Day 1 session 2 IP Addressing IPV4 IPV6
8/10/2016
IP Address Version 4
(IPV4)
Periyadi, M.T.
CommTech
Training Center
Binary Information Group Representations and
Terms
Number of Bits
1
Common Representation Terms
Bit / Digit / Flag
4
Nybble / Nibble
8
Byte / Octet / Character
16
Double Byte / Word
32
Double Word / Long Word
64
Very Long Word
2
Binary Information Representations and Terms
3
1
8/10/2016
Biner Desimal
• Diselesaikan dengan menjumlahkan dari perkalian bilangan biner dengan
eksponen dari basis terhadap bobot yang dihitung dari LSB ke MSB.
• Perhatikan notasi posisional masing-masing digit.
4
Biner Desimal
100111011
2
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
= (1x28) + (0x27) + (0x26) + (1x25) + (1x24) + (1x23) + (0x22) + (1x21) + (1x20)
= 256 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 2 + 1
= 315
Sehingga:
1001110112 = 31510
5
IP Addressing
• IP addressing is important because it facilitates the primary function of the
Internet Protocol—the delivery of datagrams across an internetwork
• The first point that bears making is that there are actually two different
functions of the IP address:
• Network Interface Identification: Like a street address, the IP address provides unique
identification of the interface between a device and the network. This is required to
ensure that the datagram is delivered to the correct recipients.
• Routing: When the source and destination of an IP datagram are not on the same
et o k, the datag a
ust e deli e ed i di e tl usi g i te ediate s ste s, a
process called routing. The IP address is an essential part of the system used to route
datagrams.
6
2
8/10/2016
IP Address Size and Binary Notation
• the IP address is just a 32-bit binary number: a set of 32 ones or zeroes
7
Original Definition Of IPv4 Type Of Service (TOS) Field
8
Subfield Name
Size (bytes)
Description
Precedence
3/8
(3 bits)
D
1/8
(1 bit)
Delay: Set to 0 to request “normal” delay in delivery; set to 1 if low
delay delivery is requested.
T
1/8
(1 bit)
Throughput: Set to 0 to request “normal” delivery throughput; set to 1
if higher throughput delivery is requested.
R
1/8
(1 bit)
Reliability: Set to 0 to request “normal” reliability in delivery; set to 1 if
higher reliability delivery is requested.
Reserved
2/8
(2 bits)
Reserved: Not used.
IP Address "Dotted Decimal" Notation And Space
• IP addresses are normally expressed with each octet of 8 bits converted to a
de i al u e a d the o tets sepa ated a pe iod a dot .
• W.X.Y.Z
• Each of the octets in an IP address can take on the values from 0 to 255
• Since the IP address is 32 bits wide, this provides us with a theoretical address
space of 232, or 4,294,967,296 addresses.
3
8/10/2016
Internet IP Address Structure
• Network Identifier (Network ID): A certain number of bits, starting from the
left-most bit, is used to identify the network where the host or other network
interface is located. This is also sometimes called the network prefix or even
just the prefix.
• Host Identifier (Host ID): The remainder of the bits are used to identify the host
on the network.
Location of the Division Between Network ID and
Host ID
IP Addressing Categories (Classful, Subnetted and
Classless) and IP Address Adjuncts (Subnet Mask and
Default Gateway)
• Co e tio al Classful Add essi g : The o igi al IP add essi g s he e is set up so that the di idi g li e o u s o l i
one of a few locations: on octet boundaries
• “u etted Classful Add essi g : I the su et add essi g s ste , the t o-tier network/host division of the IP address is
made into a three-tier system by taking some number of bits from a class A, B or C host ID and using them for a subnet
identifier. The network ID is unchanged. The subnet ID is used for routing within the different subnetworks that constitute
a complete network, providing extra flexibility for administrators. For example, consider a class C address that normally
uses the first 24 bits for the network ID and remaining 8 bits for the host ID. The host ID can be split into, say, 3 bits for a
subnet ID and 5 for the host ID.
• Classless Addressing : In the classless system, the classes of the original IP addressing scheme are tossed out the window.
The division between the network ID and host ID can occur at an arbitrary point, not just on octet boundaries like in the
lassful s he e.
• IP Address Adjuncts: Subnet Mask and Default Gateway
• As ou a see, i the o igi al lassful s he e the di isio et ee et o k ID a d host ID is i plied. Ho e e , if eithe subnetting or
lassless add essi g is used, the the su et ask o slash u e a e e ui ed to full ualif the add ess. These u e s are considered
adju ts to the IP add ess a d usuall e tio ed i the sa e eath as the add ess itself, e ause ithout the , it is ot possible to know
where the network ID ends and the host ID begins.
• One other number that is often specified along with the IP address for a device is the default gateway identifier. In simplest terms, this is the
IP address of the router that provides default routing functions for a particular device. When a device on an IP network wants to send a
datagram to a device it can't see on its local IP network, it sends it to the default gateway which takes care of routing functions. Without this,
each IP device would also have to have knowledge of routing functions and routes, which would be inefficient. See the sections on routing
concepts and TCP/IP routing protocols for more information.
4
8/10/2016
Number of IP Addresses and Multihoming
• There are two ways that a host can be multihomed:
• Two Or More Interfaces To The Same Network: Devices such as servers or highpowered workstations may be equipped with two physical interfaces to the
same network for performance and/or reliability reasons. They will have two IP
addresses on the same network with the same network ID.
• Interfaces To Two Or More Different Networks: Devices may have multiple
interfaces to different networks. The IP addresses will typically have different
network IDs in them.
Multihomed Devices
On An IP Internetwork
IP "Classful" Addressing Overview and Address
Classes
IP Address Class
Fraction of Total IP Address
Space
Number Of Network ID
Bits
Number Of Host ID Bits
Intended Use
Unicast addressing for very
large organizations with
hundreds of thousands or
millions of hosts to connect
to the Internet.
Class A
1/2
8
24
Class B
1/4
16
16
Class C
1/8
24
8
Class D
1/16
n/a
n/a
Class E
1/16
n/a
n/a
Unicast addressing for
medium-to-large
organizations with many
hundreds to thousands of
hosts to connect to the
Internet.
Unicast addressing for
smaller organizations with
no more than about 250
hosts to connect to the
Internet.
IP multicasting.
Reserved for “experimental
use”.
5
8/10/2016
IP "Classful" Addressing Network and Host
Identification and Address Ranges
Simulasi Perhitungan IP Address Classfull
IP "Classful" Addressing Network and Host
Identification and Address Ranges
IP Address Class
First Octet of IP
Address
Lowest Value of
First Octet
(binary)
Highest Value of
First Octet
(binary)
Range of First
Octet Values
(decimal)
Octets in
Theoretical IP
Network ID / Host
Address Range
ID
Class A
0xxx xxxx
0000 0001
0111 1110
1 to 126
1/3
1.0.0.0
to126.255.255.255
Class B
10xx xxxx
1000 0000
1011 1111
128 to 191
2/2
128.0.0.0
to191.255.255.255
Class C
110x xxxx
1100 0000
1101 1111
192 to 223
3/1
192.0.0.0
to223.255.255.255
Class D
1110 xxxx
1110 0000
1110 1111
224 to 239
—
224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255
Class E
1111 xxxx
1111 0000
1111 1111
240 to 255
—
240.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255
6
8/10/2016
IP "Classful" Addressing Network and Host
Identification and Address Ranges
IP Address Class A, B and C Network and Host
Capacities
IP Address
Class
Class A
Total # Of Bits
First Octet of
For Network
IP Address
ID / Host ID
8 / 24
0xxx xxxx
# Of Network
ID Bits Used
To Identify
Class
Usable # Of
Network ID
Bits
Number of
Possible
Network IDs
1
8-1 = 7
27-2 = 126
Class B
16 / 16
10xx xxxx
2
16-2 = 14
Class C
24 / 8
110x xxxx
3
24-3 = 21
214
= 16,384
221 =
2,097,152
# Of Host IDs
Per Network
ID
224-2 =
16,277,214
216-2
= 65,534
28-2 = 254
Special Network ID and Host ID Address
PatternsSpecial
• IP addresses are constructed by replacing the normal network ID or host ID (or both) in an IP
address with one of two special patterns. The two patterns are:
• All Zeroes: When the network ID or host ID bits are replaced by a set of all zeroes, the
special meaning is the equivalent of the pronoun this , referring to whatever was replaced.
It a also e i te p eted as the default o the u e t . “o fo e a ple, if e epla e the
et o k ID ith all ze oes ut lea e the host ID alo e, the esulti g add ess ea s the
device with the host ID given, on this network . O alte ati el , the de i e ith the host ID
specified, on the default network or the current network .
• All Ones: When the network ID or host ID bits are replaced by a set of all ones, this has the
special meaning of all . So replacing the host ID with all ones means the IP address refers
to all hosts on the network. This is generally used as a broadcast address for sending a
message to everyo e .
7
8/10/2016
IP Address Patterns With Special Meanings
Network ID
Network ID
Host ID
Host ID
Class A Example
77.91.215.5
Class B Example
154.3.99.6
Class C Example
227.82.157.160
Network ID
All Zeroes
77.0.0.0
154.3.0.0
227.82.157.0
All Zeroes
Host ID
0.91.215.5
0.0.99.6
0.0.0.160
All Zeroes
All Zeroes
Network ID
All Ones
All Ones
All Ones
0.0.0.0
77.255.255.255
154.3.255.255
227.82.157.255
Special Meaning and Description
Normal Meaning: Refers to a specific device.
“The Specified Network”: This notation, with a “0” at
the end of the address, refers to an entire network.
“Specified Host On This Network”: This addresses
a host on the current or default network when the
network ID is not known, or when it doesn't need to be
explicitly stated.
“Me”: (Alternately, “this host”, or “the current/default
host”). Used by a device to refer to itself when it
doesn't know its own IP address. The most common
use is when a device attempts to determine its
address using a host-configuration
protocol like DHCP. May also be used to indicate that
any address of a multihomed host may be used.
“All Hosts On The Specified Network”: Used for
broadcasting to all hosts on the local network.
“All Hosts On The Network”: Specifies a global
broadcast to all hosts on the directly-connected
network. Note that there is no address that would
imply sending to all hosts everywhere on the global
Internet, since this would be very inefficient and costly.
255.255.255.255
Reserved, Loopback and Private IP Addresses
Range Start
Address
Range End
Address
“Classful” Address Equivalent
0.0.0.0
0.255.255.255
Class A network 0.x.x.x
Classless
Address
Equivalent
0/8
10.0.0.0
10.255.255.255
Class A network 10.x.x.x
10/8
Class A private address block.
127.0.0.0
127.255.255.255
Class A network 127.x.x.x
127/8
Loopback address block.
Description
Reserved.
128.0.0.0
128.0.255.255
Class B network 128.0.x.x
128.0/16
Reserved.
169.254.0.0
169.254.255.255
Class B network 169.254.x.x
169.254/16
Class B private address block reserved for automatic
private address allocation. See the section on DHCP
for details.
172.16.0.0
172.31.255.255
16 contiguous Class B networks
from 172.16.x.x through 172.31.x.x
172.16/12
Class B private address blocks.
191.255.0.0
191.255.255.255
Class B network 191.255.x.x
191.255/16
Reserved.
192.0.0.0
192.0.0.255
192.0.0/24
Reserved.
192.168.0.0
192.168.255.255
192.168/16
Class C private address blocks.
223.255.255.0
223.255.255.255
Class C network 192.0.0.x
256 contiguous Class C networks
from 192.168.0.x through
192.168.255.x
Class C network 223.255.255.x
223.255.255/24
Reserved.
IP Multicast Address Ranges and Uses
Range Start Address
Range End Address
Description
224.0.0.0
224.0.0.255
Reserved for special “well-known”
multicast addresses.
224.0.1.0
238.255.255.255
Globally-scoped (Internet-wide)
multicast addresses.
239.0.0.0
239.255.255.255
Administratively-scoped (local)
multicast addresses.
8
8/10/2016
IP Multicast Address Ranges and Uses
Range Start Address
Description
224.0.0.0
Reserved; not used
224.0.0.1
All devices on the subnet
224.0.0.2
All routers on the subnet
224.0.0.3
Reserved
224.0.0.4
All routers using DVMRP
224.0.0.5
All routers using OSPF
224.0.0.6
Designated routers using OSPF
224.0.0.9
Designated routers using RIP-2
224.0.0.11
Mobile agents (for Mobile IP)
224.0.0.12
DHCP Server / Relay Agent
Well-Known IP Multicast Addresses
“u
ary of Classful Addressi g IssuesThere
• Lack of Internal Address Flexibility: Big organizations are assigned large,
o olithi
lo ks of add esses that do 't at h ell the st u tu e of thei
underlying internal networks.
• Inefficient Use of Address Space: The existence of only three block sizes
(classes A, B and C) leads to waste of limited IP address space.
• Proliferation of Router Table Entries: As the Internet grows, more and more
entries are required for routers to handle the routing of IP datagrams, which
causes performance problems for routers. Attempting to reduce inefficient
address space allocation leads to even more router table entries.
IP Subnet Addressing ("Subnetting") Concepts
• It contributed to the explosion in size of IP routing tables.
• Every time more address space was needed, the administrator would have to
apply for a new block of addresses.
• Any changes to the internal structure of a company's network would
potentially affect devices and sites outside the organization.
• Keeping track of all those different Class C networks would be a bit of a
headache in its own right.
9
8/10/2016
Advantages of Subnet Addressing
• Better Match to Physical Network Structure: Hosts can be grouped into subnets that reflect the way
they are actually structured in the organization's physical network.
• Flexibility: The number of subnets and number of hosts per subnet can be customized for each
organization. Each can decide on its own subnet structure and change it as required.
• Invisibility To Public Internet: Subnetting was implemented so that the internal division of a network
into subnets is visible only within the organization; to the rest of the Internet the organization is still
just o e ig, flat, et o k . This also ea s that a
ha ges ade to the i te al st u tu e a e ot
visible outside the organization.
• No Need To Request New IP Addresses: Organizations don't have to constantly requisition more IP
addresses, as they would in the workaround of using multiple small Class C blocks.
• No Routing Table Entry Proliferation: Since the subnet structure exists only within the organization,
routers outside that organization know nothing about it. The organization still maintains a single (or
perhaps a few) routing table entries for all of its devices. Only routers inside the organization need to
worry about routing between subnets.
IP Subnetting: "Three-Level" Hierarchical IP
Subnet Addressing
Subnetting A Class B Network
IP Subnet Masks, Notation and Subnet
Calculations
10
8/10/2016
Case
• Suppose we have a host on this network with an IP of 154.71.150.42. A router
needs to figure out which subnet this address is on.
Determining the Subnet ID of an IP Address Through Subnet Masking
Component
Octet 1
Octet 2
Octet 3
Octet 4
IP Address
10011010
(154)
01000111
(71)
10010110
(150)
00101010
(42)
Subnet Mask
11111111
(255)
11111111
(255)
11111000
(248)
00000000
(0)
Result of AND
Masking
10011010
(154)
01000111
(71)
10010000
(144)
00000000
(0)
Case
IP Default Subnet Masks For Address Classes A, B
and C
Default Subnet Masks for Class A, Class B and Class C Networks
IP Address
Class
Total # Of Bits
For Network ID
/ Host ID
Class A
Default Subnet Mask
First Octet
Second Octet
Third Octet
Fourth Octet
8 / 24
11111111
(255)
00000000
(0)
00000000
(0)
00000000
(0)
Class B
16 / 16
11111111
(255)
11111111
(255)
00000000
(0)
00000000
(0)
Class C
24 / 8
11111111
(255)
11111111
(255)
11111111
(255)
00000000
(0)
11
8/10/2016
IP Default Subnet Masks For Address Classes A, B
and C
Custom Subnet
Masks for Class C
Networks
# of Subnet ID
# of Subnets Per
# of Host ID Bits
Bit
Netw ork
Subnet Mask
Subnet Address #N Formula (N=0, 1, … #
(Slash/ CIDR
of Subnets-1)
Notation)
# of
Hosts Per Subnet
Subnet Mask
(Binary / Dotted Decimal)
0 (Default)
24
1
16,277,214
11111111.00000000.0000000.00000000
255.0.0.0
/8
—
1
23
2
8,388,606
11111111.10000000.0000000.00000000
255.128.0.0
/9
x.N*128.0.0
2
22
4,194,302
11111111.11000000.0000000.00000000
255.192.0.0
/10
x.N*64.0.0
3
21
8
2,097,150
11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000
255.224.0.0
/11
x.N*32.0.0
4
20
16
1,048,574
11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000
255.240.0.0
/12
x.N*16.0.0
5
19
32
524,286
11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000
255.248.0.0
/13
x.N*8.0.0
6
18
64
262,142
11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000
255.252.0.0
/14
x.N*4.0.0
7
17
128
131,070
11111111.11111110.00000000.00000000
255.254.0.0
/15
8
16
256
65,534
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
255.255.0.0
/16
x.N.0.0
9
15
512
32,766
11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
255.255.128.0
/17
x.N/2.
(N%2)*128.0
10
14
1,024
16,382
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
255.255.192.0
/18
x.N/4.
(N%4)*64.0
8,190
11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
255.255.224.0
4
x.N*2.0.0
/19
x.N/8.
(N%8)*32.0
12
12
4,096
4,094
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
255.255.240.0
/20
x.N/16.
(N%16)*16.0
13
11
8,192
2,046
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
255.255.248.0
/21
x.N/32.
(N%32)*8.0
11
13
2,048
14
10
16,384
1,022
11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
255.255.252.0
/22
x.N/64.
(N%64)*4.0
15
9
32,768
510
11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
255.255.254.0
/23
x.N/128.
(N%128)*2.0
16
8
65,536
254
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.255.0
/24
x.N/256.
N%256.0
17
7
131,072
126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255.255.255.128
/25
x.N/512.
(N/2)%256.
(N%2)*128
18
6
262,144
62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255.255.255.192
/26
x.N/1024.
(N/4)%256.
(N%4)*64
19
5
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
255.255.255.224
/27
Subnetting Summary
Table For Class A
Networks
x.N/2048.
(N/8)%256.
(N%8)*32
524,288
30
20
4
1,048,576
14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255.255.255.240
/28
x.N/4096.
(N/16)%256.
(N%16)*16
21
3
2,097,152
6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
255.255.255.248
/29
x.N/8192.
(N/32)%256.
(N%32)*8
22
2
4,194,304
2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
255.255.255.252
/30
x.N/16384.
(N/64)%256.
(N%64)*4
12
8/10/2016
Subnet Address #N
Subnet Mask (Slash/
Formula (N=0, 1, … #
CIDR Notation)
of Subnets-1)
# of Subnet ID
Bit
# of Host ID
Bits
# of Subnets Per
Network
# of
Hosts Per Subnet
Subnet Mask
(Binary / Dotted Decimal)
0 (Default)
16
1
65,534
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
255.255.0.0
/16
--
1
15
2
32,766
11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
255.255.128.0
/17
x.y.N*128.0
2
14
4
16,382
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
255.255.192.0
/18
x.y.N*64.0
3
13
8
8,190
11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
255.255.224.0
/19
x.y.N*32.0
4
12
16
4,094
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
255.255.240.0
/20
x.y.N*16.0
5
11
32
2,046
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
255.255.248.0
/21
x.y.N*8.0
6
10
64
1,022
11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
255.255.252.0
/22
x.y.N*4.0
7
9
128
510
11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
255.255.254.0
/23
8
8
256
254
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.255.0
/24
x.y.N.0
9
7
512
126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255.255.255.128
/25
x.y.N/2.
(N%2)*128
10
6
1,024
62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255.255.255.192
/26
x.y.N/4.
(N%4)*64
x.y.N*2.0
11
5
2,048
30
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
255.255.255.224
/27
x.x.N/8.
(N%8)*32
12
4
4,096
14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255.255.255.240
/28
x.y.N/16.
(N%16)*16
13
3
8,192
6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
255.255.255.248
/29
x.y.N/32.
(N%32)*8
2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
255.255.255.252
/30
x.y.N/64.
(N%64)*4
14
2
16,384
Subnetting
Summary Table For
Class B Networks
Subnet
Subnet
Address #N
Mask
Formula
(Slash/
(N=0, 1, … #
CIDR
of SubnetsNotation)
1)
# of
Subnet
ID Bit
# of Host ID Bits
# of
Subnets
Per
Network
# of
Hosts Per
Subnet
Subnet Mask
(Binary / Dotted Decimal)
0
(Default)
8
1
254
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.255.0
/24
—
1
7
2
126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255.255.255.128
/25
x.y.z.N*128
2
6
4
62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255.255.255.192
/26
x.y.z.N*64
3
5
8
30
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
255.255.255.224
/27
x.y.z.N*32
4
4
16
14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255.255.255.240
/28
x.y.z.N*16
5
3
32
6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
255.255.255.248
/29
x.y.z.N*8
6
2
64
2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
255.255.255.252
/30
x.y.z.N*4
Subnetting
Summary Table
For Class C
Networks
IP Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)
• Conventional Subnet masking replaces the two-level IP addressing scheme
with a more flexible three-level method. Since it lets network administrators
assign IP addresses to hosts based on how they are connected in physical
networks, subnetting is a real breakthrough for those maintaining large IP
networks. It has its own weaknesses though, and still has room for
improvement. The main weakness of conventional subnetting is in fact that the
subnet ID represents only one additional hierarchical level in how IP addresses
are interpreted and used for routing.
13
8/10/2016
IP Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) : The
Problem With Single-Level Subnetting
• It a see g eed to look at subnetting a d sa
hat, o l one additional
le el ?
• in large networks, the need to divide our entire network into only one level of
subnetworks doesn't represent the best use of our IP address block.
Class C (/24)
Network Split Into
Eight Conventional
Subnets
Class C (/24) Network
Split Using Variable
Length Subnet
Masking (VLSM)
14
8/10/2016
Variable Length Subnet
Masking (VLSM)
Example
• Let's take our example above again and see how we can make everything fit using
VLSM. We start with our Class C network, 201.45.222.0/24. We first do an initial
subnetting by using one bit for the subnet ID, leaving us 7 bits for the host ID. This
gives us two subnets: 201.45.222.0/25 and 201.45.222.128/25. Each of these can
have a maximum of 126 hosts. We set aside the first of these for subnet S6 and its
100 hosts.
• We take the second subnet, 201.45.222.128/25, and subnet it further into two subsubnets. We do this by taking one bit from the 7 bits left in the host ID. This gives us
the sub-subnets 201.45.222.128/26 and 201.45.222.192/26, each of which can have
62 hosts. We set aside the first of these for subnet S5 and its 50 hosts.
• We take the second sub-subnet, 201.45.222.192/26, and subnet it further into four
sub-sub-subnets. We take 2 bits from the 6 that are left in the host ID. This gives us
four sub-sub-subnets that each can have a maximum of 14 hosts. These are used for
S1, S2, S3 and S4.
Shorcut :D
• Cek apakah IP yang diberikan itu sudah valid, caranya adalah meng-AND kan
dengan subnet mask nya (24) dengan dirubah ke bentuk binner.
• Cara selanjutnya adalah mengurutkan jumlah Host dimulai dari yang terbesar
untuk memulai perhitungan
15
8/10/2016
Case
• Diberikan IP 192.168.1.10/24
• Host yang dibutuhkan :
• A = 100
• B = 40
• C = 50
• D= 150
• E = 2 (biasanya perhitungan untuk alamat router)
46
• 192.168.1.10 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00001010
• /24 (angka 1 terdapat 24) = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
• di AND kan (bernilai benar bila benar dan benar) menjadi :
• 192.168.1.0 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
• Sehingga IP yang digunakan untuk perhitungan adalah 192.168.1.0/24
• Cara selanjutnya adalah mengurutkan jumlah Host dimulai dari yang terbesar
untuk memulai perhitungan, dalam kasus ini urutannya adalah (D,A,C,B,E)
47
• dengan menggunakan rumus (2^n) – 2 >=host maka :
• untuk host D = 150
• (2^n) – 2>=150
• n = 8, maka : 32-8 = 24 (untuk mengetahui subnet mask yg akan digunakan,
dalam soal ini /24)
• Network address : 192.168.1.0/24
• Broadcast Address : 192.168.1.255
• IP Range : 192.168.1.1 – 192.168.1.254
48
16
8/10/2016
• untuk host A = 100
• (2^n) – 2>=100
• n = 7, maka : 32-7 = 25
• Network address : 192.168.2.0/25
• Broadcast Address : 192.168.2.127
• IP Range : 192.168.2.1-192.168.1.126
49
• untuk host C = 50
• (2^n) – 2=50
• n = 6, maka : 32-6 = 26
• Network Address : 192.168.2.128/26
• Broadcast Address : 192.168.2.191
• IP Range : 192.168.2.129-192.168.2.190
50
• untuk host B = 40
• (2^n) – 2 >=40
• n = 6, maka : 32-6 = 26
• Network Address : 192.168.2.192/26
• Broadcast Address : 192.168.2.255
• IP Range : 192.168.2.193-192.168.2.254
51
17
8/10/2016
• untuk host E = 2
• (2^n) – 2 >=2
• n = 2, maka : 32-2 = 30
• Network Address : 192.168.3.0/30
• Broadcast Address : 192.168.3.4
• IP Range : 192.168.3.2-192.168.3.3
52
IPV6
Periyadi,M.T.
CommTech
Training Center
Preface
• IP is the primary protocol in the internet layer of the OSI networking model
• IP’s jo is to deli e pa kets f o a sou e o pute to a desti atio
computer (network)
• As of May 2015, about 97 % Web Traffic uses IPV4
• IPv6 is destined to be the future of the Internet Protocol, and due to IP's critical
importance, it will form the basis for the future of TCP/IP and the Internet as
well.
• The primary motivation for creating IPv6 was to rectify the addressing
problems in IPv4
54
18
8/10/2016
Unchanged Aspects of Addressing in IPv6
Some of the general characteristics of the IPv6 addressing model that are basically the same as in IPv4:
• Core Functions of Addressing: The two main functions of addressing are still network interface
identification and routing. Routing is facilitated through the structure of addresses on the
internetwork.
• Network Layer Addressing: IPv6 addresses are still the ones associated with the network layer in
TCP/IP networks, and are distinct from data link layer (also sometimes called physical) addresses.
• Number of IP Addresses Per Device: Addresses are still assigned to network interfaces, so a regular
host like a PC will usually have one (unicast) address, and routers will have more than one, for each
of the physical networks to which it connects.
• Address Interpretation and Prefix Representation: IPv6 addresses are like classless IPv4 addresses in
that they are interpreted as having a network identifier part and a host identifier part, but that the
delineation is not encoded into the address itself. A prefix length number, using CIDR-like notation, is
used to indicate the length of the network ID (prefix length).
• Private and Public Addresses: Both types of addresses exist in IPv6, though they are defined and
used somewhat differently.
55
Some of the most important goals in designing
IPv6
• Larger Address Space: This is what we discussed earlier. IPv6 had to provide more addresses for the growing Internet.
• Better Management of Address Space: It was desired that IPv6 not only include more addresses, but a more capable way of dividing the address
space and using the bits in each address.
• Eli i atio of Addressi g Kludges : Technologies like NAT a e effe ti el kludges that ake up fo the la k of add ess spa e i IP 4. IP 6
eliminates the need for NAT and similar workarounds, allowing every TCP/IP device to have a public address.
• Easier TCP/IP Administration: The designers of IPv6 hoped to resolve some of the current labor-intensive requirements of IPv4, such as the need to
configure IP addresses. Even though tools like DHCP eliminate the need to manually configure many hosts, it only partially solves the problem.
• Modern Design For Routing: In contrast to IPv4, which was designed before we all had any idea what the modern Internet would be like, IPv6 was
created specifically for efficient routing in our current Internet, and with the flexibility for the future.
• Better Support For Multicasting: Multicasting was an option under IPv4 from the start, but support for it has been slow in coming.
• Better Support For Security: IPv4 was designed at a time when security wasn't much of an issue, because there were a relatively small number of
networks on the internet, and their administrators often knew each other. Today, security on the public Internet is a big issue, and the future
success of the Internet requires that security concerns be resolved.
• Better Support For Mobility: When IPv4 was created, there really was no concept of mobile IP devices. The problems associated with computers
that move between networks led to the need for Mobile IP. IPv6 builds on Mobile IP and provides mobility support within IP itself.
56
Format and Header
57
19
8/10/2016
•
•
•
•
Global Unicast
Address format that enables aggregation upward to the ISP.
48-bit global routing prefix and a 16-bit subnet ID.
Allows for organizations to have up to 65535 individual subnets
Format and Header
58
Format and Header
• Reserved Addresses
• 1/256 of all available addresses
• Other types of addresses come from this block as well
• Private Addresses
• First octet value of FE, after which comes a value of 8 - F
• Divided into other addresses
• Site-local address (exactly like private addresses of
• Deprecated as of 2003
• Start with FE then followed by C - F
• Link-local address - New concept
•
•
•
•
Never routed by any router, including internal ones
Used for local communication on a particular physical network segment
Utilized for autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and router discovery.
Begin with FE and followed by 8 - B
59
Format and Header
• Loopback
• Same as the loopback in IPv4
• 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or 0::1
• Unspecified address
• All zero address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::
• Used when a device does not know or have an address
• Sent as the source field when a device is requesting an address.
60
20
8/10/2016
IPv4-IPv6 Transition Methods
• Dual “tack Devices: Routers and some other devices may be programmed
with both IPv4 and IPv6 implementations to allow them to communicate with
both types of hosts.
• IPv4/IPv6 Translation: Dual sta k de i es a e desig ed to a ept
requests from IPv6 hosts, convert them to IPv4 datagrams, send the datagrams
to the IPv4 destination and then process the return datagrams similarly.
• IPv4 Tunneling of IPv6: IPv6 devices that don't have a path between them
consisting entirely of IPv6-capable routers may be able to communicate by
encapsulating IPv6 datagrams within IPv4. In essence, they would be using IPv6
on top of IPv4; two network layers. The encapsulated IPv4 datagrams would
travel across conventional IPv4 routers.
61
Why IPV6
• IP 4 does ot suppo t ea e ough add esses to o
devices
e t all the o ld’s
• IPV4 only support 4.3 billion address
• IPV4 address space is poorly allocated, with only 14% of all available address in use
• Number of devices in use today
•
•
•
•
•
•
Automobiles : 1.1 Billion
Smartphones : 1.8 Billion
Websites : 650 million
Televisions : Wow !!!
Security Camera : Double Wow !!!
Othe : ………..?????!!!
62
IPV4 Review
• 32-bits / 4 blocks of 8 bits, separated by period
10101100.10000000.00000000.00010011
172 . 128
•
• Expressed as four decimal number
• Each 0 to 255
.
0
.
19
63
21
8/10/2016
IPv6 Address
• 128-bits /8 block of 16 bits, separated by colon ( : )
1000000101000101 : 000100001100 : 0000000000000000 : 0000000000000000 :
0001000100000000 : 0001101000000110 : 1000100000000000 : 0000000000000001
• 8145 : 010C : 0000 : 0000 : 1100 : 1A06 : 8800 : 0001
• Expressed as 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits, each 0 - FFFF
64
Binnary – Hex Convertion
• 0001101000000110 => Hexadecimal
• Four Binary digits = one Hex digit
• 0001 1010 0000 0110
•1
A
0
6
• DIGIT WEIGHT 8421
•
0000
• NOT CASE SENSITIVE
Hex
Binary
Dec
0
0000
0
1
0001
1
2
0010
2
3
0011
3
4
0100
4
5
0101
5
6
0110
6
7
0111
7
8
1000
8
9
1001
9
A
1010
10
B
1011
11
C
1100
12
D
1101
13
E
1110
14
F
1111
15
65
How to write
8145 : 010C : 0000 : 0000 : 1100 : 1A06 : 8800 : 0001
TRIM LEADING ZEROS
8145 : 10C : 0 : 0 : 1100 : 1A06 : 8800 : 1
HIDE CONSECUTIVE ALL-ZERO
8145:10C::1100:1A06:8800:1
66
22
8/10/2016
structure
8145 : 010C : 0000 : 0000 : 1100 : 1A06 : 8800 : 0001
64 BITS
64 BITS
NETWORK PORTION
HOST PORTION
CIDR 8145:10C::1100:1A06:8800:1/64
67
Subnet IPV6
8145 : 010C : 0000 : 0000 : 1100 : 1A06 : 8800 : 0001
48 BITS
16 BITS
NETWORK PORTION SUBNET
64 BITS
HOST PORTION
CIDR 8145:10C::1100:1A06:8800:1/64
68
STUDI KASUS
• 2001:db8:1234:0000:/48 from provider kita bisa memanipulasi 0000 untuk site
sub site dan subnet id bagaimana memecahnya tergantung kebutuhan
sebagai contoh ::
OPTION A
4 site, 4 sub site(setiap site) dan 4096 subnet (setiap sub site) :
1st 2 bit untuk site dan next2 bit untuk sub site dan 3 nibble sisa untuk subnet
(2>12)
OPTION B
• 16 site, 16 sub site (setiap site) dan 256 subnet (setiap subsite) :
• 1st nibble untuk site next nibble untuk sub site dan 2 nible untuk subnet (2>8)
69
23
8/10/2016
Studi kasus
OPTION C
16 site, 256 sub site (setiap site) dan 16 (setiap subsite) :
1st nibble untuk site 2nd and 3rd nibble untuk sub site dan 1 nible untuk subnet (2>4)
2001:DB8:1234:0000:/64
HEX
BINNARY
0000 0000 0000 0000 OPTION A
0000 0000 0000 0000 OPTION B
0000 0000 0000 0000 OPTION C
70
STUDI KASUS
• We have a mid-sized company with offices and data centers across the United
State. As part of our long term planning we have applied for an IPv6 address
and were assigned 2001:db8:abcd::/48. We now need to allocate this across
our enterprise
• We have branches in most states, so we've decided to use Option B, giving us
16 sites, 16 sub-sites and 256 subnets per site.
• We've decided that a "site" will be a geographic region of the country and a
sub-site will be a city within the geographic region. Here is the breakdown we
are using for our sites:
71
Site Addresses
The sites that we are rolling IPv6 to are in:
San Francisco (Site 9)
Seattle (Site 9)
Omaha (Site 8)
Newark (Site 3)
New York City (Site 2)
Boston (Site 1)
72
24
8/10/2016
The Site
• Site 0 - 2001:db8:abcd:0000::/52 (for future use)
• Site 1 - 2001:db8:abcd:1000::/52
• Site 2 - 2001:db8:abcd:2000::/52
• Site 3 - 2001:db8:abcd:3000::/52
• ...
• Site 8 - 2001:db8:abcd:8000::/52
• Site 9 - 2001:db8:abcd:9000::/52
• Site 10 - 2001:db8:abcd:a000::/52 (for future use)
• Site 11 - 2001:db8:abcd:b000::/52 (for future use)
• Site 12 - 2001:db8:abcd:c000::/52 (for future use)
73
Sub-Site Addresses
Site 1
---Future Use - 2001:db8:abcd:1000::/56
Boston - 2001:db8:abcd:1100::/56
Future Use - 2001:db8:abcd:1200::/56
...
Future Use - 2001:db8:abcd:1a00::/56
Future Use - 2001:db8:abcd:1b00::/56
...
74
Sub Site
Site 2
----New York City - 2001:db8:abcd:2000::/56
...
75
25
8/10/2016
Sub Site
Site 3
---Future Use - 2001:db8:abcd:3000::/56
...
Newark - 2001:db8:abcd:3f00::/56
76
Sub site
Site 8
---Omaha - 2001:db8:abcd:8000::/56
Site 9
---San Francisco - 2001:db8:abcd:9100::/56
Seattle - 2001:db8:abcd:9200::/56
77
Subnet Addresses
Within each site we can now assign our subnets. We will use our Newark site as an
example.
Firewall Outside: 2001:db8:abcd:3f00::/64
Webservers: 2001:db8:abcd:3f01::/64
Database Servers: 2001:db8:abcd:3f02::/64
....
Mail Servers: 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d::/64
....
Management: 2001:db8:abcd:3fee::/64
Loopbacks: 2001:db8:abcd:3fff::/64
78
26
8/10/2016
• We are defining the next two nibbles for the subnet so our mask moves from a
/56 sub-site up to a /64 subnet prefix. Newark's subnets can use
2001:db8:abcd:3f00 through 2001:db8:abcd:3fff:: for subnet addresses.
• Within each subnet we can provide 2^64 addresses, as we still have 64 bits to
use.
• For example, within the MailServers vlan we will start all addresses
with 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d:: and the last 64-bits are for the host.
79
80
• We've assigned the following addresses
• mail gateway: 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d::1/64
• mail01: 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d:0000:0000:0000:0002/64
• mail02: 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d::ab00/64
• mail03: 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d:abcd:ef12::1/64
81
27
8/10/2016
82
Routing
• With IPv6 not relying on IPv4 anymore we finally address the poor addressing
schemes we've all had in place for years. By defining sites and sub-sites, with
plenty of room for growth we can do some pretty heavy duty aggregation.
• Each of our sub-sites will advertise their /56 prefix up to an aggregation router.
• Each aggregation router will be connected to the IPv6 Internet and announce
both our enterprise wide /48 and the site /52. This provides redundant
connectivity via the internet and allows the internet to use longest match to
reach the site directly.
83
84
28
8/10/2016
Ada pertanyaan
29
IP Address Version 4
(IPV4)
Periyadi, M.T.
CommTech
Training Center
Binary Information Group Representations and
Terms
Number of Bits
1
Common Representation Terms
Bit / Digit / Flag
4
Nybble / Nibble
8
Byte / Octet / Character
16
Double Byte / Word
32
Double Word / Long Word
64
Very Long Word
2
Binary Information Representations and Terms
3
1
8/10/2016
Biner Desimal
• Diselesaikan dengan menjumlahkan dari perkalian bilangan biner dengan
eksponen dari basis terhadap bobot yang dihitung dari LSB ke MSB.
• Perhatikan notasi posisional masing-masing digit.
4
Biner Desimal
100111011
2
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
= (1x28) + (0x27) + (0x26) + (1x25) + (1x24) + (1x23) + (0x22) + (1x21) + (1x20)
= 256 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 2 + 1
= 315
Sehingga:
1001110112 = 31510
5
IP Addressing
• IP addressing is important because it facilitates the primary function of the
Internet Protocol—the delivery of datagrams across an internetwork
• The first point that bears making is that there are actually two different
functions of the IP address:
• Network Interface Identification: Like a street address, the IP address provides unique
identification of the interface between a device and the network. This is required to
ensure that the datagram is delivered to the correct recipients.
• Routing: When the source and destination of an IP datagram are not on the same
et o k, the datag a
ust e deli e ed i di e tl usi g i te ediate s ste s, a
process called routing. The IP address is an essential part of the system used to route
datagrams.
6
2
8/10/2016
IP Address Size and Binary Notation
• the IP address is just a 32-bit binary number: a set of 32 ones or zeroes
7
Original Definition Of IPv4 Type Of Service (TOS) Field
8
Subfield Name
Size (bytes)
Description
Precedence
3/8
(3 bits)
D
1/8
(1 bit)
Delay: Set to 0 to request “normal” delay in delivery; set to 1 if low
delay delivery is requested.
T
1/8
(1 bit)
Throughput: Set to 0 to request “normal” delivery throughput; set to 1
if higher throughput delivery is requested.
R
1/8
(1 bit)
Reliability: Set to 0 to request “normal” reliability in delivery; set to 1 if
higher reliability delivery is requested.
Reserved
2/8
(2 bits)
Reserved: Not used.
IP Address "Dotted Decimal" Notation And Space
• IP addresses are normally expressed with each octet of 8 bits converted to a
de i al u e a d the o tets sepa ated a pe iod a dot .
• W.X.Y.Z
• Each of the octets in an IP address can take on the values from 0 to 255
• Since the IP address is 32 bits wide, this provides us with a theoretical address
space of 232, or 4,294,967,296 addresses.
3
8/10/2016
Internet IP Address Structure
• Network Identifier (Network ID): A certain number of bits, starting from the
left-most bit, is used to identify the network where the host or other network
interface is located. This is also sometimes called the network prefix or even
just the prefix.
• Host Identifier (Host ID): The remainder of the bits are used to identify the host
on the network.
Location of the Division Between Network ID and
Host ID
IP Addressing Categories (Classful, Subnetted and
Classless) and IP Address Adjuncts (Subnet Mask and
Default Gateway)
• Co e tio al Classful Add essi g : The o igi al IP add essi g s he e is set up so that the di idi g li e o u s o l i
one of a few locations: on octet boundaries
• “u etted Classful Add essi g : I the su et add essi g s ste , the t o-tier network/host division of the IP address is
made into a three-tier system by taking some number of bits from a class A, B or C host ID and using them for a subnet
identifier. The network ID is unchanged. The subnet ID is used for routing within the different subnetworks that constitute
a complete network, providing extra flexibility for administrators. For example, consider a class C address that normally
uses the first 24 bits for the network ID and remaining 8 bits for the host ID. The host ID can be split into, say, 3 bits for a
subnet ID and 5 for the host ID.
• Classless Addressing : In the classless system, the classes of the original IP addressing scheme are tossed out the window.
The division between the network ID and host ID can occur at an arbitrary point, not just on octet boundaries like in the
lassful s he e.
• IP Address Adjuncts: Subnet Mask and Default Gateway
• As ou a see, i the o igi al lassful s he e the di isio et ee et o k ID a d host ID is i plied. Ho e e , if eithe subnetting or
lassless add essi g is used, the the su et ask o slash u e a e e ui ed to full ualif the add ess. These u e s are considered
adju ts to the IP add ess a d usuall e tio ed i the sa e eath as the add ess itself, e ause ithout the , it is ot possible to know
where the network ID ends and the host ID begins.
• One other number that is often specified along with the IP address for a device is the default gateway identifier. In simplest terms, this is the
IP address of the router that provides default routing functions for a particular device. When a device on an IP network wants to send a
datagram to a device it can't see on its local IP network, it sends it to the default gateway which takes care of routing functions. Without this,
each IP device would also have to have knowledge of routing functions and routes, which would be inefficient. See the sections on routing
concepts and TCP/IP routing protocols for more information.
4
8/10/2016
Number of IP Addresses and Multihoming
• There are two ways that a host can be multihomed:
• Two Or More Interfaces To The Same Network: Devices such as servers or highpowered workstations may be equipped with two physical interfaces to the
same network for performance and/or reliability reasons. They will have two IP
addresses on the same network with the same network ID.
• Interfaces To Two Or More Different Networks: Devices may have multiple
interfaces to different networks. The IP addresses will typically have different
network IDs in them.
Multihomed Devices
On An IP Internetwork
IP "Classful" Addressing Overview and Address
Classes
IP Address Class
Fraction of Total IP Address
Space
Number Of Network ID
Bits
Number Of Host ID Bits
Intended Use
Unicast addressing for very
large organizations with
hundreds of thousands or
millions of hosts to connect
to the Internet.
Class A
1/2
8
24
Class B
1/4
16
16
Class C
1/8
24
8
Class D
1/16
n/a
n/a
Class E
1/16
n/a
n/a
Unicast addressing for
medium-to-large
organizations with many
hundreds to thousands of
hosts to connect to the
Internet.
Unicast addressing for
smaller organizations with
no more than about 250
hosts to connect to the
Internet.
IP multicasting.
Reserved for “experimental
use”.
5
8/10/2016
IP "Classful" Addressing Network and Host
Identification and Address Ranges
Simulasi Perhitungan IP Address Classfull
IP "Classful" Addressing Network and Host
Identification and Address Ranges
IP Address Class
First Octet of IP
Address
Lowest Value of
First Octet
(binary)
Highest Value of
First Octet
(binary)
Range of First
Octet Values
(decimal)
Octets in
Theoretical IP
Network ID / Host
Address Range
ID
Class A
0xxx xxxx
0000 0001
0111 1110
1 to 126
1/3
1.0.0.0
to126.255.255.255
Class B
10xx xxxx
1000 0000
1011 1111
128 to 191
2/2
128.0.0.0
to191.255.255.255
Class C
110x xxxx
1100 0000
1101 1111
192 to 223
3/1
192.0.0.0
to223.255.255.255
Class D
1110 xxxx
1110 0000
1110 1111
224 to 239
—
224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255
Class E
1111 xxxx
1111 0000
1111 1111
240 to 255
—
240.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255
6
8/10/2016
IP "Classful" Addressing Network and Host
Identification and Address Ranges
IP Address Class A, B and C Network and Host
Capacities
IP Address
Class
Class A
Total # Of Bits
First Octet of
For Network
IP Address
ID / Host ID
8 / 24
0xxx xxxx
# Of Network
ID Bits Used
To Identify
Class
Usable # Of
Network ID
Bits
Number of
Possible
Network IDs
1
8-1 = 7
27-2 = 126
Class B
16 / 16
10xx xxxx
2
16-2 = 14
Class C
24 / 8
110x xxxx
3
24-3 = 21
214
= 16,384
221 =
2,097,152
# Of Host IDs
Per Network
ID
224-2 =
16,277,214
216-2
= 65,534
28-2 = 254
Special Network ID and Host ID Address
PatternsSpecial
• IP addresses are constructed by replacing the normal network ID or host ID (or both) in an IP
address with one of two special patterns. The two patterns are:
• All Zeroes: When the network ID or host ID bits are replaced by a set of all zeroes, the
special meaning is the equivalent of the pronoun this , referring to whatever was replaced.
It a also e i te p eted as the default o the u e t . “o fo e a ple, if e epla e the
et o k ID ith all ze oes ut lea e the host ID alo e, the esulti g add ess ea s the
device with the host ID given, on this network . O alte ati el , the de i e ith the host ID
specified, on the default network or the current network .
• All Ones: When the network ID or host ID bits are replaced by a set of all ones, this has the
special meaning of all . So replacing the host ID with all ones means the IP address refers
to all hosts on the network. This is generally used as a broadcast address for sending a
message to everyo e .
7
8/10/2016
IP Address Patterns With Special Meanings
Network ID
Network ID
Host ID
Host ID
Class A Example
77.91.215.5
Class B Example
154.3.99.6
Class C Example
227.82.157.160
Network ID
All Zeroes
77.0.0.0
154.3.0.0
227.82.157.0
All Zeroes
Host ID
0.91.215.5
0.0.99.6
0.0.0.160
All Zeroes
All Zeroes
Network ID
All Ones
All Ones
All Ones
0.0.0.0
77.255.255.255
154.3.255.255
227.82.157.255
Special Meaning and Description
Normal Meaning: Refers to a specific device.
“The Specified Network”: This notation, with a “0” at
the end of the address, refers to an entire network.
“Specified Host On This Network”: This addresses
a host on the current or default network when the
network ID is not known, or when it doesn't need to be
explicitly stated.
“Me”: (Alternately, “this host”, or “the current/default
host”). Used by a device to refer to itself when it
doesn't know its own IP address. The most common
use is when a device attempts to determine its
address using a host-configuration
protocol like DHCP. May also be used to indicate that
any address of a multihomed host may be used.
“All Hosts On The Specified Network”: Used for
broadcasting to all hosts on the local network.
“All Hosts On The Network”: Specifies a global
broadcast to all hosts on the directly-connected
network. Note that there is no address that would
imply sending to all hosts everywhere on the global
Internet, since this would be very inefficient and costly.
255.255.255.255
Reserved, Loopback and Private IP Addresses
Range Start
Address
Range End
Address
“Classful” Address Equivalent
0.0.0.0
0.255.255.255
Class A network 0.x.x.x
Classless
Address
Equivalent
0/8
10.0.0.0
10.255.255.255
Class A network 10.x.x.x
10/8
Class A private address block.
127.0.0.0
127.255.255.255
Class A network 127.x.x.x
127/8
Loopback address block.
Description
Reserved.
128.0.0.0
128.0.255.255
Class B network 128.0.x.x
128.0/16
Reserved.
169.254.0.0
169.254.255.255
Class B network 169.254.x.x
169.254/16
Class B private address block reserved for automatic
private address allocation. See the section on DHCP
for details.
172.16.0.0
172.31.255.255
16 contiguous Class B networks
from 172.16.x.x through 172.31.x.x
172.16/12
Class B private address blocks.
191.255.0.0
191.255.255.255
Class B network 191.255.x.x
191.255/16
Reserved.
192.0.0.0
192.0.0.255
192.0.0/24
Reserved.
192.168.0.0
192.168.255.255
192.168/16
Class C private address blocks.
223.255.255.0
223.255.255.255
Class C network 192.0.0.x
256 contiguous Class C networks
from 192.168.0.x through
192.168.255.x
Class C network 223.255.255.x
223.255.255/24
Reserved.
IP Multicast Address Ranges and Uses
Range Start Address
Range End Address
Description
224.0.0.0
224.0.0.255
Reserved for special “well-known”
multicast addresses.
224.0.1.0
238.255.255.255
Globally-scoped (Internet-wide)
multicast addresses.
239.0.0.0
239.255.255.255
Administratively-scoped (local)
multicast addresses.
8
8/10/2016
IP Multicast Address Ranges and Uses
Range Start Address
Description
224.0.0.0
Reserved; not used
224.0.0.1
All devices on the subnet
224.0.0.2
All routers on the subnet
224.0.0.3
Reserved
224.0.0.4
All routers using DVMRP
224.0.0.5
All routers using OSPF
224.0.0.6
Designated routers using OSPF
224.0.0.9
Designated routers using RIP-2
224.0.0.11
Mobile agents (for Mobile IP)
224.0.0.12
DHCP Server / Relay Agent
Well-Known IP Multicast Addresses
“u
ary of Classful Addressi g IssuesThere
• Lack of Internal Address Flexibility: Big organizations are assigned large,
o olithi
lo ks of add esses that do 't at h ell the st u tu e of thei
underlying internal networks.
• Inefficient Use of Address Space: The existence of only three block sizes
(classes A, B and C) leads to waste of limited IP address space.
• Proliferation of Router Table Entries: As the Internet grows, more and more
entries are required for routers to handle the routing of IP datagrams, which
causes performance problems for routers. Attempting to reduce inefficient
address space allocation leads to even more router table entries.
IP Subnet Addressing ("Subnetting") Concepts
• It contributed to the explosion in size of IP routing tables.
• Every time more address space was needed, the administrator would have to
apply for a new block of addresses.
• Any changes to the internal structure of a company's network would
potentially affect devices and sites outside the organization.
• Keeping track of all those different Class C networks would be a bit of a
headache in its own right.
9
8/10/2016
Advantages of Subnet Addressing
• Better Match to Physical Network Structure: Hosts can be grouped into subnets that reflect the way
they are actually structured in the organization's physical network.
• Flexibility: The number of subnets and number of hosts per subnet can be customized for each
organization. Each can decide on its own subnet structure and change it as required.
• Invisibility To Public Internet: Subnetting was implemented so that the internal division of a network
into subnets is visible only within the organization; to the rest of the Internet the organization is still
just o e ig, flat, et o k . This also ea s that a
ha ges ade to the i te al st u tu e a e ot
visible outside the organization.
• No Need To Request New IP Addresses: Organizations don't have to constantly requisition more IP
addresses, as they would in the workaround of using multiple small Class C blocks.
• No Routing Table Entry Proliferation: Since the subnet structure exists only within the organization,
routers outside that organization know nothing about it. The organization still maintains a single (or
perhaps a few) routing table entries for all of its devices. Only routers inside the organization need to
worry about routing between subnets.
IP Subnetting: "Three-Level" Hierarchical IP
Subnet Addressing
Subnetting A Class B Network
IP Subnet Masks, Notation and Subnet
Calculations
10
8/10/2016
Case
• Suppose we have a host on this network with an IP of 154.71.150.42. A router
needs to figure out which subnet this address is on.
Determining the Subnet ID of an IP Address Through Subnet Masking
Component
Octet 1
Octet 2
Octet 3
Octet 4
IP Address
10011010
(154)
01000111
(71)
10010110
(150)
00101010
(42)
Subnet Mask
11111111
(255)
11111111
(255)
11111000
(248)
00000000
(0)
Result of AND
Masking
10011010
(154)
01000111
(71)
10010000
(144)
00000000
(0)
Case
IP Default Subnet Masks For Address Classes A, B
and C
Default Subnet Masks for Class A, Class B and Class C Networks
IP Address
Class
Total # Of Bits
For Network ID
/ Host ID
Class A
Default Subnet Mask
First Octet
Second Octet
Third Octet
Fourth Octet
8 / 24
11111111
(255)
00000000
(0)
00000000
(0)
00000000
(0)
Class B
16 / 16
11111111
(255)
11111111
(255)
00000000
(0)
00000000
(0)
Class C
24 / 8
11111111
(255)
11111111
(255)
11111111
(255)
00000000
(0)
11
8/10/2016
IP Default Subnet Masks For Address Classes A, B
and C
Custom Subnet
Masks for Class C
Networks
# of Subnet ID
# of Subnets Per
# of Host ID Bits
Bit
Netw ork
Subnet Mask
Subnet Address #N Formula (N=0, 1, … #
(Slash/ CIDR
of Subnets-1)
Notation)
# of
Hosts Per Subnet
Subnet Mask
(Binary / Dotted Decimal)
0 (Default)
24
1
16,277,214
11111111.00000000.0000000.00000000
255.0.0.0
/8
—
1
23
2
8,388,606
11111111.10000000.0000000.00000000
255.128.0.0
/9
x.N*128.0.0
2
22
4,194,302
11111111.11000000.0000000.00000000
255.192.0.0
/10
x.N*64.0.0
3
21
8
2,097,150
11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000
255.224.0.0
/11
x.N*32.0.0
4
20
16
1,048,574
11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000
255.240.0.0
/12
x.N*16.0.0
5
19
32
524,286
11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000
255.248.0.0
/13
x.N*8.0.0
6
18
64
262,142
11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000
255.252.0.0
/14
x.N*4.0.0
7
17
128
131,070
11111111.11111110.00000000.00000000
255.254.0.0
/15
8
16
256
65,534
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
255.255.0.0
/16
x.N.0.0
9
15
512
32,766
11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
255.255.128.0
/17
x.N/2.
(N%2)*128.0
10
14
1,024
16,382
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
255.255.192.0
/18
x.N/4.
(N%4)*64.0
8,190
11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
255.255.224.0
4
x.N*2.0.0
/19
x.N/8.
(N%8)*32.0
12
12
4,096
4,094
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
255.255.240.0
/20
x.N/16.
(N%16)*16.0
13
11
8,192
2,046
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
255.255.248.0
/21
x.N/32.
(N%32)*8.0
11
13
2,048
14
10
16,384
1,022
11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
255.255.252.0
/22
x.N/64.
(N%64)*4.0
15
9
32,768
510
11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
255.255.254.0
/23
x.N/128.
(N%128)*2.0
16
8
65,536
254
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.255.0
/24
x.N/256.
N%256.0
17
7
131,072
126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255.255.255.128
/25
x.N/512.
(N/2)%256.
(N%2)*128
18
6
262,144
62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255.255.255.192
/26
x.N/1024.
(N/4)%256.
(N%4)*64
19
5
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
255.255.255.224
/27
Subnetting Summary
Table For Class A
Networks
x.N/2048.
(N/8)%256.
(N%8)*32
524,288
30
20
4
1,048,576
14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255.255.255.240
/28
x.N/4096.
(N/16)%256.
(N%16)*16
21
3
2,097,152
6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
255.255.255.248
/29
x.N/8192.
(N/32)%256.
(N%32)*8
22
2
4,194,304
2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
255.255.255.252
/30
x.N/16384.
(N/64)%256.
(N%64)*4
12
8/10/2016
Subnet Address #N
Subnet Mask (Slash/
Formula (N=0, 1, … #
CIDR Notation)
of Subnets-1)
# of Subnet ID
Bit
# of Host ID
Bits
# of Subnets Per
Network
# of
Hosts Per Subnet
Subnet Mask
(Binary / Dotted Decimal)
0 (Default)
16
1
65,534
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
255.255.0.0
/16
--
1
15
2
32,766
11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
255.255.128.0
/17
x.y.N*128.0
2
14
4
16,382
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
255.255.192.0
/18
x.y.N*64.0
3
13
8
8,190
11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
255.255.224.0
/19
x.y.N*32.0
4
12
16
4,094
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
255.255.240.0
/20
x.y.N*16.0
5
11
32
2,046
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
255.255.248.0
/21
x.y.N*8.0
6
10
64
1,022
11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
255.255.252.0
/22
x.y.N*4.0
7
9
128
510
11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
255.255.254.0
/23
8
8
256
254
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.255.0
/24
x.y.N.0
9
7
512
126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255.255.255.128
/25
x.y.N/2.
(N%2)*128
10
6
1,024
62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255.255.255.192
/26
x.y.N/4.
(N%4)*64
x.y.N*2.0
11
5
2,048
30
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
255.255.255.224
/27
x.x.N/8.
(N%8)*32
12
4
4,096
14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255.255.255.240
/28
x.y.N/16.
(N%16)*16
13
3
8,192
6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
255.255.255.248
/29
x.y.N/32.
(N%32)*8
2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
255.255.255.252
/30
x.y.N/64.
(N%64)*4
14
2
16,384
Subnetting
Summary Table For
Class B Networks
Subnet
Subnet
Address #N
Mask
Formula
(Slash/
(N=0, 1, … #
CIDR
of SubnetsNotation)
1)
# of
Subnet
ID Bit
# of Host ID Bits
# of
Subnets
Per
Network
# of
Hosts Per
Subnet
Subnet Mask
(Binary / Dotted Decimal)
0
(Default)
8
1
254
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.255.0
/24
—
1
7
2
126
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255.255.255.128
/25
x.y.z.N*128
2
6
4
62
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255.255.255.192
/26
x.y.z.N*64
3
5
8
30
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
255.255.255.224
/27
x.y.z.N*32
4
4
16
14
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255.255.255.240
/28
x.y.z.N*16
5
3
32
6
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
255.255.255.248
/29
x.y.z.N*8
6
2
64
2
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
255.255.255.252
/30
x.y.z.N*4
Subnetting
Summary Table
For Class C
Networks
IP Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)
• Conventional Subnet masking replaces the two-level IP addressing scheme
with a more flexible three-level method. Since it lets network administrators
assign IP addresses to hosts based on how they are connected in physical
networks, subnetting is a real breakthrough for those maintaining large IP
networks. It has its own weaknesses though, and still has room for
improvement. The main weakness of conventional subnetting is in fact that the
subnet ID represents only one additional hierarchical level in how IP addresses
are interpreted and used for routing.
13
8/10/2016
IP Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) : The
Problem With Single-Level Subnetting
• It a see g eed to look at subnetting a d sa
hat, o l one additional
le el ?
• in large networks, the need to divide our entire network into only one level of
subnetworks doesn't represent the best use of our IP address block.
Class C (/24)
Network Split Into
Eight Conventional
Subnets
Class C (/24) Network
Split Using Variable
Length Subnet
Masking (VLSM)
14
8/10/2016
Variable Length Subnet
Masking (VLSM)
Example
• Let's take our example above again and see how we can make everything fit using
VLSM. We start with our Class C network, 201.45.222.0/24. We first do an initial
subnetting by using one bit for the subnet ID, leaving us 7 bits for the host ID. This
gives us two subnets: 201.45.222.0/25 and 201.45.222.128/25. Each of these can
have a maximum of 126 hosts. We set aside the first of these for subnet S6 and its
100 hosts.
• We take the second subnet, 201.45.222.128/25, and subnet it further into two subsubnets. We do this by taking one bit from the 7 bits left in the host ID. This gives us
the sub-subnets 201.45.222.128/26 and 201.45.222.192/26, each of which can have
62 hosts. We set aside the first of these for subnet S5 and its 50 hosts.
• We take the second sub-subnet, 201.45.222.192/26, and subnet it further into four
sub-sub-subnets. We take 2 bits from the 6 that are left in the host ID. This gives us
four sub-sub-subnets that each can have a maximum of 14 hosts. These are used for
S1, S2, S3 and S4.
Shorcut :D
• Cek apakah IP yang diberikan itu sudah valid, caranya adalah meng-AND kan
dengan subnet mask nya (24) dengan dirubah ke bentuk binner.
• Cara selanjutnya adalah mengurutkan jumlah Host dimulai dari yang terbesar
untuk memulai perhitungan
15
8/10/2016
Case
• Diberikan IP 192.168.1.10/24
• Host yang dibutuhkan :
• A = 100
• B = 40
• C = 50
• D= 150
• E = 2 (biasanya perhitungan untuk alamat router)
46
• 192.168.1.10 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00001010
• /24 (angka 1 terdapat 24) = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
• di AND kan (bernilai benar bila benar dan benar) menjadi :
• 192.168.1.0 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
• Sehingga IP yang digunakan untuk perhitungan adalah 192.168.1.0/24
• Cara selanjutnya adalah mengurutkan jumlah Host dimulai dari yang terbesar
untuk memulai perhitungan, dalam kasus ini urutannya adalah (D,A,C,B,E)
47
• dengan menggunakan rumus (2^n) – 2 >=host maka :
• untuk host D = 150
• (2^n) – 2>=150
• n = 8, maka : 32-8 = 24 (untuk mengetahui subnet mask yg akan digunakan,
dalam soal ini /24)
• Network address : 192.168.1.0/24
• Broadcast Address : 192.168.1.255
• IP Range : 192.168.1.1 – 192.168.1.254
48
16
8/10/2016
• untuk host A = 100
• (2^n) – 2>=100
• n = 7, maka : 32-7 = 25
• Network address : 192.168.2.0/25
• Broadcast Address : 192.168.2.127
• IP Range : 192.168.2.1-192.168.1.126
49
• untuk host C = 50
• (2^n) – 2=50
• n = 6, maka : 32-6 = 26
• Network Address : 192.168.2.128/26
• Broadcast Address : 192.168.2.191
• IP Range : 192.168.2.129-192.168.2.190
50
• untuk host B = 40
• (2^n) – 2 >=40
• n = 6, maka : 32-6 = 26
• Network Address : 192.168.2.192/26
• Broadcast Address : 192.168.2.255
• IP Range : 192.168.2.193-192.168.2.254
51
17
8/10/2016
• untuk host E = 2
• (2^n) – 2 >=2
• n = 2, maka : 32-2 = 30
• Network Address : 192.168.3.0/30
• Broadcast Address : 192.168.3.4
• IP Range : 192.168.3.2-192.168.3.3
52
IPV6
Periyadi,M.T.
CommTech
Training Center
Preface
• IP is the primary protocol in the internet layer of the OSI networking model
• IP’s jo is to deli e pa kets f o a sou e o pute to a desti atio
computer (network)
• As of May 2015, about 97 % Web Traffic uses IPV4
• IPv6 is destined to be the future of the Internet Protocol, and due to IP's critical
importance, it will form the basis for the future of TCP/IP and the Internet as
well.
• The primary motivation for creating IPv6 was to rectify the addressing
problems in IPv4
54
18
8/10/2016
Unchanged Aspects of Addressing in IPv6
Some of the general characteristics of the IPv6 addressing model that are basically the same as in IPv4:
• Core Functions of Addressing: The two main functions of addressing are still network interface
identification and routing. Routing is facilitated through the structure of addresses on the
internetwork.
• Network Layer Addressing: IPv6 addresses are still the ones associated with the network layer in
TCP/IP networks, and are distinct from data link layer (also sometimes called physical) addresses.
• Number of IP Addresses Per Device: Addresses are still assigned to network interfaces, so a regular
host like a PC will usually have one (unicast) address, and routers will have more than one, for each
of the physical networks to which it connects.
• Address Interpretation and Prefix Representation: IPv6 addresses are like classless IPv4 addresses in
that they are interpreted as having a network identifier part and a host identifier part, but that the
delineation is not encoded into the address itself. A prefix length number, using CIDR-like notation, is
used to indicate the length of the network ID (prefix length).
• Private and Public Addresses: Both types of addresses exist in IPv6, though they are defined and
used somewhat differently.
55
Some of the most important goals in designing
IPv6
• Larger Address Space: This is what we discussed earlier. IPv6 had to provide more addresses for the growing Internet.
• Better Management of Address Space: It was desired that IPv6 not only include more addresses, but a more capable way of dividing the address
space and using the bits in each address.
• Eli i atio of Addressi g Kludges : Technologies like NAT a e effe ti el kludges that ake up fo the la k of add ess spa e i IP 4. IP 6
eliminates the need for NAT and similar workarounds, allowing every TCP/IP device to have a public address.
• Easier TCP/IP Administration: The designers of IPv6 hoped to resolve some of the current labor-intensive requirements of IPv4, such as the need to
configure IP addresses. Even though tools like DHCP eliminate the need to manually configure many hosts, it only partially solves the problem.
• Modern Design For Routing: In contrast to IPv4, which was designed before we all had any idea what the modern Internet would be like, IPv6 was
created specifically for efficient routing in our current Internet, and with the flexibility for the future.
• Better Support For Multicasting: Multicasting was an option under IPv4 from the start, but support for it has been slow in coming.
• Better Support For Security: IPv4 was designed at a time when security wasn't much of an issue, because there were a relatively small number of
networks on the internet, and their administrators often knew each other. Today, security on the public Internet is a big issue, and the future
success of the Internet requires that security concerns be resolved.
• Better Support For Mobility: When IPv4 was created, there really was no concept of mobile IP devices. The problems associated with computers
that move between networks led to the need for Mobile IP. IPv6 builds on Mobile IP and provides mobility support within IP itself.
56
Format and Header
57
19
8/10/2016
•
•
•
•
Global Unicast
Address format that enables aggregation upward to the ISP.
48-bit global routing prefix and a 16-bit subnet ID.
Allows for organizations to have up to 65535 individual subnets
Format and Header
58
Format and Header
• Reserved Addresses
• 1/256 of all available addresses
• Other types of addresses come from this block as well
• Private Addresses
• First octet value of FE, after which comes a value of 8 - F
• Divided into other addresses
• Site-local address (exactly like private addresses of
• Deprecated as of 2003
• Start with FE then followed by C - F
• Link-local address - New concept
•
•
•
•
Never routed by any router, including internal ones
Used for local communication on a particular physical network segment
Utilized for autoconfiguration, neighbor discovery, and router discovery.
Begin with FE and followed by 8 - B
59
Format and Header
• Loopback
• Same as the loopback in IPv4
• 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or 0::1
• Unspecified address
• All zero address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::
• Used when a device does not know or have an address
• Sent as the source field when a device is requesting an address.
60
20
8/10/2016
IPv4-IPv6 Transition Methods
• Dual “tack Devices: Routers and some other devices may be programmed
with both IPv4 and IPv6 implementations to allow them to communicate with
both types of hosts.
• IPv4/IPv6 Translation: Dual sta k de i es a e desig ed to a ept
requests from IPv6 hosts, convert them to IPv4 datagrams, send the datagrams
to the IPv4 destination and then process the return datagrams similarly.
• IPv4 Tunneling of IPv6: IPv6 devices that don't have a path between them
consisting entirely of IPv6-capable routers may be able to communicate by
encapsulating IPv6 datagrams within IPv4. In essence, they would be using IPv6
on top of IPv4; two network layers. The encapsulated IPv4 datagrams would
travel across conventional IPv4 routers.
61
Why IPV6
• IP 4 does ot suppo t ea e ough add esses to o
devices
e t all the o ld’s
• IPV4 only support 4.3 billion address
• IPV4 address space is poorly allocated, with only 14% of all available address in use
• Number of devices in use today
•
•
•
•
•
•
Automobiles : 1.1 Billion
Smartphones : 1.8 Billion
Websites : 650 million
Televisions : Wow !!!
Security Camera : Double Wow !!!
Othe : ………..?????!!!
62
IPV4 Review
• 32-bits / 4 blocks of 8 bits, separated by period
10101100.10000000.00000000.00010011
172 . 128
•
• Expressed as four decimal number
• Each 0 to 255
.
0
.
19
63
21
8/10/2016
IPv6 Address
• 128-bits /8 block of 16 bits, separated by colon ( : )
1000000101000101 : 000100001100 : 0000000000000000 : 0000000000000000 :
0001000100000000 : 0001101000000110 : 1000100000000000 : 0000000000000001
• 8145 : 010C : 0000 : 0000 : 1100 : 1A06 : 8800 : 0001
• Expressed as 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits, each 0 - FFFF
64
Binnary – Hex Convertion
• 0001101000000110 => Hexadecimal
• Four Binary digits = one Hex digit
• 0001 1010 0000 0110
•1
A
0
6
• DIGIT WEIGHT 8421
•
0000
• NOT CASE SENSITIVE
Hex
Binary
Dec
0
0000
0
1
0001
1
2
0010
2
3
0011
3
4
0100
4
5
0101
5
6
0110
6
7
0111
7
8
1000
8
9
1001
9
A
1010
10
B
1011
11
C
1100
12
D
1101
13
E
1110
14
F
1111
15
65
How to write
8145 : 010C : 0000 : 0000 : 1100 : 1A06 : 8800 : 0001
TRIM LEADING ZEROS
8145 : 10C : 0 : 0 : 1100 : 1A06 : 8800 : 1
HIDE CONSECUTIVE ALL-ZERO
8145:10C::1100:1A06:8800:1
66
22
8/10/2016
structure
8145 : 010C : 0000 : 0000 : 1100 : 1A06 : 8800 : 0001
64 BITS
64 BITS
NETWORK PORTION
HOST PORTION
CIDR 8145:10C::1100:1A06:8800:1/64
67
Subnet IPV6
8145 : 010C : 0000 : 0000 : 1100 : 1A06 : 8800 : 0001
48 BITS
16 BITS
NETWORK PORTION SUBNET
64 BITS
HOST PORTION
CIDR 8145:10C::1100:1A06:8800:1/64
68
STUDI KASUS
• 2001:db8:1234:0000:/48 from provider kita bisa memanipulasi 0000 untuk site
sub site dan subnet id bagaimana memecahnya tergantung kebutuhan
sebagai contoh ::
OPTION A
4 site, 4 sub site(setiap site) dan 4096 subnet (setiap sub site) :
1st 2 bit untuk site dan next2 bit untuk sub site dan 3 nibble sisa untuk subnet
(2>12)
OPTION B
• 16 site, 16 sub site (setiap site) dan 256 subnet (setiap subsite) :
• 1st nibble untuk site next nibble untuk sub site dan 2 nible untuk subnet (2>8)
69
23
8/10/2016
Studi kasus
OPTION C
16 site, 256 sub site (setiap site) dan 16 (setiap subsite) :
1st nibble untuk site 2nd and 3rd nibble untuk sub site dan 1 nible untuk subnet (2>4)
2001:DB8:1234:0000:/64
HEX
BINNARY
0000 0000 0000 0000 OPTION A
0000 0000 0000 0000 OPTION B
0000 0000 0000 0000 OPTION C
70
STUDI KASUS
• We have a mid-sized company with offices and data centers across the United
State. As part of our long term planning we have applied for an IPv6 address
and were assigned 2001:db8:abcd::/48. We now need to allocate this across
our enterprise
• We have branches in most states, so we've decided to use Option B, giving us
16 sites, 16 sub-sites and 256 subnets per site.
• We've decided that a "site" will be a geographic region of the country and a
sub-site will be a city within the geographic region. Here is the breakdown we
are using for our sites:
71
Site Addresses
The sites that we are rolling IPv6 to are in:
San Francisco (Site 9)
Seattle (Site 9)
Omaha (Site 8)
Newark (Site 3)
New York City (Site 2)
Boston (Site 1)
72
24
8/10/2016
The Site
• Site 0 - 2001:db8:abcd:0000::/52 (for future use)
• Site 1 - 2001:db8:abcd:1000::/52
• Site 2 - 2001:db8:abcd:2000::/52
• Site 3 - 2001:db8:abcd:3000::/52
• ...
• Site 8 - 2001:db8:abcd:8000::/52
• Site 9 - 2001:db8:abcd:9000::/52
• Site 10 - 2001:db8:abcd:a000::/52 (for future use)
• Site 11 - 2001:db8:abcd:b000::/52 (for future use)
• Site 12 - 2001:db8:abcd:c000::/52 (for future use)
73
Sub-Site Addresses
Site 1
---Future Use - 2001:db8:abcd:1000::/56
Boston - 2001:db8:abcd:1100::/56
Future Use - 2001:db8:abcd:1200::/56
...
Future Use - 2001:db8:abcd:1a00::/56
Future Use - 2001:db8:abcd:1b00::/56
...
74
Sub Site
Site 2
----New York City - 2001:db8:abcd:2000::/56
...
75
25
8/10/2016
Sub Site
Site 3
---Future Use - 2001:db8:abcd:3000::/56
...
Newark - 2001:db8:abcd:3f00::/56
76
Sub site
Site 8
---Omaha - 2001:db8:abcd:8000::/56
Site 9
---San Francisco - 2001:db8:abcd:9100::/56
Seattle - 2001:db8:abcd:9200::/56
77
Subnet Addresses
Within each site we can now assign our subnets. We will use our Newark site as an
example.
Firewall Outside: 2001:db8:abcd:3f00::/64
Webservers: 2001:db8:abcd:3f01::/64
Database Servers: 2001:db8:abcd:3f02::/64
....
Mail Servers: 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d::/64
....
Management: 2001:db8:abcd:3fee::/64
Loopbacks: 2001:db8:abcd:3fff::/64
78
26
8/10/2016
• We are defining the next two nibbles for the subnet so our mask moves from a
/56 sub-site up to a /64 subnet prefix. Newark's subnets can use
2001:db8:abcd:3f00 through 2001:db8:abcd:3fff:: for subnet addresses.
• Within each subnet we can provide 2^64 addresses, as we still have 64 bits to
use.
• For example, within the MailServers vlan we will start all addresses
with 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d:: and the last 64-bits are for the host.
79
80
• We've assigned the following addresses
• mail gateway: 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d::1/64
• mail01: 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d:0000:0000:0000:0002/64
• mail02: 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d::ab00/64
• mail03: 2001:db8:abcd:3f0d:abcd:ef12::1/64
81
27
8/10/2016
82
Routing
• With IPv6 not relying on IPv4 anymore we finally address the poor addressing
schemes we've all had in place for years. By defining sites and sub-sites, with
plenty of room for growth we can do some pretty heavy duty aggregation.
• Each of our sub-sites will advertise their /56 prefix up to an aggregation router.
• Each aggregation router will be connected to the IPv6 Internet and announce
both our enterprise wide /48 and the site /52. This provides redundant
connectivity via the internet and allows the internet to use longest match to
reach the site directly.
83
84
28
8/10/2016
Ada pertanyaan
29