An Analysis Of Phonological Interference In Marc Marquez’s Interviews
AN ANALYSIS OF PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE IN MARC
MARQUEZ’S INTERVIEWS
A THESIS
BY
CAMELIA ROSA SITOMPUL
REG. NO.110705048
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra
Examination
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
NIP : 195411171980031002
NIP : 197502092008121002
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements
for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural
Studies University of Sumatera Utara on 11 July 2015
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A
NIP. 19511013 1976031001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
.........................................................
………………………………………
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A
………………………………………
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP
...........................................................
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A.
............................................................
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, CAMELIA ROSA SITOMPUL DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE
IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO
MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE
OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR
OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK
HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE
MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN
SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY
TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
:
Date
: 11 July 2015
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: CAMELIA ROSA SITOMPUL
TITLE OF THESIS
:AN
ANALYSIS
INTERFERENCE
OF
IN
PHONOLOGICAL
MARC
MARQUEZ’S
INTERVIEWS
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
:ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING
THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER
THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
: -------------------------------
Date
: 11 July 2015
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to Jesus, God Almighty, for the blessing and guidance so that the
writer finally can finish this thesis. The writer realized that this thesis owes its
existence to the help, support and inspiration of several people. Firstly, I would
like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.
Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A. and my co-supevisor Dra. Rohani Ganie, M.Hum.
for their guidance during this research.
The writer also thank to Dr. Muhizar H. Muchtar, MS and Rahmadsyah
Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D as the head and secretary of the department of English
literature. And I thanked to all my lecturers and employee of office administrative
Department of English Literature.
And my deepest gratitude and love goes to my family; my beloved father
in heaven Haposan Sitompul and my beloved mother Lince Malau, all my
brothers and my sisters, for their unflagging and everlasting love and also
unconditional support throughout my life. And for my nephew David and Nuel,
who always cheer up my days
I also thank to my good friends Ria, Aurelia and Rouli, who always stay
with me in every condition since senior high school.
Finally, a very special thanks also goes out to my friends Beby, Elvi,
Florence, Altena, Evi and Yudha. I would never forget your kindness for accept
me in my bad condition and also for the contribution to this thesis, helping me
with idea, translations and grammar.
Medan, May 18th 2015
Writer,
vii
ABSTRACT
Language interference is the language phenomenon which is common in
bilingual speakers. The data source of this research are 22 interview videos of
Marc Marquez in English. The whole video selected randomly from
www.youtube.com. These videos transcribed, then find words that getting Spanish
phonological interference. The data, that getting Spanish phonological
interference, is 250 words collected by listening to the utterances or responses of
Marc Marquez. The data analysis of this thesis showed some findings: (1) The
types of Spanish phonological interference found in English pronunciation of
Marc Marquez’s interviews are replacement phoneme with another phoneme/type
B (229 words, 53 replacements), sorting a phoneme into two phonemes/type C (69
words, 38 phonemes that sorting into two phonemes ), sorting a phoneme into
three phonemes/type D (14 words. 4 phonemes that sorting into three phonemes ),
deletion of a phoneme/type E (32 words, 9 deletions) and the merger of two
phonemes into one phoneme/type F (29 words, 8 pair of phonemes that merger
into one phonme). (2) Replacement phoneme with another phoneme (type B) is
the most dominant type of Spanish phonological interference towards English
occurs in Marc Marquez’s interviews. There are 229 words from 250 words
categorized into types B of phonological interference, and there are 134 words
from 229 which is only categorized pure as type B, because that 134 words is not
categorized into another type of phonological interference. And the the dominant
replacement is the phoneme /ɪ/ replaced by /i/ (98 replacements).
Keywords: sociolinguistic,, bilingualism, language interference, phonological
interference
viii
ABSTRAK
Interferensi bahasa adalah fenomena bahasa yang lazim terjadi pada
penutur bilingual. Data penelitian yang mendapat interferensi fonologi bahasa
Spanyol adalah 250 kata yang dikumpulkan dengan mendengarkan ujaran-ujaran
atau jawaban-jawaban Marc Marquez. Dari hasil analisis data yang dilakukan oleh
penulis ditemukan: (1) Jenis-jenis interferensi fonologi bahasa Spanyol yang
ditemukan pada pengucapan bahasa Inggris Marc Marquez adalah penggantian
fonem dengan fonem lain (tipe B (229 kata, 53 penggantian fonem), pemilahan
sebuah fonem menjadi dua fonem/tipe C (69 kata, 38 pemilahan), pemilahan
sebuah fonem menjadi tiga fonem/tipe D (14 kata, 4 pemilahan), pelesapan
sebuah fonem/tipe E (32 kata, 9 pelesapan) dan peleburan dua fonem menjadi
satu fonem/tipe F (29 kata, 8 pasang fonem melebur. (2) Penggantian fonem
dengan fonem lain (tipe B) adalah tipe interferensi fonologi yang paling dominan
terjadi pada wawancara Marc Marquez, terdapat 229 kata dari 250 kata yang
dikategorikan ke tipe interferensi fonologi tipe B, dan terdapat 134 kata dari 229
kata tersebut yang hanya dikategorikan interferensi fonologi tipe B murni, karena
134 kata tersebut tidak dikategorikan ke tipe interferensi fonologi lainnya. Dan
pergantian fonem yang paling dominan adalah fonem /ɪ/ menjadi fonem /i/
Kata Kunci: sociolinguistik, bilingualisme, interferensi bahasa, interferensi
fonologi
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................ vii
ABSTRACK .............................................................................................. viii
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................. ix
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................ x
LIST OF TABLE ...................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 1
1.1 Background of Study.......................................................... 1
1.2 Problem of the Study ......................................................... 7
1.3 Objective of the Study ....................................................... 7
1.4 Scope of the Study.............................................................. 7
1.5 Significance of the Study ................................................... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................... 9
2.1 Theoretical Background ...................................................... 9
2.1.1 Linguistics ........................................................................ 9
2.1.2 Sociolinguistic ................................................................... 11
2.1.3 Language Contact .............................................................. 14
2.1.4 Bilingualism ...................................................................... 16
2.1.5 Interference ......................................................................... 21
2.1.5.1 Phonological Interference ................................................ 27
2.1.6 Phonological System of Spanish and English ..................... 30
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ......................................... 41
3.1 Research Design .................................................................. 41
3.2 Data and Data Source .......................................................... 42
3.3 Data Collecting Method ...................................................... 45
3.4 Data Analysis Method ......................................................... 45
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING ......................................... 47
4.1 Data Description .................................................................. 47
4.1.1 Analysis ............................................................................. 47
4.2 Finding ................................................................................. 76
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........................... 77
5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................... 77
x
5.2 Suggestion ........................................................................... 83
REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 85
APPENDICES
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. The Alphabet in Spanish and English ....................................... 31
Table 2.2. Vowel of Spanish ...................................................................... 36
Table 2.3. Vowel of English ....................................................................... 36
Table 2.4. Consonant of English ................................................................ 37
Table 2.5. Consonant of Spanish ............................................................... 37
Table 4.1. Replacement Phoneme with Another Phoneme on Marc
Marquez Utterances ................................................................................... 48
Table 4.2 Sorting a Phoneme into Two Phonemes on Marc
Marquez Utterances ................................................................................... 62
Table 4.3 Sorting a Phoneme into Three Phonemes on Marc
Marquez Utterances ................................................................................... 68
Table 4.4 Deletion of a Phoneme on Marc Marquez Utterances................69
Table 4.5 The Merger of Two Phonemes into One Phoneme on Marc
Marquez Utterances ................................................................................... 74
Table 5.1. The Phoneme that Replaced with Another Phoneme................. 78
Table 5.2 Phoneme that Sorted into Two Phonemes .................................. 80
Table 5.3 The Phoneme that Sorted into Three Phonemes ......................... 81
Table 5.4 Deletion of a Phoneme ................................................................ 81
Table 5.5 The Two Phonemes that Merger into One Phoneme .................. 82
xii
MARQUEZ’S INTERVIEWS
A THESIS
BY
CAMELIA ROSA SITOMPUL
REG. NO.110705048
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2015
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra
Examination
Head,
Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS.
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
NIP : 195411171980031002
NIP : 197502092008121002
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements
for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of
Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural
Studies University of Sumatera Utara on 11 July 2015
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies
University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A
NIP. 19511013 1976031001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D
.........................................................
………………………………………
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A
………………………………………
Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP
...........................................................
Dr. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A.
............................................................
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, CAMELIA ROSA SITOMPUL DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE
AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE
IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO
MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE
OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR
OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK
HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE
MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN
SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY
TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed
:
Date
: 11 July 2015
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME
: CAMELIA ROSA SITOMPUL
TITLE OF THESIS
:AN
ANALYSIS
INTERFERENCE
OF
IN
PHONOLOGICAL
MARC
MARQUEZ’S
INTERVIEWS
QUALIFICATION
: S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT
:ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR
REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING
THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER
THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed
: -------------------------------
Date
: 11 July 2015
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to Jesus, God Almighty, for the blessing and guidance so that the
writer finally can finish this thesis. The writer realized that this thesis owes its
existence to the help, support and inspiration of several people. Firstly, I would
like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.
Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A. and my co-supevisor Dra. Rohani Ganie, M.Hum.
for their guidance during this research.
The writer also thank to Dr. Muhizar H. Muchtar, MS and Rahmadsyah
Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D as the head and secretary of the department of English
literature. And I thanked to all my lecturers and employee of office administrative
Department of English Literature.
And my deepest gratitude and love goes to my family; my beloved father
in heaven Haposan Sitompul and my beloved mother Lince Malau, all my
brothers and my sisters, for their unflagging and everlasting love and also
unconditional support throughout my life. And for my nephew David and Nuel,
who always cheer up my days
I also thank to my good friends Ria, Aurelia and Rouli, who always stay
with me in every condition since senior high school.
Finally, a very special thanks also goes out to my friends Beby, Elvi,
Florence, Altena, Evi and Yudha. I would never forget your kindness for accept
me in my bad condition and also for the contribution to this thesis, helping me
with idea, translations and grammar.
Medan, May 18th 2015
Writer,
vii
ABSTRACT
Language interference is the language phenomenon which is common in
bilingual speakers. The data source of this research are 22 interview videos of
Marc Marquez in English. The whole video selected randomly from
www.youtube.com. These videos transcribed, then find words that getting Spanish
phonological interference. The data, that getting Spanish phonological
interference, is 250 words collected by listening to the utterances or responses of
Marc Marquez. The data analysis of this thesis showed some findings: (1) The
types of Spanish phonological interference found in English pronunciation of
Marc Marquez’s interviews are replacement phoneme with another phoneme/type
B (229 words, 53 replacements), sorting a phoneme into two phonemes/type C (69
words, 38 phonemes that sorting into two phonemes ), sorting a phoneme into
three phonemes/type D (14 words. 4 phonemes that sorting into three phonemes ),
deletion of a phoneme/type E (32 words, 9 deletions) and the merger of two
phonemes into one phoneme/type F (29 words, 8 pair of phonemes that merger
into one phonme). (2) Replacement phoneme with another phoneme (type B) is
the most dominant type of Spanish phonological interference towards English
occurs in Marc Marquez’s interviews. There are 229 words from 250 words
categorized into types B of phonological interference, and there are 134 words
from 229 which is only categorized pure as type B, because that 134 words is not
categorized into another type of phonological interference. And the the dominant
replacement is the phoneme /ɪ/ replaced by /i/ (98 replacements).
Keywords: sociolinguistic,, bilingualism, language interference, phonological
interference
viii
ABSTRAK
Interferensi bahasa adalah fenomena bahasa yang lazim terjadi pada
penutur bilingual. Data penelitian yang mendapat interferensi fonologi bahasa
Spanyol adalah 250 kata yang dikumpulkan dengan mendengarkan ujaran-ujaran
atau jawaban-jawaban Marc Marquez. Dari hasil analisis data yang dilakukan oleh
penulis ditemukan: (1) Jenis-jenis interferensi fonologi bahasa Spanyol yang
ditemukan pada pengucapan bahasa Inggris Marc Marquez adalah penggantian
fonem dengan fonem lain (tipe B (229 kata, 53 penggantian fonem), pemilahan
sebuah fonem menjadi dua fonem/tipe C (69 kata, 38 pemilahan), pemilahan
sebuah fonem menjadi tiga fonem/tipe D (14 kata, 4 pemilahan), pelesapan
sebuah fonem/tipe E (32 kata, 9 pelesapan) dan peleburan dua fonem menjadi
satu fonem/tipe F (29 kata, 8 pasang fonem melebur. (2) Penggantian fonem
dengan fonem lain (tipe B) adalah tipe interferensi fonologi yang paling dominan
terjadi pada wawancara Marc Marquez, terdapat 229 kata dari 250 kata yang
dikategorikan ke tipe interferensi fonologi tipe B, dan terdapat 134 kata dari 229
kata tersebut yang hanya dikategorikan interferensi fonologi tipe B murni, karena
134 kata tersebut tidak dikategorikan ke tipe interferensi fonologi lainnya. Dan
pergantian fonem yang paling dominan adalah fonem /ɪ/ menjadi fonem /i/
Kata Kunci: sociolinguistik, bilingualisme, interferensi bahasa, interferensi
fonologi
ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................ vii
ABSTRACK .............................................................................................. viii
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................. ix
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................ x
LIST OF TABLE ...................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 1
1.1 Background of Study.......................................................... 1
1.2 Problem of the Study ......................................................... 7
1.3 Objective of the Study ....................................................... 7
1.4 Scope of the Study.............................................................. 7
1.5 Significance of the Study ................................................... 8
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................... 9
2.1 Theoretical Background ...................................................... 9
2.1.1 Linguistics ........................................................................ 9
2.1.2 Sociolinguistic ................................................................... 11
2.1.3 Language Contact .............................................................. 14
2.1.4 Bilingualism ...................................................................... 16
2.1.5 Interference ......................................................................... 21
2.1.5.1 Phonological Interference ................................................ 27
2.1.6 Phonological System of Spanish and English ..................... 30
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ......................................... 41
3.1 Research Design .................................................................. 41
3.2 Data and Data Source .......................................................... 42
3.3 Data Collecting Method ...................................................... 45
3.4 Data Analysis Method ......................................................... 45
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING ......................................... 47
4.1 Data Description .................................................................. 47
4.1.1 Analysis ............................................................................. 47
4.2 Finding ................................................................................. 76
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........................... 77
5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................... 77
x
5.2 Suggestion ........................................................................... 83
REFERENCES ......................................................................................... 85
APPENDICES
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. The Alphabet in Spanish and English ....................................... 31
Table 2.2. Vowel of Spanish ...................................................................... 36
Table 2.3. Vowel of English ....................................................................... 36
Table 2.4. Consonant of English ................................................................ 37
Table 2.5. Consonant of Spanish ............................................................... 37
Table 4.1. Replacement Phoneme with Another Phoneme on Marc
Marquez Utterances ................................................................................... 48
Table 4.2 Sorting a Phoneme into Two Phonemes on Marc
Marquez Utterances ................................................................................... 62
Table 4.3 Sorting a Phoneme into Three Phonemes on Marc
Marquez Utterances ................................................................................... 68
Table 4.4 Deletion of a Phoneme on Marc Marquez Utterances................69
Table 4.5 The Merger of Two Phonemes into One Phoneme on Marc
Marquez Utterances ................................................................................... 74
Table 5.1. The Phoneme that Replaced with Another Phoneme................. 78
Table 5.2 Phoneme that Sorted into Two Phonemes .................................. 80
Table 5.3 The Phoneme that Sorted into Three Phonemes ......................... 81
Table 5.4 Deletion of a Phoneme ................................................................ 81
Table 5.5 The Two Phonemes that Merger into One Phoneme .................. 82
xii