondadvisor,Dn. HendraTedjasuksmanaM.Hum,-for being
very helpfirl in writing this thesisand being patient wrth the writer.-May God
shineuponthem.
4. The uzriterwould like to thank the Board of Examiner for giving him fruitfirl
inputsto improvethe thesis.May the graceof God be with them it,*yr.
5 . The writer would like to thank Djoko wirjawan, ph.D for his statistical
advices.May Godblesshim andhis family always.
6. The writer would like to thank all his lecturen in the faculty for giving him the
values of truth that he holds up until now (especialti, or. Veionica L.
Dptoadi, Dr. AbbasA. Badib, Drs. M.p. soetrisno,Dra- Agnes santi widiati,
M.Pd'' Dra- SusanaTeopilus, N{-pd.and Dra- soelasfii) May God bless and
keepyou in His Divine providence.
7. Ths writer would like to thank Guntur Bisowamo,s.Si., Apt- and Naftalia
Kusumawardhani,S.Psi, for willingty being his personal*e'ntor. May God
blessthis coupleandtheir children(putri andJolof forwer.
8. The uniter would like to thank Eky Sariningsih Suhermanfor lending her
computer for him to write some part of the thesis. May God bless her in
everythingshedoes.
9. The uniter would like to thank Melani for leirding her computer for him to
write somepart of the thesis.May the graceof God blessher always,
l0- The writer would like to thank att his friendsin the G4lass ,96. This class
taught him how it is like to leam in frm. May God bless them alway'
Especially for Bydiah, may God take you to His side, so that you can have
etemalhappiness.
ll.The writer would like to thank alt his friends in the English Departnent
Pastoral care. This organizationtaught him how to be persistentand never
losehope.l{ay God blessyou all.
12'The writer would like to thankall his friendsin the
StudentActiviry unit on
Spirituality(uKM-v) The writer canbe what he is today
thanksto ail of you.
May God shineuponyou always.
13.The writer would rike to thanh a[ his friends in the
uKM-I (sorry, cannot
figure out tle righl.tgrm
you). They were at his side au.irrg his bad
momentsandhelpedhim to{or
keepon moving.May God str;neuponfiu.
14.The writer would like to thank all his friends in the
ASEACCU student
Family. This organization gave him the chance of intemational
event
experiencesthat in tum bring him more confidence& priJ;.
M"y coa ut"r,
everyonethroughall of you.
15.The writer would like to thank his "rivars" in studentorganization
(we had a
pretty good fight at that time, right?), without them
ai wonderfui sparring
partnerfcr him, the writer cannotbe as what he is today.
Thanksa lot and may
God shineuponyou.
16.The writer would like to thank all his friends in Ubaya for their
encouragrng
cheersand laughterwhenhe wasteachingthere.May 6od br"r. you
all.
17.The writer would like to thank all his friends in pentatrust
Tax and Business
coruultant as well as those in cv rri suksesTrading for their
crazinessas
well as bunch of food and wonderfurtime together
Im
geGg
atter
tireyr
thanksto you all. Ha_haha.).
May God blessthemall.
18.The writer would like to thank his bosses;candrawijayaKartorahardjo
and his
wife Meylianni, Joyocolcrodiharyoand his wrfe shinta roi g"**,iry
grr"g
permissionfor the r,nriterto.go to canpus to finish this thesis
ou""ji"orHng
hours.lvlay God blessthem in all they do.
19.Thewriterwouldlike to sp€cially
thankBernardus
K. Danibaof,or
persistentry
remindinghim to finish thethesis-ffhanks
for beinga frienduth ii.Lr. ruruy
Godblessyoualwaysin all youdo.
20. The writer would like to thank his friends in Network rwenty one (especiaily
Ko Widi and Ce OeUb1.\lr. Singgihand Mrs. Carhrin C*u*unl.
ffr"y raught
the true priority of litb: God - Famrly - Study- Job- Businesf
as well as
fim
how to put them into
t'm
gratefrrr
for
being
ab;l;
.practice.
loin this
organization.May God bless
you all.
21. The writer would like to thank all his friends that cannotbe named
here (Hey,
thergare so many of you!). For hinr, eachpersonhe had ma has
contributeda
portion- of God's grace for him trtat made tiem speciar
*J *or* or
remembrance_
May God blessyou all.
22- Lasl but nol least,the writer would like to thank his grrl friend, tvfaria
Monica
Estiningdyah'along her family for being "the wind-beneathhis wings-,
she
taughthim themeaningof a soulmate.May God shineuponyou atways.
vt
Kurniawan,Yulius, 2a04, The(-.orrelationbetweenstudents'LangutgeAraiety
and Their Academic-Achievements
in the speakingB classiTtile rndiin
Departmen of l|ridya l{andala Catholic University Surabata in the
AcademicYear2000.t200l. Thesis.programstudi pendiaitannanasa aan
Seni. JurusanBahasa Inggris. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu pendidikan.
universitas Katolik widya Mandarasurabaya Advisor: Drs. v. Luruk
Prijambodo,M.Pd, Drs. HendraTedjasuksmana,
M.Hum.
ABSTRACT
Humanbeing is the most uniquecreatureon earth.Many mysteriescover
the speciesthat has beenruling over the earth for centuries.rhe iact that not a
single human being is the samewith another human being is arreadya great
mystery.However,they d9 havethe samequalitiesin termsof tendencyordoing
something.It is not really the same,but similar in nature.
This thesis intends to reveal one of the tendenciesin the way human
beingslearn-In learning somepeopleget anxiouswhile someothersdo .roq
though the subject matter is the same- in this casethe English language."u"n
This
makesthe writer wonden whstherthis is just a coincidence* ttr"t"l* a pa$em
causedby somefactors,
From the literaturesand previousstudies,the writer knows that it is likely
that the secondoption is closerto the truth. However,there went the next question
- how far this pattern, Ianguageanxiety, influences the
leamers in learning
English as foreign language.To find the answer,the writer conducteda research
to seehow far the connectionbetweenlanguageanxiety towards the learnersof
foreigr Ianguageis.
In this correlation study, the writer took the samplesfrom studentsof
SpeakingB classesof the English Departmentof the widya Mandala catholic
univenity in the academicyear of 2Cf,0/2001 as researchsubjects.This study
showedthat the correlationwasnegativeand non-significant.Negativecorrelafion
meansthat the higher languageanxies is, the lower the academicachievementis.
Non-significant meansthat the correlation is too weak to be consideredto be
accepfedas being happenedto the whole population. In short, the result ofthis
study is thgreis no sigrrificantcorrelationbetweenSpeakingB students'language
anxietyand their academicachievements.
The writer hopes that the findings in this thesis help foreigrr language
_
leamersto achievebefier in languageclasses.Besidestha! the writer aso [opes
that the findings will help foreign language teachersas well as edusa.tional
institutiorn asa referenceon guidingthe leamers.
vlt
Table of Contents
Approval Sheet I
Approval Sheet 2
Motto
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Abstract
Table of Contents
Chapter l
Introduction
l.l BackgroundoftheStudy
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
l.l0
1
5
5
Statement
of theProblem
TheObjectiveof the Study
The Significanceof the Study
TheHypothesis
TheAssumptions
Theoretical
Framework
TheScopeandLimitation
Definitionof Key Terms
TheOrganization
of the Study
6
6
1
8
Chapter II
Review on Related Literature
2.1 LanguageAnxiety as a Manifestation of Other More General Types of
Anxiety
2 . 2 LanguageAnxiety as a Dstincfive Form of Anxie8
z.J
The Foreigr Ianguage Class Anxiety Scale (FLCAS)
Chapter III ResearchMethod
3.1 Research
Design
3.2 TheVariables
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
l8
19
19
20
Populationand Sanple
The Data
The Procedureof Data Collection
The Procedureof Data Analvsis
ChapterlV
l0
12
t5
zl
22
Data Anatysisand Findings
4.1 Resrlts of Data Collection
4.2 DataCalculation
23
24
26
4.3 Dscussionon theFindines
vlu
Chapter V
Conclusion and Suggestion
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Suggestion
Bibliography
Appendices
1X