Analysis of The Rise of Conflicts Due To The Non-Observance of Gricean Maxims in 'Desperate Housewives' TV Series, Season 2 Episodes 1-24.

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iii

Maranatha Christian University

ABSTRACT

Dalam skripsi ini saya menganalisis konflik dari sebuah film seri drama yang berjudul Desperate Housewives. Konflik tersebut terjadi karena adanya pelanggaran oleh penutur terhadap bidal.

Dalam skripsi ini, saya menggunakan teori H.P. Grice. Di dalam teori Grice disebutkan bahwa agar penutur dapat menyampaikan pesan dengan baik dan lancar kepada peserta tutur, komunikasi yang terjadi perlu mempertimbangkan Prinsip Kerja Sama Grice yang mencakup empat bidal yaitu bidal kuantitas, kualitas, relevansi, dan pelaksanaan.

Setelah saya menganalisis bidal berdasarkan teori Grice, saya menemukan tokoh-tokoh utama di dalam film ini yaitu Bree, Susan, Lynette, Gabrielle, dan Edie acapkali melanggar bidal tertentu ketika berbicara satu dengan yang lain, sehingga pada akhirnya terjadi konflik. Mereka melanggar bidal tertentu karena mereka mempunyai implikatur yang seharusnya disadari oleh lawan bicara mereka.

Salah satu temuan saya adalah konflik yang paling sering terjadi dalam

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Maranatha Christian University

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… i

ABSTRACT ………... iii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ……… 1.1 Background of the Study ………..………. 1.2 Statement of the Problem ………..……… 1.3 Purpose of the Study ………..………...…. 1.4 Methods of Research ………...………...…... 1.5 Organization of the Thesis ………...

1 1 4 4 4 4 CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ………

2.1 Conventional Implicature ………...……

2.2 Conversational Implicature ………...…….. 2.3 Gricean Maxim ………...……… 2.3.1 Maxim of Quantity ……….…..…

2.3.2 Maxim of Quality ………...…..

2.3.3 Maxim of Relation ………...………

2.3.4 Maxim of Manner ………...……….

2.4 Types of Non-Observance ………...………...

2.4.1 Flouting a Maxim ………...…..

2.4.1.1 Flouting the Maxim of Quantity ………..…....……. 2.4.1.2 Flouting the Maxim of Quality ………...……...

2.4.1.3 Flouting the Maxim of Relation ………....…

2.4.1.4 Flouting the Maxim of Manner ………...… 2.4.2 Violating a Maxim ………..……. 2.4.3 Infringing a Maxim ………..………....

2.4.4 Opting Out of a Maxim ………..……..

2.4.5 Suspending a Maxim ………...………. 2.5 Conflict ………...………...

6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 CHAPTER THREE: ANALYSIS OF THE RISE OF CONFLICTS DUE TO THE NON-OBSERVANCE OF GRICEAN MAXIMS IN DESPERATE HOUSEWIVES TV SERIES SEASON 2 EPISODES 1-24

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CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION ……….. 47

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……… 52 APPENDIX ………... 53

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APPENDIX

No. Utterances

Type of Non-Observance

Type of Maxim SCENE 1:

1. Edie : What the hell is this? Karl : Edie, baby, calm down.

Edie : “Let’s be honest with ourselves, Edie. We haven’t been happy in a long time?” Who are you to tell me I haven’t been happy, you miserable son of a bitch? I have been ecstatic!

Karl : Okay. I-I’m the one who hasn’t been happy, then.

Edie : Then why did you propose to me? Karl : I don’t know. (1)

Edie : I have told every woman in this town that we are getting married, and all you have to say to me

Flouting the maxim

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54 is, “I don’t know”?

Karl : Oh, what else do you want me to say? I’m sorry.

Edie : What’s going on? Is there someone else? Oh, my God. SCENE 2:

2. Bree : Thanks, Betty, and, um… I’d appreciate it if you could keep this little incident to yourself. Betty : I won’t say a word. I swear. Bree : Well, that’s good to hear, because

most people on this street couldn’t keep a secret if their lives depended on it.

Betty : Well, Bree, even if everyone does find out, it’s no big deal. I mean, lots of people have D.U.I.’s. Bree : Yes, but the difference is most

of those people were actually drunk when they were arrested. I was not.

Betty : Well, of course. (2)

Bree : You know, you sound like you don’t believe me.

Flouting the maxim

Quantity and Quality

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55 Betty : Well, um, it’s just… I know

you’ve gone through a lot lately… the death of your husband, problems with your son. It would only be natural if you did self-medicate. (3)

Bree : I’m sorry, but since when do you know so much about my personal life?

Betty : Bree, it’s like you said, people on this street are not great at keeping secrets. (4)

Bree : Except for you. You’re really good at it. (5)

Betty : I beg your pardon?

Bree : Well, you moved into your house in the middle of the night. God knows what you moved in that you didn’t want anybody to see. People hear sounds coming at all hours from there. And, oh, what was the last one? Oh, right, they found a dead body in front of your home.

Flouting the maxim Flouting the maxim Flouting the maxim Flouting the maxim Quantity and Manner Quantity and Manner Quality Quantity and Manner

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56 Everybody talks about the Applewhites, but nobody can figure out exactly what you people are hiding. So, congratulations. Your secrets

are safe… for now. (6)

SCENE 3:

3. Lynette : Hey, Nina.

Nina : Mm-hmm?

Lynette : Uh, about tomorrow

morning… (7)

Nina : Mm-hmm?

Lynette : You know how the first hour of the morning meeting is always so slow? ‘Cause I’ve got

this thing… (8)

Nina : Good God, this is not about your kids again, is it?

Lynette : I know, I promised I wouldn’t do this, but Parker really needs me to be there on his first

Flouting the maxim

Quantity

Manner

Quantity and Manner

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57 day of kindergarten. He’s so freaked out I

can’t be there. (9)

Nina : I’m sorry. How is this my problem? (10)

Lynette : Because we can’t escape the fact that I have kids. I love my job, but to be fair there’s gotta be some balance.

Nina : Okay, how about the people that don’t have the kids? Did you ever consider that might need a little more balance in their lives, hmm? Like maybe they want to go see a matinee or perhaps they want to come in a little late after a big crazy night out or maybe they just want to get a hair cut, which I, myself, have not been able to do

Flouting the maxim

Manner

Quantity and Manner

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58 for two months. So, no, this is about fairness to the people who are childless by choice, okay? (11)

Lynette : Okay. Good point. And I’m sorry about your hair. I can see why

you’re upset. (12)

Flouting the maxim

Quality

SCENE 4:

4. Andrew : You know, you don’t have to hide it from me.

Bree : Hmm?

Andrew : Drinking? It doesn’t bother me.

Bree : Oh, I wasn’t hiding anything. I was simply… enjoying the day. What do you want? (13)

Andrew : Well, um, Mason was my ride to school. And his dad’s moving them to

Tucson, so… (14)

Bree : Oh, well, if you need a

Violating the maxim

Flouting the maxim

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59 ride to school, I’m happy to drive you.

Andrew : No, that’s not what I want. I want a car.

Bree : Well, then I suggest you get a job.

Andrew : Why should I go work my ass off at some fast food place when I can already afford what I want? (15)

Bree : Andrew, we’re not touching your trust fund. Andrew : It’s my money.

Bree : Not until you’re 21. And if I had my way, you wouldn’t get your hands on it until you’re 50. I mean, we both know you’re gonna waste every penny of it. (16) Andrew : Why are you being like

this?

Bree : Because, sweetheart, it is

Flouting the maxim

Quantity and Manner

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60 my job to teach you about responsibility,

setting goals, delayed gratification.

Andrew : What do you know about delayed gratification? It’s not even noon yet, and you’re already on your third glass of wine. (17)

Bree : You know, on second thought, I won’t be driving you to school. The walk will do you good. (18)

Andrew : Mom, I’m not kidding around. I want my money. Bree : The answer is no.

Andrew : Well, aren’t we a mean old drunk? (19)

Flouting the maxim

Quantity and Manner

Relation

SCENE 5:

5. Leila : Excuse me! Are you Bree Van De Kamp?

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61 Leila : My name is Leila Mitzman. I hope

I'm not interrupting? Bree : Can I help you?

Leila : This may sound odd, but I felt I should see you. I read in the paper that you're engaged to George Williams.

Bree : Oh, well, that announcement was a bit premature.

Leila : But you and George are involved? In a romantic relationship?

Bree : Yes.

Leila : Then we need to talk.

Leila : We'd been dating for 6 months when he asked to marry him. From the moment I said yes, George got so possessive. And when he found out my ex lived just down the street, George accused me of seeing him behind his back. And then one night, I got a call from the police. Someone had set my ex's car on fire. I could never prove anything,

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62 but I knew it was George. I left him the next day.

Bree : Well. I don't know what to say. (20)

Leila : I know it's upsetting.

Bree : Yes, it is. To have a complete stranger come into my home, drink my tea and then try to turn me against one of the sweetest men I have ever known. (21) Leila : Honey, you got to trust me.

George is a wack job, and you should get while the getting's good.

Bree : I think it's time for you to leave. Leila : One time, I was talking to a guy

at the bar, and when we got home, George slapped me. What do you say to that? (22)

Bree : I say, given your overall demeanor and your free-wheeling used-up epithets, I'm willing to bet that he was provoked. (23) Flouting the maxim Flouting the maxim Flouting the maxim Flouting the maxim Quality Quantity, Relation and Manner Relation Quantity and Manner

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63 Leila : When I read you were engaged to

George, I felt it was my duty to let you know he's crazy. But now that I've met you, I can see it's a match made in heaven!

SCENE 6:

6. Bree : An autopsy? Detective, Rex died of a heart attack. Detective Joe : Well, there were some

anomalies in the doctor’s report.

Bree : Anomalies? What anomalies?

Detective Joe : Ma’am, I’m afraid I’m not at liberty to discuss this any further with you. (24)

Bree : Am I a suspect? Detective Joe : I didn’t say that. (25) Bree : Well, if I am, you’re

wasting your time. I loved Rex and anyone who knows me will tell you that I was incapable

Opting out of a maxim

Flouting the maxim Flouting the

maxim

Manner

Quantity and Manner

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64 of hurting him. (26) Detective Joe : Are you sure about that? Bree : You talked to Phyllis? Detective Joe : Again, I can’t discuss

the case. (27)

Bree : She’s my mother-in-law. Of course she said horrible things about me. (28)

Detective Joe : Ma’am, lower your voice. Bree : She blamed me for

every problem that Rex and I ever had. (29) Detective Joe : So there were problems

with the marriage? Bree : Well, it was a marriage.

Of course there were problems. (30)

Detective Joe : May I record this just so there’s no confusion over your statement?

Bree : No, you may not record this.

Detective Joe : So, you refuse to make a

Opting out of a maxim

Flouting the maxim

Quantity and Manner

Manner

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65 statement?

Bree : I’m not refusing anything. All I’m saying is stay away from Phyllis. She’s

a—she’s a raving loon.

Detective Joe : Ma’am, perhaps you’d be more comfortable with an attorney present. (31)

Bree : You want a statement? Fine, I’ll give you a statement. (Start

recording) My husband

died of a heart attack. I loved him very deeply, and your mother did a lousy job.

Flouting the maxim

Relation

SCENE 7:

7. Lynette : Hi. You, um, you recovered from all of yesterday’s excitement?

Bree : Oh, truthfully, I haven’t been able to get my mind off it. What a scare, huh?

(17)

66 Lynette : Yeah, although I still can’t

figure out how my boys managed to sneak past you. (32)

Bree : Well, you know how boys are at that age. They’re escape artists. (33)

Lynette : Like lightning. It’s just, Penny…

Bree : Penny?

Lynette : Well, I mean, I just don’t understand how Porter and Preston managed to wrangle her into the stroller and then make it out your front door without you even noticing. I guess if you’d fallen asleep…it

could’ve happened like that, I

-I guess. (34)

Bree : You know, I think, um, I must have been cleaning the kitchen, and I… I just didn’t hear them because of the noise from the dishwasher.

Flouting the maxim

Violating the maxim

Manner

Quantity and Manner

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67 (35)

Lynette : Look, I apologize in advance for how this is going to sound, but I have to ask it. It’s just gonna eat away at me. Were you drinking while baby-sitting my kids?

Bree : No! Oh…you know, I may have had just the tiniest little bit of Chardonnay. (36)

Lynette : Oh, gosh, you got drunk, and you passed out.

Bree : Lynette, if I close my eyes even for a moment, it’s

because of these

antihistamines I’ve been

taking. (37)

Lynette : Really? Is that why you passed out on your front lawn yesterday morning? Bree : Now that you’re speaking to

me in a fairly accusatory tone, may I remind you that I was doing you a favor? (38)

Violating the maxim

Flouting the maxim

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68 Lynette : You put my kids in danger,

and then you lied about it. Do you not get how big that is? Do you have some kind of problem with alcohol?

Bree : No! The only problem I have is with your children. They’re incorrigible because you let them run amok. And if I hadn’t drifted off, they would have waited until I was in the bathroom or stuck on the phone or upstairs doing laundry. (39)

Lynette : On any given day, how many glasses of wine do you put away? (40)

Bree : I will not be spoken to like that. I just won’t.

Flouting the maxim

Quantity and Manner

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1 Maranatha Christian University

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

As social beings, we are required to interact with other people. Language is essential for interactions. Language is a form of communication that humans use (Crane, Edward, and Randal 10). Language is used for doing many things. We use it in everyday conversation for instructing, debating, informing, persuading, etc. (Clark 3).

Language is related to communication. Both of them play important roles in our life. Communication is a process of transmitting information from the sender who has a source before fulfilling his/her goal to the receiver (Crane, Edward, and Randal 3). One of the manifestations of communication is through conversation. In conversation, there must be at least a speaker, a hearer, and (an) utterance(s) which can be understood by the hearer. Frequently, the utterances that we produce contain words with meanings different from those we want to deliver. In other words, we can say that the utterances the speaker says to the hearer may

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2 Maranatha Christian University contain an implicature which sometimes the hearer is not aware of. Implicature is “additional meaning or different meaning. . .” (Thomas 57).

In that case, we speak without observing the maxims. Maxims are a kind of rules of speaking (Thomas 64). Failure to observe the maxims when engaging in a conversation may lead us to produce utterances which contain more or less information, opposite meaning, irrelevant to the topic, and ambiguous meaning which is categorized as the non-observance of maxims. This will create two effects such as conflict and comedy.

I choose “Analysis of the Rise of Conflicts due to the Non-Observance of Gricean Maxims in Desperate Housewives TV Series, Season 2 Episodes 1-24” as the topic of my thesis. This topic is significant to analyze because the readers will be aware of the fact that in our daily conversation people are inclined to say something different from what they mean and it creates implicature in their utterances which leads to (a) conflict(s) if the implicature is not clearly understood by the hearer.

There are different genres of TV series, such as drama, action, mystery and comedy. Desperate Housewives is a comedy-drama TV series. This movie tells about the daily lives of a group of women, their family and their neighbor. In this thesis, I would like to analyze only the conversation done by the group of women who become the central characters in this film. They are Bree, Susan, Lynette, Gabrielle and Edie (SABC). I find the characters often fail to observe the maxims and consequently produce implicature or another interpretation which the hearer should have realized and understood. In fact, the hearer does not understand what the speaker means/intends to say; as a result, the emergence of the situation leads

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3 Maranatha Christian University to many conflicts with either their family or their neighbor. For example, one of the central characters is Bree, a perfectionist wife and mother. Her perfectionism and persistence often become the source of a conflict when she says implicitly either to her family or her neighbor (Channel 4). Therefore, she often fails to observe a certain maxim for the sake of maintaining her image in front of them. That is the reason why I choose this particular TV series as my source of data. The linguistic area of my thesis is Pragmatics. “Pragmatics is the study of

speaker meaning… of how more gets communicated than is said…” (Yule 3). I

will use one specific theory in Pragmatics, namely the Gricean maxims. By using Gricean maxims, I will be able to find out what makes the TV series contain many conflicts.

According to H.P. Grice, there are two kinds of implicature, namely conventional implicature and conversational implicature (Thomas 57). To understand the conversational implicature, Grice introduces the cooperative principle. The cooperative principle will be formed if all maxims are observed. The maxims are called Gricean Maxims which consist of maxim of quantity, quality, relation, and manner. Grice is aware of the fact that very often people fail to observe the maxims. Therefore, Grice points out five ways of people’s failure to observe the maxims. They are flouting a maxim, violating a maxim, infringing a maxim, opting out of a maxim and suspending a maxim (Thomas 64-71). In this thesis, I also use Wandberg’s theory of conflict from his Conflict Resolution, so

that I can explain the conflicts better.

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4 Maranatha Christian University 1.2Statement of the Problem

In this thesis, I would like to analyze the following problems:

1. What types of non-observance of the Gricean maxims are found in Desperate

Housewives?

2. What implicature is generated?

3. How does non-observance of the Gricean maxims give rise to conflict(s)?

1.3Purpose of the Study

1. To know the types of non-observance of the Gricean maxims found in

Desperate Housewives.

2. To know the generated implicature.

3. To know how the non-observance of the Gricean maxims gives rise to conflict(s).

1.4Methods of Research

In analyzing my topic, I watched Desperate Housewives TV series and selected the data which consist of the non-observance of the conversational maxims. Moreover, I searched for the theory from some textbooks and online information related to my topic. After that, I analyzed the maxims in Desperate

Housewives TV series. Finally, I wrote my thesis.

1.5Organization of the Thesis

This thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter is Introduction, which consists of Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem, Purpose of the

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5 Maranatha Christian University Study, Methods of Research and Organization of the Thesis. Chapter Two is Theoretical Framework, which is used to analyze the data. Chapter Three is Analysis of the Rise of Conflicts due to the Non-Observance of Gricean Maxims in Desperate Housewives TV Series, Season 2 Episodes 1-24. Chapter Four is Conclusion. This thesis ends with Bibliography and Appendix.

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47 Maranatha Christian University

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, I would like to draw some concluding points based on my discussion in the previous chapter. Having analyzed the data, I find a number of types of non-observance of Gricean maxims which lead to external conflicts in

Desperate Housewives TV series. I have collected forty data for my thesis. From

those data, I find eighteen data that flout the maxim of quantity, five the maxim of quality, six the maxim of relation, twenty-one the maxim of manner, four violating the maxim, and two opting out of the maxim.

From the data I have analyzed, the mostly flouted maxim is the maxim of manner. In my opinion, the reason why the speakers say implicitly by giving long-winded responses or not being straight to the points is because the characters are a group of housewives who have different characteristics as well as lifestyles; as a result, they definitely have different ways of thinking about issues or events occur in their lives. Besides, it is because the characters are mostly women that tend to convey their thought.

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48 Maranatha Christian University In the data, infringing the maxim is not found because there is no child or foreign learner who is not sufficiently expert in speaking clearly due to the lack of language ability; what is more, there is no speaker who is nervous, drunk or excited that leads to conflicts.

Except for infringing the maxim, suspending the maxim is not found in the data because Desperate Housewives TV series does not show any culture or occasion which prohibits the members to mention something taboo in a certain community.

Flouting the maxim of quantity is found on certain occasions. It can be inferred that disagreement about something done by the hearer leads the speaker to flout the maxim of quantity. Besides, avoidance of making the hearer get angry leads the speaker to flout the maxim of quantity. Avoidance of being criticized is the third occasion that makes a person flout the maxim of quantity. One of the examples is the fact that Bree is portrayed as a perfectionist. It leads her to flout the maxim of quantity because she does not want her family and neighbor to criticize her. The speaker’s wish to be understood and tolerated by the hearer can also lead the speaker to flout the maxim of quantity. Wishing the hearer to fulfill what the speaker needs makes the speaker flout the maxim of quantity. Refusal of someone’s opinion or statement also leads a person to flout the maxim of quantity. Furthermore, asking the hearer to reveal the truth is also the occasion which makes someone flout the maxim of quantity. Avoidance of being cornered is the last occasion that leads someone to flout the maxim of quantity. Thus, there are various motives which lead the speaker to flout the maxim of quantity and generate implicature.

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49 Maranatha Christian University Flouting the maxim of quality is found in certain situations. Speaker’s making mistakes is the first situation that leads the speaker to flout the maxim of quality. It is because the speaker does not want the hearer to know about his/her fault. Disapproval of something done by the hearer also makes a person flout the maxim of quality. Furthermore, the speaker’s wish to criticize the hearer leads the speaker to flout the maxim of quality. It is because the speaker wants the hearer to be aware of what he/she should do. Hence, there are various situations that lead the speaker to flout the maxim of quality and generate implicature.

Flouting the maxim of relation is found on certain occasions. Refusal of giving and following something that the hearer asks and wants is the first occasion that makes the speaker flout the maxim of quality. Disagreement about something done by the hearer leads the speaker to flout the maxim of relation as well. It is because someone wants the hearer to realize that what the hearer has done is wrong. Refusal of someone’s judgment, opinion or statement is the last occasion that leads a person to flout the maxim of relation. Thus, there are many occasions that make the speaker flout the maxim of relation and produce implicature.

Flouting the maxim of manner is found in certain situations. Having the intention of criticizing others is the first situation that makes someone flout the maxim of manner. Besides, avoidance of making the hearer angry leads the speaker to flout the maxim of manner. What is more, avoidance of being criticized leads a person to flout the maxim of manner. On top of that, making the hearer feel what the speaker feels by being sympathetic or considerate makes the speaker flout the maxim of manner. Wishing the hearer to fulfill what the speaker needs is the next situation that leads the speaker to flout the maxim of manner. One of the

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50 Maranatha Christian University examples is the fact that Lynette is not straight to the point when she needs time for her family. Refusal of the hearer’s opinion, statement or judgment also makes the speaker flout the maxim of manner. Expecting the hearer to tell the truth is the last situation that makes the speaker flout the maxim of manner. Thus, there are various situations that lead someone to be likely to flout the maxim of manner and generate implicature.

Violating the maxim is found on certain occasion. Being afraid of admitting a mistake leads a person to violate the maxim. It is because he/she wants to keep her own image in front of people.

Opting out of a maxim is found on certain occasion. Refusal of giving the required information to the hearer is the occasion that makes the speaker opt out of a maxim. It is because the speaker has to fulfill ethical obligation.

In relation to conflicts, it can be concluded that conflicts emerging from non-observance of Gricean Maxims are concerned with asking the hearer to reveal the truth, being afraid of admitting mistakes, disagreements about something done by the hearer, avoidance of making the hearer angry, avoidance of being criticized and cornered, refusal of someone’s opinion, refusal of giving and following something that the hearer asks and wants, wishing to criticize the hearer, and wishing the hearer to fulfill speaker’s needs.

To end my conclusion, I hope this thesis may be beneficial for everyone to sharpen their awareness of using the maxims so as to avoid conflicts. For those who have the same topic, I suggest that they choose a serial film that has many seasons to be their data so that they will have ample of data. In my opinion, it is

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51 Maranatha Christian University better for them to choose a drama film because it is very suitable for analyzing the conflict.

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52 Maranatha Christian University

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Text

Desperate Housewives. Dir. John David Coles, Fred Gerber, and David

Grossman. ABC, 2004. DVD.

Printed and Online References

Channel 4. Channel 4, 2012. Web. 10 May 2012.

Clark, Herbert H. Using Language. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Print.

Crane L. Ben, Edward Yeager, and Randal L. Whitman. An Introduction to

Linguistics. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown & Company Limited, 1981.

Print.

SABC. SABC, 2011. Web. 10 May 2012.

Thomas, Jenny. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London and New York: Longman Group Limited, 1995. Print.

Wandberg, Robert. Conflict Resolution. USA: Capstone Press, 2001. Print. Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Group, 1996. Print.

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47 Maranatha Christian University

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

Desperate Housewives TV series. I have collected forty data for my thesis. From

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Violating the maxim is found on certain occasion. Being afraid of admitting a mistake leads a person to violate the maxim. It is because he/she wants to keep her own image in front of people.

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51 Maranatha Christian University better for them to choose a drama film because it is very suitable for analyzing the conflict.

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52 Maranatha Christian University

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Text

Desperate Housewives. Dir. John David Coles, Fred Gerber, and David

Grossman. ABC, 2004. DVD.

Printed and Online References

Channel 4. Channel 4, 2012. Web. 10 May 2012.

Clark, Herbert H. Using Language. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Print.

Crane L. Ben, Edward Yeager, and Randal L. Whitman. An Introduction to

Linguistics. Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown & Company Limited, 1981.

Print.

SABC. SABC, 2011. Web. 10 May 2012.

Thomas, Jenny. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London and New York: Longman Group Limited, 1995. Print.

Wandberg, Robert. Conflict Resolution. USA: Capstone Press, 2001. Print. Yule, George. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Group, 1996. Print.

Analysis of The Rise of Conflicts Due To The Non-Observance of Gricean Maxims in 'Desperate Housewives' TV Series, Season 2 Episodes 1-24.

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPENDIX

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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The Occurrence of Conflicts Due To The Non-Observance of Gricean Conversational Maxims in The TV Series '24' Seasons 1 and 2.

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Analysis of The Rise of Conflicts Due To The Non-Observance of Gricean Maxims in 'Desperate Housewives' TV Series, Season 2 Episodes 1-24.

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPENDIX

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Parts

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