Pengaruh sudut nozzle terhadap permanent pressure drop dan discharge coefficient pada nozzle flowmeter.
3(1*$58+68'8712==/(7(5+$'$33(50$1(1735(6685(
'523'$1',6&+$5*(&2()),&,(17
3$'$12==/()/2:0(7(5
7+(())(&72)12==/((175$1&($1*/(217+(
3(50$1(1735(6685('523$1'',6&+$5*(&2()),&,(17
2)$12==/()/2:0(7(5
$LQXO*KXUUL
GDQ63**XQDZDQ7LVWD
-XUXVDQ7HNQLN0HVLQ)DNXOWDV7HNQLN8QLYHUVLWDV8GD\DQD
(PDLODJKXUUL#JPDLOFRP
$%675$.
1R]]OHIORZPHWHUPHUXSDNDQVDODKVDWXDODWXNXUDOLUDQEHUEDVLVSHUEHGDDQWHNDQDQ\DQJ
EDQ\DN GLJXQDNDQ GDODP GXQLD LQGXVWUL GLPDQD DOLUDQ GLKLWXQJ GLGDVDUNDQ SDGD SHUVDPDDQ
%HUQRXOOLGHQJDQPHQJKLWXQJSUHVVXUHGURS \DQJWHUMDGLSDGDDOLUDQ \DQJPHOHZDWLVHEXDK
SHQJKDODQJ EHUEHQWXN QR]]OH \DQJ GLSDVDQJ GDODP DOLUDQ WHUVHEXW 3HQJXMLDQ QR]]OH IORZ
PHWHUWHODKGLODNXNDQGHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQSODWQR]]OHGHQJDQUDVLRGLDPHWHUȕ \DQJ
PHPLOLNLNHWHEDODQPPGDQVXGXWNHPLULQJDQQR]]OHĮVHEHVDUÛÛÛÛGDQÛ
3HQJXMLDQ GLODNXNDQ SDGD ODMX DOLU YROXPHWULV VG /PHQLW HNLYDOHQ GHQJDQ ELODQJDQ
5H\QROGV5HVG3RVLVLSUHVVXUHWDSXQWXNQR]]OHIORZPHWHU\DQJGLXMLGLSLOLK
LQFKGLKXOXDOLUDQSODWQR]]OHGDQLQFKGLKLOLUDOLUDQSODWQR]]OHVHVXDLKDVLOSHQJXMLDQ
DZDO\DQJPHQJKDVLONDQNDSDVLWDVDOLUDQWHRULWLV\DQJSDOLQJPHQGHNDWLQLODLDNWXDOQ\D+DVLO
SHQJXMLDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD VXGXW QR]]OH WLGDN EHUSHQJDUXK VLJQLILNDQ WHUKDGDS
SHUPDQHQW SUHVVXUH GURS DOLUDQ PHOLQWDVL SODW QR]]OH QDPXQ NHFHQGHUXQJDQQ\D DGDODK
VHPDNLQ PHQXUXQ MLND VXGXW QR]]OH VHPDNLQ EHVDU 3HUPDQHQW SUHVVXUH GURS \DQJ WHUMDGL
EHUNLVDUDQWDUDSDGDVXGXWQR]]OHRGDQ\DQJWHUWLQJJLSDGDVXGXWR6XGXW
QR]]OH \DQJ OHELK EHVDU EHUGDPSDN DOLUDQ EHUJHUDN OHELK NRQYHUJHQ PHQXMX YHQD FRQWUDFWD
GDQ PHPLQLPDOLVLU NHKLODQJDQ HQHUJL SDGD SURVHV NRQYHUVL GDUL HQHUJL WHNDQDQ PHQMDGL
HQHUJL NLQHWLN DOLUDQ 1LODL GLVFKDUJH FRHIILFLHQW &G \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ VHOXUXK SHQJXMLDQ
EHUNLVDU DQWDUD VG GLPDQD DQJND LQL WLGDN MDXK EHUEHGD GHQJDQ \DQJ GLWXQMXNNDQ
GDODPEHEHUDSDOLWHUDWXUGDQSXEOLNDVL1LODL&G\DQJSDOLQJPHQGHNDWLOLWHUDWXUEHUGDVDU5H
\DQJGLXMLDGDODKXQWXNVXGXWQR]]OHR
$%675$&7
1R]]OHIORZPHWHULVDGLIIHUHQWLDOSUHVVXUHIORZPHDVXUHPHQWGHYLFHWKDWKDVZLGHO\XVH
LQ LQGXVWULDO DSSOLFDWLRQ 7KH IORZ LV PHDVXUHG E\ FDOFXODWLQJ WKH SUHVVXUH GURS DFURVV WKH
QR]]OH EDVHG RQ %HUQRXOOL
V HTXDWLRQ 7KH H[SHULPHQWDO VWXG\ RI QR]]OH IORZ PHWHU LV
FRQGXFWHGXVLQJQR]]OHZLWKGLDPHWHUUDWLRE QR]]OHZLGWKPPDQGDQJOHRIQR]]OH
HQWUDQFHHGJHÛÛÛÛDQGÛUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHIORZFDSDFLW\ZDV/PLQ
HTXLYDOHQWWR5H\QROGVQXPEHU5H7KHSUHVVXUHWDSSRVLWLRQZHUHLQFKDW
HDFK XSVWUHDP DQG GRZQVWUHDP RI WKH QR]]OH VHFWLRQ 7KH UHVXOW VKRZHG WKDW WKH DQJOH RI
QR]]OHHQWUDQFHHGJHKDGQRVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWWRWKHSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS7KHSHUPDQHQW
SUHVVXUHGURSVOLJKWO\LQFUHDVHGZLWKWKHDQJOH7KHORZHVWSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURSZDV
UHODWLYHWRWKHPD[LPXPSUHVVXUHGURSZLWKWKHQR]]OHDQJHORDQGWKHKLJKHVWZDV
ZLWKWKHQR]]OHDQJOHR7KHGLVFKDJHFRHIILFLHQWVRIWKHQR]]OHIORZPHWHUZHUH±
VLPLODUWRWKHPRVWOLWHUDWXUH
.H\ZRUGVQR]]OHDQJOHGLVFKDUJHFRHIILFLHQW
3HQGDKXOXDQ
'DODP PHODNXNDQ HNVSHULPHQ SHQJXNXUDQ PHUXSDNDQ ODQJNDK SHQWLQJ \DQJ KDUXV
GLODNXNDQ GDODP PHQHQWXNDQ MXPODK EHVDUDQ DWDX XNXUDQ \DQJ DNDQ GLSDNDL VHEDJDL DFXDQ
XQWXN PHQHQWXNDQ NHEHQDUDQ KDVLO SHPHFDKDQ VHFDUD DQDOLWLV 6HKLQJJD NHVDODKDQ \DQJ
WHUMDGL GDSDW GLWHNDQ VHNHFLO PXQJNLQ 6DODK VDWX FRQWRK GDUL MHQLV SHQJXNXUDQ WHUVHEXW
DGDODK SHQJXNXUDQ EHVDU ODMX DOLUDQ IOXLGD GLPDQD SDUDPHWHU SHQWLQJ GDUL SHQJXNXUDQ LQL
DGDODK WHNDQDQ NHFHSDWDQ IOXLGD GDQ NDSDVLWDV DWDX ODMX DOLU YROXPHWULV 2OHK NDUHQD LWX
SHUDQDQDODWXNXUVDQJDWGLEXWXKNDQXQWXNPHQJXNXUEHVDUODMXDOLUDQIOXLGDWHUVHEXW
$ODWXNXU\DQJGLSDNDLGDODPSHQJXNXUDQDOLUDQIOXLGDGLVHEXWIORZPHWHUGDQVDODKVDWX
MHQLVQ\D DGDODKQR]]OHIORZPHWHU'LPDQDDOLUDQGLKLWXQJGHQJDQPHQJXNXUSUHVVXUHGURS
\DQJ WHUMDGL SDGD DOLUDQ \DQJ PHOHZDWL VHEXDK SHQJKDODQJ \DQJ GLSDVDQJ GDODP DOLUDQ
WHUVHEXW
6DQJDW WHUEDWDVQ\D UHIHUHQVL PHQJHQDL GHVDLQ QR]]OH IORZPHWHU WHUNDLW GHQJDQ NHUDKDVLDDQ
GDQ NHKDNPLOLNDQ FRS\ ULJKW VHUWD KDUJDQ\D \DQJ PDKDO PHQMDGLNDQ KDPEDWDQ XQWXN
PHODNXNDQ SHQJXMLDQ RE\HN EDJL PDKDVLVZD GDQ GRVHQ 2OHK NDUHQD LWX GLSHUOXNDQ
SHQJHPEDQJDQ IORZ PHWHU XQWXN NHSHUOXDQ NHJLDWDQ ODRUDWRULXP SHQHOLWLDQ GDQ DSOLNDVL
\DQJ ODLQ 3DGD QR]]OH IORZPHWHU VXGXW NHPLULQJDQ 1R]]OH PHUXSDNDQ YDULDEHO JHRPHWULV
\DQJFXNXSPHQHQWXNDQDWDXPHPSHQJDUXKLEHVDUQ\DWHNDQDQ \DQJWHUXNXUVHKLQJJDGDSDW
MXJDPHPSHQJDUXKLWLQJNDWNHDNXUDVLDQQ\D%HUGDVDUNDQKDOGLDWDVSHQHOLWLLQJLQPHPEXDW
DODW XNXU DOLUDQ IOXLGD EHUEDVLV SHUEHGDDQ WHNDQDQ WLSH QR]]OH GHQJDQ PHPYDULDVLNDQ VXGXW
NHPLULQJDQQR]]OH
7HRUL
*DPEDUPHQXQMXNNDQPRGHODOLUDQLGHDOPHOLQWDVLQRVHOGDODPSLSD'DODPSHQHOLWLDQ
LQLRULILFHSODWH\DQJWHEDOGHQJDQEHYHOSDGDVLVLPDVXNGLWXMXNDQXQWXNPHQJKDVLONDQDOLUDQ
VHSHUWLGDODP*DPEDUGLEDZDKLQL3DGDMDUDNDQWDUDMGDQNDOLUDQGLDVXPVLNDQWDQSD
JHVHNDQ%HGDWHNDQDQDQWDUDMGDQNGDSDWGLWHQWXNDQEHUGDVDUNDQSHUVDPDDQ%HUQRXOOL
9
'
9
3
G
3
9
3
MN
NO
O
$OLUDQGHQJDQORVVHV
$OLUDQWDQSDJHVHNDQ
%HUQRXOOL
*DPEDU$OLUDQ,GHDO0HOLQWDVL1RVHO'DODP3LSD
'HQJDQPHQJDVXPVLNDQDOLUDQPHQJDOLUKRULVRQWDOGHQJDQGHPLNLDQSHUEHGDDQHOHYDVL
WLGDNDGDDWDXGLDEDLNDQSHUVDPDDQ%HUQRXOOLPHQMDGL
3ȡ9 3ȡ9
'LPDQD
3 7HNDQDQ3DVFDO
ȡ 'HQVLWDVNJP
9 .HFHSDWDQDOLUDQPV
-LNDSURILONHFHSDWDQDOLUDQGLDQJJDSVHUDJDPSDGDVLVLKXOXGDQKLOLUPDNDSHUVDPDDQ
NRQWLQ\XLWDVEHUODNXVHEDJDLEHULNXW
4WK 9$ 9$
'LPDQD
4WK /DMXDOLUYROXPHWULVDWDXNDSDVLWDVWHRULWLVPV
$ /XDVSHQDPSDQJDOLUDQP
'HQJDQPHQVXEVWLWXVLNDQ9GDULSHUVDPDDQPDNDSHUVDPDDQPHQMDGL
º
ª
ª
º
»
«
«
»
« 3 3 »
S « 3 3 »
PV
4WK $ «
» G «
»
« § § $ · · »
« U §¨ § G · ·¸ »
« U ¨ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¸ »
« ¨ ¨© ' ¸¹ ¸ »
¹¼
«¬ ¨© © $ ¹ ¸¹ »¼
¬ ©
-LNDGLGHILQLVLNDQUDVLRGLDPHWHUE G'SHUVDPDDQPHQMDGL
S G '3
PV
4WK
U
E
'HQJDQGHPLNLDQNDSDVLWDVDOLUDQWHRULWLVELVDGLKLWXQJGHQJDQPHQJXNXUEHGDWHNDQDQ
'3DQWDUDMGDQN
6DODKVDWXFDUDPHPEDQGLQJNDQNHDNXUDWDQDODWXNXUDOLUDQEHUEDVLVEHGDWHNDQDQDGDODK
GHQJDQ PHPEDQGLQJNDQ NDSDVLWDV DOLUDQ DNWXDO WHUKDGDS NDSDVLWDV DOLUDQ WHRULWLVQ\D 5DVLR
DQWDUD NDSDVLWDV DOLUDQ DNWXDO WHUKDGDS NDSDVLWDV DOLUDQ WHRULWLV GLVHEXW NRHILVLHQ EXDQJDQ
FRHIILFLHQWRIGLVFKDUJH&G
4DFWXDO
&G
4WK
0HWRGH3HQHOLWLDQ
6XVXQDQ SHUDODWDQ HNVSHULPHQ GLWXQMXNNDQ SDGD *DPEDU GL EDZDK LQL $LU
GLVLUNXODVLNDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ SRPSD GDQ EHVDUQ\D ODMX DOLU YROXPHWULV VHFDUD VHGHUKDQD
GLNRQWUROGHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQNDWXS$OLUDQPHOHZDWLQR]]OHSODWHGLPDQDSDGDSLSD
KXOX GDQ KLOLU QR]]OH SODWH GLSDVDQJ SUHVVXUH WDS XQWXN PDQRPHWHU PDVLQJPDVLQJ
VHEDQ\DN EXDK GHQJDQ MDUDN ' ' ' GDQ ' GHQJDQ ' GLDPHWHU SLSD 6HODLQ
PDQRPHWHU WHUVHEXW WHSDW SDGD QR]]OH SODWH MXJD GLSDVDQJ PDQRPHWHU SUHVVXUH WDS XQWXN
PHQJXNXUWHNDQDQSDGDYHQDFRQWUDFWDSODWQRVHO3DGDSODWWLSLVEHUVLVLWDMDPKDOLQLWLGDN
PHPXQJNLQNDQ GLODNXNDQ WDSL GDODP SHQHOLWLDQ LQL WHEDO SODW RULILV PP VHKLQJJD GDSDW
GLSDVDQJLPDQRPHWHU6HODPDPHQJDOLUPHOHZDWLQR]]OHSODWHWHNDQDQKXOXGDQKLOLUDOLUDQ
GLFDWDW $LU NHPXGLDQ GLEXDQJ NH VHEXDK 9QRWFK ZHLU GLPDQD NDSDVLWDV DNWXDO DOLUDQ ELVD
ODQJVXQJWHUEDFDPDXSXQGLKLWXQJEHUGDVDUNDQNHWLQJJLDQDLUSDGD9QRWFKZHLU'DODPDODW
XML LQL WHUGDSDW MXJD VLJKW JODVV \DQJ GLJXQDNDQ VHEDJDL SHPEDQGLQJ NDSDVLWDV DOLUDQ \DQJ
GLWXQMXNNDQROHK9QRWFKZHLU1R]]OH\DQJGLJXQDNDQGDODPSHQHOLWLDQLQLGLWXQMXNNDQSDGD
*DPEDU3RVLVLSUHVVXUHWDSXQWXNSHQJXNXUDQWHNDQDQGLWXQMXNNDQSDGD*DPEDU
'DWDGDWDJHRPHWULGDQDOLUDQGDODPSHQJXMLDQPHOLSXWL
3LSDWHUEXDWGDULDNULOLNWUDQVSDUDQEHUGLDPHWHUPP
1R]]OHSODWH\DQJGLXMLPHPLOLNLUDVLRGLDPHWHUE
-XPODKQR]]OH\DQJGLEXDWVHEDQ\DNEXDKGHQJDQVXGXWNHPLULQJDQĮPDVLQJPDVLQJÛ
ÛÛÛÛ
0DQRPHWHUSHQJXNXUWHNDQDQGLSDVDQJSDGDWLWLN\DLWXSDGDSODWQRVHOSDGDKXOX
SODWQRVHOGDQSDGDKLOLUSODWRULILVGHQJDQMDUDNDQWDUPDQRPHWHUVHEHVDUGLDPHWHUSLSD
'
3HQJXMLDQGLODNXNDQSDGDUDQJHELODQJDQ5H\QROGVDQWDUDrVGr
7HVWVHFWLRQEDVH
3XPS
:DWHUWDQN
6XFWLRQOLQH
9DOYHDWE\SDVVOLQH
9DOYHDWGLVFKDUJHOLQH
2ULILFHSODWHZLWKEHYHO
0DQRPHWHU
0DQRPHWHUERDUG
9QRWFKZHLU
6LJKWJODVV
6HFRQGDU\ZDWHUWDQN
9DOYH
*DPEDU6XVXQDQ3HUDODWDQ(NVSHULPHQ
*DPEDU1R]]OHVHFWLRQ
*DPEDU3RVLVLSUHVVXUHWDS
+DVLOGDQ3HPEDKDVDQ
7 H N D Q D Q 3 D V F D O
4
4
4
4
4
3RVLVL3UHVVXUH7DS
4
4
4
4
4
7 H N D Q D Q 3 D V F D O
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
DĮ EĮ
4
4
SRVLVLSUHVVXUHWDS
4
4
4
4
4
4
3RVLVL3UHVVXUH7DS
FĮ
7 H N D Q D Q 3 D V F D O
4
7 H N D Q D Q 3 D V F D O
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3RVLVL3UHVVXUH7DS
GĮ
4
7 H N D Q D Q 3 D V F D O
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3RVLVL3UHVVXUH7DS
4
HĮ
*DPEDU*UDILNGLVWULEXVLWHNDQDQSDGDWLDSWLDSSUHVVXUHWDS
*DPEDUPHQXQMXNNDQJUDILNGLVWULEXVLWHNDQDQDOLUDQVHSDQMDQJKXOXGDQKLOLUGDQMXJD
QLODLWHNDQDQGLWLDS±WLDSSUHVVXUHWDSSDGDQR]]OHIORZPHWHU3DGDVXPEX[
GDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ SRVLVL SHQHPSDWDQ SUHVVXUH WDS 'LPDQD GDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ
SUHVVXUHWDSEHUDGDSDGDKXOX1R]]OHPHQXQMXNNDQSRVLVL3UHVVXUH7DSEHUDGDWHSDWSDGD
0D[LPXP3UHVVXUH'URSSDVFDO
QR]]OH6HGDQJNDQXQWXNGDQPHQXQMXNNDQSUHVVXUHWDSEHUDGDSDGDKLOLUQR]]OH
3DGD JUDILN GLDWDV PHQMHODVNDQ EDKZD GLVWULEXVL WHNDQDQ \DQJ GLWXQMXNNDQ WHODK PHPHQXKL
DOXUDOLUDQPHOLQWDVLYHQDFRQWUDFWDGLPDQDWHNDQDQWHUHQGDKWHUMDGLSDGDOXDVDQSHQDPSDQJ
DOLUDQ WHUNHFLO \DLWX \DQJ SDOLQJ PHQGHNDWL 1R]]OH SDGD *DPEDU GLWXQMXNNDQ DQWDUD
SUHVVXUHWDS6HWHODKPHOHZDWLYHQDFRQWUDFWDWHNDQDQEHUDQJVXUQDLNNHPEDOLWHWDSL
WLGDNGDSDWPHQFDSDLSDGDWHNDQDQDZDOVHEHOXPWHUMDGLSHQJKDODQJDQROHKQR]]OH6HOLVLK
WHNDQDQ KXOX GDQ KLOLU LQLODK \DQJ GLVHEXW QRQ UHFRYHUDEOH SUHVVXUH GURS DWDX GLVHEXW MXJD
SHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
8QWXNPHQJKLWXQJEHVDUQ\DSURVHQWDVHSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURSXQWXNPDVLQJ±PDVLQJ
1R]]OHDGDODKVHEDJDLEHULNXW
1RQUHFRYHUDEOHSUHVVXUHGURS D±ED
'LPDQDD 5HQWDQJWHNDQDQWHUWLQJJLGHQJDQWHNDQDQWHUHQGDK
E 5HQWDQJWHNDQDQWHUHQGDKGHQJDQWHNDQDQWHUWLQJJLVHWHODKKDODQJDQ
8QWXNĮ Û
3HUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
0DNDEHVDUQ\DSURVHQWDVHQRQUHFRYHUDEOHSUHVVXUHGURSXQWXNPDVLQJ±PDVLQJ1R]]OH
DGDODKVHEDJDLEHULNXW
1R]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
1R]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
1R]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
1R]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
1R]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
7HUOLKDWEDKZDSURVHQWDVHSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURSSDOLQJUHQGDKWHUMDGLSDGDĮ Û
%HUDUWLEDKZDWHNDQDQ\DQJSXOLKSDGDĮ ÛOHELKUHQGDKGLEDQGLQJGHQJDQĮ\DQJODLQ
KDO LQL GLVHEDENDQ GHQJDQ OHELK EHVDUQ\D VXGXW NHPLULQJDQ 1R]]OH \DQJ EHUSHQJDUXK SDGD
EHVDUQ\D SUHVVXUH GURS \DQJ WHUMDGL 1DPXQ VHFDUD NHVHOXUXKDQ SHUEHGDDQ 3HUPDQHQW
3UHVVXUH'URSWLGDNWHUODOXEHVDU
5H\QROGV1XPEHU5H
GHUDMDW
GHUDMDW
GHUDMDW
GHUDMDW
GHUDMDW
*DPEDU*UDILN0D[LPXP3UHVVXUH'URS
4 P V
4 P V
3DGD*DPEDUMXJDGLWXQMXNNDQSUHVVXUHGURSPHQLQJNDWVHMDODQGHQJDQPHQLQJNDWQ\D
NDSDVLWDVDOLUDQGLWXQMXNNDQGHQJDQELODQJDQ5H\QROGV,QLEHUDUWLVHPDNLQEHVDUNDSDVLWDV
DOLUDQPDNDPD[LPXPSUHVVXUHGURSPDNLQWLQJJLVHGDQJNDQVHPDNLQNHFLONDSDVLWDVDOLUDQ
PDND SUHVVXUH GURS \DQJ WHUMDGL VHPDNLQ UHQGDK 6DPD KDOQ\D GHQJDQ QRQ UHFRYHUDEOH
SUHVVXUHGURSVHPDNLQ EHVDUNDSDVLWDV DOLUDQGDQSUHVVXUHGURSQRQUHFRYHUDEOHSUHVVXUH
GURS VHPDNLQ EHVDU EHJLWX MXJD VHEDOLNQ\D 'DUL JUDILN GL DWDV GDSDW GLOLKDW EDKZD VHFDUD
XPXP SUHVVXUH GURS VHPDNLQ PHQLQJNDW VHMDODQ GHQJDQ PHQLQJNDWQ\D VXGXW NHPLULQJDQ
QR]]OH
5H\QROG1XPEHU5H
4DNW
4
4
4
5H\QROG1XPEHU5H
4
4
4DNW
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
DĮ EĮ
4 P V
4 P V
4
4
4
5H\QROGV1XPEHU
5H\QROG1XPEHU
4DNW
4
4
4DNW
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
FĮ GĮ
4 P V
4DNW
4
4
5H\QROG1XPEHU
4
4
HĮ
4
4
*DPEDU*UDILNSHUEDQGLQJDQ4DNWWHUKDGDS4WSDGDSRVLVLSHQJXNXUDQ¨3
3DGDDQDOLVDGDWDSHUKLWXQJDQ4WGLODNXNDQGHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQHQDPNRPELQDVL¨3
\DLWX ¨3 ¨3 ¨3 ¨3 ¨3 GDQ ¨3 .HPXGLDQ GLEDQGLQJNDQ WHUKDGDS KDVLO
SHQJXNXUDQNDSDVLWDVDNWXDOQ\D4DNW
'DULJUDILNGLDWDVSDGD*DPEDUQLODL4W \DQJGDODPSHUKLWXQJDQQ\DPHQJJXQDNDQ
EHGDWHNDQDQ3±3 GDODPSHQHPSDWDQSUHVVXUHWDSLQFKLGLKXOXGDQKLOLUDOLUDQOHELK
PHQGHNDWL QLODL 4DNW 3DGD SRVLVL SHQJXNXUDQ EHGD WHNDQDQ \DQJ ODLQ ¨3 ¨3 ¨3
¨3GDQ¨34WVHPDNLQPHQMDXKL4DNW3HQHPSDWDQSUHVVXUHWDSKLOLUDOLUDQ\DQJOHELK
PHQGHNDWLYHQDFRQWUDFWDFHQGHUXQJPHQJKDVLONDQQLODL4W\DQJPHQMDXKLQLODL4DNW
8QWXN Į Û MDQJNDXDQ SHQJXNXUDQ \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ OHELK SHQGHN GL EDQGLQJ GHQJDQ
1R]]OH\DQJODLQGHQJDQQLODLNDSDVLWDVDOLUDQ\DQJNHFLOGDQQLODL5H\QROGV\DQJUHQGDK
1LODL&G
5H\QROGV1XPEHU5H
'HUDMDW
'HUDMDW
'HUDMDW
'HUDMDW
'HUDMDW
*DPEDU*UDILNKXEXQJDQDQWDUDQLODL&GGHQJDQELODQJDQ5H\QROGV
8QWXNVHOXUXKVXGXWNHPLULQJDQ1R]]OH
'LNDUHQDNDQ QLODL 4W \DQJ SDOLQJ PHQGHNDWL QLODL 4DNW PDND QLODL &G \DQJ GLSDNDL
XQWXN PHPSORWNDQ NH GDODP JUDILN DGDODK &G SDGD *DPEDU PHQXQMXNNDQ JUDILN WUHQG
OLQHSHUXEDKDQQLODL&GSDGDELODQJDQ5H\QROGV\DQJVHPDNLQPHQLQJNDW
1LODL&GWHUHQGDK1R]]OHSDGDVHPXDSHQJXMLDQDGDODKSDGDĮ ÛVHGDQJNDQ
QLODL &G WHUWLQJJL DGDODK SDGD Į Û 3DGD *DPEDU PHQXQMXNNDQ JUDILN QLODL &G
SDGDVHPXD1R]]OH\DQJPHQJKDVLONDQWUHQG\DQJWHUXVQDLNGLPDQDPXODPXODSDGD5H
UHQGDK&G \DQJGLKDVLONDQUHQGDKGDQVHMDODQGHQJDQNHQDLNDQ5H&G \DQJGLKDVLONDQMXJD
QDLN
.HVLPSXODQ
3HQJXMLDQ QR]]OH IORZPHWHU WHODK GLODNXNDQ GHQJDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ SODW QR]]OH GHQJDQ
UDVLRGLDPHWHUȕ \DQJPHPLOLNLNHWHEDODQPPGDQVXGXWNHPLULQJDQQR]]OHDGDODKĮ
ÛÛÛÛGDQÛPHQJKDVLONDQNHVLPSXODQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
0D[LPXPSUHVVXUHGURSWHUWLQJJLWHUMDGLSDGDQR]]OHIORZPHWHUGHQJDQĮ ÛGLLNXWLĮ
Û Û Û GDQ Û 3URVHQWDVH QRQ UHFRYHUDEOH SUHVVXUH GURS WHUKDGDS PD[LPXP
SUHVVXUHGURSVHPDNLQWXUXQMLNDVXGXWNHPLULQJDQVHPDNLQEHVDU8QWXNVHPXDQLODLĮ
QRQUHFRYHUDEOHSUHVVXUHGURSVHPDNLQPHQLQJNDWMLNDNDSDVLWDVDOLUDQVHPDNLQEHVDU
3DGDQR]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSURVHQWDVHQRQUHFRYHUDEOHSUHVVXUHGURSWHUKDGDSPD[LPXP
SUHVVXUHGURSDGDODK\DQJSDOLQJUHQGDKGHQJDQQLODLSURVHQWDVH1DPXQVHFDUD
NHVHOXUXKDQSHUEHGDDQQ\DWLGDNWHUODOXEHVDU
3HUKLWXQJDQNDSDVLWDVWHRULWLVSDGDVHPXDQR]]OH\DQJPHQJJXQDNDQEHGDWHNDQDQ33
GHQJDQSHQHPSDWDQSUHVVXUHWDSLQFKLGLWLWLNKXOXGDQKLOLUSDGDSODWQR]]OHWHUQ\DWD
PHQJKDVLONDQNDSDVLWDVWHRULWLV\DQJSDOLQJPHQGHNDWLNDSDVLWDVDNWXDO
1LODL&G\DQJGLKDVLONDQROHKVHPXDQR]]OH\DQJGLXMLDGDODKVGXQWXNE
VHGDQJNDQSDGDOLWHUDWXUDGDODKEHUNLVDUDQWDUDVG'DULKDVLOSHQJXMLDQQLODL
&G \DQJ SDOLQJ PHQGHNDWL OLWHUDWXU DGDODK SDGD D PXODL ELODQJDQ 5H\QROGV
VDPSDL
8FDSDQ7HULPD.DVLK
7HULPDNDVLKNDPLVDPSDLNDQNHSDGD.HPHQWULDQ3HQGLGLNDQGDQ.HEXGD\DDQ'LUMHQ'LNWL
\DQJ WHODK PHPELD\DL SHQHOLWLDQ LQL GHQJDQ GDQD 3HQHOLWLDQ 'HVHQWUDOLVDVL VNLP +LEDK
%HUVDLQJ PHODOXL 6XUDW 3HUMDQMLDQ 3HQXJDVDQ GDUL /330 8QLYHUVLWDV 8GD\DQD 1RPRU
8131/
'DIWDU3XVWDND
)RVVD 0 *XJOLHOPLQL * 3UHVVXUH GURS DQG YRLG IUDFWLRQ SURILOHV GXULQJ
KRUL]RQWDO IORZ WKURXJK WKLQ DQG WKLFN RULILFHV ([SHULPHQWDO 7KHUPDO DQG )OXLG
6FLHQFHSS
)R[ 5: 0F'RQDOG $7 ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR )OXLG 0HFKDQLFV WK HGLWLRQ -RKQ
:LOH\ 6RQV1HZ
'523'$1',6&+$5*(&2()),&,(17
3$'$12==/()/2:0(7(5
7+(())(&72)12==/((175$1&($1*/(217+(
3(50$1(1735(6685('523$1'',6&+$5*(&2()),&,(17
2)$12==/()/2:0(7(5
$LQXO*KXUUL
GDQ63**XQDZDQ7LVWD
-XUXVDQ7HNQLN0HVLQ)DNXOWDV7HNQLN8QLYHUVLWDV8GD\DQD
(PDLODJKXUUL#JPDLOFRP
$%675$.
1R]]OHIORZPHWHUPHUXSDNDQVDODKVDWXDODWXNXUDOLUDQEHUEDVLVSHUEHGDDQWHNDQDQ\DQJ
EDQ\DN GLJXQDNDQ GDODP GXQLD LQGXVWUL GLPDQD DOLUDQ GLKLWXQJ GLGDVDUNDQ SDGD SHUVDPDDQ
%HUQRXOOLGHQJDQPHQJKLWXQJSUHVVXUHGURS \DQJWHUMDGLSDGDDOLUDQ \DQJPHOHZDWLVHEXDK
SHQJKDODQJ EHUEHQWXN QR]]OH \DQJ GLSDVDQJ GDODP DOLUDQ WHUVHEXW 3HQJXMLDQ QR]]OH IORZ
PHWHUWHODKGLODNXNDQGHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQSODWQR]]OHGHQJDQUDVLRGLDPHWHUȕ \DQJ
PHPLOLNLNHWHEDODQPPGDQVXGXWNHPLULQJDQQR]]OHĮVHEHVDUÛÛÛÛGDQÛ
3HQJXMLDQ GLODNXNDQ SDGD ODMX DOLU YROXPHWULV VG /PHQLW HNLYDOHQ GHQJDQ ELODQJDQ
5H\QROGV5HVG3RVLVLSUHVVXUHWDSXQWXNQR]]OHIORZPHWHU\DQJGLXMLGLSLOLK
LQFKGLKXOXDOLUDQSODWQR]]OHGDQLQFKGLKLOLUDOLUDQSODWQR]]OHVHVXDLKDVLOSHQJXMLDQ
DZDO\DQJPHQJKDVLONDQNDSDVLWDVDOLUDQWHRULWLV\DQJSDOLQJPHQGHNDWLQLODLDNWXDOQ\D+DVLO
SHQJXMLDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD VXGXW QR]]OH WLGDN EHUSHQJDUXK VLJQLILNDQ WHUKDGDS
SHUPDQHQW SUHVVXUH GURS DOLUDQ PHOLQWDVL SODW QR]]OH QDPXQ NHFHQGHUXQJDQQ\D DGDODK
VHPDNLQ PHQXUXQ MLND VXGXW QR]]OH VHPDNLQ EHVDU 3HUPDQHQW SUHVVXUH GURS \DQJ WHUMDGL
EHUNLVDUDQWDUDSDGDVXGXWQR]]OHRGDQ\DQJWHUWLQJJLSDGDVXGXWR6XGXW
QR]]OH \DQJ OHELK EHVDU EHUGDPSDN DOLUDQ EHUJHUDN OHELK NRQYHUJHQ PHQXMX YHQD FRQWUDFWD
GDQ PHPLQLPDOLVLU NHKLODQJDQ HQHUJL SDGD SURVHV NRQYHUVL GDUL HQHUJL WHNDQDQ PHQMDGL
HQHUJL NLQHWLN DOLUDQ 1LODL GLVFKDUJH FRHIILFLHQW &G \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ VHOXUXK SHQJXMLDQ
EHUNLVDU DQWDUD VG GLPDQD DQJND LQL WLGDN MDXK EHUEHGD GHQJDQ \DQJ GLWXQMXNNDQ
GDODPEHEHUDSDOLWHUDWXUGDQSXEOLNDVL1LODL&G\DQJSDOLQJPHQGHNDWLOLWHUDWXUEHUGDVDU5H
\DQJGLXMLDGDODKXQWXNVXGXWQR]]OHR
$%675$&7
1R]]OHIORZPHWHULVDGLIIHUHQWLDOSUHVVXUHIORZPHDVXUHPHQWGHYLFHWKDWKDVZLGHO\XVH
LQ LQGXVWULDO DSSOLFDWLRQ 7KH IORZ LV PHDVXUHG E\ FDOFXODWLQJ WKH SUHVVXUH GURS DFURVV WKH
QR]]OH EDVHG RQ %HUQRXOOL
V HTXDWLRQ 7KH H[SHULPHQWDO VWXG\ RI QR]]OH IORZ PHWHU LV
FRQGXFWHGXVLQJQR]]OHZLWKGLDPHWHUUDWLRE QR]]OHZLGWKPPDQGDQJOHRIQR]]OH
HQWUDQFHHGJHÛÛÛÛDQGÛUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHIORZFDSDFLW\ZDV/PLQ
HTXLYDOHQWWR5H\QROGVQXPEHU5H7KHSUHVVXUHWDSSRVLWLRQZHUHLQFKDW
HDFK XSVWUHDP DQG GRZQVWUHDP RI WKH QR]]OH VHFWLRQ 7KH UHVXOW VKRZHG WKDW WKH DQJOH RI
QR]]OHHQWUDQFHHGJHKDGQRVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWWRWKHSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS7KHSHUPDQHQW
SUHVVXUHGURSVOLJKWO\LQFUHDVHGZLWKWKHDQJOH7KHORZHVWSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURSZDV
UHODWLYHWRWKHPD[LPXPSUHVVXUHGURSZLWKWKHQR]]OHDQJHORDQGWKHKLJKHVWZDV
ZLWKWKHQR]]OHDQJOHR7KHGLVFKDJHFRHIILFLHQWVRIWKHQR]]OHIORZPHWHUZHUH±
VLPLODUWRWKHPRVWOLWHUDWXUH
.H\ZRUGVQR]]OHDQJOHGLVFKDUJHFRHIILFLHQW
3HQGDKXOXDQ
'DODP PHODNXNDQ HNVSHULPHQ SHQJXNXUDQ PHUXSDNDQ ODQJNDK SHQWLQJ \DQJ KDUXV
GLODNXNDQ GDODP PHQHQWXNDQ MXPODK EHVDUDQ DWDX XNXUDQ \DQJ DNDQ GLSDNDL VHEDJDL DFXDQ
XQWXN PHQHQWXNDQ NHEHQDUDQ KDVLO SHPHFDKDQ VHFDUD DQDOLWLV 6HKLQJJD NHVDODKDQ \DQJ
WHUMDGL GDSDW GLWHNDQ VHNHFLO PXQJNLQ 6DODK VDWX FRQWRK GDUL MHQLV SHQJXNXUDQ WHUVHEXW
DGDODK SHQJXNXUDQ EHVDU ODMX DOLUDQ IOXLGD GLPDQD SDUDPHWHU SHQWLQJ GDUL SHQJXNXUDQ LQL
DGDODK WHNDQDQ NHFHSDWDQ IOXLGD GDQ NDSDVLWDV DWDX ODMX DOLU YROXPHWULV 2OHK NDUHQD LWX
SHUDQDQDODWXNXUVDQJDWGLEXWXKNDQXQWXNPHQJXNXUEHVDUODMXDOLUDQIOXLGDWHUVHEXW
$ODWXNXU\DQJGLSDNDLGDODPSHQJXNXUDQDOLUDQIOXLGDGLVHEXWIORZPHWHUGDQVDODKVDWX
MHQLVQ\D DGDODKQR]]OHIORZPHWHU'LPDQDDOLUDQGLKLWXQJGHQJDQPHQJXNXUSUHVVXUHGURS
\DQJ WHUMDGL SDGD DOLUDQ \DQJ PHOHZDWL VHEXDK SHQJKDODQJ \DQJ GLSDVDQJ GDODP DOLUDQ
WHUVHEXW
6DQJDW WHUEDWDVQ\D UHIHUHQVL PHQJHQDL GHVDLQ QR]]OH IORZPHWHU WHUNDLW GHQJDQ NHUDKDVLDDQ
GDQ NHKDNPLOLNDQ FRS\ ULJKW VHUWD KDUJDQ\D \DQJ PDKDO PHQMDGLNDQ KDPEDWDQ XQWXN
PHODNXNDQ SHQJXMLDQ RE\HN EDJL PDKDVLVZD GDQ GRVHQ 2OHK NDUHQD LWX GLSHUOXNDQ
SHQJHPEDQJDQ IORZ PHWHU XQWXN NHSHUOXDQ NHJLDWDQ ODRUDWRULXP SHQHOLWLDQ GDQ DSOLNDVL
\DQJ ODLQ 3DGD QR]]OH IORZPHWHU VXGXW NHPLULQJDQ 1R]]OH PHUXSDNDQ YDULDEHO JHRPHWULV
\DQJFXNXSPHQHQWXNDQDWDXPHPSHQJDUXKLEHVDUQ\DWHNDQDQ \DQJWHUXNXUVHKLQJJDGDSDW
MXJDPHPSHQJDUXKLWLQJNDWNHDNXUDVLDQQ\D%HUGDVDUNDQKDOGLDWDVSHQHOLWLLQJLQPHPEXDW
DODW XNXU DOLUDQ IOXLGD EHUEDVLV SHUEHGDDQ WHNDQDQ WLSH QR]]OH GHQJDQ PHPYDULDVLNDQ VXGXW
NHPLULQJDQQR]]OH
7HRUL
*DPEDUPHQXQMXNNDQPRGHODOLUDQLGHDOPHOLQWDVLQRVHOGDODPSLSD'DODPSHQHOLWLDQ
LQLRULILFHSODWH\DQJWHEDOGHQJDQEHYHOSDGDVLVLPDVXNGLWXMXNDQXQWXNPHQJKDVLONDQDOLUDQ
VHSHUWLGDODP*DPEDUGLEDZDKLQL3DGDMDUDNDQWDUDMGDQNDOLUDQGLDVXPVLNDQWDQSD
JHVHNDQ%HGDWHNDQDQDQWDUDMGDQNGDSDWGLWHQWXNDQEHUGDVDUNDQSHUVDPDDQ%HUQRXOOL
9
'
9
3
G
3
9
3
MN
NO
O
$OLUDQGHQJDQORVVHV
$OLUDQWDQSDJHVHNDQ
%HUQRXOOL
*DPEDU$OLUDQ,GHDO0HOLQWDVL1RVHO'DODP3LSD
'HQJDQPHQJDVXPVLNDQDOLUDQPHQJDOLUKRULVRQWDOGHQJDQGHPLNLDQSHUEHGDDQHOHYDVL
WLGDNDGDDWDXGLDEDLNDQSHUVDPDDQ%HUQRXOOLPHQMDGL
3ȡ9 3ȡ9
'LPDQD
3 7HNDQDQ3DVFDO
ȡ 'HQVLWDVNJP
9 .HFHSDWDQDOLUDQPV
-LNDSURILONHFHSDWDQDOLUDQGLDQJJDSVHUDJDPSDGDVLVLKXOXGDQKLOLUPDNDSHUVDPDDQ
NRQWLQ\XLWDVEHUODNXVHEDJDLEHULNXW
4WK 9$ 9$
'LPDQD
4WK /DMXDOLUYROXPHWULVDWDXNDSDVLWDVWHRULWLVPV
$ /XDVSHQDPSDQJDOLUDQP
'HQJDQPHQVXEVWLWXVLNDQ9GDULSHUVDPDDQPDNDSHUVDPDDQPHQMDGL
º
ª
ª
º
»
«
«
»
« 3 3 »
S « 3 3 »
PV
4WK $ «
» G «
»
« § § $ · · »
« U §¨ § G · ·¸ »
« U ¨ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¸ »
« ¨ ¨© ' ¸¹ ¸ »
¹¼
«¬ ¨© © $ ¹ ¸¹ »¼
¬ ©
-LNDGLGHILQLVLNDQUDVLRGLDPHWHUE G'SHUVDPDDQPHQMDGL
S G '3
PV
4WK
U
E
'HQJDQGHPLNLDQNDSDVLWDVDOLUDQWHRULWLVELVDGLKLWXQJGHQJDQPHQJXNXUEHGDWHNDQDQ
'3DQWDUDMGDQN
6DODKVDWXFDUDPHPEDQGLQJNDQNHDNXUDWDQDODWXNXUDOLUDQEHUEDVLVEHGDWHNDQDQDGDODK
GHQJDQ PHPEDQGLQJNDQ NDSDVLWDV DOLUDQ DNWXDO WHUKDGDS NDSDVLWDV DOLUDQ WHRULWLVQ\D 5DVLR
DQWDUD NDSDVLWDV DOLUDQ DNWXDO WHUKDGDS NDSDVLWDV DOLUDQ WHRULWLV GLVHEXW NRHILVLHQ EXDQJDQ
FRHIILFLHQWRIGLVFKDUJH&G
4DFWXDO
&G
4WK
0HWRGH3HQHOLWLDQ
6XVXQDQ SHUDODWDQ HNVSHULPHQ GLWXQMXNNDQ SDGD *DPEDU GL EDZDK LQL $LU
GLVLUNXODVLNDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ SRPSD GDQ EHVDUQ\D ODMX DOLU YROXPHWULV VHFDUD VHGHUKDQD
GLNRQWUROGHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQNDWXS$OLUDQPHOHZDWLQR]]OHSODWHGLPDQDSDGDSLSD
KXOX GDQ KLOLU QR]]OH SODWH GLSDVDQJ SUHVVXUH WDS XQWXN PDQRPHWHU PDVLQJPDVLQJ
VHEDQ\DN EXDK GHQJDQ MDUDN ' ' ' GDQ ' GHQJDQ ' GLDPHWHU SLSD 6HODLQ
PDQRPHWHU WHUVHEXW WHSDW SDGD QR]]OH SODWH MXJD GLSDVDQJ PDQRPHWHU SUHVVXUH WDS XQWXN
PHQJXNXUWHNDQDQSDGDYHQDFRQWUDFWDSODWQRVHO3DGDSODWWLSLVEHUVLVLWDMDPKDOLQLWLGDN
PHPXQJNLQNDQ GLODNXNDQ WDSL GDODP SHQHOLWLDQ LQL WHEDO SODW RULILV PP VHKLQJJD GDSDW
GLSDVDQJLPDQRPHWHU6HODPDPHQJDOLUPHOHZDWLQR]]OHSODWHWHNDQDQKXOXGDQKLOLUDOLUDQ
GLFDWDW $LU NHPXGLDQ GLEXDQJ NH VHEXDK 9QRWFK ZHLU GLPDQD NDSDVLWDV DNWXDO DOLUDQ ELVD
ODQJVXQJWHUEDFDPDXSXQGLKLWXQJEHUGDVDUNDQNHWLQJJLDQDLUSDGD9QRWFKZHLU'DODPDODW
XML LQL WHUGDSDW MXJD VLJKW JODVV \DQJ GLJXQDNDQ VHEDJDL SHPEDQGLQJ NDSDVLWDV DOLUDQ \DQJ
GLWXQMXNNDQROHK9QRWFKZHLU1R]]OH\DQJGLJXQDNDQGDODPSHQHOLWLDQLQLGLWXQMXNNDQSDGD
*DPEDU3RVLVLSUHVVXUHWDSXQWXNSHQJXNXUDQWHNDQDQGLWXQMXNNDQSDGD*DPEDU
'DWDGDWDJHRPHWULGDQDOLUDQGDODPSHQJXMLDQPHOLSXWL
3LSDWHUEXDWGDULDNULOLNWUDQVSDUDQEHUGLDPHWHUPP
1R]]OHSODWH\DQJGLXMLPHPLOLNLUDVLRGLDPHWHUE
-XPODKQR]]OH\DQJGLEXDWVHEDQ\DNEXDKGHQJDQVXGXWNHPLULQJDQĮPDVLQJPDVLQJÛ
ÛÛÛÛ
0DQRPHWHUSHQJXNXUWHNDQDQGLSDVDQJSDGDWLWLN\DLWXSDGDSODWQRVHOSDGDKXOX
SODWQRVHOGDQSDGDKLOLUSODWRULILVGHQJDQMDUDNDQWDUPDQRPHWHUVHEHVDUGLDPHWHUSLSD
'
3HQJXMLDQGLODNXNDQSDGDUDQJHELODQJDQ5H\QROGVDQWDUDrVGr
7HVWVHFWLRQEDVH
3XPS
:DWHUWDQN
6XFWLRQOLQH
9DOYHDWE\SDVVOLQH
9DOYHDWGLVFKDUJHOLQH
2ULILFHSODWHZLWKEHYHO
0DQRPHWHU
0DQRPHWHUERDUG
9QRWFKZHLU
6LJKWJODVV
6HFRQGDU\ZDWHUWDQN
9DOYH
*DPEDU6XVXQDQ3HUDODWDQ(NVSHULPHQ
*DPEDU1R]]OHVHFWLRQ
*DPEDU3RVLVLSUHVVXUHWDS
+DVLOGDQ3HPEDKDVDQ
7 H N D Q D Q 3 D V F D O
4
4
4
4
4
3RVLVL3UHVVXUH7DS
4
4
4
4
4
7 H N D Q D Q 3 D V F D O
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
DĮ EĮ
4
4
SRVLVLSUHVVXUHWDS
4
4
4
4
4
4
3RVLVL3UHVVXUH7DS
FĮ
7 H N D Q D Q 3 D V F D O
4
7 H N D Q D Q 3 D V F D O
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3RVLVL3UHVVXUH7DS
GĮ
4
7 H N D Q D Q 3 D V F D O
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3RVLVL3UHVVXUH7DS
4
HĮ
*DPEDU*UDILNGLVWULEXVLWHNDQDQSDGDWLDSWLDSSUHVVXUHWDS
*DPEDUPHQXQMXNNDQJUDILNGLVWULEXVLWHNDQDQDOLUDQVHSDQMDQJKXOXGDQKLOLUGDQMXJD
QLODLWHNDQDQGLWLDS±WLDSSUHVVXUHWDSSDGDQR]]OHIORZPHWHU3DGDVXPEX[
GDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ SRVLVL SHQHPSDWDQ SUHVVXUH WDS 'LPDQD GDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ
SUHVVXUHWDSEHUDGDSDGDKXOX1R]]OHPHQXQMXNNDQSRVLVL3UHVVXUH7DSEHUDGDWHSDWSDGD
0D[LPXP3UHVVXUH'URSSDVFDO
QR]]OH6HGDQJNDQXQWXNGDQPHQXQMXNNDQSUHVVXUHWDSEHUDGDSDGDKLOLUQR]]OH
3DGD JUDILN GLDWDV PHQMHODVNDQ EDKZD GLVWULEXVL WHNDQDQ \DQJ GLWXQMXNNDQ WHODK PHPHQXKL
DOXUDOLUDQPHOLQWDVLYHQDFRQWUDFWDGLPDQDWHNDQDQWHUHQGDKWHUMDGLSDGDOXDVDQSHQDPSDQJ
DOLUDQ WHUNHFLO \DLWX \DQJ SDOLQJ PHQGHNDWL 1R]]OH SDGD *DPEDU GLWXQMXNNDQ DQWDUD
SUHVVXUHWDS6HWHODKPHOHZDWLYHQDFRQWUDFWDWHNDQDQEHUDQJVXUQDLNNHPEDOLWHWDSL
WLGDNGDSDWPHQFDSDLSDGDWHNDQDQDZDOVHEHOXPWHUMDGLSHQJKDODQJDQROHKQR]]OH6HOLVLK
WHNDQDQ KXOX GDQ KLOLU LQLODK \DQJ GLVHEXW QRQ UHFRYHUDEOH SUHVVXUH GURS DWDX GLVHEXW MXJD
SHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
8QWXNPHQJKLWXQJEHVDUQ\DSURVHQWDVHSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURSXQWXNPDVLQJ±PDVLQJ
1R]]OHDGDODKVHEDJDLEHULNXW
1RQUHFRYHUDEOHSUHVVXUHGURS D±ED
'LPDQDD 5HQWDQJWHNDQDQWHUWLQJJLGHQJDQWHNDQDQWHUHQGDK
E 5HQWDQJWHNDQDQWHUHQGDKGHQJDQWHNDQDQWHUWLQJJLVHWHODKKDODQJDQ
8QWXNĮ Û
3HUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
0DNDEHVDUQ\DSURVHQWDVHQRQUHFRYHUDEOHSUHVVXUHGURSXQWXNPDVLQJ±PDVLQJ1R]]OH
DGDODKVHEDJDLEHULNXW
1R]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
1R]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
1R]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
1R]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
1R]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURS
7HUOLKDWEDKZDSURVHQWDVHSHUPDQHQWSUHVVXUHGURSSDOLQJUHQGDKWHUMDGLSDGDĮ Û
%HUDUWLEDKZDWHNDQDQ\DQJSXOLKSDGDĮ ÛOHELKUHQGDKGLEDQGLQJGHQJDQĮ\DQJODLQ
KDO LQL GLVHEDENDQ GHQJDQ OHELK EHVDUQ\D VXGXW NHPLULQJDQ 1R]]OH \DQJ EHUSHQJDUXK SDGD
EHVDUQ\D SUHVVXUH GURS \DQJ WHUMDGL 1DPXQ VHFDUD NHVHOXUXKDQ SHUEHGDDQ 3HUPDQHQW
3UHVVXUH'URSWLGDNWHUODOXEHVDU
5H\QROGV1XPEHU5H
GHUDMDW
GHUDMDW
GHUDMDW
GHUDMDW
GHUDMDW
*DPEDU*UDILN0D[LPXP3UHVVXUH'URS
4 P V
4 P V
3DGD*DPEDUMXJDGLWXQMXNNDQSUHVVXUHGURSPHQLQJNDWVHMDODQGHQJDQPHQLQJNDWQ\D
NDSDVLWDVDOLUDQGLWXQMXNNDQGHQJDQELODQJDQ5H\QROGV,QLEHUDUWLVHPDNLQEHVDUNDSDVLWDV
DOLUDQPDNDPD[LPXPSUHVVXUHGURSPDNLQWLQJJLVHGDQJNDQVHPDNLQNHFLONDSDVLWDVDOLUDQ
PDND SUHVVXUH GURS \DQJ WHUMDGL VHPDNLQ UHQGDK 6DPD KDOQ\D GHQJDQ QRQ UHFRYHUDEOH
SUHVVXUHGURSVHPDNLQ EHVDUNDSDVLWDV DOLUDQGDQSUHVVXUHGURSQRQUHFRYHUDEOHSUHVVXUH
GURS VHPDNLQ EHVDU EHJLWX MXJD VHEDOLNQ\D 'DUL JUDILN GL DWDV GDSDW GLOLKDW EDKZD VHFDUD
XPXP SUHVVXUH GURS VHPDNLQ PHQLQJNDW VHMDODQ GHQJDQ PHQLQJNDWQ\D VXGXW NHPLULQJDQ
QR]]OH
5H\QROG1XPEHU5H
4DNW
4
4
4
5H\QROG1XPEHU5H
4
4
4DNW
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
DĮ EĮ
4 P V
4 P V
4
4
4
5H\QROGV1XPEHU
5H\QROG1XPEHU
4DNW
4
4
4DNW
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
FĮ GĮ
4 P V
4DNW
4
4
5H\QROG1XPEHU
4
4
HĮ
4
4
*DPEDU*UDILNSHUEDQGLQJDQ4DNWWHUKDGDS4WSDGDSRVLVLSHQJXNXUDQ¨3
3DGDDQDOLVDGDWDSHUKLWXQJDQ4WGLODNXNDQGHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQHQDPNRPELQDVL¨3
\DLWX ¨3 ¨3 ¨3 ¨3 ¨3 GDQ ¨3 .HPXGLDQ GLEDQGLQJNDQ WHUKDGDS KDVLO
SHQJXNXUDQNDSDVLWDVDNWXDOQ\D4DNW
'DULJUDILNGLDWDVSDGD*DPEDUQLODL4W \DQJGDODPSHUKLWXQJDQQ\DPHQJJXQDNDQ
EHGDWHNDQDQ3±3 GDODPSHQHPSDWDQSUHVVXUHWDSLQFKLGLKXOXGDQKLOLUDOLUDQOHELK
PHQGHNDWL QLODL 4DNW 3DGD SRVLVL SHQJXNXUDQ EHGD WHNDQDQ \DQJ ODLQ ¨3 ¨3 ¨3
¨3GDQ¨34WVHPDNLQPHQMDXKL4DNW3HQHPSDWDQSUHVVXUHWDSKLOLUDOLUDQ\DQJOHELK
PHQGHNDWLYHQDFRQWUDFWDFHQGHUXQJPHQJKDVLONDQQLODL4W\DQJPHQMDXKLQLODL4DNW
8QWXN Į Û MDQJNDXDQ SHQJXNXUDQ \DQJ GLKDVLONDQ OHELK SHQGHN GL EDQGLQJ GHQJDQ
1R]]OH\DQJODLQGHQJDQQLODLNDSDVLWDVDOLUDQ\DQJNHFLOGDQQLODL5H\QROGV\DQJUHQGDK
1LODL&G
5H\QROGV1XPEHU5H
'HUDMDW
'HUDMDW
'HUDMDW
'HUDMDW
'HUDMDW
*DPEDU*UDILNKXEXQJDQDQWDUDQLODL&GGHQJDQELODQJDQ5H\QROGV
8QWXNVHOXUXKVXGXWNHPLULQJDQ1R]]OH
'LNDUHQDNDQ QLODL 4W \DQJ SDOLQJ PHQGHNDWL QLODL 4DNW PDND QLODL &G \DQJ GLSDNDL
XQWXN PHPSORWNDQ NH GDODP JUDILN DGDODK &G SDGD *DPEDU PHQXQMXNNDQ JUDILN WUHQG
OLQHSHUXEDKDQQLODL&GSDGDELODQJDQ5H\QROGV\DQJVHPDNLQPHQLQJNDW
1LODL&GWHUHQGDK1R]]OHSDGDVHPXDSHQJXMLDQDGDODKSDGDĮ ÛVHGDQJNDQ
QLODL &G WHUWLQJJL DGDODK SDGD Į Û 3DGD *DPEDU PHQXQMXNNDQ JUDILN QLODL &G
SDGDVHPXD1R]]OH\DQJPHQJKDVLONDQWUHQG\DQJWHUXVQDLNGLPDQDPXODPXODSDGD5H
UHQGDK&G \DQJGLKDVLONDQUHQGDKGDQVHMDODQGHQJDQNHQDLNDQ5H&G \DQJGLKDVLONDQMXJD
QDLN
.HVLPSXODQ
3HQJXMLDQ QR]]OH IORZPHWHU WHODK GLODNXNDQ GHQJDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ SODW QR]]OH GHQJDQ
UDVLRGLDPHWHUȕ \DQJPHPLOLNLNHWHEDODQPPGDQVXGXWNHPLULQJDQQR]]OHDGDODKĮ
ÛÛÛÛGDQÛPHQJKDVLONDQNHVLPSXODQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
0D[LPXPSUHVVXUHGURSWHUWLQJJLWHUMDGLSDGDQR]]OHIORZPHWHUGHQJDQĮ ÛGLLNXWLĮ
Û Û Û GDQ Û 3URVHQWDVH QRQ UHFRYHUDEOH SUHVVXUH GURS WHUKDGDS PD[LPXP
SUHVVXUHGURSVHPDNLQWXUXQMLNDVXGXWNHPLULQJDQVHPDNLQEHVDU8QWXNVHPXDQLODLĮ
QRQUHFRYHUDEOHSUHVVXUHGURSVHPDNLQPHQLQJNDWMLNDNDSDVLWDVDOLUDQVHPDNLQEHVDU
3DGDQR]]OHGHQJDQĮ ÛSURVHQWDVHQRQUHFRYHUDEOHSUHVVXUHGURSWHUKDGDSPD[LPXP
SUHVVXUHGURSDGDODK\DQJSDOLQJUHQGDKGHQJDQQLODLSURVHQWDVH1DPXQVHFDUD
NHVHOXUXKDQSHUEHGDDQQ\DWLGDNWHUODOXEHVDU
3HUKLWXQJDQNDSDVLWDVWHRULWLVSDGDVHPXDQR]]OH\DQJPHQJJXQDNDQEHGDWHNDQDQ33
GHQJDQSHQHPSDWDQSUHVVXUHWDSLQFKLGLWLWLNKXOXGDQKLOLUSDGDSODWQR]]OHWHUQ\DWD
PHQJKDVLONDQNDSDVLWDVWHRULWLV\DQJSDOLQJPHQGHNDWLNDSDVLWDVDNWXDO
1LODL&G\DQJGLKDVLONDQROHKVHPXDQR]]OH\DQJGLXMLDGDODKVGXQWXNE
VHGDQJNDQSDGDOLWHUDWXUDGDODKEHUNLVDUDQWDUDVG'DULKDVLOSHQJXMLDQQLODL
&G \DQJ SDOLQJ PHQGHNDWL OLWHUDWXU DGDODK SDGD D PXODL ELODQJDQ 5H\QROGV
VDPSDL
8FDSDQ7HULPD.DVLK
7HULPDNDVLKNDPLVDPSDLNDQNHSDGD.HPHQWULDQ3HQGLGLNDQGDQ.HEXGD\DDQ'LUMHQ'LNWL
\DQJ WHODK PHPELD\DL SHQHOLWLDQ LQL GHQJDQ GDQD 3HQHOLWLDQ 'HVHQWUDOLVDVL VNLP +LEDK
%HUVDLQJ PHODOXL 6XUDW 3HUMDQMLDQ 3HQXJDVDQ GDUL /330 8QLYHUVLWDV 8GD\DQD 1RPRU
8131/
'DIWDU3XVWDND
)RVVD 0 *XJOLHOPLQL * 3UHVVXUH GURS DQG YRLG IUDFWLRQ SURILOHV GXULQJ
KRUL]RQWDO IORZ WKURXJK WKLQ DQG WKLFN RULILFHV ([SHULPHQWDO 7KHUPDO DQG )OXLG
6FLHQFHSS
)R[ 5: 0F'RQDOG $7 ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR )OXLG 0HFKDQLFV WK HGLWLRQ -RKQ
:LOH\ 6RQV1HZ