Growth Analysis of Soybean Varieties at Dry Land With Application Of Nitrogen Sources
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 6, JUNE 2014
ISSN 2277-8616
Growth Analysis Of Soybean Varieties At Dry
Land With Application Of Nitrogen Sources
Yaya Hasanah, Tengku Chairun Nisa, Hapsoh, Hamidah Hanum
Abstract: Soybean is annual major crops in the world and important legumes in food security. Increased soybean production can achieve through
increased in the intensity of soybean cultivation and expansion of soybean cultivation to marginal lands such as dry land. Nitrogen is a limited nutrient at
dry land. The objective of this research was to determine the growth analysis of three soybean varieties on dry land with application of Nitrogen
sources. Research using randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is soybean varieties (Anjasmoro, Wilis and
Sinabung). The second factor is the sources of N consists of without application of N, Urea 50 kg/ha, Bradyrhizobium sp., manure 10 tons/ha and
combinations of Bradyrhizobium sp. + manure 5 tons/ha. The research result shown that Anjasmoro variety significantly increased the relative growth
rate and net assimilation rate 5-6 WAP compared with Sinabung and Wilis. Application of Bradyrhizobium sp. significantly increased the plant growth
rate and relative growth rate 5-6 WAP compared with other N treatments. Combination of Bradyrhizobium sp. and manure 5 tons/ha on Anjasmoro
variety tent to increase the net assimilation rate 5-6 WAP.
Keywords: dry land, growth, nitrogen, soybean
——————————u——————————
1 INTRODUCTION
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is annual major crops in
the world and important legumes in food security. Soybean
is also a source of protein, oil, sugars, minerals and high
enough of amino acids such as metionin, trypsin dan lysin
so that it can be relied for fullfillment the nutrition and
human food. In addition, soybeans also contain isoflavones
as a secondary metabolites in reducing the potential risk of
degenerative diseases (Mesina, 1999,
Barnes, 2001,
Clarkson, 2002, de Kleijn et al., 2002, Mesina, 2003,
Rochfort and Panozzo, 2007). National soybean demand
continues to increase, along with increasing public
knowledge of the benefits of soybean as a functional food.
The increase in soybean demand is not in line with
production caused the gap, so that the necessary efforts to
improve the national soybean production. This is achieved
through increased productivity approach, the increase in the
intensity of soybean cultivation and expansion of soybean
cultivation to marginal lands (sub- optimal) such as dry
land. Soybean cultivation on dry land have problems such
as soil less fertile, reacted acid, contain Al , Fe and Mn
high, poor in organic matter and essential macro nutrients
(N , P , K , Ca and Mg), water deficit, especially in dry
season because of the limited water resources erratic
rainfall, pests and diseases, weed and use of local varieties
(Arsyad and Purwantoro, 2010).
_______________________
·
·
·
·
Yaya Hasanah, Tengku Chairun Nisa, Hamidah
Hanum affiliated Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia.
Hapsoh affiliated Faculty of Agriculture, University
of Riau, Pekanbaru 29293, Indonesia.
Corresponding author : Yaya Hasanah, Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan
20155, Indonesia. PH. +62618213236
E-mail: azkia_khairunnisa@yahoo.co.id.
Nitrogen is a nutrient that is limited to dry land. In fact,
nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for the plants, the
formation of the basic components of proteins, nucleic
acids, amino acids and protoplasm, required in the
synthesis of chlorophyll, the formation and growth of
vegetative parts of plants (leaves, stems, and roots).
Therefore, the application of various of N sources will affect
on the soybean growth at dry land. Growth analysis is a
way to follow the dynamics of photosynthesis as measured
by dry matter production. Plant growth can be measured
without destruction the plant, such as the measurement of
plant height or number of leaves, but often less reflects the
quantitative accuracy. Dry matter accumulation is preferred
as a measure of growth because it reflects the ability of
plants in binding energy of sunlight through photosynthesis,
as well as its interaction with other environmental factors
(Sumarsono, 2008). Component analysis of the growth of
which is Plant Growth Rate, Relative Growth Rate, Net
Assimilation Rate and Leaf Area Duration (Beadle, 1983).
The potential results can be determined by studying the
growth variables on soybean varieties at dry land. The
objective of this research was to determine the analysis
growth of three soybean varieties on dry land with
application of Nitrogen sources.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Location of the research
The research was conducted on October to December
2012 at dry land Sambirejo Village, District Binjai, Langkat
(determining the location refers to soybean production
center in Sumatra Utara and in accordance with the map
Agroecological Zone, Sumatra Utara.
2.2. Materials of the research
The materials used are three varieties of soybean
(Anjasmoro, Wilis and Sinabung), Urea, TSP and KCl,
straw compost, manure, isolates of Bradyrhizobium sp.
indigenous (collected from dry land Desa Sambirejo),
plastic sheets, plastic bags, paper bags and label
treatment. The tools used are scales, calculator, leaf area
meter and stationery.
123
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 6, JUNE 2014
2.3. Design of the research
Research using randomized block design with 2 factors and
3 replications. The first factor is soybean varieties
(Anjasmoro, Wilis and Sinabung). The second factor is the
sources of N consists of without application of N, Urea 50
kg/ha, Bradyrhizobium sp., manure 10 tons/ha and
combinations of Bradyrhizobium sp. + manure 5 tons/ha.
There are 3 x 5 x 3 = 45 experimental units (plots).
2.4. Stage of the research
Dry land used consisted of 45 plots with size of each plot is
2 m x 2 m. Among the plot bounded by drainage channels.
Liming with dolomite 500 kg/ha during land preparation 2
weeks before planting date. P and K fertilizer is done with
dose of P and K fertilizer recommendations for soybean
crop, such as 150 kg P2O5. ha-1 and 75 kg KCl.ha-1.
Isolates of Bradyrhizobium sp . inoculated according to
treatment . Isolates were mixed with soybean seed, done in
the shade
just before planting the morning. Soybean
seeds that have been mixed isolates of Bradyrhizobium sp.
as much as 2 seeds for each planting hole. Urea and
manure application in accordance with the treatment done
at the time of planting. Urea fertilizer is given a half dose at
planting and the remaining half dose at 30 days after
planting (DAP). Prevention of pest attacks carried out by
using organic pesticide with active ingredient of
azadirachtin, ricin acid, polyphenols, alkaloids, citral,
eugenol, annonain , nicotine, with a concentration of 10 cc
per liter of water, made in the afternoon at 4, 6 and 8 DAP.
Harvesting is done when the soybean crop has been
harvested criteria indicated that the pods have brown skin
and stems and leaves have dried up. Variables observed
include plant growth rate (PGR), relative growth rate (RGR)
and net assimilation rate (NAR) are calculated by the
formula :
PGR = W 2 – W 1
t2 - t1
RGR
3.2. Relative Growth Rate
Based on Table 2 shown that the Anjasmoro variety RGR
5-6 WAP is significantly higher than Wilis and Sinabung.
Sources N Bradyrhizobium sp. provided the highest RGR 56 MST than all other treatments, while the treatment without
N application gave the lowest RGR 5-6 WAP. Application of
Bradyrhizobium sp. on Anjasmoro varieties tent to increase
the RGR 5-6 WAP.
3.3. Net Assimilation Rate
Based on Table 3 shown that the Anjasmoro variety
increased significantly of NAR compared with Willis and
Sinabung. Sources N Bradyrhizobium sp. tent to give higher
NAR than all other treatments of N sources, while the urea
treatment gave the lowest NAR 5-6 WAP. Application of
Bradyrhizobium sp. on Sinabung variety tent to give higher
NAR 5-6 WAP compared with other treatment interactions.
TABLE 1.
PLANT GROWTH RATE OF THREE SOYBEAN VARIETIES WITH
APPLICATION OF NITROGEN SOURCES ON DRY LAND
Treatment
Variety (V)
V1 = Anjasmoro
V2 = Wilis
V3 = Sinabung
Source of N
N0 = Without N application
N1 = Urea (50 kg.ha-1)
N2 = Bradyrhizobium sp.
N3 = Manure (10 tons.ha-1)
N4= Bradyrhizobium sp.+
manure 5 tons.ha-1
(g.g-1.day-1)
NAR = ln A2 – ln A1 x W 2 – W 1
A2 – A1
t2 – t1
Note : W 2
W1
A2
A1
Bradyrhizobium sp. + manure (5 tons/ha) on Anjasmoro
varieties tent to increase the PGR 5-6 WAP (0.700 g.day-1).
(g.day-1)
= ln W 2 – ln W 1
t2 – t1
V *N
V1 N0
V1 N1
V1 N2
V1 N3
V1 N4
V2 N0
V2 N1
V1 N2
V2 N3
V2 N4
V3 N0
V3 N1
V3 N2
V3 N3
V3 N4
(g.cm-2.day-1)
= biomass total on t2 (g)
= biomass total on t1 (g)
= leaf area total on t2 (cm-2)
= leaf area total on t1 (cm-2)
The data analyzed with analysis of variance (F test) at the
level of a = 5%, if there is a significant difference then
performed Duncan's Mutiple Range Test at the a = 5%.
3 RESULT
3.1. Plant Growth Rate
Table 1 shown that the source of N Bradyrhizobium sp.
increased significantly of PGR compared with other N
source treatment, while treatment of Urea and without
application of N gave the lowest PGR 5-6 week after
planting (WAP). Anjasmoro varieties tent to increase PGR
compared to Sinabung and Wilis. Combination treatment of
ISSN 2277-8616
Plant Growth Rate
(g.day-1)
3-4
4-5
5-6
WAP
WAP
WAP
0.139
0.180
0.191
0.137
0.145
0.124
0.442
0.262
0.290
0.174
0.219
0.156
0.149
0.171
0.137
0.098
0.097
0.204c
0.235c
0.449a
0.370b
0.152
0.175
0.359b
0.166
0.142
0.122
0.132
0.135
0.145
0.177
0.191
0.194
0.191
0.212
0.338
0.155
0.120
0.129
0.168
0.201
0.054
0.040
0.221
0.210
0.108
0.045
0.209
0.152
0.135
0.100
0.194
0.042
0.150
0.265
0.200
0.641
0.405
0.700
0.152
0.236
0.560
0.180
0.182
0.194
0.269
0.270
0.525
0.195
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same
colomn and treatment represent no significant difference on
Duncan’s Mutiple Range Test (p < 0.05)
4. DISCUSSION
Plant growth rate analysis indicated the plant development
as net accumulation
of photosynthesis result is an
integrated with the time as measured by dry matter
production. Based on the results of research, Anjasmoro
124
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 6, JUNE 2014
variety has higher PGR and NAR than Sinabung and Wilis.
This difference is due to te difference of genetics source
varieties tested. As reported by Shorter and Norman (1982)
that soybean genotypes with different genetic background
will influence growth rate. The difference of PGR, RGR
and NAR due to the difference of cultivars tested has been
reported previously by Totok and Utari (2002)
TABLE 3.
NET ASSIMILATION RATE OF THREE SOYBEAN VARIETIES
WITH APPLICATION OF NITROGEN SOURCES ON DRY LAND
Treatment
Variety (V)
V1 = Anjasmoro
V2 = Wilis
V3 = Sinabung
TABLE 2.
RELATIVE GROWTH RATE OF THREE SOYBEAN VARIETIES
APPLICATION OF NITROGEN SOURCES ON DRY LAND
Treatment
Variety (V)
V1 = Anjasmoro
V2 = Wilis
V3 = Sinabung
Source of N
N0 = Without N application
N1 = Urea (50 kg.ha-1)
N2 = Bradyrhizobium sp.
N3 = Manure (10 tons.ha-1)
N4 = Bradyrhizobium sp.+
manure 5 tons.ha-1
V *N
V1 N0
V1 N1
V1 N2
V1 N3
V1 N4
V2 N0
V2 N1
V1 N2
V2 N3
V2 N4
V3 N0
V3 N1
V3 N2
V3 N3
V3 N4
WITH
Relative Plant Growth
(g.g-1. day-1)
3-4
3-4
3-4
WAP
WAP
WAP
0.102
0.124
0.150
0.064
0.064
0.051
0.116a
0.068c
0.084b
0.124
0.168
0.121
0.095
0.065
0.056
0.045
0.045
0.052e
0.071d
0.129a
0.108b
0.119
0.088
0.086c
0.108
0.130
0.090
0.082
0.098
0.120
0.119
0.120
0.118
0.143
0.143
0.255
0.153
0.085
0.117
0.066
0.073
0.033
0.020
0.130
0.086
0.057
0.019
0.096
0.063
0.044
0.038
0.083
0.020
0.070
0.070
0.061
0.176
0.116
0.160
0.043
0.065
0.132
0.059
0.042
0.045
0.087
0.080
0.150
0.056
ISSN 2277-8616
Relative Plant Growth
(g.g-1. day-1
3-4
3-4
3-4
WAP
WAP
WAP
0.0008
0.0009
0.0009
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0010a
0.0007b
0.0008b
Source of N
N0 = Without N application
N1 = Urea (50 kg.ha-1)
N2 = Bradyrhizobium sp.
N3 = Manure (10 tons.ha-1)
N4 = Bradyrhizobium sp.+
manure 5 tons.ha-1
0.0007
0.0012
0.0008
0.0008
0.00006
0.00007
0.00006
0.00004
0.0007
0.0006
0.0011
0.0008
0.0009
0.00008
0.0009
V *N
V1 N0
V1 N1
V1 N2
V1 N3
V1 N4
V2 N0
V2 N1
V1 N2
V2 N3
V2 N4
V3 N0
V3 N1
V3 N2
V3 N3
V3 N4
0.0007
0.0010
0.0009
0.0006
0.0010
0.0007
0.0013
0.0007
0.0010
0.0007
0.0008
0.0012
0.0009
0.0008
0.0009
0.00004
0.00008
0.00005
0.00004
0.00008
0.00007
0.00006
0.00007
0.00005
0.00013
0.00006
0.00007
0.00005
0.00004
0.00094
0.0007
0.0008
0.0012
0.0009
0.0015
0.0006
0.0005
0.0012
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0009
0.0009
0.0007
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same
colomn and treatment represent no significant difference on
Duncan’s Mutiple Range Test (p < 0.05)
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same
colomn and treatment represent no significant difference on
Duncan’s Mutiple Range Test (p < 0.05)
Application of Bradyrhizobium sp. significantly increased
the PGR and RGR 5-6 WAP (Table 1 and 2). This indicated
the role of bacteria Bradyrhizobium sp . as bacterial of N
fixation in supporting the growth and development of
soybean organs, such as the number of branches , leaf
area and increase plant dry weight (Situmorang, 2008).
Bradyrhizobium sp . is the root nodule bacteria the form of
gram-negative bacteria and symbiosis with soybean plants
by infecting the roots of soybean plants, and form a special
root structures called nodules. In the nodule, the bacteria
differentiate into bacteroids and change the N2 into
ammonia using the enzyme nitrogenase complex , the
process is called fixation N so that N is available to support
the growth of soybean plants. Salisbury and Ross (1991)
reported that N nutrient role to improve the photosynthesis
process in plants. Furthermore, photosynthate be
translocated throughout the plant tissue and then used for
plant growth and development. In addition, it is also related
to the adequacy of water (indicated by the rainfall in July as
much as 283 mm/month) for N2 fixation by bacteria
Bradyrhizobium sp. Adequacy of the water causes no
drought so bacteria develop well for helping N2 fixation in
soybean plants. Net assimilation rate is the rate of
accumulation of dry weight per unit leaf area per unit time.
NAR is a measure of the average efficiency of leaf
photosynthesis in a plant community cultivation. NAR
highest value when the plants are still small and most of the
leaves are exposed to direct sunlight. With the growth of
cultivated plants and with increasing leaf area index, the
more protected leaves, causing a decrease in NAR
throughout the growing season. Net assimilation rate is a
measure of the average efficiency of leaf photosynthesis in
a plant community culture (Gardner et al., 1991). Net
assimilation rate can describe the production of dry matter
or a dry matter production per unit leaf area assuming dry
matter composed mostly of CO2 (Kastono et al., 2002). Net
dry weight of plants is a function of the ability of plants to
absorb light and positively correlated with the rate of
photosynthesis, which
influenced by environmental
conditions (nutrients, water and climate). On environmental
conditions enough nutrients, water, and avoid of disease
pests, plants provide optimal results. The rate of plant
growth under conditions optimal only affected by radiation
125
IJSTR©2014
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 6, JUNE 2014
and temperature. temperature and low radiation are often
the cause of poor growth and low yields (Penning de Vriest
et al., 1989). In this research, combination of
Bradyrhizobium sp. and manure 5 tons/ha on Anjasmoro
variety tent to increase the net assimilation rate 5-6 WAP
(Table 3). Interactions between the biological fertilizer and
genotype affect NAR has been reported previously reported
by Totok (2002).\
5. CONCLUSSION
Anjasmoro variety significantly increased the relative growth
rate and net assimilation rate 5-6 WAP compared with
Sinabung and Wilis. Application of Bradyrhizobium sp.
significantly increased the plant growth rate and relative
growth rate 5-6 WAP compared with other N treatments.
Combination of Bradyrhizobium sp. and manure 5 tons/ha
on Anjasmoro variety tent to increase the net assimilation
rate 5-6 WAP.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Irma Afriyanti and Gregory
Timothi for their support of the research.
REFERENCES
ISSN 2277-8616
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126
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ISSN 2277-8616
Growth Analysis Of Soybean Varieties At Dry
Land With Application Of Nitrogen Sources
Yaya Hasanah, Tengku Chairun Nisa, Hapsoh, Hamidah Hanum
Abstract: Soybean is annual major crops in the world and important legumes in food security. Increased soybean production can achieve through
increased in the intensity of soybean cultivation and expansion of soybean cultivation to marginal lands such as dry land. Nitrogen is a limited nutrient at
dry land. The objective of this research was to determine the growth analysis of three soybean varieties on dry land with application of Nitrogen
sources. Research using randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is soybean varieties (Anjasmoro, Wilis and
Sinabung). The second factor is the sources of N consists of without application of N, Urea 50 kg/ha, Bradyrhizobium sp., manure 10 tons/ha and
combinations of Bradyrhizobium sp. + manure 5 tons/ha. The research result shown that Anjasmoro variety significantly increased the relative growth
rate and net assimilation rate 5-6 WAP compared with Sinabung and Wilis. Application of Bradyrhizobium sp. significantly increased the plant growth
rate and relative growth rate 5-6 WAP compared with other N treatments. Combination of Bradyrhizobium sp. and manure 5 tons/ha on Anjasmoro
variety tent to increase the net assimilation rate 5-6 WAP.
Keywords: dry land, growth, nitrogen, soybean
——————————u——————————
1 INTRODUCTION
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is annual major crops in
the world and important legumes in food security. Soybean
is also a source of protein, oil, sugars, minerals and high
enough of amino acids such as metionin, trypsin dan lysin
so that it can be relied for fullfillment the nutrition and
human food. In addition, soybeans also contain isoflavones
as a secondary metabolites in reducing the potential risk of
degenerative diseases (Mesina, 1999,
Barnes, 2001,
Clarkson, 2002, de Kleijn et al., 2002, Mesina, 2003,
Rochfort and Panozzo, 2007). National soybean demand
continues to increase, along with increasing public
knowledge of the benefits of soybean as a functional food.
The increase in soybean demand is not in line with
production caused the gap, so that the necessary efforts to
improve the national soybean production. This is achieved
through increased productivity approach, the increase in the
intensity of soybean cultivation and expansion of soybean
cultivation to marginal lands (sub- optimal) such as dry
land. Soybean cultivation on dry land have problems such
as soil less fertile, reacted acid, contain Al , Fe and Mn
high, poor in organic matter and essential macro nutrients
(N , P , K , Ca and Mg), water deficit, especially in dry
season because of the limited water resources erratic
rainfall, pests and diseases, weed and use of local varieties
(Arsyad and Purwantoro, 2010).
_______________________
·
·
·
·
Yaya Hasanah, Tengku Chairun Nisa, Hamidah
Hanum affiliated Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia.
Hapsoh affiliated Faculty of Agriculture, University
of Riau, Pekanbaru 29293, Indonesia.
Corresponding author : Yaya Hasanah, Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan
20155, Indonesia. PH. +62618213236
E-mail: azkia_khairunnisa@yahoo.co.id.
Nitrogen is a nutrient that is limited to dry land. In fact,
nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for the plants, the
formation of the basic components of proteins, nucleic
acids, amino acids and protoplasm, required in the
synthesis of chlorophyll, the formation and growth of
vegetative parts of plants (leaves, stems, and roots).
Therefore, the application of various of N sources will affect
on the soybean growth at dry land. Growth analysis is a
way to follow the dynamics of photosynthesis as measured
by dry matter production. Plant growth can be measured
without destruction the plant, such as the measurement of
plant height or number of leaves, but often less reflects the
quantitative accuracy. Dry matter accumulation is preferred
as a measure of growth because it reflects the ability of
plants in binding energy of sunlight through photosynthesis,
as well as its interaction with other environmental factors
(Sumarsono, 2008). Component analysis of the growth of
which is Plant Growth Rate, Relative Growth Rate, Net
Assimilation Rate and Leaf Area Duration (Beadle, 1983).
The potential results can be determined by studying the
growth variables on soybean varieties at dry land. The
objective of this research was to determine the analysis
growth of three soybean varieties on dry land with
application of Nitrogen sources.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Location of the research
The research was conducted on October to December
2012 at dry land Sambirejo Village, District Binjai, Langkat
(determining the location refers to soybean production
center in Sumatra Utara and in accordance with the map
Agroecological Zone, Sumatra Utara.
2.2. Materials of the research
The materials used are three varieties of soybean
(Anjasmoro, Wilis and Sinabung), Urea, TSP and KCl,
straw compost, manure, isolates of Bradyrhizobium sp.
indigenous (collected from dry land Desa Sambirejo),
plastic sheets, plastic bags, paper bags and label
treatment. The tools used are scales, calculator, leaf area
meter and stationery.
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2.3. Design of the research
Research using randomized block design with 2 factors and
3 replications. The first factor is soybean varieties
(Anjasmoro, Wilis and Sinabung). The second factor is the
sources of N consists of without application of N, Urea 50
kg/ha, Bradyrhizobium sp., manure 10 tons/ha and
combinations of Bradyrhizobium sp. + manure 5 tons/ha.
There are 3 x 5 x 3 = 45 experimental units (plots).
2.4. Stage of the research
Dry land used consisted of 45 plots with size of each plot is
2 m x 2 m. Among the plot bounded by drainage channels.
Liming with dolomite 500 kg/ha during land preparation 2
weeks before planting date. P and K fertilizer is done with
dose of P and K fertilizer recommendations for soybean
crop, such as 150 kg P2O5. ha-1 and 75 kg KCl.ha-1.
Isolates of Bradyrhizobium sp . inoculated according to
treatment . Isolates were mixed with soybean seed, done in
the shade
just before planting the morning. Soybean
seeds that have been mixed isolates of Bradyrhizobium sp.
as much as 2 seeds for each planting hole. Urea and
manure application in accordance with the treatment done
at the time of planting. Urea fertilizer is given a half dose at
planting and the remaining half dose at 30 days after
planting (DAP). Prevention of pest attacks carried out by
using organic pesticide with active ingredient of
azadirachtin, ricin acid, polyphenols, alkaloids, citral,
eugenol, annonain , nicotine, with a concentration of 10 cc
per liter of water, made in the afternoon at 4, 6 and 8 DAP.
Harvesting is done when the soybean crop has been
harvested criteria indicated that the pods have brown skin
and stems and leaves have dried up. Variables observed
include plant growth rate (PGR), relative growth rate (RGR)
and net assimilation rate (NAR) are calculated by the
formula :
PGR = W 2 – W 1
t2 - t1
RGR
3.2. Relative Growth Rate
Based on Table 2 shown that the Anjasmoro variety RGR
5-6 WAP is significantly higher than Wilis and Sinabung.
Sources N Bradyrhizobium sp. provided the highest RGR 56 MST than all other treatments, while the treatment without
N application gave the lowest RGR 5-6 WAP. Application of
Bradyrhizobium sp. on Anjasmoro varieties tent to increase
the RGR 5-6 WAP.
3.3. Net Assimilation Rate
Based on Table 3 shown that the Anjasmoro variety
increased significantly of NAR compared with Willis and
Sinabung. Sources N Bradyrhizobium sp. tent to give higher
NAR than all other treatments of N sources, while the urea
treatment gave the lowest NAR 5-6 WAP. Application of
Bradyrhizobium sp. on Sinabung variety tent to give higher
NAR 5-6 WAP compared with other treatment interactions.
TABLE 1.
PLANT GROWTH RATE OF THREE SOYBEAN VARIETIES WITH
APPLICATION OF NITROGEN SOURCES ON DRY LAND
Treatment
Variety (V)
V1 = Anjasmoro
V2 = Wilis
V3 = Sinabung
Source of N
N0 = Without N application
N1 = Urea (50 kg.ha-1)
N2 = Bradyrhizobium sp.
N3 = Manure (10 tons.ha-1)
N4= Bradyrhizobium sp.+
manure 5 tons.ha-1
(g.g-1.day-1)
NAR = ln A2 – ln A1 x W 2 – W 1
A2 – A1
t2 – t1
Note : W 2
W1
A2
A1
Bradyrhizobium sp. + manure (5 tons/ha) on Anjasmoro
varieties tent to increase the PGR 5-6 WAP (0.700 g.day-1).
(g.day-1)
= ln W 2 – ln W 1
t2 – t1
V *N
V1 N0
V1 N1
V1 N2
V1 N3
V1 N4
V2 N0
V2 N1
V1 N2
V2 N3
V2 N4
V3 N0
V3 N1
V3 N2
V3 N3
V3 N4
(g.cm-2.day-1)
= biomass total on t2 (g)
= biomass total on t1 (g)
= leaf area total on t2 (cm-2)
= leaf area total on t1 (cm-2)
The data analyzed with analysis of variance (F test) at the
level of a = 5%, if there is a significant difference then
performed Duncan's Mutiple Range Test at the a = 5%.
3 RESULT
3.1. Plant Growth Rate
Table 1 shown that the source of N Bradyrhizobium sp.
increased significantly of PGR compared with other N
source treatment, while treatment of Urea and without
application of N gave the lowest PGR 5-6 week after
planting (WAP). Anjasmoro varieties tent to increase PGR
compared to Sinabung and Wilis. Combination treatment of
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Plant Growth Rate
(g.day-1)
3-4
4-5
5-6
WAP
WAP
WAP
0.139
0.180
0.191
0.137
0.145
0.124
0.442
0.262
0.290
0.174
0.219
0.156
0.149
0.171
0.137
0.098
0.097
0.204c
0.235c
0.449a
0.370b
0.152
0.175
0.359b
0.166
0.142
0.122
0.132
0.135
0.145
0.177
0.191
0.194
0.191
0.212
0.338
0.155
0.120
0.129
0.168
0.201
0.054
0.040
0.221
0.210
0.108
0.045
0.209
0.152
0.135
0.100
0.194
0.042
0.150
0.265
0.200
0.641
0.405
0.700
0.152
0.236
0.560
0.180
0.182
0.194
0.269
0.270
0.525
0.195
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same
colomn and treatment represent no significant difference on
Duncan’s Mutiple Range Test (p < 0.05)
4. DISCUSSION
Plant growth rate analysis indicated the plant development
as net accumulation
of photosynthesis result is an
integrated with the time as measured by dry matter
production. Based on the results of research, Anjasmoro
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variety has higher PGR and NAR than Sinabung and Wilis.
This difference is due to te difference of genetics source
varieties tested. As reported by Shorter and Norman (1982)
that soybean genotypes with different genetic background
will influence growth rate. The difference of PGR, RGR
and NAR due to the difference of cultivars tested has been
reported previously by Totok and Utari (2002)
TABLE 3.
NET ASSIMILATION RATE OF THREE SOYBEAN VARIETIES
WITH APPLICATION OF NITROGEN SOURCES ON DRY LAND
Treatment
Variety (V)
V1 = Anjasmoro
V2 = Wilis
V3 = Sinabung
TABLE 2.
RELATIVE GROWTH RATE OF THREE SOYBEAN VARIETIES
APPLICATION OF NITROGEN SOURCES ON DRY LAND
Treatment
Variety (V)
V1 = Anjasmoro
V2 = Wilis
V3 = Sinabung
Source of N
N0 = Without N application
N1 = Urea (50 kg.ha-1)
N2 = Bradyrhizobium sp.
N3 = Manure (10 tons.ha-1)
N4 = Bradyrhizobium sp.+
manure 5 tons.ha-1
V *N
V1 N0
V1 N1
V1 N2
V1 N3
V1 N4
V2 N0
V2 N1
V1 N2
V2 N3
V2 N4
V3 N0
V3 N1
V3 N2
V3 N3
V3 N4
WITH
Relative Plant Growth
(g.g-1. day-1)
3-4
3-4
3-4
WAP
WAP
WAP
0.102
0.124
0.150
0.064
0.064
0.051
0.116a
0.068c
0.084b
0.124
0.168
0.121
0.095
0.065
0.056
0.045
0.045
0.052e
0.071d
0.129a
0.108b
0.119
0.088
0.086c
0.108
0.130
0.090
0.082
0.098
0.120
0.119
0.120
0.118
0.143
0.143
0.255
0.153
0.085
0.117
0.066
0.073
0.033
0.020
0.130
0.086
0.057
0.019
0.096
0.063
0.044
0.038
0.083
0.020
0.070
0.070
0.061
0.176
0.116
0.160
0.043
0.065
0.132
0.059
0.042
0.045
0.087
0.080
0.150
0.056
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Relative Plant Growth
(g.g-1. day-1
3-4
3-4
3-4
WAP
WAP
WAP
0.0008
0.0009
0.0009
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0010a
0.0007b
0.0008b
Source of N
N0 = Without N application
N1 = Urea (50 kg.ha-1)
N2 = Bradyrhizobium sp.
N3 = Manure (10 tons.ha-1)
N4 = Bradyrhizobium sp.+
manure 5 tons.ha-1
0.0007
0.0012
0.0008
0.0008
0.00006
0.00007
0.00006
0.00004
0.0007
0.0006
0.0011
0.0008
0.0009
0.00008
0.0009
V *N
V1 N0
V1 N1
V1 N2
V1 N3
V1 N4
V2 N0
V2 N1
V1 N2
V2 N3
V2 N4
V3 N0
V3 N1
V3 N2
V3 N3
V3 N4
0.0007
0.0010
0.0009
0.0006
0.0010
0.0007
0.0013
0.0007
0.0010
0.0007
0.0008
0.0012
0.0009
0.0008
0.0009
0.00004
0.00008
0.00005
0.00004
0.00008
0.00007
0.00006
0.00007
0.00005
0.00013
0.00006
0.00007
0.00005
0.00004
0.00094
0.0007
0.0008
0.0012
0.0009
0.0015
0.0006
0.0005
0.0012
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0009
0.0009
0.0007
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same
colomn and treatment represent no significant difference on
Duncan’s Mutiple Range Test (p < 0.05)
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the same
colomn and treatment represent no significant difference on
Duncan’s Mutiple Range Test (p < 0.05)
Application of Bradyrhizobium sp. significantly increased
the PGR and RGR 5-6 WAP (Table 1 and 2). This indicated
the role of bacteria Bradyrhizobium sp . as bacterial of N
fixation in supporting the growth and development of
soybean organs, such as the number of branches , leaf
area and increase plant dry weight (Situmorang, 2008).
Bradyrhizobium sp . is the root nodule bacteria the form of
gram-negative bacteria and symbiosis with soybean plants
by infecting the roots of soybean plants, and form a special
root structures called nodules. In the nodule, the bacteria
differentiate into bacteroids and change the N2 into
ammonia using the enzyme nitrogenase complex , the
process is called fixation N so that N is available to support
the growth of soybean plants. Salisbury and Ross (1991)
reported that N nutrient role to improve the photosynthesis
process in plants. Furthermore, photosynthate be
translocated throughout the plant tissue and then used for
plant growth and development. In addition, it is also related
to the adequacy of water (indicated by the rainfall in July as
much as 283 mm/month) for N2 fixation by bacteria
Bradyrhizobium sp. Adequacy of the water causes no
drought so bacteria develop well for helping N2 fixation in
soybean plants. Net assimilation rate is the rate of
accumulation of dry weight per unit leaf area per unit time.
NAR is a measure of the average efficiency of leaf
photosynthesis in a plant community cultivation. NAR
highest value when the plants are still small and most of the
leaves are exposed to direct sunlight. With the growth of
cultivated plants and with increasing leaf area index, the
more protected leaves, causing a decrease in NAR
throughout the growing season. Net assimilation rate is a
measure of the average efficiency of leaf photosynthesis in
a plant community culture (Gardner et al., 1991). Net
assimilation rate can describe the production of dry matter
or a dry matter production per unit leaf area assuming dry
matter composed mostly of CO2 (Kastono et al., 2002). Net
dry weight of plants is a function of the ability of plants to
absorb light and positively correlated with the rate of
photosynthesis, which
influenced by environmental
conditions (nutrients, water and climate). On environmental
conditions enough nutrients, water, and avoid of disease
pests, plants provide optimal results. The rate of plant
growth under conditions optimal only affected by radiation
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 6, JUNE 2014
and temperature. temperature and low radiation are often
the cause of poor growth and low yields (Penning de Vriest
et al., 1989). In this research, combination of
Bradyrhizobium sp. and manure 5 tons/ha on Anjasmoro
variety tent to increase the net assimilation rate 5-6 WAP
(Table 3). Interactions between the biological fertilizer and
genotype affect NAR has been reported previously reported
by Totok (2002).\
5. CONCLUSSION
Anjasmoro variety significantly increased the relative growth
rate and net assimilation rate 5-6 WAP compared with
Sinabung and Wilis. Application of Bradyrhizobium sp.
significantly increased the plant growth rate and relative
growth rate 5-6 WAP compared with other N treatments.
Combination of Bradyrhizobium sp. and manure 5 tons/ha
on Anjasmoro variety tent to increase the net assimilation
rate 5-6 WAP.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Irma Afriyanti and Gregory
Timothi for their support of the research.
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