THE SEMANTIC STUDY OF THE ENGLISH VERBS MEANING

  

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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE SEMANTIC STUDY OF THE ENGLISH VERBS MEANING TO SPEAK AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

ADVENDRI NOVRIWANDINATA

  Student number: 064214002

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011

  

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE SEMANTIC STUDY OF THE ENGLISH VERBS MEANING TO SPEAK AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

ADVENDRI NOVRIWANDINATA

  Student number: 064214002

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011

  

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First of all I would like to express my greatest thanks to Allah SWT, for the blessing and love. Because of Allah SWT, finally I made it after a very long and tiring process.

  My deepest gratitude is dedicated to my beloved mother, Natalia and my father Drs. Marjono Rianto Asan for their love, prayers, and most of all, thanks for their big sacrifice and their patience that makes me do the best in my life. I would like to thank my beloved sisters Maria Oktavia and Marsela Mega Putri for their support in every single day. I love them in every single moment of my life and this thesis is dedicated for them with all my heart.

  I would like to express my greatest gratitude to my advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum for her advice, ideas, support and patience in reading and guiding me to finish my under graduate thesis, and also to Linda Valentina Budiman, S.S., M.Hum as my co-advisor who gave me suggestion for making my analysis get better.

  I would like to give my appreciation to the lecturers of English Letters Department at Sanata Dharma University, to mbak Ninik who always helps me at the secretariat and also library staff for their assistance along my study.

  I also thank Allah for giving me the best person in my life, Mita Juniarti who has never been bored for giving me support and her love in doing my thesis and for everything. To my best friend Acong, Dika, Hasan, Sanam, Adit, Ryo, Helfi, Lusi, Yuniar, Nana, Sansan, Elok, and many others that I can not mention PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  one by one, I just want to say thank you for the best life in Jogja and thanks for giving me support.

  My Senior High School friends in Jogja: Otong, Disti, Te es, Yogi, thanks for accompany me and for the friendship that we have. I do not know what to do if you are not there for me.

  All my friend in FKM: Wahyu, Agus, Tya, Novi, Tika, Atik, Yosi, Bayu, Fatur, Yoyok, Mas Adi, Mas Topik, Mas Oki, Mas Kun, Mas Muji, Mbak Tiwi, and Mbak Ida, thank for guiding me to become more better and better. I am sorry for my absent in FKM. I am really a bad chairman.

  Last but not least I would like to thank my friends in my KKN: Rico, Lusi, Santi, Vale, Kiki and Sr. Deti, for their cooperation and togetherness in the house.

  You guys make my life in KKN more beautiful.

  Advendri Novriwandinata

  

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................ ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ....................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... vi TABLE OF TABLE ............................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... viii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................

  4. Theory on Componential Analysis ........................................................ 13

  67 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................

  B. The Semantic Features of English Verbs meaning to speak ...................... 52 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ..........................................................................

  19 A. The Definition of English Verb Meaning To Speak ................................... 19

  17 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...............................................................................

  2. Data Collection ...................................................................................... 16

3. Data Analysis ........................................................................................

  1. Samples .................................................................................................. 16

  C. Method of the Study ................................................................................... 16

  B. Approach of the Study ................................................................................ 15

  15 A. Object of the Study ..................................................................................... 15

  C. Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 14 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................

  3. Theory on Synonyms ............................................................................. 11

  1 A. Background of the Study ...........................................................................

  10

  1. Theory on Word Meaning ..................................................................... 8

2. Theory on Sentential Meaning ..............................................................

  

B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................... 8

  2. Undergraduate thesis by Dwi Ratri Indriyana ....................................... 7

  6

  6

1. Undergraduate thesis by Agnes Sri Paulina ..........................................

  6 A. Review of Related Studies .........................................................................

  

D. Definitions of Terms .................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .....................................................

  4 C. Objectives of the Study .............................................................................. 4

  1 B. Problem Formulations ...............................................................................

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TABLE OF TABLE

  Table 1: The semantic features to analyze verbs .................................................. 18 Table 2: The meanings of the verb Articulate based on dictionary ...................... 19 Table 3: The meanings of the verb Communicate based on dictionary ................ 22 Table 4: The meanings of the verb Discourse based on dictionary ...................... 24 Table 5: The meanings of the verb Enunciate based on dictionary ...................... 26 Table 6: The meanings of the verb Express based on dictionary .......................... 28 Table 7: The meanings of the verb Mouth based on dictionary ............................ 30 Table 8: The meanings of the verb Pronounce based on dictionary ..................... 32 Table 9: The meanings of the verb Say based on dictionary ................................. 34 Table 10: The meanings of the verb Speak based on dictionary ........................... 36 Table 11: The meanings of the verb State based on dictionary ............................ 38 Table 12: The meanings of the verb Talk based on dictionary ............................. 40 Table 13: The meanings of the verb Tell based on dictionary .............................. 42 Table 14: The meanings of the verb Utter based on dictionary ............................ 44 Table 15: The meanings of the verb Verbalize based on dictionary ..................... 46 Table 16: The meanings of the verb Vocalize based on dictionary ....................... 48 Table 17: The meanings of the verb Voice based on dictionary ........................... 49 Table 18: Semantic features of the verb to articulate ........................................... 52 Table 19: Semantic features of the verb to communicate ..................................... 53 Table 20: Semantic features of the verb to discourse ........................................... 54 Table 21: Semantic features of the verb to enunciate ........................................... 55 Table 22: Semantic features of the verb to express............................................... 55 Table 23: Semantic features of the verb to mouth................................................. 56 Table 24: Semantic features of the verb to pronounce ......................................... 57 Table 25: Semantic features of the verb to say ..................................................... 58 Table 26: Semantic features of the verb to speak ................................................. 59 Table 27: Semantic features of the verb to state ................................................... 60 Table 28: Semantic features of the verb to talk..................................................... 60 Table 29: Semantic features of the verb to tell ..................................................... 61 Table 30: Semantic features of the verb to utter ................................................... 62 Table 31: Semantic features of the verb to verbalize ............................................ 63 Table 32: Semantic features of the verb to vocalize ............................................. 64 Table 33: Semantic features of the verb to voice .................................................. 65 Table 34: The semantic features of the English verbs containing meaning to speak 66

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ABSTRACT

  Advendri Novriwandinata. The Semantic Study of the English Verbs Meaning To Speak.

  Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2011. This thesis is about a study of the semantic features of the English words containing meaning to speak. The writer studies the English verb containing meaning to speak because it is one of the English words that has many near synonyms. The word to speak itself has a meaning “to say or state something”. This definition is taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. The other words that synonymous to the word to speak must be have differences with the word to speak. Therefore, this study has been designed to analyze the differences and how they are used in sentences.

  This study has two objectives, first to find out the definition of each verb that has meaning to speak. Second, to find the semantic features of the English verb that has meaning to speak.

  This thesis is about a semantic study to the English verbs meaning to speak by using componential analysis as the approach. There are 16 verbs that the writer found. They are articulate, communicate,

  

discourse, enunciate, express, mouth, pronounce, say, speak, state, talk, tell, utter,

verbalize, vocalize,

  and voice. After analyzing the whole data, the writer can conclude two things. First, the definition of the verb can be found not only from the dictionary, but we can also find the definition from analysing the verb when it is applied in sentences. Then we can also decide the feature that can not be found in dictionary, from analysing sentences. Second, using the semantic features, the features of the verb can be categorized into content, condition, and the reason. There are 14 features on content, they are thought/ideas, word spelling, something that is difficult to say, news, information, feeling, speech, something that you do not feel, believe or understand, secret, legal judgement, prayer, wishes, something that you know a lot about, and amount of money. On the condition, there are 5 features, they are formal, need braveness, involve another person, informal and publicly. And on the reason, there are 13 features, they are giving clarity, pronouncing or declaring something, exchange information, impart knowledge, give information to somebody, give or convey a true impression of something, represent something by a symbol or a sign, make known something hidden, using particular language, attach another person’s saying, discussing, ordering, and represent something of some people. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRAK

  Advendri Novriwandinata. The Semantic Study of the English Words Meaning To Speak.

  Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2011. Skripsi ini berisi tentang fitur semantis dari kata kerja berbahasa Inggris yang bermakna to speak. Penulis memilih membahas kata kerja berbahasa Inggris yang bermakna to speak karena kata ini adalah salah satu dari kata kerja berbahasa Inggris yang memiliki banyak padanan kata dengan makna yang kurang lebih sama tetapi tidak identik. Kata to speak ini sendiri memiliki makna “berbicara atau menyatakan sesuatu”. Definisi ini diambil dari kamus Oxford Advanced

  

Learner’s Dictionary. Kata-kata kerja lain yang bersinonim dengan to speak

  haruslah memiliki perbedaan yang membedakannya dengan kata to speak itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dibuat untuk menganalisa perbedaan yang ada pada kata-kata kerja tersebut dan penggunaannya di dalam kalimat.

  Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan, yang pertama untuk mengetahui definisi dari setiap kata kerja yang memiliki makna to speak. Kedua, melihat fitur semantis apa saja yang terkandung dalam tiap kata kerja berbahasa Inggris yang bermakna to speak..

  Skripsi ini membahas tentang pembelajaran semantis dari kata-kata kerja Bahasa Inggris yang bermakna to speak dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan analisa komponen.

  Ada 16 kata kerja yang penulis pakai. Mereka adalah, articulate,

  

communicate, discourse, enunciate, express, mouth, pronounce, say, speak, state,

talk, tell, utter, verbalize, vocalize, dan voice. Setelah menganalisa data-data,

  penulis menyimpulkan dua hal. Pertama, makna setiap kerja dapat ditemukan tak hanya dalam kamus, tapi juga dalam penggunaannya dalam kalimat. Kemudian kita juga dapat menemukan fitur yang tidak ada di kamus pada kalimat tersebut. Kedua, dengan menggunakan fitur semantis, fitur kata-kata dikategorikan ke dalam isi, kondisi, dan alasan. Ada 14 fitur isi, mereka adalah pikiran/ide, pengucapan kata, Sesuatu yang sulit dikatakan, berita, informasi, perasaan, sesuatu yang tidak dirasakan, percaya atau mengerti, rahasia, keputusan hukum, doa, harapan, sesuatu yang kamu sangat ketahui, dan sejumlah uang. Fitur kondisi, ada 5 jenis yaitu, resmi, membutuhkan keberanian, memerlukan orang lain untuk mengatakannya, tidak resmi, dan depan umum. Dan ada 15 jenis fitur alasan, yaitu memberikan kejelasan, mengumumkan sesuatu, bertukar informasi, memberikan pengetahuan, memberikan informasi kepada orang lain, memberikan atau menyampaikan kesan terhadap sesuatu, menunjukkan sesuatu melalui simbol atau tanda, memberitahu sesuatu yang tersembunyi, menggunakan bahasa PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  tertentu, menggunakan perkataan dari orang lain, berdiskusi, memberi perintah, dan menunjukkan sesuatu untuk mewakili orang banyak. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Languages play an important role in human lives, with languages, we can

  communicate each other. In order to deliver ideas, human being needs to know and understand well about the language itself. According to Wardhaugh, language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication (1977: 3). This definition of language has the same definition with, that language is the specialized sound signaling system which seems to be genetically programmed to develop in humans to communicate (Aitchison, 2003: 13). Those definitions of language shared the same meaning that language is a sound of system used for human communication.

  Language as a system for communication has been divided into three various kinds of components. They are phonology, syntax, and semantics. Phonology is the component which deal with the sounds. Syntax is the component which deal with the forms that convey meaning as they are arranged in sentences. And semantics is dealing with the relationship between the meaningful elements of language and the outside world (Lehmann, 1983: 5).

  The writer studies semantics because the writer studies the meaning as the basic knowledge in understanding language. The word semantics come from the Greek word sematikos which is derived from the noun s

  ēma mean “sign” or “signal” and the verb s

  ēmainō mean “signal” or “means” (Aitchison, 2003:88). It PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  means that to study semantics means to study meaning. It must be kept in our mind that the meaning which is studied in this subject is only limited to language meaning. Therefore, semantics can be defined as “the study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences” (Fromkin, 2000:151).

  In this research, the writer analyzed the English verbs meaning to speak because it has many synonyms. The writer studied the semantic features of the English verbs meaning to speak because the writer wanted to differenciate each verb which are used in sentences for the students who study English. This study can improve their knowledge about English vocabularies by understanding the definition and the features of each verb.

  We have many words that presented English verbs meaning to speak, two of them are enunciate and articulate. If we use them in sentences, they will have their own meaning although both of the words are almost the same in meaning but we can not applied them in the same way.

  [1] The theory Darwin was to enunciate decades later. [2] She struggled to articulate her thoughts. We can see that enunciate and articulate there have the same intension of to

  

speak or say something. But the problem is, how they can be used in the sentences

and why they can not be used in the same sentence.

  The reason to write this thesis is because meaning has an important position to people who are learning a certain language as their second or third language.

  For people who learn English as their first language, of course studying meaning is worthless since they have known the meaning of almost every single word in PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  their vocabulary. The use of language as a means of communication say that having the knowledge of accurate meaning of the vocabulary of a certain language will lead to a successful verbal communication so that misunderstanding will not happen.

  This topic, The Semantic Study of The English Verbs Meaning “To Speak”, is chosen because the analysis of the topic can be used to investigate the complete definition of synonymous words. Similar to linguistic, semantics has also many scopes of study and one of them is synonym. Synonyms are words or expressions that have the same meanings in some or all aspects (O’Graddy, 1996: 269). Words that are considered to be synonymous will always have components in their meaning that differentiate one another. The purpose is also to find out the complete definition that will lead to the finding of the differences among the synonymous words.

  To limit the problems, the writer referred to the basic definition of the verb to

  speak

  in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. It stated that the meaning of the verb to speak is to say or state something (Hornby, 2005: 1467). The writer decided to analyze sixteen verbs meaning to speak, including the verbs to speak itself, and limit to their function as in transitive sentences only. They were

  

articulate, communicate, discourse, enunciate, express, mouth, pronounce, say, speak, state, talk, tell, utter, verbalize, vocalize, voice. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  B. Problem Formulation In order to arrive in the result of the analysis, some problems are proposed.

  The problems can be formulated as follows:

  1. What is the definition of each verb that has meaning to speak?

  2. What are the semantic features of the English verb containing meaning to

  speak

  ?

  C. Objective of the Study

  This study aims to find out the definition of each verb that has meaning to speak.

  And to find the semantic features of the English verb that has meaning to speak.

  D. Definition of Terms

  To avoid misinterpretation and misunderstanding, the writer feel it is necessary to give the definition of terms used in this study. The terms include:

1. Semantics

  Verhaar in Drs. Mansoer Tateda’s (1989: 14) defines semantics is theory of meaning. Another definition proposed by Kambartel (in Bauerle; 1979: 195) is semantics assumed that language has a structure which showed the meaning if it is connected with the other object in the world. In other word, semantics help us understand the language through the meaning of every object.

  According to Hornby in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, verb is defined as a word or group of words that expresses an action (2005: 1698).

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2. Verb

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW In this chapter, the writer discusses the review of related studies and

  review of related theories. The review of related studies present the studies that had been done by other writers that have relation to this study. The review of related theories present some theories that the writer use to support this analysis.

A. Review of Related Studies

1. An Undergraduate Thesis Written by Agnes Sri Paulina entitled The Study

  of Semantic Features on English Verbs Containing Meaning To Walk

  This thesis analyzed the semantic features of the English verbs which have meaning “to walk”. Her objectives of this thesis are to highlight the differences of each verb meaning to walk through the semantic features and to show and analyze the use of each verb meaning to walk in sentences. In her research, she found twenty verbs that has meaning to walk. They are edge, limp, march,

  pace, paddle, parade, plod, promenade, ramble, shamble, shuffle, stagger, stalk, stride, stroll, tiptoe, totter, tramp, trudge, wade . She used four

  dictionaries to get the definition of those verbs; Oxford Advanced Learner’s

  Dictionaries, Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary Unabridged, Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary.

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  In her study, Paulina used semantic features and sentences to analyze the English verbs meaning to walk. This method is also used by the writer in this thesis to analyze the English verbs containing meaning to speak.

  However, the differences between her study and this thesis are the object of the study. Her object is the English verb containing meaning to walk, but this thesis’ object is the English verbs containing meaning to speak. She used the intransitive verbs that has the meaning to walk, whereas the writer in this thesis used the transitive verbs to analyze the problems.

2. An Undergraduate Thesis written by Dwi Ratri Indriyana entitled The

  Semantic and Syntactic Features of The Intransitive Verbs Related to Visual Sense

  Indriyana in her study, analyzed the intransitive verbs related “to visual senses”. Her objectives were to find out the words denoting visual senses, to find out the semantic properties of those words, and to find out the syntactic properties of each verb. She found twenty-four intransitive verbs that denote to visual senses. They are crane, discern, gape, gawk, gaze, glance, glare, glint,

  gloat, glower, goggle, leer, look, observe, ogle, peek, peep, peer, ruberneck, see, spy, squint, stare, watch.

  She used four dictionaries to define those verbs;

  Merriam-Webster’s College Dictionary Eleventh Edition, Webster’s New Twentieth Dictionary Unabridged, Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  In her study, Indriyana was only focus on the intransitive verbs that denote to visual senses. She used the semantic features and syntactic features to find out the similarities and differences of the verb. Whether this thesis focus on the verb that containing meaning to speak which is function as transitive verbs in sentence. This thesis is only used the semantic features to find out the similarities and differences between the verb. Then the writer also uses each verb in sentences.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory on Word Meaning

  According to Lyons, word is form whether spoken or written, or, alternatively, as composites expressions, which combine form and meaning (1995: 46). It is also said by Richard, Platt, and Weiber, that word is the smallest Linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing (1985: 311). Word can be define as a single form of linguistic units that has meaning. It can occur whether in spoken or written.

  The meaning of words can be divided into three groups, lexical meaning, syntactic meaning, and morphological meaning. Lexical meaning means the meaning of certain word that can be found in a dictionary. Lexical meaning itself can be divided into two types, the meaning of a word in isolation and the meaning of a word when it is already in a phrase or sentence. Syntactic meaning consists of the meaning of word order in a sentence and the status of clause. And morphological meaning can be defined as “two or more; plural” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  that is attached to the bound morpheme [s] like in books, cats, maps (Allen and Campbell, 1965: 278).

  According to Lehmann, to analyze the meaning of certain words, a researcher can use the method of analyzing other linguistic elements like system of sounds and syntactic pattern of sentences namely collecting and then analyzing the data which is similar to the method in descriptive linguistics. It means that researchers must look for single or independent words that are separated from their sentence and examine their distribution namely their linguistic context and situational context (1976: 228).

  In doing the contrast and comparison, it must be considered that the researchers must find the words that share the same features but have the contrast with another word in other features (Nida, 1975:32). For example, if a researcher tries to find the componential features of the central meaning of the word father (the name of biological ancestor) which has features such as [+human], [+parent], [+adult], and [+male], it is clear that it can only be done by contrasting the word with another word which share certain features with it but contrast in other features such as the word mother which has features such as [+human], [+parent], [+adult], [-male] (Nida, 1975:32).

  To make a comparing and contrasting analysis, the reseacher can also be helped by the dictionaries. Dictionaries can be very helpful because they sometimes give detailed information about the meaning of words, list of contrast, and provide illustrative context (Nida, 1975: 172). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. Theory on Sentential Meaning

  According to Fromkin, Blair, and Collins, sentential meaning is built from the meaning of noun phrases and verb phrases (2000: 17). Cruse has the same idea with that definition. Sentence is a unit that must have at least one independent clause and at least one predication grammatically. It does not need another clause. Thus, the sentence is the smallest linguistic unit that can be used in an act of “telling” (2000:22).

  A sentence is composed of phrases. Phrasal or sentential meaning is the study of phrases and sentences meaning relationships by combining the word meanings into among these larger units. The meaning of its words and its context will influence the meaning of the phrase or the sentence (Fromkin, Blair, and Collins, 2000: 164).

  Fodor said in her book, Semantics: Theories of Meaning In Generative Grammar, there are some types of sentences, they are imperative sentences, interrogative sentences, and some sentences which are declarative in superficial form. The last type is the type that is not used for the making of the assertions. It is used to give orders, make requests, ask questions, to promise, to warn, to make bets, and so on. And It would seem to have a little to do with the concept of truth in most of these illocutionary acts. Therefore that the propositional contents of these sentences can be individuated by reference to truth conditions (1977: 50).

  The same propositional content in sentences is appeared only if the sentences have the same truth-conditions. One part of the meaning of sentences PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

• – as sentences are commonly defined – that is definitely not part of their propositional content is thematic meaning (Lyons, 1995: 154). For example: 1) ‘I have not read this book’, 2) ‘This book I have not read’, 3) ‘It is this book (that) I have not read’, 4) ‘This book has not been read by me’.

  Those sentences are differed in thematic meaning, all have the same truth- conditions, and the same propositional content. This kind of meaning is called thematic because it is depending on the way speakers present the theme of their utterance in relation to particular contextual presuppositions.

3. Theory on Synonyms

  The word synonym is derived from ancient Greek syn means “plus” and

  onoma

  means “name”. Therefore, synonyms are different words with similar or identical meanings (Aitchison, 2003: 90).

  There are three kinds of synonyms in language system. Those are absolute synonyms, partial synonyms, and near-synonyms. Absolute synonyms can be explained as two items which are equal in meaning in all contexts for example the word sofa and couch. Partial synonyms occur when two lexical items in two sentences can be replaced to one another without affecting the whole meaning which is conveyed within the sentence for example big and large.

  Near synonyms are expressions that are more or less similar but not identical in PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  meaning for examples, mist and fog, stream and brook, man and boy (Lyons, 1995:60).

  Lyons also said, two or more expressions can be absolutely synonymous if, and only if, they included in this following conditions: 1) All their meaning are identical; 2) They are synonymous in all contexts; 3) They are semantically equivalent (their meaning or meanings are identical) on all dimensions of meaning, descriptive and non-descriptive (1995: 61).

  It is difficult to find any words that have these three conditions because basically there is no word absolutely synonimous. For example, “big” and “large”. We can know those words are absolutely synonimous or not by applied them to sentence. i. ‘They live in a big/large house’, ii. ‘I will tell my big sister’, iii. ‘I will tell my large sister’.

  In the sentence i, we can see that “big” and “large” share the same meaning. They can substitute each other. In sentence ii and iii, they show that “big” and “large” not always can be substituted each other. They show that “big” has at least one meaning which it does not share with “large” (Lyons, 1995: 62). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

4. Theory on componential analysis

  For many years, many people especially non-native speakers sometimes use the words that have similarity in meaning incorrectly. That is why lexicographers have been struggling very hard to produce the meaning to the most complete definition in order to people can use it correctly. Linguists then tried to distinguishing the word’s characteristics by clasify and show their relationship using componential or feature analysis, which is called semantic

  features (Bolinger, 1968: 93).

  Componential analysis was firstly introduced by Katz and Fodor in 1963. It was used in the field of anthropological linguistics to study the relationship between kinship terms. The idea of this analysis is to divide meaning into smaller parts. For example, spinster can be analyzed to have components or features such as [-married], [-male], [+adults], and [+human]. With that kind of method, differences of words can be identified by contrasting the features of words. For example, the semantic features of the word bachelor are [-married], [+male], [+adult], [+human]. As a result, the feature that differentiates those two words is [±male]. <https://www.grin.com/login/#documents/101000/text>.

  To establish a word meaning, some ways can be conducted, including by looking at its semantic features. Semantic features itself, according to Radford, Atkinson, Britain, Clahsen, and Spencer, in Linguistics: An Introduction, should be decomposable (1999: 200). It means that the meaning of a word should be separated or broken up into constituent parts, especially as parts that buils up the words. For examples, ram, ewe, lamb. They mean sheep. The PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  fundamental distinction lies on the gender, whether it is male or female, and the maturity, whether it is adult or non-adult. The semantic features of these words are ram [male, adult], ewe [female, adult], lamb[none, adult]. These features express the semantic relation between different lexical items that have different main meaning.

C. Theoretical Framework

  The objectives of this thesis are to find out the definition of each verb that has meaning to speak. And to find the semantic features of the English verb that has meaning to speak..

  Two questions in the problem formulation were the main discussions in the analysis. The first question is concerning about the definition of the English verb meaning to speak. The second question is about the semantic features of each verb. To answer the questions, the theories above that consist of word meaning, sentential meaning, synonym, and componential analysis were applied to the analysis.

  In answering the first question, the writer used the theory on synonym to find the verbs that have similar meaning with the verb meaning to speak. Theory on word meaning was also used to define each verb based on four dictionaries. Then, theory of sentential meaning to support the definition and find addition feature that could be appear after the verb applied in sentences.

  Theory of componential analysis was used to analyzed the semantic features on each verb and to see the differences between them. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the study The data in this study are the verbs containing meaning to speak. The meaning of the verb to speak is “to say or state something” (Hornby, 2005: 1467). Since there are many verbs that have meaning to speak, the writer uses Oxford American Dictionary and Thesaurus, Collins Concise Dictionary and Thesaurus,

  and Merriam-Webster Thesaurus

  to get the verbs that have synonyms to the verb to speak. The writer limited the data that contain only one morpheme. Then, the data are also limited to those which have function as transitive verb in sentences.

  Those verbs are articulate, communicate, discourse, enunciate, express, mouth, pronounce, say, speak, state, talk, tell, utter, verbalize, vocalize, voice.

  To define each verb, the writer uses four dictionaries; Oxford Advanced

  

Learner’s Dictionary (2005), Random House Webster’s College Dictionary

(2001), Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Tenth Edition (1993), and

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2001). The writer chooses those

dictionaries because they are commonly used and easy to understand.

B. Approach of the study

  This thesis is focusing on the semantic study. It means, this thesis study the meaning. In this thesis, the writer uses Componential Analysis because it is

  15 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  effective to find the similarities and differences among the verbs which are related in meaning.

  Componential analysis involves the analysis of the meaning of a lexeme into its component parts (Lyons, 1995: 107). The data is analyzed. After knowing the components, the writer explain them one by one. From this explanation, the differences of the words appear.

C. Method of the study

  1. Samples

  The samples of the data are the verbs that have meaning to speak. They are taken from three different dictionaries, Oxford American Dictionary and

  

Thesaurus, Collins Concise Dictionary and Thesaurus, and Merriam-Webster

Thesaurus

  . The writer limit the data that contain only one morpheme. Then, the data are also limit to those which have function as transitive verb in sentences.

  Those verbs are articulate, communicate, discourse, enunciate, express, mouth, pronounce, say, speak, state, talk, tell, utter, verbalize, vocalize, voice.

  2. Data Collection

  In writing this thesis, the writer used some procedures or steps. The first step was defining the verb to speak based on four dictionaries. The second step was selecting the verb contain meaning to speak from the dictionary, which were in Oxford American Dictionary and Thesaurus, Collins Concise Dictionary and

  

Thesaurus, and Merriam-Webster Thesaurus. In those dictionaries, there were PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  many verbs that containing meaning to speak. However, not all the verbs can be included in the data, because the writer had limited to the verb that is contain a morpheme and have function as transitive verb in sentences. The writer found 16 verbs that contain meaning to speak, including the verb to speak itself. They were

  to

  articulate, to communicate, to discourse, to enunciate, to express, to mouth, to

  

pronounce, to say, to speak, to state, to talk, to tell, to utter, to verbalize, to

vocalize, to voice.

  Then the third step, the writer used four dictionary to define each verb completely; Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Random House Webster’s

  

College Dictionary, Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Tenth Edition, and

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.

  The writer decided to use those dictionaries because they were commonly used and easy to understand. From the definition, the writer made a table of the definition and conclude the features of each verb. The fourth step was collecting the sentences from articles in website.

  The writer used minimum 5 sentences as the example for the application of each verb. The websites that were used were www.nytimes.com and www.BBC.com.

3. Data Analysis

  In analyzing the data to answer the first problem, the writer did following steps. First, the writer defined each verb by using four dictionaries. Second, by looking at those definitions, the writer used each verb in sentences to find the definition and features of each verb. Then third, the writer used componential analysis to identify the semantic features of each verb. To identify the semantic features, the writer made a table that characterized each verb. The table was prepared based on the meaning elements of each verb.

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  Table 1. The semantic features to analyze verbs Fourth, from the table, the writer made a matrix of semantic features to analyzed each verb, to find the similarities and differences between each verb. Content Condition Reason

• Thought / Ideas • Word spelling
• Something that is difficult to say
• News • Information • Feeling • Speech • Something that you don’t feel, believe, understand
• Secret • Legal judgement
• Prayer • Wishes • Something that you know a lot about
• Amount of m>Formal • Need braveness
• Involve another person
• Informal • Publicly • Giving cla
• Pronounce or declaring something
• Exchange information
• Impart knowledge
• Give information to somebody
• give or convey a true impression of something
• represent something by a symbol or a sign
• make known something hidden
• using particular language
• attach another person’s saying
• discussing
• ordering
• represent something of some people

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS This chapter is consisted in two sections. The first section is the definition

  of each verbs meaning to speak by looking at the lexical meaning and in sentences that the writer took from some articles in the websites. The second is about the semantic features of English verb meaning to speak. The writer has created a matrix of the semantic features to conclude the second section.

A. The Definition of English Verb Meaning To Speak

  In this section, the definition of the verbs are analyzed and decided to find out the semantic features.

  1. Articulate The definition of articulate based on dictionaries: Table 2: The meanings of the verb Articulate based on dictionary

  Oxford Advance Longman Merriam- Random House Learner’s Dictionary of Webster’s Webster’s Dictionary Contemporary Collegiate College

  English Dictionary Dictionary