ECCA 2017 GlasgowJune 5-9 "Our Climate Ready Future"

WOM EN AND LIVELIHOOD RESILIENCE OF
SM ALLHOLDER HOUSEHOLD: ANALYSIS OF OIL PALM
EXPANSION IM PACT IN JAM BI, INDONESIA
1

2

Fa t i m a h A zza h r a , A r y a Had i D h a r m a w a n , N u r m a l a K Pa n d j a i t a n
'-2.3 Bo go r A gr i cu l t u r a l Un iver sit y, I n d o n e si a

GO *

3

Natural Capit al

Backgr o u n d
The area under oil palm plantations in
Indonesia increased from 0.7 million Ha in
1990 to 6.5 million Ha in 2012 (FAO 2015),
. then increased drastically to 11.3 million ha

!
in 2016
• : ••; .
Globally, the oil palm expansion is driven by
rising demand for oil palm products for
human and livestock consumption, as
ingredients in the cosmetics industry, and to
some extent also for biofuel (McCarthy
.2010).
In Jambi, oil palm expansion has caused
drought, lowering level of water table, and
forest fires. Socio-economically, it has
caused a dramatic change in working
allocation among men and women of the
smallholder households. In the future, the
local government need to have a
constructive solution in the management of
oil palm either in rural level or household
level to ensure sustainable oil palm
management

Financial Capit al

Physical Capit al*

Fig 1. Research Location

-2016

Resear ch Quest ion
1. How deep is the impact of oil palm
expansion on livelihood structure of
the smallholder households?
2. How deep is the impact of oil palm
expansion on working allocation
among men and women in
smallholder households?

Result s an d Discussion
Livelihood

structure of smallholder
household is strongly marked by the
domination of oil palm income, so it can
be said that the dependency of
household on oil palm economy becomes
very high.
In line with the strengthened role of oil
palm income in the household economy,
it is obvious to see that human resource
allocat ion in the household is also
changing.
The women is now a bit pushed outside
to work in the public sphere of oil palm
economy (e.g., plant labourers).
The participation of women from lower
stratum of household is regarded as a
survival strategy.
The participation of women from middle
stratum of oil palm economy is regarded
as consolidation strategy to move

upward to become upper stratum.
The participation of women from upper
stratum of household is regarded as an
accumulation strategy.

This research is case study conducted in yutrnjgebaTPJB
Penyabungan Village, Tanjung Jabung
Barat District, Jambi, Indonesia. Jambi is

Fig 2. Livelihood Structure of Household

considered as one of largest area of oil
palm in Indonesia.
75 smallholders divided into three strata,
there are upper stratum, middle stratum,
and upper stratum
The study combined quantitative approach
using questionnaires and qualitative
approach using in depth interview method.

Before Oil Palm

Aft er Oil Palm

Expansion

Expansion

• D * JM « " , t" S r a f *

M iiot vnsnc^cioi

• PUBLC SEC TO R

• PUBLIC SEC TO R

-2004

Fig 6. Livelihood Asset s of Household

M e t h o d o l o gy

Sco p e of Analysis

Human Capit al

Co nclusio ns
Fig 3, W omen's W ork Changing from Domestic to Public

1. Oil palm expansion has made a dramatic
change in livelihood structure of
smallholder
households.
Previously,
income st ruct ure is diverse. Nowadays
income structure of the household
becomes homogeneous. The lowering
degree of income diversity may have
negative risk on livelihood resilience of
the household;

2. There is a changing of women's work
from domestic sector to the public sector.
The exposure of women to public sector
may cause a cult ural degradation in the
community, beside extra income earned
by women.
References

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1. . jFAOj. Food and Agncuitme Organization. f AOSIAI Dat abase!.Dow nload QI :
- 2.

5. Intensity of W omen's W ork according to household strata <

M dCa " hv JF, 20)0. Processei of inclusion and adverse h-ieoroorotion: oil palm
••• and agrarian Change.jn Sumat era, Indonesia. Download at ; •

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