final revision thesis guidebook
PREFACE
Writing a thesis is one of the steps students must do in order to complete their
undergraduate studies. As a inal requirement, the student’s thesis should relect the
academic standing, as well as the academic quality of the program from which s/he
graduates. herefore, careful consideration and systematic organization are needed to
produce a qualiied and well-organized thesis.
he International Program understands this need and therefore provides a step by
step thesis guide book to help its students write their thesis that meets international
academic standards. his guide can be a reference for students during their writing
process in terms of content, organization/structure and language use. his guidebook
cannot substitute the role of the thesis advisors, therefore if there is any confusion about
the thesis, the student is advised to see the content advisor immediately.
Any feedback and/or suggestions on how we could improve this guidebook are much
appreciated.
And inally, good luck for those of you who are embarking on the thesis writing journey!
Yogyakarta, June 2014
IP UII
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
General Information
A. THESIS
What is a thesis?
A thesis, or a dissertation, is a document that presents an author’s original
opinion based on his/her research indings. It is the inal assignment that must be
successfully completed by every student of the IP to partially fulill the requirements
of the S1 bachelor’s degree. As a inal assignment, a thesis should relect your point of
view towards your major subject in relation to its relevance in real life. herefore, you
should approach your thesis as a new and challenging academic experience in which you
carefully consider a topic, logically investigate it, and present and analyze the data in the
form of a major research report. he outcome of your research might be to make useful
contributions and give new insights into the development of that particular ield.
Duration of thesis writing
he maximum amount of time allowed for writing your thesis is 6 (six) months
starting from the date the Letter of Permit is issued. Should the normal writing time
expire and the thesis is not completed, you may renew the Letter of Permit only once by
completing the following procedures:
1. Write a letter of request to renew the letter of permit to the thesis advisor.
2. Pay the thesis renewal fee to the BUKOPIN Bank, no later than one month after
the normal consultation time is expired, and reregister by doing a Key-In on the
SIMAK.
3. Fill in the thesis renewal form and return it to the Academic Section along with
the approval statement by the advisor and the payment receipt. At this point, you
may propose a new advisor to replace the current advisor provided approvals from
both sides are given.
4. If the normal writing time is expired but you can inalize the thesis within less than
one month after the due time, you do not have to pay the renewal fee. However,
inalization beyond that period requires students to fulill the above renewal
procedures.
5. If you cannot complete your thesis within the second normal completion time (the
additional 6 months), your thesis will be considered as void and failed. If you want
to write another thesis, you must follow the normal procedures starting from the
beginning.
Supervision Methods
1.
3
2.
he supervision method for writing a thesis is as follows:
You will be guided by two advisors, a content advisor and a language advisor. Each
advisor is responsible to check your thesis based on the work division.
You have the right to propose which advisors you would like to be assigned.
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
3.
4.
5.
6.
Meeting with your advisors will be done based on the agreed-upon time between
you and them, but IP UII has a policy to give opportunity to the advisors one week
for one chapter.
he IP management has the authority to allocate the workload of a certain advisor
who is chosen by the majority of students to other students.
You must see the content advisor before consulting with the language advisor.
Remember that writing a thesis is a process, you should enjoy the process and value
any recommendation given to improve your thesis.
Thesis format and formal details of a thesis
Formal details of a thesis
he formal details outlined below observe some general principles in research
writing. he details cover the following points:
1. The Abstract
An abstract is a short summary of the research. It is located at the beginning of
the thesis before the table of contents. he main purpose of the abstract is to summarize
the research to help the reader quickly understand the purpose of the thesis. he abstract
explains the objective and the main indings/conclusions of the thesis, it does NOT
introduce the research area. he abstract should include:
• he topic of the research
• he research problem and/or main objective of the research
• he methodology used
• he main indings
• he main conclusions
he abstract should not be too long. It should be a concise summary (not too
short) of your research. Your abstract should be around about half a page to one page in
length with single line spacing.
2. Thesis Length
Oicially, there is no limitation for the total number of pages in a thesis.
You can decide how long your thesis will be depending on the complexity of research
problems. he thesis should be typed on 80 gram A4 paper size with 29.7 cm (8.4 inch)
in length and 21 cm (11.2 inch) in width.
3. Spacing
Use only one side of paper and double space. However, the abstract and citation
are typed in single space format.
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
4. Margins
Use a margin of 4 cm long on the left and above-intended side of the paper
and 3 cm long on the bottom one right. If you are typing footnotes at the bottom of the
page, plan your bottom margins very carefully to allow room for the notes.
5. Title
Generally, title pages contain three kinds of identifying information: the title
of the paper, author identiication, and course identiication. Center the title on the irst
page and on the legalization page. he title should be typed in capital letters and should
not be underlined or surrounded by quotation marks.
6. Page Numbering
Number each page starting with page 1. Place the irst numbers of each chapter
in the center at the bottom of the pages and the next numbers in the upper-right-hand
comers of the page.
he preliminary parts are given small-Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.), whereas
tables and pictures are identiied by giving capital-Roman numerals. his is continued
by signing with Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, ....). Arabic numbers are also used for signing
any formulas mentioned about the thesis.
7. Headings of Major Divisions
he irst line of the irst chapter will be “CHAPTER I”. One line below this
appears the title of the chapter in capital letters, centered. Use an inverted pyramid and
1.5 line spacing succeeding lines of the title if it is longer than one line. Place the irst
line of text three lines below the chapter title. Succeeding chapters, “CHAPTER II”,
“CHAPTER III”, etc., should follow this same format. Do not use terminal punctuation
on any chapter headings. Each chapter should begin on a new page.
8. Headings of Subdivisions
he subdivision within a chapter or section does not begin on a new page
unless the preceding page is illed. If there is no room for the complete heading and at
least two lines of text at the bottom of a page, the new subdivision should begin on the
next page. All chapter titles and headings should follow the following example.
9. Font
Use only standard Times New Roman font, size 12 characters per inch.
10. Indentation
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Use uniform indentation for all paragraphs (ive spaces is standard). Indent
long quotes (more than four lines long) ive spaces from both right and left margins or
ten spaces from the left margin only. Indent the second line of reference-list entry ive
spaces. Leave one and a half, or two spaces between each reference. Divide words at the
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
end of lines according to standard rules. Use your dictionary if you are unsure of where
to divide a word.
11. Citation of Sources
To avoid plagiarizing, you must state whatever sources you use in your text.
Citation of the source(s) of your information must be given for the following:
1. All direct quotations
2. Paraphrase the statements of others
3. Opinions and theories that are not your own
4. Information that is not a matter of general knowledge
In relation to the last point, you should mention the sources if the statements
you are citing are not general information. For example, if you are describing an island,
you may mention the name and location of the island without stating the source. Yet,
you must state the sources of other information such as its population, annual rainfall
custom and cultural characteristics and so on.
he citation style that IP UII uses is APA style (American Psychological
Association). he citation should be typed in single space and include the author’s
surname, year of publication, and pagination. he following are some rules that must be
remembered in citing other’s statements, but for speciic examples please refer to APA
Referencing Guide for IP UII.
APA style requires authors to use the past tense or past perfect tense when
using signals phrases to describe earlier research. E.g., Jones (1998) found, or Jones
(1998) has found…
Basic rules of APA citations
1.
he reference is enclosed in parentheses, within the text, e.g.,
Sixty four percent of retail trade is controlled from Canada and 14
percent from the United States (Clement, 1997, p.307).
2.
If an author’s name appears in the text, do not include it in the reference, e.g.,
Clement (1977, p.307) argued for recognition of two types of foreign
investment by Canadian Corporations
3.
If the citations are written by the same author, published in the same year and
related to each other, you must distinguish them by giving a lowercase letter after
the year of publication, e.g.,
he rate of proit in manufacturing industries of Canada has been
calculated for the years between 1917 and 1971 (Cuneo, 1978a).
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
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he interaction between social structure and economic system has
produced unbalanced regional structures in Canada (Cuneo, 1978b).
4.
If more than one source is used to reference a statement, they should be enclosed in
a single pair of parentheses and separated by semi-colons, e.g.,
here is evidence from the judicial sentencing literature that the sex of
defendant hag-only a negligible efect on judicial dispositions (Green,
1961, pp. 134–136; Nagel, 1969, pp. 342–345).
5.
If you are citing a source in total (without giving page references), you imply that
the whole article or books is pertinent to your discussion. However, you should
make everything clear from which source you are citing those statements, e.g.,
Whether as the very stimulus for rational capitalism (Weber, 1958) or
more possibly its functional product (Tawney,1962), Calvinisticallylavored Protestantism has been seriously challenged.
12. Tables and Figures
Tables and igures should be clearly noted and labeled. If they are not your
original data, make sure that you have stated the sources clearly in their caption. You
are not allowed to include them in essays unless they are relevant to your topic of
discussion. Table and igures should be related to and discussed in the text.
he procedure for making tables and igures in your thesis is:
1. Table
a.
Table number and titles. Put the table number and title before the table.
Give every table a brief but clear and explanatory title. he basic content of the
table should be easily inferred from the title. e.g.
Table 1
Mean Performance Score of Students With Diferent College
Majors
b.
Relate the tables and text. Tables cannot stand alone, it should be
accompanied by informative table supplements. In the text, refer to every table but
discuss only the table highlights. Do not write “the table above” (or below) or “the
table on page 32,” but write the table number instead. e.g.
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… as shown in Table 8, the responses were provided by
children with pretraining…..
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
c.
Table notes. hree types of notes can be placed below the table, which can
eliminate repetition from the body of the table: general notes, speciic notes, and
probability notes.
A general note qualiies, explains, or provides information relating to
the table as a whole and ends with an explanation of any abbreviations,
symbols, and the like. General notes are designated by the word Note
(italicized) followed by a period. e.g.
Note. Factor loadings greater than .45 are shown in boldface.
M=match process; N = non match process.
A speciic note refers to a particular column, row or cell. Speciic notes
are indicated by superscript lowercase letters (e.g. a, b,c). e.g.
a
n= 25. bhis participant did not complete the trials.
A probability note indicates how asterisks and other symbols are used
in a table to indicate p values and thus the results of tests of statistical
hypothesis testing. e.g.
*p < .05. **p < .01
2. Figures
Figures are: graphs, charts, maps, drawings, and photographs. Figures must be
accompanied by a caption. A caption is a concise explanation of the igure that is placed
directly below the igure and serves as the title of the igure. he caption should be a
brief but descriptive phrase. e.g.
Figure 3. Fixation duration as a function of the delay between the
beginning of eye ixation and the onset of the stimulus in Experiment
1.
13. References
All the references you use must be based on APA referencing style and must
be listed alphabetically by the author with full publication information on a separate
page named “REFERENCES”.
Below are some basic rules in APA referencing style:
a. All lines after the irst of each entry in your reference list should be indented
one-half inch from the left margin. his is called a hanging indentation.
b. Authors’ names are inverted (last name irst); give the last name and initials for
all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If
the work has more than six authors, list the irst six authors and then use et al.
after the sixth author’s name to indicate the rest of the authors.
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
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c.
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the irst author
of each work.
d. If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references
or multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same
order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.
e. When referring to any work that is not a journal, such as a book, article, or Web
page, capitalize only the irst letter of the irst word of a title, the irst word after
a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the irst letter
of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
f. Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
g. Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
h. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works
such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.
Example:
REFERENCES
Alleyne, S. (2014). A step-by-step on how to do a background study for a thesis. Retrieved
from http://education.seattlepi.com/stepbystep-background-study-thesis-1626.
html
American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed). Washington DC: Author.
FBS UNY. (2009). Panduan tugas akhir. Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Yogyakarta: Suara Ungu.
Globio, E. (Feb. 7, 2013). hesis writing: How to write background of the study. Retrieved
from http://thesisadviser.blogspot.com/2013/02/thesis-writing-how-to-writebackground.html
Man, Y. K. (2006). Factors afecting customer’s trust in online banking (unpublished)
honours degree project). Hongkong Baptist University, Hongkong.
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (4th ed.). New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Valeda, J.M. (2012). Analysis in factors inluencing stock return in manufacturing companies
listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange (unpublished bachelor degree). Universitas
Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta.
Widdel. (n.d.). Problem identiication the irst step to successful problem resolution. BUS
1221 supervision. Retrieved from http://webs.anokaramsey.edu/widdel/ftp/
b1221/Problem%20Identiication.pdf
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Valeda, J. V. (2012). Analysis on factors inluencing stock return in manufacturing companies
listed in Indonesian stock exchange (unpublished bachelor thesis). Universitas
Islam Indonesia, Jogjakarta, Indonesia.
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
4.14. Binding
For the inal step, you must bind the thesis in diferent kinds of color in
accordance with your study program’s color. he kinds of color are classiied as follows:
1. Black for students of Management
2. Blue for students of Accounting
3. Green for students of Economics
Sample of thesis outline
As a guide of thesis writing, the main content of the sample is general rather
than speciic and the inclusion or relevance of certain components suggested herein
will need careful and thoughtful consideration and consultation by student with the
advisor. he sample of the thesis outline is elaborated as follows:
Preliminary Statement consists of:
Page of Title
Approval Page
Legalization Page
Acknowledgment
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendices
Abstract (in English)
Abstract (in Bahasa Indonesia)
hesis Content contains:
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of Study
1.2. Problem Identiication
1.3. Problem Formulation
1.4. Problem Limitation
1.5. Research Objectives
1.6. Research Contributions
1.7. Deinition of Term
1.8. Systematics of Writing
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. heoretical Review
2.1.1…………………………………………………………………………………
2.1.2…………………………………………………………………………………
2.1.3…………………………………………………………………………………
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
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2.2. heoretical Framework
2.3. Hypotheses Formulation
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
1.1. Type of study
1.2. Population and sample
1.3. Data collection method
1.4. Research Variables
1.5. Analysis Technique
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Statistic descriptive
4.1.1…………………………………………………………………………………
4.1.2…………………………………………………………………………………
4.2. Reliability and validity test
4.2.1…………………………………………………………………………………
4.2.2…………………………………………………………………………………
4.2.3…………………………………………………………………………………
4.3. Hypothesis testing (quantitative research only)
4.3.1…………………………………………………………………………………
4.3.2…………………………………………………………………………………
4.3.3…………………………………………………………………………………
4.4. Discussions
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Conclusions
5.2 Research limitations
5.2. Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
B. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
Students’ rights and obligations
Students’ Rights
All students have the right to:
1. Receive a thesis consultation card and guidelines to thesis writing
2. Choose the content advisors by illing in the form provided by the ip management.
3. Change the content advisors if there are any problems that occur between the
students and the chosen advisors by reregistering themselves in the thesis period
(either march or september).
4. Be facilitated and guided by content advisors and language advisors who are capable
and willing to give supervisions.
5. Be provided with feedback on their writing in each consultation.
6. Change their language advisor without incurring extra fees if the assigned language
advisor quits in the middle of the thesis period.
7. Use all facilities provided by the university in the process of writing their thesis.
Students’ Obligations
All students who start to write their thesis are obliged to:
1. Pay the supervision fee at the beginning of the thesis period, and if they are unable
to complete their thesis within 6 months, they must extend the period by paying an
extension fee (either March or September).
2. Consult with the content and language advisors about the consultation schedule
and respect the agreement about the schedule (remember there is no such thing as
“express thesis consultation with the content & language advisor”).
3. Bring the thesis consultation card to each consultation
4. Obey all IP rules and procedures for writing a thesis
5. Take the advice and constructive criticism given by advisors seriously by making the
necessary changes to their thesis
6. Receive approvals that the thesis is ready to be examined from a content and
language advisor before registering for the thesis examination
7. Sign the thesis control card and submit it together with the requirements for the
thesis examination.
Content advisors’ rights and obligations
Content Advisors’ Rights
Each content advisor has the right to:
1. Receive the supervision and examination fees determined by IP Management.
2. Object, suggest, or accept topics proposed by the students.
3. Determine the consultation schedule.
4. Ask the students to show their consultation card, and to check the period of
extension.
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
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Content Advisors’ Obligations
Each content advisor is obliged to:
1. Set up a regular weekly supervision.
2. Guide and give supervision as scheduled.
3. Keep notes on the topics discussed and to sign the thesis consultation card every
time there is a consultation.
4. Provide feedback on students’ writing.
5. Give approval when the thesis is ready to be examined by signing both on the
students’ thesis and their consultation cards.
6. Test the students on the examination day.
7. Refund supervision fee if s/he fails to carry out his/her responsibility as a advisor
or resign before the thesis writing period ends.
Language advisors’ rights and obligations
Language Advisor’ Rights
Each language advisor has the right to:
1. Receive the language consultation fee organized by IP Management.
2. Ask the students to show their consultation card, and to check the period of
extension to determine where the consultation will be held, when the schedule of
biweekly meeting is, and how long they can inish checking the students’ writing
(remember there is no such thing as “express thesis consultation” with the language
advisor).
3. Clarify anything related to language supervision with the IP Management.
4. Terminate their contract in the middle of thesis period for any reason.
5. Be given the IP Management’s guidelines to thesis writing.
Language Advisors’ Obligations
Each language advisor is obliged to:
1. Set up a regular biweekly consultation.
2. Guide and give language advice at least once every two weeks in order to know the
progress of students’ writing.
3. Provide feedback on the students’ writing.
4. Keep notes on the topics discussed and sign the thesis consultation card every time
there is a language consultation.
5. Give approval when the thesis is ready to be examined by signing both on the
students’ thesis and their consultation cards .
6. Inform the ip management if s/he wants to resign. S/he must refund the consultation
fee which has been transferred for the period.
7. Obey the ip rules and procedures for writing a thesis.
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
IP management’s rights and obligations
IP Management’s Rights
he IP Management has the right to:
1. Receive all payments from students.
2. Allocate the students based on the content advisors chosen by them.
3. Allocate the students to language advisors who are considered capable of and
willing to give language consultations.
4. Ask language advisors who resign in the middle of the thesis period to refund the
language advisor consultation fee.
IP Management’s Obligations
he IP Management is obliged to:
1. Transfer the consultation fees to both content advisors and language advisors and
ensure they receive the receipts
2. Write efective guidelines to thesis writing
3. Prepare a letter requesting the service of content advisors and language advisors, a
thesis consultation card and guidelines for thesis writing to be given to the students
4. Provide the best advisors for the students
5. Help the students if they have any problems related to thesis writing (if necessary)
6. Allocate the students to another advisor if there is a language or content advisor
who resigns in the middle of the thesis period
7. Arrange a schedule for the thesis examination held once every month
8. Remind the students to pay the supervision fee if the period has expired.
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION
he introduction chapter aims to briely introduce the research topic to the
readers. It should provide a background to the researcher’s study. As the introduction
chapter discusses the central idea of the study, it should contain why the researcher is
conducting the study, what questions are intended to be answered, and what research
purposes are expected to be achieved. It should be convincingly written so it could
attract readers’ attention. In general, the irst chapter contains the following sections:
1.1. Background of the Study
1.2. Problem Identiication
1.3. Problem Formulation
1.4. Problem Limitation
1.5. Research Objectives
1.6. Research Contributions
1.7. Deinition of Terms
1.1. Background of the Study
Background of the study consists of the study’s background, the study’s context,
and the study’s focus. Study background is a review of the study and current
information about the issue being discussed. Ideally, the background of study
should efectively provide the history and background information on the
research problem (Alleyne, 2014, para. 1).
he background of the study may be generated by some empirical observations,
the need to explore the problem, and some other relevant conditions (Globio,
2013, para. 1). he researcher needs to write what led him/her to propose such
study and why his/her research problem is worth analyzing, so readers will have
better insight on the research topic.
he researcher should begin with a clear description of the study’s background,
context framing the research, and situations that may have spurred the researcher
to undertake the study (Globio, 2013, para. 2).
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Among typical guiding questions to be used as guidance for writing background
of the study are:
a. What is my study about?
b. What is the background of my study?
c. How does it it into the present academic/research?
d. What is the general focus and speciic focus of my research?
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
1.2. Problem Identiication
Before determining the research questions, the researcher needs to describe as
much information as he or she can about research topic. Problem identiication
is deined as a formulation of signiicant factors which are relevant to research
(FBS UNY, 2009, p. 3, 13). A problem occurs when there is a diference between
what “should be” and what “is”; between the ideal and the actual situation
(Widdel, n.d.). hus, it is the researcher’s responsibility to irst identify the gap
between the ideal and the actual situation. Identifying a very clearly deined and
speciic problem is an important step to successfully formulating questions and
answering the research problem.
A typical guiding question to identify a problem is “what kinds of problems am I
going to focus on?”
he researcher should describe the problem intended to be addressed as clearly
as possible. After identifying the problem, the researcher can start observing
the phenomena, gather information related to the research problem, and begin
inding answers.
1.3. Problem Formulation
Having identiied the research problem, the researcher needs to clarify the
problem statements in the form of questions. hese problem statements serve as
a guideline to elaborate the research focus and to control whether the research
problems have been answered or not. Example:
he researcher could use yes/no or WH question form. Among popular WHquestion words are what, how, and why. What is generally used to describe
something; how is generally used to describe the process, but it can be substituted
by what; and why is generally used to describe reasons.
A typical guiding question to identify problem is “What are my real and speciic
problems?”
1.4. Problem Limitation
In this section, the researcher discusses the constraints, controls, or restrictions
given in the study. he researcher should explain his/her practical consideration
(such as budget limitation, time limitation, etc.) which makes him/her choose to
focus his/her study in a particular ield. he researcher could state what aspects of
the research topic are being included and what aspects are excluded.
Among typical guiding questions to limit the topic of research are:
1.1.1.a.
Am I going to limit the scope of my research?
1.1.1.b.
If yes, what are the limitations that I am supposed to make?
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
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1.5. Research Objectives
his section summarizes objectives or goals which will be achieved after
conducting the current study. hese research objectives should be closely related
to the problem formulation section. Moreover, research objectives must be stated
clearly, explicitly, and speciically. Among typical guiding questions to determine
research objectives are:
a. What are the objectives of my research?
b. Do I have speciic objectives?
he research objectives should be in accordance with the research questions
(number, content).
1.6. Research Contributions
he research usually involves at least an implication from which the researcher
draws certain beneits, advantages, or contributions. he successful or failed
implementation of the research indings constitutes a measure of the research
accuracy. If the conducted research is accurate and reliable, hopefully the indings,
will contribute some beneits.
In general, the research should have at least three contributions, mainly to: 1) the
researcher, 2) future researchers, and 3) parties related to the current research,
such as institution, company, government, etc.
Among typical guiding questions to ind research beneits are:
a. What beneits am I going to have from this research?
b. Who will beneit from this research?
c. What beneits will other parties related obtain from the current study?
1.7. Deinition of Terms (Optional)
It is often necessary to provide operational deinitions of key terms used in a
research paper to avoid misinterpretations and distortions. In addition, providing
deinitions are also needed if there are words in the thesis not commonly known
to the readers. he absence of operational deinitions will frequently bring
confusion to readers. he list of deinitions is not numbered and needs to be
referenced.
A typical guiding question to determine which terms must be deined is “what
kinds of terms should I explain and deine?”
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
1.8. Systematics of Writing
his section presents the description of each chapter in the thesis. Each item
should be described briely. For example:
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION
his chapter contains …
Chapter II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
his chapter describes …
etc.
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
CHAPTER II:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A review of related literature is essential in a thesis regardless the type of the
research. Review of related literature is part of the thesis in which the researcher will
explain about theories, previous research and results as well as the development of a
hypothesis.
2.1. Theoretical Review
he theoretical review serves the important function of satisfying the research
requirement that the candidate deals with the related theoretical writing and/
or research conducted by others on the same or related topics. he length and
complexity of the theoretical review can vary according to the topics being drawn
by the researcher. Nevertheless, it should be substantial to clearly cover the
extent and range of the discussion of the research being undertaken by others.
In conclusion, he Review of Related Literature must mention the present state
of knowledge on the topic, review the similarities or diferences between the
present and previous study; inally, discuss the relevance of the proposed topic
to the study of what has been reviewed. It is important for any researcher who
conducts qualitative research to explain the basic theory used in the research in
this section. In the theoretical review, the researcher should be able to answer
these following questions:
a. What are other researchers’ theoretical writings and research?
b. What do other writers and researchers say about the topic?
c. What are the results of the previous researchers’ research?
d. Which aspects of various associated topics in the literature directly relate to
my study?
In writing the theoretical review, it is important to organize the ideas in well
structured subheadings. he example on the next page illustrates how theoretical
review should be organized:
19
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
Research title: An analysis on factors inluencing stock return in manufacturing
companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. heoretical Review
his section will explain about ….
2.1.1. Dividend Policy
Dividend policy is …..
2.1.2. Stock Return
Stock return is ……
2.1.3. Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental analysis is ……
2.1.4. Technical Analysis
Technical analysis is….
2.2. heoretical Framework
2.3. Hypothesis Formulation
here are several concepts that should be considered in constructing theoretical
review. hose concepts are as follows:
• Do not plagiarize!
he researcher must be able to summarize, paraphrase and make in text citation.
Please refer to the APA referencing guide to ind further information about
summarizing, paraphrasing and citing. In text citation should not only be applied on
theories and results but also on formulas, tables, igures taken from other researches
that are used in the research.
• Elaborating other’s opinion and your own
In the review of related literature, the researcher will review the previous researches
opinions and research results. hough, in using other researcher’s idea, the researcher
should elaborate it with his own ideas. he researcher should not merely copy paste
others’ idea. he following is the example of how the researcher can elaborate the in
text citations and his own ideas by Valeda (2012):
“According to Ang (1997), dividend is the company’s net income after tax; lessen by retained
earnings for the company reserve. Dividend announcement is important news for the market
and will be responded directly. Dividend announcement and company’s earnings are the most
common way for a company to announce their prospects and achievements to the market.
For the investors, dividends are one of the incomes received from the investment besides
the capital gains. While the capital gains retrieved from the diference between a higher
selling price and a lower purchasing price, dividends are distributed from the distribution
of company’s operational activity. here are several ways the company can distribute the
dividends. he dividends can be in terms of cash dividends, property dividends, notes or
stock dividends”. (p.8)
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
20
he underlined sentence is the citation taken by the researcher from Ang (1997)
meanwhile, the rest sentences are his own opinion that is used to support or explain
the cited sentence. Reporting verbs, available in the APA referencing guide, can be
used to deliver the citation better. Your opinion can be a further explanation related
to the cited sentence, the logic behind the statement or the relationship between the
previous research and the current research.
2.2. Theoretical Framework
here are two types of research, they are qualitative and quantitative research.
here are slight diference between those two since qualitative research does not
require the researcher to make theoretical framework. hough, it is important to
the researcher who conducts quantitative research to construct a good qualitative
framework. he theoretical framework may contain the selection of a theory
or model presented in the Review of Literature, or it may be a combination
of theories or part of the models which is seen to more appropriately relect
the speciic intent of the researcher. Hence, the Review of Related Literature
presents the theories of other researchers, while the conceptual framework covers
the theoretical basis for the proposed study. he conceptual framework should be
able to answer these following questions:
a. What is the theoretical basis or foundation of my study?
b. How will I link the theoretical basis to my study?
2.3. Hypothesis Formulation
Similar to the theoretical framework, not every research needs hypothesis
formulation. When a researcher is doing a qualitative research, hypothesis
formulation is not needed because the aim of the research is to ind or explore a
phenomenon not to prove or test speciic hypothesis (Sekaran, 2002). However,
if a researcher is conducting quantitative research, it is crucial to form a good
hypothesis formulation. Even though the hypothesis or research problems have
been formulated in the form of questions in the irst chapter of quantitative
research, they need to be rewritten into statistical hypotheses. Once you have
stated the empirical hypotheses, you can determine the null and alternative
hypotheses that are developed from the theoretical basis. he researcher has
to explain the logic and theories supporting the logic before inally stating the
hypothesis.
he example on the next page illustrates how the researcher can formulate his
hypothesis by Valeda (2012):
21
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
“Return on Equity (ROE) is a measure of a corporation’s proitability that demonstrates
the level of proit a company generates with the money invested by its shareholders. A high
ROE means that surplus funds can be utilized to improve and expand the operations of the
business without the shareholders having to invest more capital. ROA shows how much
income is able to be generated based on how much assets a company own. ROE shows
how much income is able to be generated based on how much equity a company owns.
Higher ROE means the company has efectively and eiciently use the equity generated
from the investment of the investors. his matter leads to the conclusion if a company can
generate higher ROE, the demand and price of their stock is likely to increase. High stock
price indicates a good health and higher value of the company that will attract the investors
because of the security guarantee it holds and eventually increase the Stock Return of the
company. From the description above, the hypothesis formulated for ROE is
Hypothesis 2: ROE positively inluences Stock Return”. (p.20).
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
CHAPTER III:
RESEARCH METHOD
“Methodology” is not only about the methods that you are going to use to collect
data. In this part the researcher will put considerations of the concepts and theories
which underlie the methods. his Chapter consists of the type of study, the research
subject(s), the data collection method(s), the research variables, and the data analysis
technique(s).
3.1 Type of study
In this section the researcher will explain about type of study which is going to
be conducted by the researcher. here are two main types of research:
a. Qualitative Research
Qualitative Researchis primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an
understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides
insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential
quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends
in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. Qualitative data
collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques.
Some common methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual
interviews, and participation/observations. he sample size is typically small, and
respondents are selected to fulill a given quota.
b. Quantitative Research
Quantitative Researchis used to quantify the problem by way of generating
numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics. It is used
to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other deined variables – and
generalize results from a larger sample population. Quantitative Research uses
measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research. Quantitative
data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data
collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include various forms
of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys,
face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website
interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations.
In this section the researcher will also describe about types of data. here are
two types of data primary and secondary. Data is either primary or secondary,
depending on the source of the information.
23
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
c. Primary Data
Primary data is information collected by the researcher directly through
instruments such as surveys, interviews, focus groups or observation. Data
observed or collected directly from irst-hand experience
d. Secondary Data
Secondary data, on the other hand, is basically primary data collected by someone
else. Researchers reuse and repurpose information as secondary data because it is
easier and less expensive to collect.
3.2 Population and Sample
his part will discuss about the population and sample of the research.
a.
Population
A population is any entire collection of people, animals, plants or things from
which the researcher will collect the data. It is the entire group that the researcher
is interested in, which the researcher wishes to describe or draw conclusions
about. In order to make any generalizations about a population, a sample, that is
meant to be representative of the population, is often studied. For each population
there are many possible samples. A sample statistic gives information about a
corresponding population parameter. For example, the sample mean for a set of
data would give information about the overall population mean. It is important
that the investigator carefully and completely deines the population before
collecting the sample, including a description of the members to be included.
b. Sample
A sample is a group of units selected from a larger group (the population). By
studying the sample it is hoped to draw valid conclusions about the larger group. A
sample is generally selected for study because the population is too large to study
in its entirety. he sample should be representative of the general population. his
is often best achieved by random sampling. Also, before collecting the sample, it
is important that the researcher carefully and completely deines the population,
including a description of the members to be included.
3.3 Data Collection Method
he method to collect the data will be described in this part. here are some ways
to collect the data it depends on the data that researcher need to collect.
a. Surveys
Surveys are a very popular form of data collection, especially when gathering
information from large groups, where standardization is important. Surveys
can be constructed in many ways, but they always consist of two components:
questions and responses.
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
24
b. Interviews
he use of interviews as a data collection method begins with the assumption that
the participants’ perspectives are meaningful, knowledgable, and can be made
explicit, and that their perspectives afect the success of the project. Two types
of interviews are used in evaluation research: structured interviews, in which
a carefully worded questionnaire is administered, and in-depth interviews, in
which the interviewer does not follow a rigid form. In the former, the emphasis
is on obtaining answers to carefully phrased questions. Interviewers are trained
to deviate only minimally from the question wording to ensure uniformity of
interview
c. Observations
Observational techniques are methods by which an individual or individuals
gather irst hand data on programs, processes, or behaviors being studied.
hey provide evaluators with an opportunity to collect data on a wide range of
behaviors, to capture a great variety of interactions, and to openly explore the
evaluation topic.
d. Focus Groups
Focus groups combine elements of both interviewing and participant
observation. he focus group session is, indeed, an interview—not a discussion
group, problem -solving session, or decision-making group. At the same time,
focus groups capitalize on group dynamics. he hallmark of focus groups is the
explicit use of the group interaction to generate data and insights that would
unlikely emerge otherwise. he technique inherently allows observation of group
dynamics, discussion, and irst hand insights into the respondents’ behaviors,
attitudes, language, etc.
3.4 Research Variables
Research variable is an attribute or characteristics of a person, object or activity
that have a certain variant that are determined by the investigator to be learned
and conclusions drawn (Sugiyono, 2001). In connection to this research, the
research variables consisted of the dependent variable and independent variables
that are described as follows:
a. Dependent variable
A dependent variable is a variable that become the core of the researcher. In
script analysis, the nuance of a problem is relected in the dependent variable.
Variations of these factors should be explained by the researcher (Ferdinand,
2006). In this study, the dependent variable used is auditor performance.
25
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
b. Independent variable
An independent variable is a variable that afect the dependent variable.
Independent variable gives both positive and negative inluences. In the script
analysis, it can be seen that a variable that explain about a way or a method
an issue is not solved other than independent variables (Ferdinand, 2006). In
this research, independent variable is Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS).
3.5 Analysis Technique
In this part, the researcher mainly answers the question what kind of technique am
I going to use to analyse the data? Analysis of the data is a process of inspecting,
cleaning, transforming, and modelling data with the goal of discovering useful
information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making. Data
analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques
under a variety of names, in diferent business, science, and social science domains.
26
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
CHAPTER IV:
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
Chapter 4 describes the data analysis about the research and the interpretation
of the indings generated.
his chapter begins by explaining the number of samples obtained from the
observation based on the criteria created in Chapter III, point Population and Sample.
his can be described in tables and/or through an explanation about the research
indings. here will be slight diferences with qualitative and quantitative research data
analysis and discussion in terms of the components of this section.
his chapter includes:
4.1 Statistic Descriptive
a. Quantitative Research
If you are doing quantitative research, then you will use statistic descriptive
analysis to illustrate the values of the data; mean maximum, minimum, and
standard deviation of each variable. he description of each variable will explain
where the extreme point of the data is obtained from.
b. Qualitative Research
If you are doing qualitative research, this part will illustrate the general description
of your research subject. You can include important information related to your
research subject that will help your reader better understand your indings.
4.2 Reliability and Validity test
To test the reliability and validity of the data obtained, quantitative research uses
classical assumption tests. For example normality test, heteroscedasticity test,
multicollinearity test, autocorellation test, multiple linear regression analysis,
data triangulation and interjudge reliability.
4.3 Hypothesis Testing (quantitative research only)
If you are doing quantitative research, you are going to test or prove your
hypothesis. In testing your hypothesis, two tests are conducted. F-test is used to
test independent variables’ inluences toward dependent variable simultaneously.
If the result of this test leads to a simultaneous inluence toward dependent
variables, a seco
Writing a thesis is one of the steps students must do in order to complete their
undergraduate studies. As a inal requirement, the student’s thesis should relect the
academic standing, as well as the academic quality of the program from which s/he
graduates. herefore, careful consideration and systematic organization are needed to
produce a qualiied and well-organized thesis.
he International Program understands this need and therefore provides a step by
step thesis guide book to help its students write their thesis that meets international
academic standards. his guide can be a reference for students during their writing
process in terms of content, organization/structure and language use. his guidebook
cannot substitute the role of the thesis advisors, therefore if there is any confusion about
the thesis, the student is advised to see the content advisor immediately.
Any feedback and/or suggestions on how we could improve this guidebook are much
appreciated.
And inally, good luck for those of you who are embarking on the thesis writing journey!
Yogyakarta, June 2014
IP UII
2
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
General Information
A. THESIS
What is a thesis?
A thesis, or a dissertation, is a document that presents an author’s original
opinion based on his/her research indings. It is the inal assignment that must be
successfully completed by every student of the IP to partially fulill the requirements
of the S1 bachelor’s degree. As a inal assignment, a thesis should relect your point of
view towards your major subject in relation to its relevance in real life. herefore, you
should approach your thesis as a new and challenging academic experience in which you
carefully consider a topic, logically investigate it, and present and analyze the data in the
form of a major research report. he outcome of your research might be to make useful
contributions and give new insights into the development of that particular ield.
Duration of thesis writing
he maximum amount of time allowed for writing your thesis is 6 (six) months
starting from the date the Letter of Permit is issued. Should the normal writing time
expire and the thesis is not completed, you may renew the Letter of Permit only once by
completing the following procedures:
1. Write a letter of request to renew the letter of permit to the thesis advisor.
2. Pay the thesis renewal fee to the BUKOPIN Bank, no later than one month after
the normal consultation time is expired, and reregister by doing a Key-In on the
SIMAK.
3. Fill in the thesis renewal form and return it to the Academic Section along with
the approval statement by the advisor and the payment receipt. At this point, you
may propose a new advisor to replace the current advisor provided approvals from
both sides are given.
4. If the normal writing time is expired but you can inalize the thesis within less than
one month after the due time, you do not have to pay the renewal fee. However,
inalization beyond that period requires students to fulill the above renewal
procedures.
5. If you cannot complete your thesis within the second normal completion time (the
additional 6 months), your thesis will be considered as void and failed. If you want
to write another thesis, you must follow the normal procedures starting from the
beginning.
Supervision Methods
1.
3
2.
he supervision method for writing a thesis is as follows:
You will be guided by two advisors, a content advisor and a language advisor. Each
advisor is responsible to check your thesis based on the work division.
You have the right to propose which advisors you would like to be assigned.
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
3.
4.
5.
6.
Meeting with your advisors will be done based on the agreed-upon time between
you and them, but IP UII has a policy to give opportunity to the advisors one week
for one chapter.
he IP management has the authority to allocate the workload of a certain advisor
who is chosen by the majority of students to other students.
You must see the content advisor before consulting with the language advisor.
Remember that writing a thesis is a process, you should enjoy the process and value
any recommendation given to improve your thesis.
Thesis format and formal details of a thesis
Formal details of a thesis
he formal details outlined below observe some general principles in research
writing. he details cover the following points:
1. The Abstract
An abstract is a short summary of the research. It is located at the beginning of
the thesis before the table of contents. he main purpose of the abstract is to summarize
the research to help the reader quickly understand the purpose of the thesis. he abstract
explains the objective and the main indings/conclusions of the thesis, it does NOT
introduce the research area. he abstract should include:
• he topic of the research
• he research problem and/or main objective of the research
• he methodology used
• he main indings
• he main conclusions
he abstract should not be too long. It should be a concise summary (not too
short) of your research. Your abstract should be around about half a page to one page in
length with single line spacing.
2. Thesis Length
Oicially, there is no limitation for the total number of pages in a thesis.
You can decide how long your thesis will be depending on the complexity of research
problems. he thesis should be typed on 80 gram A4 paper size with 29.7 cm (8.4 inch)
in length and 21 cm (11.2 inch) in width.
3. Spacing
Use only one side of paper and double space. However, the abstract and citation
are typed in single space format.
4
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
4. Margins
Use a margin of 4 cm long on the left and above-intended side of the paper
and 3 cm long on the bottom one right. If you are typing footnotes at the bottom of the
page, plan your bottom margins very carefully to allow room for the notes.
5. Title
Generally, title pages contain three kinds of identifying information: the title
of the paper, author identiication, and course identiication. Center the title on the irst
page and on the legalization page. he title should be typed in capital letters and should
not be underlined or surrounded by quotation marks.
6. Page Numbering
Number each page starting with page 1. Place the irst numbers of each chapter
in the center at the bottom of the pages and the next numbers in the upper-right-hand
comers of the page.
he preliminary parts are given small-Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.), whereas
tables and pictures are identiied by giving capital-Roman numerals. his is continued
by signing with Arabic numbers (1, 2, 3, ....). Arabic numbers are also used for signing
any formulas mentioned about the thesis.
7. Headings of Major Divisions
he irst line of the irst chapter will be “CHAPTER I”. One line below this
appears the title of the chapter in capital letters, centered. Use an inverted pyramid and
1.5 line spacing succeeding lines of the title if it is longer than one line. Place the irst
line of text three lines below the chapter title. Succeeding chapters, “CHAPTER II”,
“CHAPTER III”, etc., should follow this same format. Do not use terminal punctuation
on any chapter headings. Each chapter should begin on a new page.
8. Headings of Subdivisions
he subdivision within a chapter or section does not begin on a new page
unless the preceding page is illed. If there is no room for the complete heading and at
least two lines of text at the bottom of a page, the new subdivision should begin on the
next page. All chapter titles and headings should follow the following example.
9. Font
Use only standard Times New Roman font, size 12 characters per inch.
10. Indentation
5
Use uniform indentation for all paragraphs (ive spaces is standard). Indent
long quotes (more than four lines long) ive spaces from both right and left margins or
ten spaces from the left margin only. Indent the second line of reference-list entry ive
spaces. Leave one and a half, or two spaces between each reference. Divide words at the
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
end of lines according to standard rules. Use your dictionary if you are unsure of where
to divide a word.
11. Citation of Sources
To avoid plagiarizing, you must state whatever sources you use in your text.
Citation of the source(s) of your information must be given for the following:
1. All direct quotations
2. Paraphrase the statements of others
3. Opinions and theories that are not your own
4. Information that is not a matter of general knowledge
In relation to the last point, you should mention the sources if the statements
you are citing are not general information. For example, if you are describing an island,
you may mention the name and location of the island without stating the source. Yet,
you must state the sources of other information such as its population, annual rainfall
custom and cultural characteristics and so on.
he citation style that IP UII uses is APA style (American Psychological
Association). he citation should be typed in single space and include the author’s
surname, year of publication, and pagination. he following are some rules that must be
remembered in citing other’s statements, but for speciic examples please refer to APA
Referencing Guide for IP UII.
APA style requires authors to use the past tense or past perfect tense when
using signals phrases to describe earlier research. E.g., Jones (1998) found, or Jones
(1998) has found…
Basic rules of APA citations
1.
he reference is enclosed in parentheses, within the text, e.g.,
Sixty four percent of retail trade is controlled from Canada and 14
percent from the United States (Clement, 1997, p.307).
2.
If an author’s name appears in the text, do not include it in the reference, e.g.,
Clement (1977, p.307) argued for recognition of two types of foreign
investment by Canadian Corporations
3.
If the citations are written by the same author, published in the same year and
related to each other, you must distinguish them by giving a lowercase letter after
the year of publication, e.g.,
he rate of proit in manufacturing industries of Canada has been
calculated for the years between 1917 and 1971 (Cuneo, 1978a).
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
6
he interaction between social structure and economic system has
produced unbalanced regional structures in Canada (Cuneo, 1978b).
4.
If more than one source is used to reference a statement, they should be enclosed in
a single pair of parentheses and separated by semi-colons, e.g.,
here is evidence from the judicial sentencing literature that the sex of
defendant hag-only a negligible efect on judicial dispositions (Green,
1961, pp. 134–136; Nagel, 1969, pp. 342–345).
5.
If you are citing a source in total (without giving page references), you imply that
the whole article or books is pertinent to your discussion. However, you should
make everything clear from which source you are citing those statements, e.g.,
Whether as the very stimulus for rational capitalism (Weber, 1958) or
more possibly its functional product (Tawney,1962), Calvinisticallylavored Protestantism has been seriously challenged.
12. Tables and Figures
Tables and igures should be clearly noted and labeled. If they are not your
original data, make sure that you have stated the sources clearly in their caption. You
are not allowed to include them in essays unless they are relevant to your topic of
discussion. Table and igures should be related to and discussed in the text.
he procedure for making tables and igures in your thesis is:
1. Table
a.
Table number and titles. Put the table number and title before the table.
Give every table a brief but clear and explanatory title. he basic content of the
table should be easily inferred from the title. e.g.
Table 1
Mean Performance Score of Students With Diferent College
Majors
b.
Relate the tables and text. Tables cannot stand alone, it should be
accompanied by informative table supplements. In the text, refer to every table but
discuss only the table highlights. Do not write “the table above” (or below) or “the
table on page 32,” but write the table number instead. e.g.
7
… as shown in Table 8, the responses were provided by
children with pretraining…..
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
c.
Table notes. hree types of notes can be placed below the table, which can
eliminate repetition from the body of the table: general notes, speciic notes, and
probability notes.
A general note qualiies, explains, or provides information relating to
the table as a whole and ends with an explanation of any abbreviations,
symbols, and the like. General notes are designated by the word Note
(italicized) followed by a period. e.g.
Note. Factor loadings greater than .45 are shown in boldface.
M=match process; N = non match process.
A speciic note refers to a particular column, row or cell. Speciic notes
are indicated by superscript lowercase letters (e.g. a, b,c). e.g.
a
n= 25. bhis participant did not complete the trials.
A probability note indicates how asterisks and other symbols are used
in a table to indicate p values and thus the results of tests of statistical
hypothesis testing. e.g.
*p < .05. **p < .01
2. Figures
Figures are: graphs, charts, maps, drawings, and photographs. Figures must be
accompanied by a caption. A caption is a concise explanation of the igure that is placed
directly below the igure and serves as the title of the igure. he caption should be a
brief but descriptive phrase. e.g.
Figure 3. Fixation duration as a function of the delay between the
beginning of eye ixation and the onset of the stimulus in Experiment
1.
13. References
All the references you use must be based on APA referencing style and must
be listed alphabetically by the author with full publication information on a separate
page named “REFERENCES”.
Below are some basic rules in APA referencing style:
a. All lines after the irst of each entry in your reference list should be indented
one-half inch from the left margin. his is called a hanging indentation.
b. Authors’ names are inverted (last name irst); give the last name and initials for
all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors. If
the work has more than six authors, list the irst six authors and then use et al.
after the sixth author’s name to indicate the rest of the authors.
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
8
c.
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the irst author
of each work.
d. If you have more than one article by the same author, single-author references
or multiple-author references with the exact same authors in the exact same
order are listed in order by the year of publication, starting with the earliest.
e. When referring to any work that is not a journal, such as a book, article, or Web
page, capitalize only the irst letter of the irst word of a title, the irst word after
a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the irst letter
of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
f. Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
g. Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
h. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works
such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.
Example:
REFERENCES
Alleyne, S. (2014). A step-by-step on how to do a background study for a thesis. Retrieved
from http://education.seattlepi.com/stepbystep-background-study-thesis-1626.
html
American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed). Washington DC: Author.
FBS UNY. (2009). Panduan tugas akhir. Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Yogyakarta: Suara Ungu.
Globio, E. (Feb. 7, 2013). hesis writing: How to write background of the study. Retrieved
from http://thesisadviser.blogspot.com/2013/02/thesis-writing-how-to-writebackground.html
Man, Y. K. (2006). Factors afecting customer’s trust in online banking (unpublished)
honours degree project). Hongkong Baptist University, Hongkong.
Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (4th ed.). New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Valeda, J.M. (2012). Analysis in factors inluencing stock return in manufacturing companies
listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange (unpublished bachelor degree). Universitas
Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta.
Widdel. (n.d.). Problem identiication the irst step to successful problem resolution. BUS
1221 supervision. Retrieved from http://webs.anokaramsey.edu/widdel/ftp/
b1221/Problem%20Identiication.pdf
9
Valeda, J. V. (2012). Analysis on factors inluencing stock return in manufacturing companies
listed in Indonesian stock exchange (unpublished bachelor thesis). Universitas
Islam Indonesia, Jogjakarta, Indonesia.
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
4.14. Binding
For the inal step, you must bind the thesis in diferent kinds of color in
accordance with your study program’s color. he kinds of color are classiied as follows:
1. Black for students of Management
2. Blue for students of Accounting
3. Green for students of Economics
Sample of thesis outline
As a guide of thesis writing, the main content of the sample is general rather
than speciic and the inclusion or relevance of certain components suggested herein
will need careful and thoughtful consideration and consultation by student with the
advisor. he sample of the thesis outline is elaborated as follows:
Preliminary Statement consists of:
Page of Title
Approval Page
Legalization Page
Acknowledgment
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendices
Abstract (in English)
Abstract (in Bahasa Indonesia)
hesis Content contains:
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of Study
1.2. Problem Identiication
1.3. Problem Formulation
1.4. Problem Limitation
1.5. Research Objectives
1.6. Research Contributions
1.7. Deinition of Term
1.8. Systematics of Writing
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. heoretical Review
2.1.1…………………………………………………………………………………
2.1.2…………………………………………………………………………………
2.1.3…………………………………………………………………………………
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10
2.2. heoretical Framework
2.3. Hypotheses Formulation
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
1.1. Type of study
1.2. Population and sample
1.3. Data collection method
1.4. Research Variables
1.5. Analysis Technique
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Statistic descriptive
4.1.1…………………………………………………………………………………
4.1.2…………………………………………………………………………………
4.2. Reliability and validity test
4.2.1…………………………………………………………………………………
4.2.2…………………………………………………………………………………
4.2.3…………………………………………………………………………………
4.3. Hypothesis testing (quantitative research only)
4.3.1…………………………………………………………………………………
4.3.2…………………………………………………………………………………
4.3.3…………………………………………………………………………………
4.4. Discussions
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Conclusions
5.2 Research limitations
5.2. Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
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B. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
Students’ rights and obligations
Students’ Rights
All students have the right to:
1. Receive a thesis consultation card and guidelines to thesis writing
2. Choose the content advisors by illing in the form provided by the ip management.
3. Change the content advisors if there are any problems that occur between the
students and the chosen advisors by reregistering themselves in the thesis period
(either march or september).
4. Be facilitated and guided by content advisors and language advisors who are capable
and willing to give supervisions.
5. Be provided with feedback on their writing in each consultation.
6. Change their language advisor without incurring extra fees if the assigned language
advisor quits in the middle of the thesis period.
7. Use all facilities provided by the university in the process of writing their thesis.
Students’ Obligations
All students who start to write their thesis are obliged to:
1. Pay the supervision fee at the beginning of the thesis period, and if they are unable
to complete their thesis within 6 months, they must extend the period by paying an
extension fee (either March or September).
2. Consult with the content and language advisors about the consultation schedule
and respect the agreement about the schedule (remember there is no such thing as
“express thesis consultation with the content & language advisor”).
3. Bring the thesis consultation card to each consultation
4. Obey all IP rules and procedures for writing a thesis
5. Take the advice and constructive criticism given by advisors seriously by making the
necessary changes to their thesis
6. Receive approvals that the thesis is ready to be examined from a content and
language advisor before registering for the thesis examination
7. Sign the thesis control card and submit it together with the requirements for the
thesis examination.
Content advisors’ rights and obligations
Content Advisors’ Rights
Each content advisor has the right to:
1. Receive the supervision and examination fees determined by IP Management.
2. Object, suggest, or accept topics proposed by the students.
3. Determine the consultation schedule.
4. Ask the students to show their consultation card, and to check the period of
extension.
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12
Content Advisors’ Obligations
Each content advisor is obliged to:
1. Set up a regular weekly supervision.
2. Guide and give supervision as scheduled.
3. Keep notes on the topics discussed and to sign the thesis consultation card every
time there is a consultation.
4. Provide feedback on students’ writing.
5. Give approval when the thesis is ready to be examined by signing both on the
students’ thesis and their consultation cards.
6. Test the students on the examination day.
7. Refund supervision fee if s/he fails to carry out his/her responsibility as a advisor
or resign before the thesis writing period ends.
Language advisors’ rights and obligations
Language Advisor’ Rights
Each language advisor has the right to:
1. Receive the language consultation fee organized by IP Management.
2. Ask the students to show their consultation card, and to check the period of
extension to determine where the consultation will be held, when the schedule of
biweekly meeting is, and how long they can inish checking the students’ writing
(remember there is no such thing as “express thesis consultation” with the language
advisor).
3. Clarify anything related to language supervision with the IP Management.
4. Terminate their contract in the middle of thesis period for any reason.
5. Be given the IP Management’s guidelines to thesis writing.
Language Advisors’ Obligations
Each language advisor is obliged to:
1. Set up a regular biweekly consultation.
2. Guide and give language advice at least once every two weeks in order to know the
progress of students’ writing.
3. Provide feedback on the students’ writing.
4. Keep notes on the topics discussed and sign the thesis consultation card every time
there is a language consultation.
5. Give approval when the thesis is ready to be examined by signing both on the
students’ thesis and their consultation cards .
6. Inform the ip management if s/he wants to resign. S/he must refund the consultation
fee which has been transferred for the period.
7. Obey the ip rules and procedures for writing a thesis.
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IP management’s rights and obligations
IP Management’s Rights
he IP Management has the right to:
1. Receive all payments from students.
2. Allocate the students based on the content advisors chosen by them.
3. Allocate the students to language advisors who are considered capable of and
willing to give language consultations.
4. Ask language advisors who resign in the middle of the thesis period to refund the
language advisor consultation fee.
IP Management’s Obligations
he IP Management is obliged to:
1. Transfer the consultation fees to both content advisors and language advisors and
ensure they receive the receipts
2. Write efective guidelines to thesis writing
3. Prepare a letter requesting the service of content advisors and language advisors, a
thesis consultation card and guidelines for thesis writing to be given to the students
4. Provide the best advisors for the students
5. Help the students if they have any problems related to thesis writing (if necessary)
6. Allocate the students to another advisor if there is a language or content advisor
who resigns in the middle of the thesis period
7. Arrange a schedule for the thesis examination held once every month
8. Remind the students to pay the supervision fee if the period has expired.
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
CHAPTER I:
INTRODUCTION
he introduction chapter aims to briely introduce the research topic to the
readers. It should provide a background to the researcher’s study. As the introduction
chapter discusses the central idea of the study, it should contain why the researcher is
conducting the study, what questions are intended to be answered, and what research
purposes are expected to be achieved. It should be convincingly written so it could
attract readers’ attention. In general, the irst chapter contains the following sections:
1.1. Background of the Study
1.2. Problem Identiication
1.3. Problem Formulation
1.4. Problem Limitation
1.5. Research Objectives
1.6. Research Contributions
1.7. Deinition of Terms
1.1. Background of the Study
Background of the study consists of the study’s background, the study’s context,
and the study’s focus. Study background is a review of the study and current
information about the issue being discussed. Ideally, the background of study
should efectively provide the history and background information on the
research problem (Alleyne, 2014, para. 1).
he background of the study may be generated by some empirical observations,
the need to explore the problem, and some other relevant conditions (Globio,
2013, para. 1). he researcher needs to write what led him/her to propose such
study and why his/her research problem is worth analyzing, so readers will have
better insight on the research topic.
he researcher should begin with a clear description of the study’s background,
context framing the research, and situations that may have spurred the researcher
to undertake the study (Globio, 2013, para. 2).
15
Among typical guiding questions to be used as guidance for writing background
of the study are:
a. What is my study about?
b. What is the background of my study?
c. How does it it into the present academic/research?
d. What is the general focus and speciic focus of my research?
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
1.2. Problem Identiication
Before determining the research questions, the researcher needs to describe as
much information as he or she can about research topic. Problem identiication
is deined as a formulation of signiicant factors which are relevant to research
(FBS UNY, 2009, p. 3, 13). A problem occurs when there is a diference between
what “should be” and what “is”; between the ideal and the actual situation
(Widdel, n.d.). hus, it is the researcher’s responsibility to irst identify the gap
between the ideal and the actual situation. Identifying a very clearly deined and
speciic problem is an important step to successfully formulating questions and
answering the research problem.
A typical guiding question to identify a problem is “what kinds of problems am I
going to focus on?”
he researcher should describe the problem intended to be addressed as clearly
as possible. After identifying the problem, the researcher can start observing
the phenomena, gather information related to the research problem, and begin
inding answers.
1.3. Problem Formulation
Having identiied the research problem, the researcher needs to clarify the
problem statements in the form of questions. hese problem statements serve as
a guideline to elaborate the research focus and to control whether the research
problems have been answered or not. Example:
he researcher could use yes/no or WH question form. Among popular WHquestion words are what, how, and why. What is generally used to describe
something; how is generally used to describe the process, but it can be substituted
by what; and why is generally used to describe reasons.
A typical guiding question to identify problem is “What are my real and speciic
problems?”
1.4. Problem Limitation
In this section, the researcher discusses the constraints, controls, or restrictions
given in the study. he researcher should explain his/her practical consideration
(such as budget limitation, time limitation, etc.) which makes him/her choose to
focus his/her study in a particular ield. he researcher could state what aspects of
the research topic are being included and what aspects are excluded.
Among typical guiding questions to limit the topic of research are:
1.1.1.a.
Am I going to limit the scope of my research?
1.1.1.b.
If yes, what are the limitations that I am supposed to make?
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16
1.5. Research Objectives
his section summarizes objectives or goals which will be achieved after
conducting the current study. hese research objectives should be closely related
to the problem formulation section. Moreover, research objectives must be stated
clearly, explicitly, and speciically. Among typical guiding questions to determine
research objectives are:
a. What are the objectives of my research?
b. Do I have speciic objectives?
he research objectives should be in accordance with the research questions
(number, content).
1.6. Research Contributions
he research usually involves at least an implication from which the researcher
draws certain beneits, advantages, or contributions. he successful or failed
implementation of the research indings constitutes a measure of the research
accuracy. If the conducted research is accurate and reliable, hopefully the indings,
will contribute some beneits.
In general, the research should have at least three contributions, mainly to: 1) the
researcher, 2) future researchers, and 3) parties related to the current research,
such as institution, company, government, etc.
Among typical guiding questions to ind research beneits are:
a. What beneits am I going to have from this research?
b. Who will beneit from this research?
c. What beneits will other parties related obtain from the current study?
1.7. Deinition of Terms (Optional)
It is often necessary to provide operational deinitions of key terms used in a
research paper to avoid misinterpretations and distortions. In addition, providing
deinitions are also needed if there are words in the thesis not commonly known
to the readers. he absence of operational deinitions will frequently bring
confusion to readers. he list of deinitions is not numbered and needs to be
referenced.
A typical guiding question to determine which terms must be deined is “what
kinds of terms should I explain and deine?”
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
1.8. Systematics of Writing
his section presents the description of each chapter in the thesis. Each item
should be described briely. For example:
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION
his chapter contains …
Chapter II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
his chapter describes …
etc.
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
CHAPTER II:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A review of related literature is essential in a thesis regardless the type of the
research. Review of related literature is part of the thesis in which the researcher will
explain about theories, previous research and results as well as the development of a
hypothesis.
2.1. Theoretical Review
he theoretical review serves the important function of satisfying the research
requirement that the candidate deals with the related theoretical writing and/
or research conducted by others on the same or related topics. he length and
complexity of the theoretical review can vary according to the topics being drawn
by the researcher. Nevertheless, it should be substantial to clearly cover the
extent and range of the discussion of the research being undertaken by others.
In conclusion, he Review of Related Literature must mention the present state
of knowledge on the topic, review the similarities or diferences between the
present and previous study; inally, discuss the relevance of the proposed topic
to the study of what has been reviewed. It is important for any researcher who
conducts qualitative research to explain the basic theory used in the research in
this section. In the theoretical review, the researcher should be able to answer
these following questions:
a. What are other researchers’ theoretical writings and research?
b. What do other writers and researchers say about the topic?
c. What are the results of the previous researchers’ research?
d. Which aspects of various associated topics in the literature directly relate to
my study?
In writing the theoretical review, it is important to organize the ideas in well
structured subheadings. he example on the next page illustrates how theoretical
review should be organized:
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
Research title: An analysis on factors inluencing stock return in manufacturing
companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1. heoretical Review
his section will explain about ….
2.1.1. Dividend Policy
Dividend policy is …..
2.1.2. Stock Return
Stock return is ……
2.1.3. Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental analysis is ……
2.1.4. Technical Analysis
Technical analysis is….
2.2. heoretical Framework
2.3. Hypothesis Formulation
here are several concepts that should be considered in constructing theoretical
review. hose concepts are as follows:
• Do not plagiarize!
he researcher must be able to summarize, paraphrase and make in text citation.
Please refer to the APA referencing guide to ind further information about
summarizing, paraphrasing and citing. In text citation should not only be applied on
theories and results but also on formulas, tables, igures taken from other researches
that are used in the research.
• Elaborating other’s opinion and your own
In the review of related literature, the researcher will review the previous researches
opinions and research results. hough, in using other researcher’s idea, the researcher
should elaborate it with his own ideas. he researcher should not merely copy paste
others’ idea. he following is the example of how the researcher can elaborate the in
text citations and his own ideas by Valeda (2012):
“According to Ang (1997), dividend is the company’s net income after tax; lessen by retained
earnings for the company reserve. Dividend announcement is important news for the market
and will be responded directly. Dividend announcement and company’s earnings are the most
common way for a company to announce their prospects and achievements to the market.
For the investors, dividends are one of the incomes received from the investment besides
the capital gains. While the capital gains retrieved from the diference between a higher
selling price and a lower purchasing price, dividends are distributed from the distribution
of company’s operational activity. here are several ways the company can distribute the
dividends. he dividends can be in terms of cash dividends, property dividends, notes or
stock dividends”. (p.8)
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20
he underlined sentence is the citation taken by the researcher from Ang (1997)
meanwhile, the rest sentences are his own opinion that is used to support or explain
the cited sentence. Reporting verbs, available in the APA referencing guide, can be
used to deliver the citation better. Your opinion can be a further explanation related
to the cited sentence, the logic behind the statement or the relationship between the
previous research and the current research.
2.2. Theoretical Framework
here are two types of research, they are qualitative and quantitative research.
here are slight diference between those two since qualitative research does not
require the researcher to make theoretical framework. hough, it is important to
the researcher who conducts quantitative research to construct a good qualitative
framework. he theoretical framework may contain the selection of a theory
or model presented in the Review of Literature, or it may be a combination
of theories or part of the models which is seen to more appropriately relect
the speciic intent of the researcher. Hence, the Review of Related Literature
presents the theories of other researchers, while the conceptual framework covers
the theoretical basis for the proposed study. he conceptual framework should be
able to answer these following questions:
a. What is the theoretical basis or foundation of my study?
b. How will I link the theoretical basis to my study?
2.3. Hypothesis Formulation
Similar to the theoretical framework, not every research needs hypothesis
formulation. When a researcher is doing a qualitative research, hypothesis
formulation is not needed because the aim of the research is to ind or explore a
phenomenon not to prove or test speciic hypothesis (Sekaran, 2002). However,
if a researcher is conducting quantitative research, it is crucial to form a good
hypothesis formulation. Even though the hypothesis or research problems have
been formulated in the form of questions in the irst chapter of quantitative
research, they need to be rewritten into statistical hypotheses. Once you have
stated the empirical hypotheses, you can determine the null and alternative
hypotheses that are developed from the theoretical basis. he researcher has
to explain the logic and theories supporting the logic before inally stating the
hypothesis.
he example on the next page illustrates how the researcher can formulate his
hypothesis by Valeda (2012):
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
“Return on Equity (ROE) is a measure of a corporation’s proitability that demonstrates
the level of proit a company generates with the money invested by its shareholders. A high
ROE means that surplus funds can be utilized to improve and expand the operations of the
business without the shareholders having to invest more capital. ROA shows how much
income is able to be generated based on how much assets a company own. ROE shows
how much income is able to be generated based on how much equity a company owns.
Higher ROE means the company has efectively and eiciently use the equity generated
from the investment of the investors. his matter leads to the conclusion if a company can
generate higher ROE, the demand and price of their stock is likely to increase. High stock
price indicates a good health and higher value of the company that will attract the investors
because of the security guarantee it holds and eventually increase the Stock Return of the
company. From the description above, the hypothesis formulated for ROE is
Hypothesis 2: ROE positively inluences Stock Return”. (p.20).
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CHAPTER III:
RESEARCH METHOD
“Methodology” is not only about the methods that you are going to use to collect
data. In this part the researcher will put considerations of the concepts and theories
which underlie the methods. his Chapter consists of the type of study, the research
subject(s), the data collection method(s), the research variables, and the data analysis
technique(s).
3.1 Type of study
In this section the researcher will explain about type of study which is going to
be conducted by the researcher. here are two main types of research:
a. Qualitative Research
Qualitative Researchis primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an
understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides
insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential
quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends
in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. Qualitative data
collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques.
Some common methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual
interviews, and participation/observations. he sample size is typically small, and
respondents are selected to fulill a given quota.
b. Quantitative Research
Quantitative Researchis used to quantify the problem by way of generating
numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics. It is used
to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other deined variables – and
generalize results from a larger sample population. Quantitative Research uses
measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research. Quantitative
data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data
collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include various forms
of surveys – online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys,
face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website
interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations.
In this section the researcher will also describe about types of data. here are
two types of data primary and secondary. Data is either primary or secondary,
depending on the source of the information.
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
c. Primary Data
Primary data is information collected by the researcher directly through
instruments such as surveys, interviews, focus groups or observation. Data
observed or collected directly from irst-hand experience
d. Secondary Data
Secondary data, on the other hand, is basically primary data collected by someone
else. Researchers reuse and repurpose information as secondary data because it is
easier and less expensive to collect.
3.2 Population and Sample
his part will discuss about the population and sample of the research.
a.
Population
A population is any entire collection of people, animals, plants or things from
which the researcher will collect the data. It is the entire group that the researcher
is interested in, which the researcher wishes to describe or draw conclusions
about. In order to make any generalizations about a population, a sample, that is
meant to be representative of the population, is often studied. For each population
there are many possible samples. A sample statistic gives information about a
corresponding population parameter. For example, the sample mean for a set of
data would give information about the overall population mean. It is important
that the investigator carefully and completely deines the population before
collecting the sample, including a description of the members to be included.
b. Sample
A sample is a group of units selected from a larger group (the population). By
studying the sample it is hoped to draw valid conclusions about the larger group. A
sample is generally selected for study because the population is too large to study
in its entirety. he sample should be representative of the general population. his
is often best achieved by random sampling. Also, before collecting the sample, it
is important that the researcher carefully and completely deines the population,
including a description of the members to be included.
3.3 Data Collection Method
he method to collect the data will be described in this part. here are some ways
to collect the data it depends on the data that researcher need to collect.
a. Surveys
Surveys are a very popular form of data collection, especially when gathering
information from large groups, where standardization is important. Surveys
can be constructed in many ways, but they always consist of two components:
questions and responses.
A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
24
b. Interviews
he use of interviews as a data collection method begins with the assumption that
the participants’ perspectives are meaningful, knowledgable, and can be made
explicit, and that their perspectives afect the success of the project. Two types
of interviews are used in evaluation research: structured interviews, in which
a carefully worded questionnaire is administered, and in-depth interviews, in
which the interviewer does not follow a rigid form. In the former, the emphasis
is on obtaining answers to carefully phrased questions. Interviewers are trained
to deviate only minimally from the question wording to ensure uniformity of
interview
c. Observations
Observational techniques are methods by which an individual or individuals
gather irst hand data on programs, processes, or behaviors being studied.
hey provide evaluators with an opportunity to collect data on a wide range of
behaviors, to capture a great variety of interactions, and to openly explore the
evaluation topic.
d. Focus Groups
Focus groups combine elements of both interviewing and participant
observation. he focus group session is, indeed, an interview—not a discussion
group, problem -solving session, or decision-making group. At the same time,
focus groups capitalize on group dynamics. he hallmark of focus groups is the
explicit use of the group interaction to generate data and insights that would
unlikely emerge otherwise. he technique inherently allows observation of group
dynamics, discussion, and irst hand insights into the respondents’ behaviors,
attitudes, language, etc.
3.4 Research Variables
Research variable is an attribute or characteristics of a person, object or activity
that have a certain variant that are determined by the investigator to be learned
and conclusions drawn (Sugiyono, 2001). In connection to this research, the
research variables consisted of the dependent variable and independent variables
that are described as follows:
a. Dependent variable
A dependent variable is a variable that become the core of the researcher. In
script analysis, the nuance of a problem is relected in the dependent variable.
Variations of these factors should be explained by the researcher (Ferdinand,
2006). In this study, the dependent variable used is auditor performance.
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
b. Independent variable
An independent variable is a variable that afect the dependent variable.
Independent variable gives both positive and negative inluences. In the script
analysis, it can be seen that a variable that explain about a way or a method
an issue is not solved other than independent variables (Ferdinand, 2006). In
this research, independent variable is Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS).
3.5 Analysis Technique
In this part, the researcher mainly answers the question what kind of technique am
I going to use to analyse the data? Analysis of the data is a process of inspecting,
cleaning, transforming, and modelling data with the goal of discovering useful
information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making. Data
analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques
under a variety of names, in diferent business, science, and social science domains.
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A Step By Step Guideline To hesis Writing
CHAPTER IV:
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
Chapter 4 describes the data analysis about the research and the interpretation
of the indings generated.
his chapter begins by explaining the number of samples obtained from the
observation based on the criteria created in Chapter III, point Population and Sample.
his can be described in tables and/or through an explanation about the research
indings. here will be slight diferences with qualitative and quantitative research data
analysis and discussion in terms of the components of this section.
his chapter includes:
4.1 Statistic Descriptive
a. Quantitative Research
If you are doing quantitative research, then you will use statistic descriptive
analysis to illustrate the values of the data; mean maximum, minimum, and
standard deviation of each variable. he description of each variable will explain
where the extreme point of the data is obtained from.
b. Qualitative Research
If you are doing qualitative research, this part will illustrate the general description
of your research subject. You can include important information related to your
research subject that will help your reader better understand your indings.
4.2 Reliability and Validity test
To test the reliability and validity of the data obtained, quantitative research uses
classical assumption tests. For example normality test, heteroscedasticity test,
multicollinearity test, autocorellation test, multiple linear regression analysis,
data triangulation and interjudge reliability.
4.3 Hypothesis Testing (quantitative research only)
If you are doing quantitative research, you are going to test or prove your
hypothesis. In testing your hypothesis, two tests are conducted. F-test is used to
test independent variables’ inluences toward dependent variable simultaneously.
If the result of this test leads to a simultaneous inluence toward dependent
variables, a seco