KEDUDUKAN AHLI WARkS TESTAMENTAIR DALAM PEWARISAN MENURUT BURGERLtjK WETBOEK (B .W .)

MAGDALENA TRESYE KEDUDUKAN AHLI WARkS TESTAMENTAIR DALAM PEWARISAN MENURUT BURGERLtjK WETBOEK (B.W .)

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1 9 0 8 KE DUDUKAN AHLI WARI S T E S T AME NT AI R DALAM P EWARI S AN ME NURUT BURGE RL I J K WE T BOE K ( B. W. )

  S KRI P S I OL E H :

  MAGDAL E NA T RE S YE F AKULTAS HUKUM UNI VE RS I T AS AI RLANGGA S URABAYA KEDUDUKAN AHLI WARI S T E S T AME NT AI R DALAM P EWARI S AN ME NURUT BURGE RL I J K WE T BOE K ( B. W. )

  S KRI P S I DI AJ UKAN UNT UK ME L E NGKAP I TUGAS DAN ME MENUHI S YARAT - S YARAT UNT UK

  MENCAP AI GE L AR S ARJ ANA I TUKUM OL E H :

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DOSEN V e MBI MBI NG DAN PENGUJ I

  F AKULTAS HUKUM UNI VE RS I T AS AI RLANGGA S URABAYA

  1988 KATA P ENGANTAR De n g a n me ma n j a t k a n p u j i s y u k u r k e h a d i r a t T u h a n

  Ya n g Ma h a Es a , s a y a d a p a t me n y e l e s a i k a n s k r i p s i y a n g b e r - j u d u l : " Ke d u d u k a n Ah l i Wa r i s T e s t a me n t a i r Da l a r a P e wa r i s - a n Me n u r u t Bu r g e r l i j k We t b o e k ( B. W. ) " . Di s a mp i n g i t u , d e - n g a n k a r u n i a n y a j u g a s a y a d a p a t me me n u h i k e wa j i b a n s a y a d a l a m me n c a p a i g e l a r S a r j a n a Hu k u m p a d a F a k u l t a s Hu k u m Un i v e r s i t a s Ai r l a n g g a S u r a b a y a .

  Da l a m p e mb u a t a n s k r i p s i i n i , s a y a me n d a p a t b a n t u a n d a r i b e r b a g a i p i h a k . Ol e h k a r e n a i t u p a d a k e s e mp a t a n i n i , s a y a me n g u c a p k a n t e r i ma k a s i h y a n g s e b e s a r - b e s a r n y a k e p a - d a :

  1. Ba p a k Dr R. S o e t o j o P r a wi r o h a mi d j o j o , S . H. , s e l a k u d o - s e n p e mb i mb i n g s a y a y a n g t e l a h d e n g a n t u l u s d a n i k h l a s r a e mb i mb i n g s a y a d a l a m p e mb u a t a n s k r i p s i i n i ;

  ? . P a r a d o s e n p e n g u j i y a n g t e l a h me n g u j i s k r i p s i i n i ;

  3. Ru n d a Ma r i a y a n g t e l a h me n g a b u l k a n p e r mo h o n a n s a y a ;

  k*

  S e l u r u h s t a f P e n g a d i l a n Ne g e r i Ma l a n g ;

  

cj, P. - i pak De k a n F a k u l t a s Hu k u m Un i v e r s i t a s Ai r l a n g g a S u r a ­

  b a y a b e s e r t a s e l u r u h s t a f p e n g a j a r d a n k a r y a wa n n y a y a n g t e l a h me mb a n t u k e l a n c a r a n p e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i ;

  6. P e n g u r u s S e k s i S o s i a l Wi l a y a h XV P a r o k i Ha t i Ku d u s Ye - o u s S u r a b a y a ;

  7. Ke l u a r g a Ba p a k S o e t a r n o d a n k e l u a r g a Ba p a k Ch a n d r a ;

  8. Or a n g t u a , s e r t a s a u d a r a - s a u d a r a s a y a y a n g t e r c i n t a

  i i i y a n g t e l a h me mb e r i k a n d o r o n g a n d i d a l a m me n y e l e s a i k a n s k r i p s i i n i .

  Se r a o g a T u h a n s e l a l u me l i mp a h k a n r a h ma t n y a k e p a d a b e l i a u - b e l i a u y a n g t e l a h s a y a s e b u t k a n d i a t a s .

  Ak h i r n y a k e p a d a p e mb a c a s k r i p s i i n i , s a y a a k a n me - r a s a g e mb i r a s e k a l i a t a 6 s e g a l a k r i t i k d a n s a r a n y a n g p o - s i t i f u n t u k p e n y e mp u r n a a n s k r i p s i i n i . Ha l i n i d i s e b a b k a n p e mb a h a s a n s k r i p s i i n i p a s t i a d a k e l e ma h a n d a n k e k u r a n g a n - n y a .

  S u r a b a y a , Ok t o b e r 1 9 8 8 MAGDAL E NA T RE S YE

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  KAT A P E NGANT AR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i DAF T AR I SI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

  BAB I : P ENDAHULUAN

  1. P e r ma s a l a h a n , La t a r Be l a k a n g d a n Ru mu s - a n n y a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  1 2. P e n j e l a o a n J u d u l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  5 3. Al a 6 a n P e mi l i h a n J u d u l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  5 T u j u a n P e n u l i s a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  6

  k* 5. Me t o d o l o g i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  6 6. P e r t a n g g u n g j a wa b a n S i s t e ma t i k a . . . . . . . . . . .

  8 BAB I I : T I NJ AUAN T E NT ANG P EWARI S AN

  1. T i mb u l n y a P e wa r i s a n d a n Ma c a m- ma c a mn y a . . 1 0

  2. Ca r a - c a r a d a n S y a r a t - s y a r a t P e wa r i s a n . . . 1 5 3. f f a r t a P e n i n g g a l a n Ya n g Da p a t Di wa r i s . . . .

  19 BAB I I I : KE DUDUKAN AHLI WARI S T E S T AME NT AI R

  1. P e r i h a l Te s t a r a e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2

  2. L e g i t i e me P o r t i e : a . t u j u a n d a n k e t e n t u a n - k e t e n t u a n p e m-

  32 b a t a s a n ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  b . s i a p a - s i a p a y a n g b e r h a k a t a s l e g i ­ t i e me p o r t i e ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 c . p e n g a r u h p e n o l a k a n d a n k e t i d a k p a n - t a s a n u n t u k me wa r i s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8

  3. Ke d u d u k a n Ah l i Wa r i s T e &t a mo n t a i r . . . . . . . ^ 0

  v B A B X V : K A S U S - ^ K A S U S T E N T A N G A H L I W A R I S T E S T A M E N T A I R

  1. Ka s u s Ha r t a Wa r i s a n Da l a m Ka i t a n n y a De n g a n Ke d u d u k a n Ah l i Wa r i s T e s t a me n t a i r Di b i d a n g S a h T i d a k n y a S u a t u T e s t a me n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  k 3

  2, Ka s u s Ha r t a Wa r i 6 a n Da l a m Ka i t a n n y a De n g a n Ke d u d u k a n Ah l i Wa r i s T e s t a me n t a i r Di b i d a n g

  P e n c a i r a n De p o s i t o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2

  B A B V : P E N U T U P

  1. Ke s i mp u l a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 2 . S a r a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8

  D A F T A R B A C A A N

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  B A B I P E N D A H U L U A N

  1. P e r ma Ba l a h a n . L a t a r Be l a k a n g d a n Ru mu s a n n . y a P a d a h a k e k a t n y a , ma n u s i a s e c a r a k o d r a t c e n d e r u n g u n t u k h i d u p b e r ma s y a r a k a t . Ke c e n d e r u n g a n t e r s e b u t a d a l a h d i d o r o n g o l e h r a s a ma n u s i a wi y a n g i n g i n b e r k u mp u l d e n g a n s e s a ma n y a . Ha l i n i s e s u a i d e n g a n a j a r a n Ar i s t o t e l e s y a n g tr me n y a t a k n n b a h wa ma n u s i a a d a l a h " z o o n p o l i t i c o n " , y a n g b e r a r t i :

  Ba h wa ma n u s i a i t u s e b a g a i ma h l t i k p a d a d &s a r n y a s e l a l u i n g i n b e r g a u l d a n b e r k u mp u l d e n g a n s e s a ma ma n u s i a l a - i n n y a , j a d i ma h l u k y a n g s u k a b e r ma s y a r a k a t . Ol e h k a r e * n a s i f a t n y a y a n g s u k a b e r g a u l s a t u 6 a ma l a i n ma k a ma ­ n u s i a d i s e b u t ma h l u k s o s i a l . De n g a n d e mi k i a n , d i d a l a m k e h i d u p a n n y a ma n u s i a i t u s e l a l u b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n ma n u s i a l a i n n y a . Hu b u n g a n - h u b u n g a n i n i me n y a n g k u t b e r ma c a m- ma c a m h a l , d a n b a h k a n me n y a n g k u t p u l a t e n t a n g b a r a n g - b a r a n g y a n g me r e k a mi l i k i . Da r i h u b u n g a n - h u b u n g a n i n i l a h k e mu d i a n t i mb u l h a k - h a k d a n k e wa j i b a n - k e - wa j i b a n ma n u s i a y a n g s a t u t e r h a d a p ma n u s i a y a n g l a i n .

  Ha k d a n k e wa j i b a n ma n u s i a a t a u s e s e o r a n g i n i a k a n me n j a d i p e r c o a l a n b i l a o r a n g t e r s e b u t me n i n g g a l d u n i a , k a - r e n a p a d a u mu mn y a p i h a k y a n g d i t i n g g a l k a n o l e h o r a n g y a n g me n i n g g a l d u n i a i t u b u k a n l a h s e o r a n g ma n u s i a y a n g l a i n. a t a u s e b u a h b a r a n g s a j a . Ha l y a n g l e b i h p e n t i n g a d a l a h

  1Ka n s . i l C. S . T. , P e n Ka n t a r I l mu Hu k u m, Ba l a i P u s t a - k a , J a k a r t a , 1 9 7 9 , h. 2 7 .

  1 p e r b u a t a n - p e r b u a t a n a t a u h u b u n g a n - h u b u n g a n o r a n g t e r s e b u t p a d a - wa k t u i a ma s i h h i d u p d e n g a n o r a n g l a i n , b e r p e n g a r u h l a n g s u n g p a d a p o l a k e p e n t i n g a n d i d a l a m ma s y a r a k a t t e r u t a - ma k e l u a r g a n y a . T e r h a d a p k e p e n t i n g a n - k e p e n t i n g a n i n i l a h d i - b u t u h k a n s u a t u p e r a t u r a n h u k u m y a n g me n g a t u r b a g a i ma n a a g a r l i n g k u p k e l u a r g a t a d i b i s a t e r h i n d a r d a r i a k i b a t h u k u m y a n g me r u g i k a n k e l u a r g a t e r s e b u t .

  Ha k - h a k d a n k e wa j i b a n - k e wa j i b a n s e s e o r a n g y a n g me- j . n i n g g a l d u n i a d a p a t b e r u p a s e g a l a s e s u a t u y a n g me mp u n y a i s i f a t k e d u n i a wi a n d a n s e g a l a s e s u a t u y a n g me mp u n y a i s i f a t k e r o h a i n a n . S e g a l a s e s u a t u y a n g me mp u n y a i s i f a t k e d u n i a wi a n i t u d a p a t d i a n g g a p d e n g a n s e n d i r i n y a b e r a l i h k e p a d a o r a n g l a i n y a n g d i t i n g g # l k a n o l e h s e s e o r a n g y a n g me n i n g g a l d u n i a t e r s e b u t . S e d a n g k a n s e g a l a s e s u a t u y a n g me mp u n y a i s i f a t k e - r o h a mi a n i t u me n g a n d u n g u n s u r - u n s u r k e p r i b a d i a n s e s e o r a n g , s e h i n g g a t i d a k mu n g k i n d a p a t d i a l i h k a n k e p a d a o r a n g l a i n .

  P e n g e r t i a n wa r i s a n y a n g d i ma k s u d d a l a m p e mb a h a s a n i n i t e r b a t a s p a d a h a l - h a l y a n g b e r s i f a t k e d u n i a wi a n , y a i t u s u a t u h a l y a n g me n y a n g k u t h a r t a k e k a y a a n a t a u k e b e n d a a n y a n g d i t i n g g a l k a n o l e h o r a n g y a n g me n i n g g a l d u n i a , y a n g k e - mu d i a n b e r a l i h k e p a d a o r a n g y a n g d i a n g g a p me mp u n y a i h a k - h a k d a n k e wa j i b a n - k e wa j i b a n d i d a l a mn y a s e b a g a i ma n a y a n g d i k a t a k a n o l e h Wi r j o n o P r o d j o d i k o r o : " Wa r i s a n i t u a d a l a h s o a l a p a k a h d a n b a g a i ma n a p e l b a g a i h a k - h a k d a n k e wa j i b a n - k e wa j i b a n t e n t a n g k e k a y a a n s e s e o r a n g p a d a wa k t u i a me n i n g ­ g a l d u n i a , a k a n b e r a l i h k e p a d a o r a n g l a i n y a n g ma s i h h i -

  3

  d u p " . 2 Be r t o l a k d a r i k e a d a a n y a n g d e mi k i a n i n i l a h s e r i n g - k a l i k i t a d e n g a r a d a n y a s e n g k e t a d i a n t a r a a n g g o t a k e l u a r ­ g a t e n t a n g ma s a l a h s i a p a k a h y a n g d a p a t me l a n j u t k a n h u b u n g - a n h u k u m p e wa r i s a n i t u . Da l a m p r a k t e k s e r i n g t e r j a d i b i l a - ma n a a d a s e o r a n g y a n g me n i n g g a l d u n i a d e n g a n me n i n g g a l k a n h a r t a k e k a y a a n , ma k a a k a n t i mb u l p e r s e l i s i h a n d i a n t a r a a n a k - a n a k n y a s e b a g a i a h l i wa r i s me n g e n a i p e mb a g i a n h a r t a wa r i s a n t e r s e b u t . Ad a y a n g mi n t a b a g i a n l e b i h b a n y a k s e b a b me r a s a b a h wa d i a 6 e b a g a i a n a k l a k i - l a k i t e r t u a , a t a u a d a y a n g me r a s a b e r h a k u n t u k me n d a p a t wa r i s a n wa l a u p u n d i a d i - l a h i r k a n o l e h i b u a t a u a y a h y a n g b e r l a i n a n a t a u d i l u a r p e r k a wi n a n s e b a g a i a n a k l u a r k a wi n ,

  Be g i t u p u l a s e r i n g t i mb u l p e r s e l i s i h a n k a r e n a s i p e wa r i s t i d a k a d i l . Di a ( p e wa r i s ) s e b e l u m me n i n g g a l d u n i a me mb u a t s u a t u p e s a n a t a u t e s t a me n t e r h a d a p h a r t a k e k a y a a n - n y a , y a n g i s i n y a me n g u n t u n g k a n o r a n g l a i n a t a u p i h a k k e t i g a y a n g b u k a n s a n a k k e l u a r g a n y a , d a n me r u g i k a n b a g i a n h a r t a wa r i s a n d a r i p a d a a n a k - a n a k n y a s e n d i r i ma u p u n a n g g o t a k e l u - a r g a n y a y a n g l a i n .

  Da r i k e t e r a n g a n d i a t a s d i k e t a h u i b a h wa a h l i wa r i s i t u b i s a d i g o l o n g k a n d a l a m d u a g o l o n g a n , y a i t u :

  1. Ah l i wa r i s y a n g t i d a k b e r d a s a r k a n t e s t a me n , y a i t u a h l i

  p

  Wi r j o n o P r o d j o d i k o r o , Hu k u m Wa r i s a n 5 i I n d o n e s i a , c e t . VI I , S u mu r Ba n d u n g , Ba n d u n f , 1 9 8 3 , h. 1 3 wa r i s a t a u o r a n g y a n g b e r h a k me wa r i s b e r d a s a r k a n a d a n y a h u b u n g a n d a r a h d e n g a n p e wa r i s . Ah l i wa r i s i n i d i s e b u t j u g a s e b a g a i a h l i wa r i s a b - i n t e s t a t o .

  2. Ah l i wa r i s t e s t a me n t a i r , y a i t u a h l i wa r i s b e r d a s a r k a n k e t e t a p a n s u a t u t e s t a me n .

  Ad a n y a d u a g o l o n g a n a h l i wa r i s i n i j u g a s e r i n g me*. ' , n i mb u l k a n ma s a l a h , k a r e n a s a n a k k e l u a r g a p e wa r i s s e b a g a i a h l i wa r i s b e r d a s a r k a n h u b u n g a n d a r a h a t a u a b - i n t e s t a t o me r a s a d i r u g i k a n d e n g a n a d a n y a a h l i wa r i s t e s t a me n t a i r .

  Mu n g k i n j u g a d a l a m h a l t e r s e b u t t e r j a d i s e n g k e t a y a n g me n g a n g g a p b a h wa t e s t a me n y a n g d i b u a t o l e h p e wa r i s i t u p a l s u . Ma k s u d n y a t e s t a me n t e r s e b u t s e b e n a r n y a t i d a k d i b u a t o l e h p e wa r i 6 , t r t a p i o l e h o r a n g l a i n . S e h i n g g a t e s ­ t a me n t e r s e b u t t i d a k b e r l a k u a t a u b a t a l d e mi h u k u m.

  S e d a n g k a n t e s t a n f e n i t u s e n d i r i me mp u n y a i t i g a ma c a r a b e n t u k , y a i t u ; t e s t a me n u mu m, t e s t a me n o l o g r a f i s , d a n t e s ­ t a me n r a h a 6 i a «

  Be r d a s a r k a n h a l - h a l t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , ma k a e a y a t e r - t a r i k u n t u k r a e n u l i s ma s a l a h - ma s a l a h t e r s e b u t d e n g a n r u mu e a n p e r ma s a l a h a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

  1. Ap a k a h y a n g a k a n t e r j a d i d e n g a n me n i n g g a l n y a s e s e o r a n g , y a i t u a p a k a h y a n g a k a n t e r j a d i d e n g a n h a k - h a k s e r t a k e ­ wa j i b a n - k e wa j i b a n d a r i o r a n g y a n g me n i n g g a l d u n i a ? Ba g a i ma n a t e n t a n g s e g a l a s e s u a t u y a n g d i t i n g g a l k a n n y a , a p a k a h s e mu a h a k - h a k s e r t a k e wa j i b a n - k e wa j i b a n n y a j u g a l e n y a p b e r a a ma a n d e n g a n me n i n g g a l n y a o r a n g t e r s e b u t ? ;

  2. Ba g a i ma n a k a h k e d u d u k a n a h l i wa r i s b e r d a s a r k a n t e s t a r a e n ? Ha l i n i j u g a a k a n s a y a b a h a s .

  De n g a n a l a s a n i n i l a h ma k a s a y a t e r t a r i k u n t u k mer a - b a h a s ma s a l a h k e d u d u k a n a h l i wa r i s t e s t a me n t a i r d a l a m p e - wa r i s a n me n u r u t Bu r g e r l i j k We t b o e k , k a r e n a ma s a l a h i n i Be ­ r i n g me n i mb u l k a n p e r s e l i s i h a n d i a n t a r a s e s a ma a h l i wa r i s , b a i k i t u a h l i wa r i s a b - i n t e s t a t o ma u p u n a h l i wa r i s t e s t a ­ me n t a i r .

  2. Pe n . j e l a s a n J u d u l P e n g e r t i a n k e d u d u k a n y a n g s a y a p e r g u n a k a n d a l a m p e -

  i

  n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i a d a l a h me n g e n a i p o s i s i s e s e o r a n g y a n g s e b e n a r n y a d a l a m p e wa r i s a n y a n g t e l a h j a t u h me l u a n g , S e - d a n g k a n y a n g d i ma k s u d d e n g a n a h l i wa r i s t e s t a me n t a i r a d a ­ l a h a h l i wa r i s a t a u o r a n g y a n g b e r h a k me wa r i s b e r d a s a r k a n k e t e t a p a n s u a t u t e s t a me n . P e wa r i s a n a d a l a h p r o s e s p e r a l i h - a n h a k d a n k e wa j i b a n d a l a m b e n t u k ma t e r i i l .

  3* Al a s a n P e mi l i h a n J u d u l S e p e r t i a p a y a n g k i t a k e t a h u i , a k h i r - a k h i r i n i r a - ma i s e k a l i d i b i c a r a k a n o r a n g me n g e n a i t e s t a me n , b a i k i t u mo n g e n a i k e a s l i a n s u a t u t e s t a me n a t a u p u n me n g e n a i k e d u d u k ­ a n a h l i wa r i s t e s t a me n t a i r d a l a m s u a t u p e wa r i s a n . Ap a l a g i d e n g a n a d a n y a k a s u s p e wa r i s a n Ha n P o o Ho k y a n g b e g i t u r a - ma i h i n g g a d i mu a t d a l a m ma j a l a h - ma j a l a h ma u p u n k o r a n - k o r a n ,

  Be r d a s a r k a n k e n y a t a a n i n i , s a y a t e r t a r i k u n t u k me n u l i s ma ­ s a l a h k e d u d u k a n a h l i wa r i s t e s t a me n t a i r , s u p a y a o r a n g y a n g t i d a k me n ^ e t a h u i a t a u me ma h a mi me n g e n a i a h l i wa r i s t e s t a - me n t a i r d a p a t me n g e r t i , b a g a i ma n a s e b e n a r n y a k e d u d u k a n a h ­ l i wa r i s t e r s e b u t . Di s a mp i n g i t u d e n g a n a d a n y a p e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i , s a y a b e r h a r a p a g a r ma s y a r a k a t b e r h a t i - h a t i d a l a m me mb u a t s u a t u t e s t a me n , S e h i n g g a b i l a o r a n g t e r s e b u t me n i n g g a l d u n i a t i d a k - t i mb u l s e n g k e t a d i a n t a r a s e s a ma a h ­ l i wa r i s .

  Tu . i u a n P e n u l i s a n Be r d a s a r k a n k e t e n t u a n y a n g a d a , s e o r a n g ma h a s i s wa y a n g h e n d a k me n y e l e s a i k a n s t u d i n y a p a d a s u a t u P e r g u r u a n

  Ti n g g i wa j i b me mb u a t s u a t u k a r y a t u l i s y a n g b e r u p a s k r i p s i . Da l a m k a i t a n i n i l a h s a y a me mb u a t d a n me n y u s u n s k r i p s i i n i . S e l a i n i t u , j u g a u n t u k me mb e r i k a n 6 e d i k i t s u mb a n g a n p e mi - k i r a n k e p a d a ma s y a r a k a t t e n t a n g ma s a l a h a h l i wa r i s t e s t a ­ me n t a i r , De n g a n s u a t u h a r a p a n me l a l u i p e r ma s a l a h a n y a n g s a y a k e mu k a k a n , p a r a ma h a s i s wa y a n g l a i n me r a s a t e r u n d a n g u n t u k me n e l a a h l e b i h d a l a m l a g i .

  5. Me t o d o l o g i a . P e n d e k a t a n ma s a l a h .

  T e r h a d a p ma s a l a h y a n g d i b a h a s i n i , s a y a me l a k u k a n p e n d e k a t a n ma s a l a h s e c a r a y u r i d i s d a n s o s i o l o g i s . Yu r i d i s d a l a m a r t i , me n i t i k b e r a t k a n p a d a p e r a t u r a n p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g - a n y a n g b e r l a k u s e b a g a i p e d o ma n p e mb a h a s a n ma s a l a h . S e d a n g - k a n Ro s i o l o g i o d a l a m a r t i me n e l i t i d a n me n g a ma t i d a r i s e g i p r a k t e k p e n y e l e n g g a r a a n d a l a m ma s y a r a k a t s e c a r a n y a t a .

  b. S u mb e r d a t a .

  Un t u k me mp e r o l o h d a t a y a n g d i p e r l u k a n , y a n g r a e n j a d i s u mb e r u t a ma s k r i p s i i n i a d a l a h l i t e r a t u r a t a u b u k u - b u k u b a c a a n y a n g a d a d i p e r p u s t a k a a n , ma u p u n y a n g s a y a mi l i k i .

  Di s a mp i n g i t u j u g a b a h a n - b a h a n b a c a a n l a i n n y a s e p e r t i , s u r a t k a b a r ma u p u n ma j a l a h , s e r t a d e n g a n me l i h a t p r a k t e k d i p e n g a d i l a n . c , P r o s e d u r e p e n g u mp u l a n d a n p e n g o l a h a n d a t a .

  Be r h u b u n g p e n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i d i d a s a r k a n p a d a f a k - t a a t a u k e n y a t a a n , ma k a d a t a i n i d i k u mp u l k a n d e n g a n j a l a n me mb a c a b u k u - b u k u y a n g a d a h u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n p e mb a h a s a n - ma s a l a h i n i . J u g a d a r i i n s t a n s i y a n g me mp u n y a i h u b u n g a n d e ­ n g a n p e mb a h a 6 a n s k r i p s i i n i . S e t e l a h d a t a t e r k u mp u l , d i l a - k u k a n p e n g e l o mp o k a n d a n p e p y e l e k s i a n a n t a r a d a t a y a n g e r a t k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n p o k o k p e r ma s a l a h a n d e n g a n d a t a y a n g k u r a n g e r a t k a i t a n n y a d e n g a n p o k o k p e r ma s a l a h a n , t e t a p i t e t a p d i - p e r l u k a n d a l a m me n g a d a k a n p e mb a h a s a n .

  d. An a l i s i s d a t a .

  Da l a m me n g a d a k a n a n a l i s i s d a t a s a y a me n g g u n a k a n me - t o d e d e d u k s i , i n d u k s i , s e r t a a n a l i t i k s i n t e t i k . De d u k s i a d a l a h s u a t u p e n a r i k a n k e s i mp u l a n d a r i k e a d a a n y a n g u mu m u n t u k d i t e r a p k a n p a d a h a l - h a l a t a u p e r s o a l a n - p e r s o a l a n k h u - _{s u b} .

  I n d u k s i a d a l a h s u a t u c a r a u n t u k me mp e l a j a r i s e s u a t u d e n g a n me n y e l i d i k i f a k t a - f a k t a d a n me r a f c g k a i k a n f a k t a - f a k t a y a n g k h u s u s i t u me n j a d i s u a t u p e me c a h a n y a n g b e r s i f a t u mu m, An a l i t i k s i n t e t i k a d a l a h me mp e l a j a r i f a k t a - f a k t a k h u s u s me - - * n u j u k e s u a t u p e r n y a t a a n u mu m, k e mu d i a n me n a r i k k e s i mp u l a n d a r i p e r n y a t a a n

  umum

  t e r s e b u t u n t u k d i j a d i k a n d a s a r d a l a m

  8 me me c a h k a n p e r s o a l a n t e r t e n t u .

  P e n g g u n a a n me t o d e - me t o d e t e r s e b u t d i h a r a p k a n p e mb a * h a s a n d a p a t me me n u h i s a s a r a n y a n g d i h a r a p k a n . S e h i n g g a p e - n u l i s a n s k r i p s i i n i d a p a t d i p e r t a n g g u n g j a wa b k a n s e c a r a i l - mi a h .

  6 . Pe r t a n g f t u n K. j a wa b a n S i s t e ma t i k a S k r i p s i i n i s a y a s u s u n d e n g a n me n g g u n a k a n s i s t e ma - . t i k a s e b a g a i t e r s e b u t d i b a wa h i n i .

  P a d a a wa l s e k a l i s a y a a k a n me mb a h a s s e c a r a u mu m a p a y a n g me n j a d i p e r ma s a l a h a n , d e n g a n j a l a n me r u mu s k a n n y a s e ­ c a r a u mu m. Ha l d e mi k i a n i n i s a y a l a k u k a n s e b a b b a g i a n a wa l a d a l a h b a g i a n p e n g e n a l a n s e c a r a u mu m d a n me n y e l u r u h d a r i i s i p o k o k p e mb a h a s a n s e l a n j u t n y a . Da l a m b a g i a n i n i s a y a j u - g a me n t f e mu k a k a n d a n me mb e r i p e n j e l a s a n t e n t a n g j u d u l s k r i p - ₄ s i , a l a s a n - a l a s a n s a y a me r a i l i h j u d u l t e r s e b u t , s e r t a t u j u - a n y a n g i n g i n d i c a p a i d a l a m me mb a h a s ma s a l a h s k r i p s i i n i , me t o d e p e n u l i s a n y a n g s a y a p e r g u n a k a n , d a n y a n g t e r a k h i r a d a l a h me mp e r t a n g g u n g j a wa b k a n s i s t e ma t i k a p e mb a h a s a n . P e m­ b a h a s a n i n i s a y a l e t a k k a n d a l a m Ba b I .

  Da l a m Ba b I I s a y a a k a n me n j e l a s k a n t e n t a n g p e n g e r t i - a n u mu m p e wa r i s a n y a n g me n y a n g k u t t i mb u l n y a p e wa r i s a n d a n ma c a m- ma c a mn y a , c a r a - c a r a d a n s y a r a t - s y a r a t p e wa r i s a n , e e r - t a h a r t a p e n i n g g a l a n y a n g d a p a t d i wa r i s . S a y a me l e t a k k a n p e mb a h a s a n i n i d a l a m Ba b I I k a r e n a d e n g a n d i k e t a h u i n y a h a l - h a l t e r s e b u t d i a t a s ( k h u s u s n y a t e n t a n g a h l i wa r i s ) , ma k $ s a y a b a r u d a p a t me mb a h a s me n g e n a i k e d u d u k a n a h l i wa r i a t e s - t s me n t a i r .

  Be r i k u t n y a s a y a a k a n me mb a h a s me n g e n a i a p a y a n g d i - s e b u t t e s t a me n s e r t a b e n t u k - b e n t u k n y a , d a n b a g a i ma n a per n- b a t a s a n n y a d e n g a n a d a n y a l e g i t i e me p o r t i e . S e h i n g g a d i k e - t a h u i k e d u d u k a n a h l i wa r i s t e s t a me n t a i r . I n i s a y a j e l a s k a n d a l a m Ba b I I I .

  De n g a n me ma h a mi h a l - h a l t e r s e b u t d i a t a s , d a l a m Ba b I V s a y a me n c o b a me n e r a p k a n n y a d a l a m s u a t u k a s u s u n t u k d i b a h a s d a n d i k e t a h u i b a g a i ma n a s e s u n g ^ u h n y a b i l a ma s a l a h d i a t a s t e r j a d i d i d a l a m p r a k t e k . De n g a n d e mi k i a n ma s a l a h t e r s e b u t me n j a d i j e l a s .

  P a d a a k h i r p e mb a h a s a n , s a y a a k a n me mb u a t k e s i mp u l a n d a n s a r a n . Ha l i n i s a y a ma k s u d k a n u n t u k me mb e r i k a n i n f o r - ma s i k a p a d a ma s y a r a k a t b a h wa u n t u k me mb u a t t e s t a me n i t u h a r u s d i p e r h a t i k a n a t u r a n - a t u r a n y a n g b e r l a k u . S e h i n g g a b i l a p e mb u a t t e s t a me n t e r s e b u t me n i n g e a l d u n i a d a p a t d i h i n - d a r k a n t e r j a d i n y a p e r s e l i s i h a n a n t a r a s e s a ma a h l i wa r i s .

  Ke s i mp u l a n d a n s a r a n i n i s a y a l e t a k k a n p a d a Ba b P e n u t u p , y a i t u Ba b V,

  BAB I I T I NJ AUAN T E NT ANG P E WARI S AN

  1. T i mh u l n y a P e wa r i s a n d a n Ma c a m- ma c a mn y a P a d a d a s a r n y a ma n u s i a h i d u p d i d u n i a me n g a l a mi t i g a p e r i s t i wa p e n t i n g , y a i t u k e l a h i r a n , p e r k a wi n a n , d a n k e ma t i - a n . Ti g a p e r i s t i wa i n i s e p e r t i l i n g k a r a n y a n g s e l a l u me n g e -

  Li l i n g i h i d u p ma n u s i a d a n y a n g s e l a l u d i h a d a p i d a l a m k e h i - d u p a n b e r ma s y a r a k a t p a d a u mu mn y a d a n s e s e o r a n g p a d a k h u s u s - n y a .

  P e r i s t i wa p e r t a ma , y a i t u k e l a h i r a n . Ke l a h i r a n a d a l a h s u a t u p e r i s t i wa l a h i r n y a s e o r a n g ma n u s i a d i d u n i a i n i s e b a ­ g a i a n g g o t a k e l u a r g a d a n s e k a l i g u s s e b a g a i a n g g o t a ma e y a r a - k a t . S e j a k a d a n y a k e l a h i r a n i n i ma k a t i mb u l l a h h a k - h a k d a n k e wa j i b a n - k e wa j i b a n a n t a r a s i b a y i d e n g a n k e d u a o r a n g t u a - n y a ( k e c u a l i p a s a l 2 B. W. , me s k i p u n b a y i ma s i h d a l a m k a n - d u n g a n , k a l a u k e p e n t i n g a n n y a me n g h e n d a k i , ma k a b a y i d a l a m k a n d u n g a n t e r s e b u t d i a n g g a p s u d a h a d a s u d a h l a h i r ) .

  P e r i s t i wa k e d u a a d a l a h p e r k a wi n a n . Me n u r u t p a s a l 1 Un d a n g - u n d a n g No . 1 t a h u n 197*t , P e r k a wi n a n a d a l a h i k a t a n l a ­ h i r b a t i n a n t a r a s e o r a n g p r i a d e n g a n s e o r a n g wa n i t a s e b a g a i s u a mi i s t r i d e n g a n t u j u a n me mb e n t u k k e l u a r g a y a n g b a h a g i a d a n k e k a l b e r c t a s a r k a n Ke t u h a n a n Ya n g Ma h a Es a . Me mb e n t u k k e l u a r p a y a n g b a h a g i a , e r a t h u b u n g a n n y a d e n g a n k e t u r u n a n , d o n k o t u r u n a n - k e t u r u n a n i n i l a h y a n g k e l a k a k a n me n g g a n t i k a n o r a n g t u a n y a a p a b i l a o r a n g t u a n y a me n i n g g a l d u n i a ( r a a k s u d - n y a me n g g a n t i k a n h a k d a n k e wa j i b a n or ant f . t u a n y a y a n g me n i n g -

  10 g a l t e r s e b u t ) , Di s a mp i n g i t u p u l a a n a k me r u p a k a n wa r i s p e r t a ma b a g i h a r t a p e n i n g g a l a n o r a n g t u a n y a .

  P e r i s t i wa k e ma t i a n , y a n g me r u p a k a n p e r i s t i wa k e t i g a me r u p a k a n p e r i s t i wa y a n g p e n t i n g b a g i ma n u s i a d a l a m k e h i - d u p a n b e r ma s y a r a k a t . Ba g i ma s y a r a k a t , d e n g a n me n i n g g a l n y a s e s e o r a n g b e r a r t i t e l a h k e h i l a n g a n s a l a h s a t u wa r g s n y a y a n g mu n g k i n me mp u n y a i k e d u d u k a n p e n t i n g d a l a m ma s y a r a k a t t e r s e b u t ( mi s a l n y a s e b a g a i p e mu k a a g a ma , t o k o h ma s y a r a k a t , d a n s e b a g a i n y a ) . Di s a mp i n g i t u p u l a , s e s e o r a n g t e r s e b u t t e n t u n y a t e l a h me n i n g g a l k a n h a k - h a k d a n k e wa j i b a n - k e wa j i b - a n n y a d a l a m ma s y a r a k a t . Ha k - h a k d a n k e wa j i b a n - k e wa j i b a n i n i a k a n t e t a p d i p e r s o a l k a n , wa l a u p u n o r a n g t e r s e b u t t e l a h me n i n g g a l d u n i a , k a r e n a h a l i n i b e r h u b u n g a n d e n g a n s u a t u p e r i s t i wa , y a i t u p e r i s t i wa p e wa r i s a n . " P e wa r i s a n a d a l a h s u a t u p r o s e s a p a k a h d a n b a g a i ma n a b e r b a g a i h a k d a n k e wa j i b - a n t e n t a n g k e k a y a a n s e s e o r a n g p a d a wa k t u i a me n i n g g a l d u n i a , a k a n b e r a l i h k e p a d a o r a n g l a i n y a n g ma s i h h i d u p 1' . ^

  Da r i k o t e r a n g a n t e r s e b u t , d a p a t l a h d i a mb i l k e s i mp u l ­ a n b a h wa p e wa r i s a n i t u t i mb u l s e j a k t e r j a d i n y a p e r i s t i wa k e ma t i a n , S e h i n g g a k e ma t i a n me r u p a k a n s y a r a t mu t l a k u n t u k d a p a t t e r j a d i n y a p e wa r i s a n , 6 e p e r t i h a l n y a y a n g d i a t u r d a ­ l a m p a s a l 8 3 0 B. W. y a i t u , " P e wa r i s a n h a n y a b e r l a n g s u n ^ k a ­ r e n a k e ma t i a n "

  ^ I b i d , , h. 8. /+S u b e k t i d a n Tj i t r o s u d i b i o , Ki t a b Un d a n g - u n d a n g Hu ­ k u m P e r d a t a , c e t . XVI , P r a d n y a P a r a mi t a , J a k a r t a , 1 9 8 3 > h * 2 0 7 .

  12 Ya n g d i ma k s u d k e ma t i a n d i s i n i a d a l a h k e ma t i a n wa j a r

  ( n a t u u r l i j k e d o o d ) d a n t i d a k t e r ma s u k k e ma t i a n p e r d a t a ( b u r - g e r l i j k e d o o d ) , y a n g me ma n g t i d a k d i k e n a l d a l a m p e r u n d a n g - u n d a n g a n k i t a . Ke ma t i a n p e r d a t a i n i h a n y a d i k e n a l d a l a m p a ­ s a l 7 1 8 Co d e Ci v i l .

  Bi l a ma n a s e s e o r a n g d i n y a t a k a n " d i s a n g k a ma t i M ma k a wa r i s a n n y a b e r p i n d a h k e p a d a o r a n g y a n g d i s a n g k a me n j a d i a h ­ l i wa r i s n y a . Na mu n , h a l i n i b u k a n b e r a r t i s u a t u p e n y i mp a n g - a n d a r i k e t e n t u a n p a s a l 8 5 0 s e l a ma p e mi n d a h a n n y a i t u

B. W

  a d a l a h h a n y a s e me n t a r a d a n d e n g a n s y a r a t , y a i t u a p a b i l a s e ­ s e o r a n g y a n g d i s a n g k a ma t i i t u ma s i h h i d u p , ma k a b a r a n g - b a - r a n g y a n g t e l a h d i wa r i s k a n i t u me n j a d i mi l i k n y a k e mb a l i , d a n i a me mp u n y a i h a k u n t u k me n u n t u t d a r i o r a n g - o r ang y a n g d i s a n g k a me n j a d i a h l i wa r i s n y a . Me n g e n a i h a l t e r s e b u t d i a - t u r d a l a m p a s a l **8^ B. W. y a n g me n y a t a k a n :

  Ap a b i l a wa k t u s e l a ma t i g a p u l u h t a h u n t e l a h l r wa t , s e t e - l a h h a r i p e r n y a t a a n b a r a n g k a l i me n i n g g a l t e r c a n t u r a d a ­ l a m p u t u s a n a t a u , a p a b i l a s o b e l u m i t u , wa k t u s e l a ma s e - r a t u s t a h u n t e l a h l e wa t , s e me n j a k h a r i l a h i r s i t a k h a - d l i r , ma k a t e r b e b a s l a h s c k a l i a n p e n a n g g u n g , s e d a n g k a n p e mb a g i a n h a r t a k e k a y a a n y a n g d i t i n g g a l k a n , s e k a d a r i n i t o l n h b e r l a n g s u n g , p n r a b a r a n g k a l i a h l i wa r i s b o l e h mr n . ^ a d a k a n p e mb a £ i a n y a n g t e t a p , s e p e r t i p u n h a k - h a k l a - a t a s h a r t a p e n i n ^ g a l a n , b o l e h t e t a p d i n i k ma t i p u ^ 1 . . P c mi k i a n h a k i s t i me wa a k a n p e n d a f t a r a n b e r a k h i r ,

  ’ l u n g ^ n p a r a b a r a n g k a l i a h l i wa r i s h a r u s d i wa j i b k * n t m . v r i mn a t a u me n o l a k , me n u r u t p e r a t u r a n y a n g a d a . De n ma n d e mi k i a n p e wa r i s a n d a p a t t i mb u l b u k a n k a r e n a k e ma t i ­ an. , S e k a l i l a g i , h a l i n i b u k a n me r u p a k a n p e n y i mp a n g a n d a r i p a s a l 8 3 0 B. W.

  5 I b i d . , h. 11*9.

  13 P e wa r i s a n i t u d i b e d a k a n d a l a m d u a ma c a m, y a i t u :

  1. P e wa r i s a n b e r d a s a r k a n u n d a n g - u n d a n g , d i s e b u t j u g a p e wa ­ r i s a n a b - i n t e s t a t o .

  2. P e wa r i s a n b e r d a s a r k a n t e s t a me n , y a n g d i s e b u t j u g a s e b a ­ g a i p e wa r i s a n t e s t a me n t a i r .

  Di d a l a m B. W. k i t a p e wa r i s a n b e r d a s a r k a n u n d a n g - u n d a n g d i - b i c a r a k a n t e r l e b i h d a h u l u , b a r u k e mu d i a n p e wa r i s a n t e s t a ­ me n t a i r .

  Me n u r u t p a s a l 8 3 2 B. Vf . a h l i wa r i s me n u r u t u n d a n g - u n d a n g a d a l a h s a n a k k e l u a r g a d a n j a n d a a t a u d u d a . I n i b e r - a r t i u n t u k me n j a d i a h l i wa r i s a b - i n t e s t a t o h a r u s l a h a d a h u b u n g a n d a r a h ( k e c u a l i s u a mi a t a u i s t r i y a n g s a l i n g me wa - r i s , b i l a s a l a h s e o r a n g d a r i k e d u a n y a me n i n g g a l d u n i a ) . J a d i a h l i wa r i 6 me n u r u t u n d a n g - u n d a n g ( a b - i n t e s t a t o - )

  a d a ­

  l a h a h l i b e r d a s a r k a n a d a n y a h u b u n g a n k e l u a r g a d e n g a n p e wa ­ r i s s a mp a i d e n g a n d e r a j a t k e e n a m, d a n j a n d a a t a u d u d a . S e - d a n g k a n o r a n g - o r a n g y a n g me n j a d i s a n a k k e l u a r g a k a r e n a p e r k a wi n a n , b u k a n l a h a h l i wa r i s a b - i n t e s t a t o . De mi k i a n p u ­ l a d e n g a n b e k a s s u a mi a t a u i s t r i y a n g p e r k a wi n a n n y a t e l a h d i b u b a r k a n p a d a wa k t u h i d u p n y a s i p e wa r i s , e n t a h k a r e n a p e r c o r a i a n a t a u k a r e n a a l a s a n l a i n . Ak a n t e t a p i u n t u k s u ­ a mi i s t r i y a n g h a n y a p i s a h me j a d a n t e mp a t t i d u r , s u a mi a t a u i s t r i y a n g ma s i h h i d u p b e r h a k u n t u k me wa r i s .

  Ah l i wa r i s a b - i n t e s t a t o d a p a t d i b a g i d a l a m e mp a t g o l o n g a n , y a i t u :

  1. Ah l i wa r i s g o l o n g a n I , y a i t u t e r d i r i d a r i s u a mi a t a u i s t r i y a n g h i d u p t e r l a ma , a n a k - a n a k s e r t a k e t u r u n a n n y a .

  2. Ah l i wa r i s g o l o n g a n I I , y a i t u o r a n g t u a ( a y a h d a n a t a u i b u ) , e a u d a r a - s a u d a r a s e k a n d u n g s e r t a k e t u r u n a n n y a .

  3. Ah l i wa r i s g o l o n g a n I I I , t e r d i r i d a r i k a k e k d a n n e n e k , b a i k d a r i p i h a k a y a h a t a u p u n i b u s e r t a l e l u h u r , s e t e - r u s n y a k e a t a s d a r i p a d a p e wa r i s . Ah l i wa r i s g o l o n g a n I V, y a i t u p a ma n d a n b i b i , b a i k d a r i p i h a k a y a h ma u p u n i b u , k e t u r u n a n me r e k a s a mp a i d e r a j a t k e e n a m, s e r t a s a u d a r a - s a u d a r a d a r i k a k e k d a n n e n e k b e - s e r t a k e t u r u n a n n y a , s a mp a i d e r a j a t k e e n a m d a r i p e wa r i s .

  Da l a m p e mb a g i a n wa r i s a n t e r d a p a t k e t e n t u a n - k e t e n t u - a n s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : Ap a b i l a a h l i wa r i s ; g o l o n g a n I ma s i h a d a , a t a u ma s i h h i d u p , ma k a a h l i wa r i s g o l o n g a n I I d a n s e l a n j u t n y a t i d a k a k a n d a - p a t me wa r i s , k a r e n a t e r t u t u p o l e h a h l i wa r i s g o l o n g a n I t a d i . T e t a p i a p a b i l a a h l i g o l o n g a n I t i d a k a d a , ma k a a h l i wa r i s g o l o n g a n I I y a n g me wa r i s , d e mi k i a n s e t e r u s n y a . Ha l i n i b e r a r t i p e n g g o l o n g a n a h l i wa r i s t e r s e b u t b e r s i f a t p e m- b e d a a n p r i o r i t a s . Ka l a u s e mu a g o l o n g a n a h l i wa r i s t i d a k a d a , ma k a n e g a r a l a h y a n g me n e r i ma h a r t a p e n i n g g a l a n , t e t a ­ p i t i d a k s e b a g a i a h l i wa r i s , k a r e n a n e g a r a h a n y a d i wa j i b - k a n u n t u k me mb a y a r h u t a n g - h u t a n g s i p e n i n g g a l wa r i s a n s e - k e d a r wa r i s a n n y a i t u me n c u k u p i . S e l a n j u t n y a n e g a r a t i d a k b o l e h me mi l i k i h a r t a wa r i s a n s e b e l u m a d a k e p u t u s a n d a r i h a k i m ( p a s a l 8 3 3 a y a t 3 B. W. ) .

  Be r b e d a d e n g a n p e wa r i s a n a b - i n t e e t a t o , ma k a y a n g d i ma k s u d d e n g a n p e wa r i s a n t e s t a me n t a i r , y a i t u a p a b i l a s e o - r a n g y a n g s e ma s a h i d u p n y a s u d a h me mi k i r k a n b a g a i ma n a c a r a y a n g b a i k u n t u k me wa r i s k a n h a r t a k e k a y a a n n y a s e t e l a h i a me n i n g g a l d u n i a . Mu n g k i n s a j a i a ma u me n y i mp a n g i k e t e n t u a n - k e t e n t u a n d i d a l a m h u k u m wa r i s y a n g b i a s a n y a d i p a k a i , k a r e ­ n a i a me n g a n g g a p b a h wa k e t e n t u a n i t u t i d a k s e s u a i d e n g a n k e h e n d a k n y a . At a u , i a b e r a n g g a p a n p u l a b a h wa d e n g a n me n y i m­ p a n g i k e t e n t u a n - k e t e n t u a n y a n g b i a s a n y a d i p a k a i i t u , ma k a i a b e r h a r a p p e r s e l i s i h a n d i a n t a r a a h l i wa r i s d i k e mu d i a n h a r i b i s a d i h i n d a r i . Ol e h k a r e n a i t u d i t e t a p k a n l a h s u a t u k e t e n t u a n t e r s e n d i r i me n g e n a i s i a p a k a h y a n g a k a n me n d a p a t - k a n b a r a n g - b a r a n g t e r t e n t u d a r i h a r t a wa r i s a n , a t a u s i a p a ­ k a h y a n g a k a n d i j a d i k a n a h l i wa r i s n y a . Ke t e n t u a n - k e t e n t u a n y a n g d i b u a t o l e h s e s e o r a n g t a d i h a r u s d i mu a t d a l a m s u a t u t e s t a me n . P e wa r i s a n d a l a m b e n t u k d e mi k i a n y a n g d i n a ma k a n p o wa r i c a n b e r d a s a r k a n t e s t a me n .

  Da l a m p e wa r i s a n t e s t a me n t a i r , p e wa r i s d a p a t me n y a - t a k ^ n a t a u me n e n t u k a n a p a y a n g a k a n t e r j a d i t e r h a d a p h a r t a k e k a y a a n n y a s e t e l a h i a me n i n g g a l d u n i a . P e r n y a t a a n p e n e n - a n i n i d a p a t d i n a ma k a n j u g a k e h e n d a k t e r a k h i r d a r i p e wa r i s Ke h - n d a k t e r a n k i r i n i b i a s a n y a s e l a l u d i h o r ma t i o l e h a h l i wa r i s n y a , s e h i n g g a me r e k a r e l a r a e l a k u k a n k e h e n d a k t e r a k h i r p e wa r i s t e r s e b u t , k a r e n a a h l i wa r i s me n g a n g g a p b a h wa k e h e n ­ d a k t e r a k h i r i t u s e b a g a i s u a t u p e s a n t e r a k h i r y a n g d i i n g i n - k a n o l e h p e wa r i s .

  2. Ca r a - c a r a d a n S y a r a t - s y a r a t P e wa r i s a n

  16 S e s e o r a n g i t u d a p a t me wa r i s d e n g a n d u a c a r a , y a i t u : a . Me wa r i s d e n g a n k e k u a t a n d i r i s e n d i r i .