Encyclopedia Information Ethics and Security pdf pdf
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Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com Encyclopedia of Information Ethics and Security Marian Quigley Monash University, Australia
I N FORM AT I ON SCI EN CE REFEREN CE Hershey • New York Acquisitions Editor: Kristin Klinger Development Editor: Kristin Roth Senior Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig Managing Editor: Sara Reed Assistant Managing Editor: Diane Huskinson Copy Editor: Maria Boyer Typesetter: Sara Reed Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc. Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-pub.com Web site: http://www.igi-pub.com/reference and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
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Copyright © 2008 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher.
Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of information ethics and security / Marian Quigley, Editor. p. cm.
Topics address a wide range of life areas affected by computer technology, including: education, the workplace, health, privacy, intellectual property,
identity, computer crime, cyber terrorism, equity and access, banking, shopping, publishing, legal and political issues, censorship, artificial intelligence,
the environment, communication.Summary: “This book is an original, comprehensive reference source on ethical and security issues relating to the latest technologies. It covers a wide
range of themes, including topics such as computer crime, information warfare, privacy, surveillance, intellectual property and education. It is a useful
tool for students, academics, and professionals”--Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-59140-987-8 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-59140-988-5 (ebook)
HM851.E555 2007 174’.900403--dc22 2007007277 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
Editorial Advisory Board
Kathy Blashki
Deakin University, Australia
Matthew Butler
Monash University, Australia
Heather Fulford
The Robert Gordon University, UK
James E. Goldman
Purdue University, USA
Katina Michael
University of Wollongong, Australia
Bernd Carsten Stahl
De Montfort University, UK
Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com List of Contributors Abdallah, Salam
/ Amman Arab University for Graduate Studies, Jordan .............................................355 Abdolmohammadi, Mohammad
/ Bentley College, USA .......................................................................440 Al-Fedaghi, Sabah S. / Kuwait University, Kuwait ..........................................................................513, 631
Ali, Muhammed / Tuskegee University, USA ...........................................................................................507
Arbore, Alessandro / Bocconi University, Italy ......................................................................................655
Averweg, Udo Richard/ eThekwini Municipality and University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa ......297 Barger, Robert N. / University of Notre Dame, USA ..............................................................................445
Becker, Reggie / Emerson Electric, USA .................................................................................................451
Beggs, Christopher / Monash University, Australia ...............................................................................108
Blashki, Kathy / Deakin University, Australia ........................................................................................194
Bourlakis, Michael/ Brunel University, UK .............................................................................................15 Boyle, Roger
/ University of Leeds, UK ....................................................................................................208 Buchanan, Elizabeth
/ University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, USA .......................................................397
Busuttil, T. B. / Deakin University, Australia ..........................................................................................609
Butler, Matthew / Monash University, Australia ......................................................................................96
Cazier, Joseph A./ Appalachian State University, USA ..........................................................................221 Chapple, Michael J.
/ University of Notre Dame, USA ...........................................................................291 Chatterjee, Sutirtha
/ Washington State University, USA ......................................................................201
Chen, Irene / University of Houston – Downtown, USA .........................................................................130
Chen, Jengchung V. / National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan ............................................................102
Chhanabhai, Prajesh/ University of Otago, New Zealand ....................................................................170 Chin, Amita Goyal
/ Virginia Commonwealth University, USA ..............................................................273 Chu, Chao-Hsien
/ The Pennsylvania State University, USA ....................................................................89
Cole, Robert J. / Pennsylvania State University, USA ..............................................................................89
Cote, Jo Anne / Reginald J. P. Dawson Library, QC, Canada ................................................................136
Countermine, Terry/ East Tennessee State University, USA .................................................................507 Crowell, Charles R. / University of Notre Dame, USA ...................................................................291, 445
Currier, Dianne / Columbia University, USA ..........................................................................................384
Dark, Melissa / Purdue University, USA .................................................................................................507
Doherty, Neil / Loughborough University, UK ........................................................................................377
Douma, Michael/ Institute for Dynamic Educational Advancement, USA .............................................362 Drake, John R. / Auburn University, USA ...............................................................................................486
Du, Jianxia / Mississippi State University, USA ........................................................................................49
Dunkels, Elza / Umeå University, Sweden ..............................................................................................403
Dyson, Laurel Evelyn / University of Technology Sydney, Australia ......................................................433
Ellis, Kirsten/ Monash University, Australia ..........................................................................................235 Engelbrecht, Judith
/ Massey University, New Zealand .........................................................................534
Enochsson, AnnBritt / Karlstad University, Sweden .............................................................................403
Epstein, Richard / West Chester University, USA ...................................................................................507Etter, Stephanie / Mount Aloysius College, USA ....................................................................................214
Fedorowicz, Jane / Bentley College, USA ...............................................................................................440
Fulford, Heather / The Robert Gordon University, UK ..........................................................................377
Gamito, Eduard J. / University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, USA ...........................................362
Gasmelseid, Tagelsir Mohamed/ King Faisal University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ...........................187 Gray, Kathleen
/ University of Melbourne, Australia .............................................................................164 Grillo, Antonio
/ Università di Roma, Italy ...............................................................................................55
Guan, Sheng-Uei / Brunel University, UK ......................................................................................556, 571
Gupta, Manish / State University of New York at Buffalo, USA .............................................................520
Gupta, Phalguni/ Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India ............................................................478
Gurău, Călin / GSCM – Montpellier Business School, France ...............................................................542
Halpert, Benjamin J./ Nova Southeastern University, USA ..................................................................492
Handy, Jocelyn / Massey University, New Zealand .................................................................................534
Harter, Nathan / Purdue University, USA ...............................................................................................507
Hiltbrand, Robert K./ University of Houston, USA ...............................................................................411 Hirsch, Corey
/ Henley Management College, UK .................................................................................370 Hocking, Lynley
/ Department of Education, Tasmania, Australia .........................................................470
Holt, Alec / University of Otago, New Zealand ........................................................................................170
Huang, ShaoYu F. / National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan ...............................................................102
Hunter, Inga/ Massey University, New Zealand .....................................................................................534 Im, Seunghyun
/ University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, USA ...............................................................114 Irons, Alistair
/ Northumbria University, UK ..........................................................................................208
Isenmann, Ralf / University of Bremen, Germany ..................................................................................622
Jasola, Sanjay / Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi ...................................................594
Johnston, Allen C./ University of Louisiana Monroe, USA ...................................................................451 Jourdan, Zack
/ Auburn University, USA ..................................................................................................68 Kamthan, Pankaj
/ Concordia University, Canada ................................................................................266
Kao, Kai-Ti / Monash University, Australia ............................................................................................326
Kats, Yefim / Southwestern Oklahoma State University, USA ...................................................................83
Kawash, Jalal/ American University of Sharjah, UAE ...........................................................................527 Kiau, Bong Wee
/ Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia ........................................................................157 Kidd, Terry T. / University of Texas Health Science Center, USA ..................................................130, 411
Korb, Kevin B. / Monash University, Australia ......................................................................................279
Kotlarsky, Julia / University of Warwick, UK .........................................................................................370
LaBrie, Ryan C./ Seattle Pacific University, USA ..................................................................................221 Lawler, James
/ Pace University, USA ....................................................................................................549 Lazarus, Belinda Davis
/ University of Michigan – Dearborn, USA ......................................................241
LeDonne, Keith / Robert Morris University, USA ...................................................................................214
Lee, Zu-Hsu / Montclair State University, USA ......................................................................................229
Lentini, Alessandro/ Università di Roma, Italy .......................................................................................55 Leonard, Lori N. K.
/ University of Tulsa, USA .....................................................................................260 Li, Koon-Ying Raymond
/ e-Promote Pty. Ltd., Australia .........................................................................1
Loke, Seng / La Trobe University, Australia ....................................................................................463, 563
Mahmood, Omer / Charles Darwin University, Australia ......................................................................143
Manly, Tracy S./ University of Tulsa, USA .............................................................................................260 Marshall, Thomas E.
/ Auburn University, USA .......................................................................................68 McNaught, Carmel
/ The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .............................................342
Me, Gianluigi / Università di Roma, “Tor Vergata,” Italy ................................................................55, 418
Mehrotra, Hunny / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India ..........................................................478Michael, Katina / University of Wollongong, Australia ..........................................................................312 Michael, M. G.
/ University of Wollongong, Australia ............................................................................312
Mishra, Sushma / Virginia Commonwealth University, USA ..................................................................273
Molinero, Ashli M. / Robert Morris University, USA ..............................................................................214
Molluzzo, John C./ Pace University, USA ..............................................................................................549 Morales, Linda
/ Texas A&M Commerce, USA .......................................................................................507 Nestor, Susan J.
/ Robert Morris University, USA ..................................................................................214
Ngo, Leanne / Deakin University, Australia ............................................................................................319
Nichol, Sophie / Deakin University, Australia .........................................................................................196
Nissan, Ephraim/ Goldsmiths College, University of London, UK ......................................30, 36, 42, 638 Oshri, Ilan
/ Rotterdam School of Management Erasmus, The Netherlands ...........................................370 Palaniappan, Ramaswamy
/ University of Essex, UK ...........................................................................335
Papagiannidis, Savvas / University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ............................................................15
Paperin, Gregory / Monash University, Australia ..................................................................................602
Park, Eun G./ McGill University, Canada .............................................................................................136 Pate, George H.
/ Mississippi State University, USA .................................................................................49 Patnaik, Lalit M.
/ Indian Institute of Science, India ..............................................................................335
Peterson, Richard / Montclair State University, USA .............................................................................229
Phillips, Patricia G. / Duquesne University, USA ...................................................................................214
Popova-Gosart, Ulia/ Lauravetlan Information and Education Network of Indigenous Peoples of Russian Federation (LIENIP) and University of California in Los Angeles, USA
..................645 Power, Mark
/ Monash University, Australia ..............................................................................................1
Quigley, Marian / Monash University, Australia ....................................................................................235
Rainer Jr., R. Kelly / Auburn University, USA ..........................................................................................68
Ramim, Michelle M./ Nova Southeastern University, USA ...................................................................246 Ras, Zbigniew W. / University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA .....................................................114
Rattani, Ajita / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India .................................................................478
Rose, Matt / Purdue University, USA ......................................................................................................507
Roy, Jeffrey / Dalhousie University, Canada .........................................................................................585
Ruvinsky, Alicia I./ University of South Carolina, USA ...........................................................................76 Schmidt, Mark B. / St. Cloud State University, USA ......................................................................451, 579 Sharma, Ramesh C.
/ Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi .........................................594
Sharman, Raj / State University of New York at Buffalo, USA ...............................................................520
Shen, Yifeng / Monash University, Australia ...............................................................................................7
Sherrod, Deneen/ Mississippi State University, USA ...............................................................................49 Shetty, Pravin
/ Monash University, Australia ................................................................................463, 563 Shiratuddin, Norshuhada
/ Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia ........................................................157
Sixsmith, Alan / University of Technology Sydney, Australia ..................................................................426
Skalicky Hanson, Jan / St. Cloud State University, USA .........................................................................579
Sofra, James/ Monash University, Australia ..............................................................................................1 Srivastava, A.
/ Monash University, Australia .........................................................................................179 Stafford, Thomas F.
/ University of Memphis, USA ................................................................................616
Stahl, Bernd Carsten / De Montfort University, UK ..............................................................................348
Sugden, Paul / Monash University, Australia ..........................................................................................391
Third, Amanda/ Monash University, Australia ......................................................................................326 Thomson, S. B. / Monash University, Australia ......................................................................................179 Tribunella, Heidi R.
/ University of Rochester, USA ...............................................................................254
Tribunella, Thomas J. / Rochester Institute of Technology, USA ...........................................................254
Tyrväskylä, Pasi / University of Jyväskylä, Finland ...............................................................................285 Walker, Christopher H./ The Pennsylvania State University, USA .......................................................150 Wang, John
/ Montclair State University, USA .......................................................................................229
Warren, M. J. / Deakin University, Australia ..................................................................................304, 609
Whiddett, Dick / Massey University, New Zealand .................................................................................534
Wickramasinghe, Nilmini/ Illinois Institute of Technology, USA ..........................................................498 Xiang, Yang
/ Central Queensland University, Australia ........................................................................121 Xue, Fei
/ Monash University, Australia ..................................................................................................457
Yao, James / Montclair State University, USA .........................................................................................229
Yu, Wei-Chieh / Mississippi State University, USA ...................................................................................49
Yuan, Qing/ East Tennessee State University, USA ................................................................................507 Zhao, Wenbing
/ Cleveland State University, USA .............................................................................23, 62 Zhou, Wanlei
/ Deakin University, Australia ...........................................................................................121
Contents
3D Avatars and Collaborative Virtual Environments / Koon-Ying Raymond Li, James Sofra,
and Mark Power ............................................................................................................................................
1 Access Control for Healthcare / Yifeng Shen ................................................................................................7
Advertising in the Networked Environment / Savvas Papagiannidis and Michael Bourlakis ...................15
Anonymous Peer-to-Peer Systems / Wenbing Zhao ....................................................................................23
Argumentation and Computing / Ephraim Nissan ......................................................................................30
Argumentation with Wigmore Charts and Computing / Ephraim Nissan ..................................................36
Artificial Intelligence Tools for Handling Legal Evidence / Ephraim Nissan ............................................42
Barriers Facing African American Women in Technology / Jianxia Du, George H. Pate, Deneen Sherrod, and Wei-Chieh Yu ............................................................................................................49 B-POS Secure Mobile Payment System / Antonio Grillo, Alessandro Lentini, and Gianluigi Me ............55
Building Secure and Dependable Information Systems / Wenbing Zhao ...................................................62
Classifying Articles in Information Ethics and Security / Zack Jourdan, R. Kelly Rainer Jr., and Thomas E. Marshall .............................................................................................................................68 Computational Ethics / Alicia I. Ruvinsky ..................................................................................................76 Computer Ethics and Intelligent Technologies / Yefim Kats .......................................................................83
Computer Worms, Detection, and Defense / Robert J. Cole and Chao-Hsien Chu ...................................89
Conflicting Value of Digital Music Piracy / Matthew Butler ......................................................................96
Content Filtering Methods for Internet Pornography / Jengchung V. Chen and ShaoYu F. Huang ..........102
Cyber-Terrorism in Australia / Christopher Beggs ...................................................................................108
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Data Security and Chase / Zbigniew W. Ras and Seunghyun Im ..............................................................114
Defending against Distributed Denial of Service / Yang Xiang and Wanlei Zhou ....................................121
Digital Divide Implications and Trends / Irene Chen and Terry T. Kidd ..................................................130
Digital Rights Management Metadata and Standards / Jo Anne Cote and Eun G. Park ..........................136
Dilemmas of Online Identity Theft / Omer Mahmood .............................................................................143
Document Security in the Ancient World / Christopher H. Walker .......................................................... 150
DRM Practices in the E-Publication Industry / Bong Wee Kiau and Norshuhada Shiratuddin ...............157
Educational Technology Practitioner-Research Ethics / Kathleen Gray ..................................................164
E-Health and Ensuring Quality / Prajesh Chhanabhai and Alec Holt .....................................................170
Electronic Signatures and Ethics / A. Srivastava and S. B. Thomson .......................................................179
Engineering Multi-Agent Systems / Tagelsir Mohamed Gasmelseid .......................................................187
Ethical Approach to Gathering Survey Data Online / Sophie Nichol and Kathy Blashki .........................194
Ethical Behaviour in Technology-Mediated Communication / Sutirtha Chatterjee .................................201
Ethical Concerns in Computer Science Projects / Alistair Irons and Roger Boyle ..................................208
Ethical Debate Surrounding RFID The / Stephanie Etter, Patricia G. Phillips, Ashli M. Molinero, Susan J. Nestor, and Keith LeDonne .........................................................................................................214
Ethical Dilemmas in Data Mining and Warehousing / Joseph A. Cazier and Ryan C. LaBrie ................221
Ethical Erosion at Enron / John Wang, James Yao, Richard Peterson, and Zu-Hsu Lee ..........................229
Ethical Usability Testing with Children / Kirsten Ellis and Marian Quigley ...........................................235
Ethics and Access to Technology for Persons with Disabilities / Belinda Davis Lazarus ........................241
Ethics and Perceptions in Online Learning Environments / Michelle M. Ramim ....................................246
Ethics and Security under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act / Thomas J. Tribunella and Heidi R. Tribunella ......254
Ethics Education for the Online Environment / Lori N. K. Leonard and Tracy S. Manly ........................260
Ethics in Software Engineering / Pankaj Kamthan ..................................................................................266
Ethics in the Security of Organizational Information Systems / Sushma Mishra and Amita Goyal Chin ..............................................................................................................................273
Ethics of AI / Kevin B. Korb .....................................................................................................................279
Fair Use / Pasi Tyrväskylä ........................................................................................................................285
Federal Information Security Law / Michael J. Chapple and Charles R. Crowell ...................................291
Formulating a Code of Cyberethics for a Municipality / Udo Richard Averweg ......................................297
Hackers and Cyber Terrorists / M. J. Warren ............................................................................................304
Homo Electricus and the Continued Speciation of Humans / Katina Michael and M. G. Michael .........312
IT Security Culture Transition Process / Leanne Ngo ...............................................................................319
ICT Leapfrogging Policy and Development in the Third World / Amanda Third and Kai-Ti Kao ..........326
Identity Verification using Resting State Brain Signals / Ramaswamy Palaniappan and Lalit M. Patnaik .................................................................................................................................335
Individual and Institutional Responses to Staff Plagiarism / Carmel McNaught .....................................342
Information Ethics as Ideology / Bernd Carsten Stahl .............................................................................348
Information Ethics from an Islamic Perspective / Salam Abdallah ..........................................................355
Information Security and the “Privacy Broker” / Michael Douma and Eduard J. Gamito ......................362
Information Security Policies for Networkable Devices / Julia Kotlarsky, Ilan Oshri, and Corey Hirsch ......................................................................................................................................370
Information Security Policy Research Agenda / Heather Fulford and Neil Doherty ...............................377
Internet and Suicide / Dianne Currier ......................................................................................................384
Internet Piracy and Copyright Debates / Paul Sugden ..............................................................................391
Internet Research Ethics Questions and Considerations / Elizabeth Buchanan .......................................397
Interviews with Young People using Online Chat / Elza Dunkels and AnnBritt Enochsson ....................403
Intrusion Detection and Information Security Audits / Terry T. Kidd and Robert K. Hiltbrand ..............411
Investigation Strategy for the Small Pedophiles World / Gianluigi Me ....................................................418
Managed Services and Changing Workplace Ethics / Alan Sixsmith .......................................................426
Managing the Environmental Impact of Information Technology / Laurel Evelyn Dyson .......................433
Measuring Ethical Reasoning of IT Professionals and Students / Mohammad Abdolmohammadi and Jane Fedorowicz ................................................................................................................................
440
Meta View of Information Ethics / Charles R. Crowell and Robert N. Barger ........................................445
Mitigation of Identity Theft in the Information Age / Reggie Becker, Mark B. Schmidt, and Allen C. Johnston ...............................................................................................................................451
Mobile Agents and Security / Fei Xue ......................................................................................................457
Modelling Context-Aware Security for Electronic Health Records / Pravin Shetty and Seng Loke .........463
Moral Rights in the Australian Public Sector / Lynley Hocking ...............................................................470
Multimodal Biometric System / Ajita Rattani, Hunny Mehrotra, and Phalguni Gupta ...........................478
Objective Ethics for Managing Information Technology / John R. Drake ...............................................486
Parental Rights to Monitor Internet Usage / Benjamin J. Halpert ............................................................492
Patient Centric Healthcare Information Systems in the U.S. / Nilmini Wickramasinghe .........................498
Pedagogical Framework for Ethical Development / Melissa Dark, Richard Epstein, Linda Morales, Terry Countermine, Qing Yuan, Muhammed Ali, Matt Rose, and Nathan Harter .....................................507
Personal Information Ethics / Sabah S. Al-Fedaghi .................................................................................513
Pharming Attack Designs / Manish Gupta and Raj Sharman ...................................................................520
Port Scans / Jalal Kawash .........................................................................................................................527
Privacy and Access to Electronic Health Records / Dick Whiddett, Inga Hunter, Judith Engelbrecht, and Jocelyn Handy ....................................................................................................................................534 Privacy and Online Data Collection /
Călin Gurău ..................................................................................542
Privacy in Data Mining Textbooks / James Lawler and John C. Molluzzo ..............................................549
Protection of Mobile Agent Data / Sheng-Uei Guan ................................................................................556
Rule-Based Policies for Secured Defense Meetings / Pravin Shetty and Seng Loke ...............................563
Secure Agent Roaming under M-Commerce / Sheng-Uei Guan ..............................................................571
Secure Automated Clearing House Transactions / Jan Skalicky Hanson and Mark B. Schmidt ..............579
Security Dilemmas for Canada’s New Government / Jeffrey Roy ............................................................585
Security Model for Educational Satellite Networks / Sanjay Jasola and Ramesh C. Sharma .................594
Security of Communication and Quantum Technology / Gregory Paperin .............................................602
Security Protection for Critical Infrastructure / M. J. Warren and T. B. Busuttil ......................................609
Spyware / Thomas F. Stafford ...................................................................................................................616
Sustainable Information Society / Ralf Isenmann .....................................................................................622
Taxonomy of Computer and Information Ethics / Sabah S. Al-Fedaghi ..................................................631
Tools for Representing and Processing Narratives / Ephraim Nissan ......................................................638
Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property / Ulia Popova-Gosart .................................................645
Universal Internet Access under an Ethical Lens / Alessandro Arbore ....................................................655
xiii Preface
We create technology and choose to adopt it. However, once we have adopted a technological device, it can
change us and how we relate to other people and our environment.(Quinn, 2006, p. 3)
…the computer profoundly shapes our ways of thinking and feeling…computers are not just changing our lives
but our selves.(Turkle, 2000, p. 129) Alongside the examination of technological advancements and the development of new computer software and hardware, an increasing number of scholars across a range of disciplines are researching and writing about the ethical dilemmas and security issues which the world is facing in what is now termed the Information Age. It is imperative that ordinary citizens as well as academics and computer professionals are involved in these debates, as technology has a transformative effect on all of our daily lives and on our very humanness. The
Encyclopedia of Information Ethics and Security
aims to provide a valuable resource for the student as well as teachers, researchers, and professionals in the field. The changes brought about by rapid developments in information and communication technologies in the late twentieth century have been described as a revolution similar in impact to the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century. The development of the personal computer in the 1980s and the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the early 1990s, followed by the development of low-cost computers and high-speed networks, have resulted in dramatic changes in the way humans communicate with one another and gain information. Today, more than 600 million people have e-mail accounts (Quinn, 2006, p. 2). Communication via cell phone and the Internet is now regarded as commonplace, if not indeed, essential by Westerners, yet there remain many groups both in developing countries and within developed countries who do not have access to these technologies or who lack the skills to use them. Technology has thus helped to create social divisions or to reinforce existing ones based on socio-economic and educational differences. These divisions are often described as the gap between the ‘information rich’ and the ‘information poor.’
Technology can bring harm as well as benefit. It can undermine basic human rights and values, and challenge established social or cultural norms and legal practices. While the home PC with an Internet connection may provide us with ready access to a wealth of information, it also makes us potential victims of cyber crime or subject to invasions of our privacy. Some members of society may enthusiastically embrace the new opportunities offered by new technologies, while others such as the elderly or disabled may become increasingly marginalized by the implementation of these technologies in the public domains of commerce, banking, and education.