Maggies`s efforts to lead her organization to take down Baron Bell as seen in Fern Michaels` Deadly Deals - USD Repository
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MAGGIES’S EFFORTS TO LEAD HER ORGANIZATION
TO TAKE DOWN BARON BELL AS SEEN IN FERN
MICHAELS’ DEADLY DEALS
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsto Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By Thomas Hendarto
Student Number: 051214044
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2011PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
MAGGIES’S EFFORTS TO LEAD HER ORGANIZATION
TO TAKE DOWN BARON BELL AS SEEN IN FERN
MICHAELS’ DEADLY DEALS
A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsto Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By Thomas Hendarto
Student Number: 051214044
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2011PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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this thesis is dedicated to Yosaphat Adianto
who left us much too soon PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for His never ending blessing, guidance, and love. I realize that I am nothing without Him. This thesis, however, would never be accomplished without His light. I thank Him also for giving me those people who always give me love and support. Therefore, I would like to give them my gratitude.
I would like to express my gratitude to my sponsor Drs. L. Bambang Hendarto Y., M.Hum., for his guidance, advice, and assistance in accomplishing this thesis. I do appreciate him for his consultation moments from the very beginning of this thesis until the completion. My gratitude also goes to all the lectures and staffs of English Education Study Program, especially mbak Danik and mbak Tari for their help during my study at Sanata Dharma University.
I also dedicate my deepest gratitude to my parents Heribertus Diyoko and Agnes Marsini for the love they have given to me in every single day even before my first breath on the earth. I also would like to thank my sister Hermiyati (in memoriam), my brother Adianto (in memoriam), my little brother Rio, and my girlfriend Friska for accompanying me and becoming my motivation.
My next thankfulness goes to Leo and Ebo, who help me accomplish this study. I thank them for their corrections, suggestions, and comments. Their help and support cannot be replaced by the word ‘thanks’. vii
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Further, I really appreciate all my friends in PBI, especially Topx, Fandi/Bobbi, Nova, Shodiq, Taju, Nancy, Mega, Ardi, Bajenk, Sari, and Lexy who have shared wonderful moments together. It was great to spend the years with them.
My next great gratitude goes to my rock n roll friends, Angga, Octa, Pethok, Mbah Mc, Bekti, Getek, Ambon, Haris, Nanang, Antok, Igun, Emy, and Ipung. All of them have given me a special meaning in my life. I also devote my special thank to my best friends, Momok and Dicha, who have never been tired to support me.
My words are never enough to express my appreciation to all my friends. All of them have given unforgettable moments in my life. I do appreciate them for everything and this page would never be enough to mention them one by one.
Thomas Hendarto
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ i APPROVAL PAGES ............................................................................................ ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY .................................................... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .......... v
DEDICATION PAGE........................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... xiii
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. xiv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study............................................................................ 1
1.2 Problem Formulation.................................................................................. 5
1.3 Objectives of the Study .............................................................................. 5
1.4 Benefits of the Study .................................................................................. 5
1.5 Definition of Terms .................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ....................... 8
2.1 Review of Literary Theories....................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Organization ....................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Work Groups ...................................................................................... 10
2.1.3 Leader ................................................................................................. 12
2.1.4 Leadership........................................................................................... 14
2.2 Critical Approach ....................................................................................... 17
3.2 Approach of the Study................................................................................ 26
4.1.3.3 A Team........................................................................................ 34
4.1.3.2 A Task Force............................................................................... 33
4.1.3.1 A Command Group..................................................................... 32
4.1.3 The Group within Maggie’s Organization.......................................... 32
4.1.2 Type of Maggie’s Organization.......................................................... 30
4.1.1 Maggie’s Organization ....................................................................... 29
4.1Description of Maggie’s Organization ........................................................ 29
CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 29
3.3 Method of the Study ................................................................................... 26
3.1 Object of the Study..................................................................................... 25
2.3 Review of American Modern Social Life .................................................. 18
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY......................................................... 25
2.4 Theoretical Framework .............................................................................. 23
2.3.5.3 A Consideration between a Rightful Parent or Higher Bidder ... 22
2.3.5.2 A Consideration between a Social or Business practice ............. 22
2.3.5.1 A Consideration between Sell or Save the Baby ........................ 22
2.3.5 Baby-Brokering in the United States.................................................. 21
2.3.4 Adoption in the United States............................................................. 20
2.3.3 Mass Media in United States’ Modern Era......................................... 20
2.3.2 American Culture................................................................................ 19
2.3.1 Society in American Modern Social Life ........................................... 18
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4.1.3.4 A Self Manage Work Team ........................................................ 35
4.2 Maggie’s Efforts as the Leader of the Organization to Take Down Baron Bell.................................................................................................. 37
4.2.1 Maggie as the Leader of the Organization.......................................... 38
4.2.1.1 The Ability to Use Power Effectively......................................... 38
4.2.1.2 The Ability to Comprehend ........................................................ 39
4.2.1.3 The Ability to Inspire.................................................................. 40
4.2.1.4 Leadership Style.......................................................................... 41
4.2.2 Maggie’s Efforts to Take Down Baron Bell....................................... 42
4.2.2.1 Strategy Formulation .................................................................. 43
4.2.2.2 Strategy Implementation............................................................. 44
4.2.2.2.1 Basing Knowledge ............................................................ 44
4.2.2.2.2 Revealing Baron Bell’s Crime in Mass Media ................. 47
4.2.2.2.3 Cracking Adel Newsom’s House...................................... 48
4.2.2.2.4 Cracking Baron Bell’s Safe .............................................. 49
4.2.2.2.5 Kidnapping Baron Bell, Adel Newsom, Donna Davis, and Joan Olsen.................................................................. 50
4.2.2.6 Returning the Babies to the Parents ..................................... 50
4.2.2.3 Strategy Evaluation..................................................................... 51
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.......................... 54
5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 54
5.2 Suggestions................................................................................................. 56
5.2.1 Suggestion for Future Study ............................................................... 56
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5.2.2 Suggestion for Teaching Learning Activities Using Literary Work... 56
REFERENCES.................................................................................................... 59
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 61
Appendix 1 Cover of Fern Michaels’ Deadly Deals............................................. 62 Appendix 2 Summary of Fern Michaels’ Deadly Deals....................................... 63 Appendix 3 The Author’s Biography.................................................................... 65 Appendix 4 Fern Michaels’ Works ....................................................................... 67 Appendix 5 Lesson Plan ....................................................................................... 69 Appendix 6 Sample Material for Teaching Paragraph Writing ............................ 71
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ABSTRACT
Hendarto, Thomas. 2011. Maggie’s Efforts to Lead her Organization to Take
Down Baron Bell as seen in Fern Michaels’ Deadly Deals. Yogyakarta: English
Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyses a novel written by Fern Michaels entitled Deadly
Deals . This novel is worth analyzing since it tells about the efforts of an
organization to help powerless parents who are cheated by a powerful attorney in Washington DC, Baron Bell. Rachel Dawson, one of Baron Bell’s ex-clients for an adoption, visits Quinn Law Firm after several lawyers in the district refuse to defend her right. The Quinn Law Firm’s manager appoints Elizabeth Fox as Rachel Dawson’s new attorney. Since Elizabeth Fox realizes that Baron Bell is too powerful, she asks Maggie for help. In response to Elizabeth Fox’s request, Maggie leads her organization to take down Baron Bell.
The goals of this study are to analyze Maggie’s organization and the work groups within the organization and Maggie’s efforts to take down Baron Bell. To attain the goals, this study focuses on two questions, namely: (1) how is Maggie’s organization in Fern Michaels’ Deadly Deals described? And (2) how does Maggie lead the organization to take down Baron Bell?
Library study was employed in this study, in which the primary source was obtained from the novel itself. While the secondary sources were taken from books related to organization, leadership, strategic management, and socio- cultural historical approach. The internet sources were used as supportive data for this analysis.
Based on the analysis, Maggie’s organization is categorized as a non-profit organization because the organizational purpose is to direct the effort toward generating some kinds of social impact. In this case, Maggie’s organization helps powerless parents who are cheated by Baron Bell. Further, Maggie is a good leader. Beside Maggie has the four attributes of an effective leader, Maggie also successfully leads the organization to take down Baron Bell.
It is suggested for future researcher to conduct a study on Baron Bell’s character. It is also possible to conduct a study on crime, especially deals with babies brokering. This study also provides suggestion for implementation of teaching paragraph writing using literary work. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Hendarto, Thomas. 2011. Maggie’s Efforts to Lead her Organization to Take
Down Baron Bell as seen in Fern Michaels’ Deadly Deals. Yogyakarta:
Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini menganalisa sebuah novel karya Fern Michaels yang berjudul
Deadly Deals . Novel ini bermanfaat untuk dianalisa karena menggambarkan
usaha sebuah organisasi dalam membantu orang tua asuh yang tidak berdaya setelah ditipu oleh seorang pengacara ternama di Washington DC yang bernama Baron Bell. Rachel Dawson, salah satu mantan klien Baron Bell, mengunjungi firma hukum Quinn setelah beberapa pengacara di Washington menolak untuk membela haknya. Pemimpin firma hukum Quinn menunjuk Elizabeth Fox sebagai pengacara baru Rachel Dawson. Karena Elizabeth Fox menyadari bahwa Baron Bell terlalu kuat, dia meminta bantuan Maggie. Sebagai tanggapan dari permintaan Elizabeth Fox, Maggie memimpin organisasinya untuk mengalahkan Baron Bell.
Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk menganalisa organisasi yang dipimpin oleh Maggie beserta kelompok kerja didalamnya dan usaha-usaha Maggie dalam memimpin organisasinya untuk mengalahkan Baron Bell. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, skripsi ini fokus pada dua pertanyaan, (1) bagaimana organisasi yang dipimpin oleh Maggie dalam buku Fern Michaels yang berjudul Deadly Deals digambarkan? (2) bagaimana usaha Maggie dalam memimpin organisasinya untuk mengalahkan Baron Bell?
Penelitian perpustakaan diterapkan dalam skripsi ini, dengan sumber utamanya adalah novel itu sendiri. Sedangkan sumber-sumber tambahan diperoleh dari buku-buku yang berhubungan dengan organisasi, kepemimpinan, manajemen strategi, dan pendekatan sejarah sosial-budaya. Sumber-sumber dari internet juga digunakan sebagai data pendukung analisa.
Berdasarkan analisa, organisasi yang dipimpin oleh Maggie dikategorikan sebagai organisasi sosial karena tujuan organisasi ini adalah mengerahkan usaha- usahanya untuk memberikan pengaruh sosial. Didalam kasus ini, Organisasi yang dipimpin oleh Maggie bertujuan untuk membantu orang tua asuh yang tidak berdaya setelah ditipu oleh Baron Bell. Lebih lanjut, Maggie adalah seorang pemimpin yang baik. Selain memiliki empat karakter dari pemimpin yang efektif, Maggie juga dengan sukses memimpin organisasinya untuk mengalahkan Baron Bell.
Disarankan untuk peneliti yang akan datang untuk mengadakan analisa tentang karakter Baron Bell. Juga dimungkinkan untuk mengadakan analisa tentang kejahatan, khususnya yang berhubungan dengan penjualan bayi. Skripsi ini juga dilengkapi dengan saran untuk mengajar Paragraph Writing menggunakan karya sastra. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of five parts. The first part is background of the study. The background of the study discusses the reasons for conducting this study. The second part is problem formulation. The problem formulation contains two questions to discuss in the following chapters. The third part is objectives of the study. This part explains the goals of the study. The fourth part is benefits of the study. This section presents the benefits of this study for some groups of people. The last part is definition of terms. This section provides the definition of some important terms related to this study.
1.1 Background of the Study
Reading literary work gives pleasure and experience for readers. However, reading literary work more than once helps readers to understand the author’s purpose(s). Understanding the author’s purpose(s) means that readers are successful in reading the literary work. Furthermore, conducting a study of a literary work is needed to get deeper understanding. There are two common questions which always emerge related to a study of literary work. The first one is “why do we have to analyze everything?”, while “why can't we just enjoy the books we read in English?” is considered as second common question.
According to Lund (1), there are three answers of those questions. First, talking about an experience, actual or vicarious, is one way of increasing enjoyment. Second, sometimes talking about an experience involves recreating it in words, but it can also involve the search for meaning, in short, analysis. Third,
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analysis increases awareness and understanding. It is part of the maturation process.
This study, therefore, meant to increase enjoyment, analysis, and maturation process by conducting a study of a novel. The subject chosen of this study is Fern Michaels’ Deadly Deals. This novel deals with payback of Maggie’s organization to take down a powerful evil attorney, namely Baron Bell. Fern Michaels’ Deadly Deals covers three points above. The first point is increasing enjoyment. The story line of this novel is told by the author in daily language and is a portrayal of human life. This condition creates an interesting atmosphere. The second point is analysis. In order to get better understanding of Fern Michaels’ Deadly Deals, conducting an analysis is necessary. Moreover, the intrinsic elements of the novel such as organization, work groups, and method stimulate the writer to conduct this study. The third point is maturation process. The benefit of conduct analysis increases awareness and understanding.
Fern Michaels’ Deadly Deals is a portrayal of human life. The main story of this novel is the efforts of Maggie’s organization to take down a higher power enemy, namely Baron Bell. Baron Bell will be punished by Maggie’s organization because of his crime. Baron Bell does some babies brokering. Baron Bell is known as an influential attorney in Washington DC. Baron Bell also has the access to White House and has good relationship with several former presidents of United States of America.
The story starts when Baron Bell arranges an adoption of a child for the Dawsons, Thomas and Rachel Dawson. In a contract agreement, the Dawsons agree
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to pay one hundred thousand dollar. Baron Bell arranges a sperm donation to a surrogate mother, Donna Davis. Donna Davis gives birth to twin babies. The delivering of the second baby is not expected because the second baby never shown up on the ultrasound check. Several times later, the Dawsons get a letter from Donna Davis’ lawyer, Adel Newsom. The letter says that Donna Davis demands for more money for the second child. And if the Dawsons cannot afford the money, she will take the twins. The Dawsons cannot afford her claim, therefore Donna Davis gets the twins back.
In a contract agreement is written that Baron Bell only takes part until the surrogate mother gives birth to a baby. Any future legal problems would have to be dealt by another lawyer. Thus, Baron Bell refuses to help the Dawsons when Donna Davis demands for more money for the second child.
Hopeless with the situation, Rachel Dawson comes to Quinn Law Firm. The firm manager points Elizabeth Fox to defend the Dawsons. Elizabeth Fox is also the member of Maggie’s organization. Since Elizabeth Fox realizes that she cannot win over Baron Bell on her own, Elizabeth Fox asks Maggie for help.
Maggie leads the organization to take down Barron Bell. Maggie organizes the members of the group to work effectively and efficiently. Basically, the members of the organization already divide into some divisions which make easier for Maggie to manage.
The novel is interesting to discuss because the work of Maggie’s organization shows the effectiveness and efficiency toward a goal. The togetherness of each group, as the part of organization, builds a solid organization. Moreover, the harmony among
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the group members stimulates the members to work better to support the organization goal.
In human life, people are using the benefits of organization to achieve a goal. Based on the benefit of organization, human cannot be separate with organization. Hodge and Anthony (6) state that we truly live in a world of organizations today. Literally, every aspect of our daily activities is affected in some way by organizations. We work in organization, play in organizations, and live in one of the oldest form of organization, the family.
Organizations can be thought of as social systems of cooperation that are design to enhance individual effort aimed at goal accomplishment. In order to continue to refine and improve organizational activity, management must develop an explanation of how organizations form, function, and survive. An organization is made up of several parts, the human element, the physical element, the work element, and the coordination element. (Hodge and Anthony, 7)
According to Daft, organizations can be differentiate into two, for-profit businesses and nonprofit organizations. The basic distinction of organizations is the goals of those two types of organizations. For-profit business is organization that set their goals to earn money or profit for company. The activities and the main purpose is earning money. While non-profit organization directs their efforts toward generating some kind of social impact. Furthermore, Daft states that both for-profit businesses and non-profit organizations are important in human life. Organizations become central to people lives and today they exert a tremendous influence in our society. (Daft, 11-12)
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This thesis deals with the importance of an organization and a strategic management toward a goal. Working as a group will enhance the opportunity to accomplish the goal. Yet for more complicated goal and more people involved, building an organization is necessary. A strategic management is needed to build an effective and efficient organization. Therefore, choosing this novel as a study on organization will give better point of view about organization and strategic management.
1.2 Problem Formulation
Based on the background of the study, there are two problems that will be discussed in this study.
1.2.1 How is Maggie’s organization in Fern Michaels’ Deadly Deals described?
1.2.2 How does Maggie lead the organization to take down Baron Bell?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulation above, the first objective of this study is describing Maggie’s organization as seen in Fern Michaels’s Deadly Deals. The second objective of this study is to find out Maggie’s effort to lead the organization to accomplish the organization goal.
1.4 Benefits of the Study
This study gives some benefits to the writer, the readers of Fern Michaels’
Deadly Deals , the students of English Education Program, the students of
Management Program, and future researchers. For the writer and the students of Management Program, this study gives benefits about perspective of organization.
Furthermore, it gives benefits about the importance of work groups to achieve a goal.
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This study also gives benefit about leadership and strategic management. For the readers of Fern Michaels’ Deadly Deals, this study helps them to understand Maggie’s effort to lead her organization to take down Baron Bell. For the students of English Education Program, this study helps them to give better understanding about organization and the group within the organization. The benefit for future researcher is this study can be use as additional sources to analyze a novel related to organization, leadership, and strategic management. Moreover, the strategic management and the work groups in this study can be use by organizations to build a competitive team.
1.5 Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding, the writer tries to explain the definition of terms.
1.5.1 Organization Daft (11) states that organizations are social entities that are goal-directed.
Organizations are designed as deliberately structured and coordinated activity systems. Organizations are linked to the external environment. An organization must cover those three elements. In this study, the theory of organization is applied to analyze Maggie’s organization.
1.5.2 Work Groups According to Jennifer and Jones (311), group work can be defined as a set of two or more people who interact with each other to achieve certain goals or meet certain needs. In this study, Maggie’s organization is divided into some
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small groups. Each group has specific tasks and has responsibility for the organization’s goal.
1.5.3 Leadership Daft (5) defines leadership as an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes.
In this study, the theory of leadership is used to analyze Maggie’s efforts to lead her organization to take down Baron Bell.
1.5.4 Strategic Management According to David (5), strategic management can be defined as the art and science of formulating, implementing, and evaluating cross-functional decisions that enable an organization to achieve its objectives. In this study, the theory of strategic management by David is applied to analyze Maggie’s steps to take down Baron Bell.
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CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of review of literary theories, review of American modern social life, and theoretical framework. Review of literary theories presents a review of theories of organization, work groups, leadership, and strategic management. Theoretical framework describes the summary of the theories to answer the problem formulation.
2.1 Review of Literary Theories
This section deals with the fundamental theories of this study. The theories are used to analyzed the topic chosen in chapter one. Those theories are theory of organization, theory of work groups, theory of leadership, and theory of strategic management. The theory of organization is applied to analyze Maggie’s organization.
The theory of work groups is applied to analyze the group within Maggie’s organization. The theory of leadership is used to analyze Maggie as the leader of the organization. The last part is theory of strategic management which is used to analyze Maggie’s organization to take achieve the organizational goal.
2.1.1 Organization Daft states that there are four characteristics of an organization. First, an organization is a social entity. The key element of an organization is not the physical shapes such as building, set of policies or set of procedures. The gathering of people, the interaction, and their relationship with one another are considered as the key elements of an organization. Second, an organization is goal-directed. An organization exists when the interaction of those people, as mention in the first characteristic of an organization, intend to achieve goals. Third, an organization is designed as deliberately
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structured and coordinated activity systems. The leader has legitimate power from his appointment. By this power, the leader may arrange the structure of the subordinates and coordinate organizational resources to achieve the organizational purpose. Fourth, an organization is connected to the external environment. An organization cannot exist without interaction with the external environment. (Daft, 11)
Hodge and Anthony explain that the basic meaning on an organization is the establishment of some system of structural relationships which cooperation emerges in it. This activity is directed toward group’s goals. In short, organization is the cooperative working of two or more people toward group’s goals. Thus, the elements of organization are human element, physical element, work element, and coordination element. Management is needed to run an organization. The management is meant to build the organization form, function, and survive. (Hodge and Anthony, 7)
According to Daft (11-12), there are two types of organization. The first type is for-profit business organization. In this type of organization, the manager directs their activities toward earning money or profit for a company. This kind of organization is money oriented .The second type is non-profit organization. In non-profit organization the manager directs their effort toward generating some kinds of social impact.
Organizations are around us and shape our lives in many ways. Organizations bring contributions and important in society. There are three importance of organizations related to human life. The first importance of organizations is organization enhance the opportunity to accomplish specific goals that cannot be reach by individual. The second is organizations also produce goods and services. The third is organizations adapt to and influence a rapidly changing environment.
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2.1.2 Work Groups A gathering of individuals is not always considered as a group. There are interactions among the members in a group. The members believe that the chance to accomplish their goal will be greater if they are working in a group. According to George and Jones (311), a group can be defined as a set of two or more people who interact with each other to achieve certain goals or meet certain needs.
There are many people in a group. It is an inevitable condition that each member will have a different goal. However, each goal has something in common which supports the main goal of the group. It means that the level of members’ goals is lower than group’s goal. George and Jones (312) explain that a group goal is one that all or most members of the group can agree on.
There are many types of formal work groups in an organization, and each work group plays an important role in determining organizational effectiveness efficiency toward the goal. George and Jones (312-314) classify work groups into formal groups work and informal groups work. The classification of the groups’ type is based on how the groups are set up.
The first type is formal work group. A formal work group is established in helping organization to achieve its goals. The goals of formal work groups are determined by the needs of organization. There are four kinds of formal work group, namely command groups, task forces, teams, and self-managed work teams.
A command group consists of some members who report to the same leader. The leader of this group plays his/her role as a supervisor. The communication occurring in this group is a two way communication where each member gives report
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to the leader. The leader will then give command as a feedback. This communication is meant to maintain the effectiveness and efficiency of the group. This type of group has more dependent on their leader.
A task force is a gathering of some members who deal with a specific purpose. A task force will be disbanded after the goal has been carried out. However, when a goal or problem of long-term occurs to an organization, a task force will not be disbanded but their membership is changed. The members are periodically changed to offer a fresh insight about the goal or problem. The purpose of this change is to keep the members work on their regular job.
A team is build to overcome specific problem which could not be done by individuals who work separately or others kinds of group work. In a team, the special abilities and experience is needed. This group shows a high level of interaction and work together intensely to achieve a common group’s goal. Thus, a team can solve the problem of an organization.
A self-managed work team is a team which consists of some members with high competency. Each member is responsible not only for themselves but also for the team. Since this group does not have any leader, each member performs leadership tasks. Despite their equal position, the members may determine how the group should go about achieving its goals, assigning task to tasks to individual members, disciplining group members who are not performing a satisfactory level, coordinating efforts across group members, and hiring and firing.
The second type is informal work group. An informal work group emerges naturally in an organization because members believe that working together in a
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team will help them to achieve their goals or meet their needs. There are two kinds of informal groups work. First is friendship group. A friendship group is a collection of organizational members who enjoy each other’s company and socialize with each other. Second is interest group. An interest group is an informal work group consisting of people who come together because they have a common goal or objective related to their organizational membership.
2.1.3 Leader Leader is one of the most important aspects of studies of human behavior in organization. The leader creates working environment. The success of an organization depends on the efficiency of the leader. According to Kondalkar, the attributes of an efficient leader are positive approach, ability to solve problems, ability to motivate employee, and ability to control the situation. Those four attributes may determine the success of an organization. The attributes of an efficient leader are explained bellow. (Kondalkar, 224-226)
The first attribute is positive approach. Positive approach means a leader has an ability to use power effectively. The author explains a leader gains power from his appointment. This legitimate power leads a leader to gain obedience from his subordinates. The powers used by the leader are expert power, referent power, reward, and coercive power.
The second attribute is an ability to solve problems. An ability to solve problems means an ability to comprehend the subordinates. The author states this ability means that a leader has to understand the subordinates’ needs, expectations, and what a leader should do to satisfy them. Moreover, ability to
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comprehend is also ability to explore the situation. By this ability, a leader may have comprehensive view to accomplish the organizational goal.
The third attribute is an ability to motivate employee. An efficient leader should have the ability to inspire his subordinates. A leader has to acknowledge when his subordinates face hopeless situation. A leader must identify each individual’s capabilities, and skill to inspire them. Inspiration comes from a leader who has charm, appeal, and dedication. By having this ability, a leader can enhance subordinates’ loyalty so that the subordinates willingly do as the leader desire.
The fourth attribute of an efficient leader is leadership style. Leadership style is an ability of a leader to control situation. Leadership style consists of two actions. The first action is the ability of a leader to develop a supportive situation among the subordinates. The second is the ability to arouse motivation among the subordinates by designing and maintaining an environment for efficient performance. A leader should identify the motivational needs, the subordinates’ desires, and design a plan that fulfills motivational needs and aspirations of the subordinates. A leader must be participative. It means that a leader must face the same problem as his subordinates, work in the same environment, and not show the sign of tiredness.
According to Warren and Benin, managers are different with leaders. A manager works in organized sector while a leader works in non-organized sector.
Furthermore, Warren and Benin explain about the differing characteristics
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between a manager and a leader. The comparison between a manager and a leader are explained bellow.
There are twelve characteristics of a manager. Basically, a manager works by virtue of the work procedures. Warren and Benin state that a manager works as an administer, a copier, a maintainer, a systems and structures controller, short- range view, rely on control, ask how and when, eye on the bottom line, an imitate, accept the status quo, classic, and do a thing right.
A leader has more deliberately work procedures than a manager. Warren and Benin state that there are twelve characteristics of a leader compare to a manager. A leader works as an innovator, an original, a developer, a people controller, long-range view, an inspirer trust, ask what and why, eye on the horizon, an originate, a challenger, own person, and do right things. (Warren and Benin, 13)
2.1.4 Leadership A leader emerges when a follower exists. An effective follower is an independent and carries out assignment with energy and enthusiasm. An effective follower is not only committing to the leader’s interest or the group’s goal, but also courage to defend for what he believes. A good follower requires creativity, therefore a good follower will not depend on the leader. The relationship between a leader and a follower is determined by leadership.
Daft defines leadership as an influence relationship among leaders and followers for real changes and outcomes as the reflection their share purposes.
Leadership involves influence which is occurs among leaders and followers. Both
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leader and followers have intentional desire for significant changes as reflected in their shared purposes. Influence means that the relationship among people is not passive. However, the concept of influence in this definition is multidirectional and non-coercive. Leadership involves creating change, not maintaining status quo. The changes sought reflect purposes that leaders and followers share. Moreover, change is toward a preferable outcome that leader and followers both want. Thus, leadership involves the influence of people to bring about change toward a desirable future. (Daft, 5-6)
2.1.5 Strategic Management Strategic management gives benefit to an organization. The purpose of strategic management is to develop and create new and different opportunities. By applying strategic management, an organization may have wider opportunities to achieve the organizational goal.
According to David (5-6), strategic management can be defined as the art and science of formulating, implementing, and evaluating cross-functional decisions that enable an organization to achieve its objectives. The author explains that the definition of strategic management focuses on three main parts. The first part is planning and field study. The second part is operations. The third part is research and development. Those three parts are intended to achieve organizational success.
David states that there are three stages of strategic management. The first stage is strategy formulation. The second stage is strategy implementation. The last stage is strategy evaluation. The explanation of the three stages of strategic management is explained bellow.
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The first stage is strategy formulation. Strategy formulation is also known as strategic planning. The author explains that strategy formulation consists of six steps. The first step is creating a vision and mission. The second step is analyzing an organization’s external opportunities and threats. The third step is determining internal strengths and weakness. The fourth step is establishing long-term objectives. The fifth step is preparing alternative strategies. The last step is choosing particular strategies to pursue.
Since there is no organization has unlimited resources, the strategist plays an important role to decide the most suitable tactic for the organization. Those six steps, according to the author, are the main consideration for the strategist to choose the rightful plan will benefit the organization most. An organization has dependency to the leader. A good leader has the best perspective to understand the element of formulation decision. Moreover, a good leader has the authority force the subordinates for implementation.
The second stage is strategy implementation. Strategy implementation is also called the action of strategic management. Strategy implementation means the leader and the subordinates applying the formulated strategies into action.
Strategy implementation is considered as the most difficult stage in strategic management. According to the author, strategy implementation requires personal discipline, commitment, and sacrifice. The success of strategy implementation depends on the leader’s ability to motivate the subordinates. Strategies formulated but not implemented is useless.
The third stage is strategy evaluation. The author states that strategy evaluation is meant to gain the information of the strategies formulated which are not working well.
There are three fundamental strategy evaluation activities. First is reviewing external and