Water quality and morbidity in pesticide affected areas.
Water Quality and Morbidity in Pesticide Affected Areas
M.A.H. Suryadhi, N.M.C. Kusumadewi, P.E. Pradnyani, I.W.D. Kusuma, I.M.S. Yasa, I.D.G.A.
Dharmayoga, G.A. Rama, N.K. D. Rukmini, I.D.A.A.I.D. Permata Dewi, I.W.G.A.Eka Putra, I.N.
Sujaya
Kesehatan Lingkungan, Program Studi Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas
Udayana
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Pesticides are still widely used by farmers in Indonesia. Water quality degradation as a cause
of presence of pesticide contamination can affect health in terms of which the first is when
consuming food contaminated by pesticides, and the second is the direct consumption of
water contaminated by pesticides. This study uses a cross-sectional design to look at the
quality of well water in Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli. Data collection is completed by
interviews and water quality testing. Purposive sampling was used to select the seven wells
used as samples. Parameters examined include physical and chemical parameters of
drinking water quality. The results showed that the majority of well water were used for
cooking (100%), bathing (100%), drinking (90.9%), and washing (90.9%). A total of 54.5% of
the subjects boil their water before drinking. Morbidity that is often experienced by users of
the water in this study was feeling dizzy (50%), nausea (36.4%), miosis (27.3%), tremor head
(9.1%), blurred vision (9.1 %), cough (9.1%), and fatigue (4.5%). Others experienced
premature birth (9.1%), growth abnormalities (9.1%), and molding of the teeth (4.5%).
Laboratory results indicate that there is one location with physical parameters (color: 33.3
TCU and turbidity: 12.6 NTU) that exceeded the maximum levels allowed. Other than that,
there are two locations with chemical parameters (fluoride) which exceed the maximum
levels permitted, respectively 1,682 mg /L and 1,608 mg /L. With the fluoride content that
exceeds the maximum allowable limit indicates that treatment needs to be done before the
well wateris used for consumption. The use of water containing fluoride in excess of
permitted levels may increase the risk to health, especially in areas with hot temperatures,
where there ia an increase in water consumption so the maximum allowable levels need to
be reviewed further.
Keywords: water quality, morbidity, pesticides.
Introduction
Pesticides are still widely used by farmers in Indonesia. Agricultural activity is one of the few
activities that release chemicals into the environment due to the use of pesticides. Based on
the database of the American Chemical Society, in 1993 there were approximately 13
million chemicals with the addition of about 500,000 new chemical compounds annually.
The use of pesticides in agriculture may affect the water quality of the surrounding
environment. Things that can affect the quality of water by pesticides is the active
ingredient in the formulation of pesticides, contaminants present as an impurity in the
active ingredients, additives are mixed with the active ingredients contained in pesticides
(eg, wetting agents, diluents or solvents, adhesives, buffers , preservatives and emulsifiers),
and degrade the compounds formed during the degradation of the active compound by a
chemical reaction, or photochemical microbiologis. History of the development of pesticide
pesticide is highly toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative such as DDT pesticide to quickly
decompose in the environment and less toxic to non-target organisms. Developed countries
have banned the use of pesticides are "old" because of its toxic effects on humans or the
environment. Whereas in some developing countries pesticides are "old" is the cheapest,
and for some specific reason still more "effective". In developing countries, data on the
monitoring of pesticide and still very low.
Agricultural workers exposed to pesticides via inhalation and skin contact when mixing and
spraying pesticides. As for the other communities, exposure to pesticides occurs when
consuming food contaminated by pesticides. Water quality degradation akhibat presence of
pesticide contamination can berpengruh to health in terms of which the first is when
consuming food contaminated by pesticides, and the second is the direct consumption of
water contaminated by pesticides. In Bali, there are 515.864 farmers in the agricultural
sector and 236.570 farmers in the plantation sector, based on data from the Central Bureau
of Statistiks 2013. The use of pesticides is still very widely used in Bali. Songan village,
Kintamani, Bangli is one of the major producer of onion (red and white), chilies, tomatoes,
cabbage, and other crops and plantations in Bali. Because of its location, the main source of
water for day-to-day is lake water, rain water and / or water wells. Many local people who
use well water for consumption. The well water is usually located close to agricultural and
plantation activity and depth of these wells averaged 10 meters. This increases the risk of
seepage of chemicals such as from agricultural activities and household waste water into
the wells so as to degrade the quality of well water is still consumed by the public.
Monitoring and measurement of water quality has never been done before in Songan
village, Kintamani, Bangli. This study aims to measure the quality of well water and evaluate
the use of pesticides, pesticide and morbidity in farmers underground well water users in
Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli.
Methods
Measurement methods in this study used laboratory tests and questionnaires. Laboratory
tests are used to determine the quality of underground water in Songan village, Kintamani,
Bangli while the questionnaire was used to determine the pattern of water use and
morbidity. Sampling carried out by researchers based on criteria set by the researchers.
Samples in this study were chosen by "purposive sampling" at 7 underground wells that are
used for everyday purposes and agricultural activities in Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli.
Criteria wells were included in this study is located on plantation land and used for daily
consumption.
Results
Twenty-two subjects were included in this study, while the well water samples taken at
seven (7) wells in Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli. Implementation of session
questionnaires and sampling sessions conducted at different times because of the water
sample should be checked immediately to the laboratory so that the measured parameters
do not change, so can be biased. The table below presents the data obtained from the
implementation of the interview:
Tabel 1 Sociodemography and Water Use in 22 subjects in this study.
Variabel
Socio-Demography:
Age
Weight
Height
BMI
Water use:
Drinking
Cooking
Bathing
Washing
Boiled before use
n
%
38,6±12,1
56,8±12,7
154,4±5,7
23,7±4,4
20
22
22
20
12
90,9
100
100
90,9
54,5
Subjects in this study is twenty-two (22) Mr. or Mrs. users Songan well water in the village,
Kintamani, Bangli. The average age of subjects in this study was 38.6 years, weight 56.8 kg,
and body mass index (BMI) of 23.7 kg / m2. Thirty-six point four percent (36.4%) subjects
included in the category of obese. The main use of water is for cooking and cleaning yourself
(each equal to 100%), and is used for drinking and washing (respectively by 90.9%).
Amounted to 54.5% of the subjects cook well water prior to use for consumption.
Morbidity experienced by the subject, including often feel dizziness (50%), nausea (36.4%),
miosis (27.3%), tremor head (9.1%), blurred vision (9.1%), cough (9.1%), premature
dankelahiran (9.1%). From interviews showed that there is one family member subjects who
had experienced premature birth and having a family member with the growth of abnormal
foot (each by 9.1%). Apart from that obtained also the crusty gear case by 4.5%.
Water sampling conducted at 7 sites that have underground water wells consumed. The
seventh well is located right between or beside plantations that use pesticides. Results of
water quality checks on physical parameters obtained several locations with a value that
exceeds the maximum permissible values are in the drinking water. Location F has a color
that exceeds 15 TCU. Location E has a total dissolved solids in excess of 500 mg / L. Apart
from that, the location value F ditemuakan turbidity exceeds 5 NTU. Other water quality
inspection involves checking the chemical parameters. This examination involves checking
kandungn arsenic, fluoride, nitrite, nitrate, cyanide, iron, hardness, chloride, manganese,
pH, sulfate, ammonia, zinc (Zn), copper, lead (Pb), total chromium, and cadmium. Based on
the results of water quality testing for chemical parameters, all of these locations has a
value below the maximum permissible values.
1.800
1.608
1.600
1.682
1.420
1.401
1.400
1.159
1.200
1.000
0.979
Fluorida
(mg/L)
0.791
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
Lokasi A Lokasi B Lokasi C Lokasi D Lokasi E
Lokasi F Lokasi G
Graph 1. Fluoride Concentration in Underground Water affected by Pexticides (n=7).
Disscussion
Water quality analysis involves testing physical and chemical parameters performed at
seven sites located in plantations that use pesticides. The result is that there are some
parameters that exceed the maximum levels permitted under Per.Men.Kes.RI. 492 / Menkes
/ PER / IV / 2010. The parameter is the color at the location F, total dissolved solids in the
location E, F turbidity in the location, and the fluoride content in locations D and E.
Water colors are usually grouped into two, namely the true colors (true color) and the colors
appear (apparent color). Real color is the color that is only caused by chemicals dissolved. In
the determination of the actual color, suspended material that may cause turbidity
separated beforehand. Colors look is a color that is not only caused by the dissolved
material, but also by the suspended material. Source of water for drinking water should
have a color value between 5-50 TCU. However, for the sake of beauty, color should not
exceed 15 TCU. So with the acquisition of the color values at the location F is 33.3 TCU, it
can still be used as drinking water. The color may be caused by the presence of negatively
charged colloidal particles, so that the disappearance of color in the water can be done by
adding a coagulant which is positively charged, for example, aluminum and iron (Sawyer and
McCarty, 1978).
Dissolved solids (TDS) dalah dissolved materials (diameter
M.A.H. Suryadhi, N.M.C. Kusumadewi, P.E. Pradnyani, I.W.D. Kusuma, I.M.S. Yasa, I.D.G.A.
Dharmayoga, G.A. Rama, N.K. D. Rukmini, I.D.A.A.I.D. Permata Dewi, I.W.G.A.Eka Putra, I.N.
Sujaya
Kesehatan Lingkungan, Program Studi Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas
Udayana
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Pesticides are still widely used by farmers in Indonesia. Water quality degradation as a cause
of presence of pesticide contamination can affect health in terms of which the first is when
consuming food contaminated by pesticides, and the second is the direct consumption of
water contaminated by pesticides. This study uses a cross-sectional design to look at the
quality of well water in Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli. Data collection is completed by
interviews and water quality testing. Purposive sampling was used to select the seven wells
used as samples. Parameters examined include physical and chemical parameters of
drinking water quality. The results showed that the majority of well water were used for
cooking (100%), bathing (100%), drinking (90.9%), and washing (90.9%). A total of 54.5% of
the subjects boil their water before drinking. Morbidity that is often experienced by users of
the water in this study was feeling dizzy (50%), nausea (36.4%), miosis (27.3%), tremor head
(9.1%), blurred vision (9.1 %), cough (9.1%), and fatigue (4.5%). Others experienced
premature birth (9.1%), growth abnormalities (9.1%), and molding of the teeth (4.5%).
Laboratory results indicate that there is one location with physical parameters (color: 33.3
TCU and turbidity: 12.6 NTU) that exceeded the maximum levels allowed. Other than that,
there are two locations with chemical parameters (fluoride) which exceed the maximum
levels permitted, respectively 1,682 mg /L and 1,608 mg /L. With the fluoride content that
exceeds the maximum allowable limit indicates that treatment needs to be done before the
well wateris used for consumption. The use of water containing fluoride in excess of
permitted levels may increase the risk to health, especially in areas with hot temperatures,
where there ia an increase in water consumption so the maximum allowable levels need to
be reviewed further.
Keywords: water quality, morbidity, pesticides.
Introduction
Pesticides are still widely used by farmers in Indonesia. Agricultural activity is one of the few
activities that release chemicals into the environment due to the use of pesticides. Based on
the database of the American Chemical Society, in 1993 there were approximately 13
million chemicals with the addition of about 500,000 new chemical compounds annually.
The use of pesticides in agriculture may affect the water quality of the surrounding
environment. Things that can affect the quality of water by pesticides is the active
ingredient in the formulation of pesticides, contaminants present as an impurity in the
active ingredients, additives are mixed with the active ingredients contained in pesticides
(eg, wetting agents, diluents or solvents, adhesives, buffers , preservatives and emulsifiers),
and degrade the compounds formed during the degradation of the active compound by a
chemical reaction, or photochemical microbiologis. History of the development of pesticide
pesticide is highly toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative such as DDT pesticide to quickly
decompose in the environment and less toxic to non-target organisms. Developed countries
have banned the use of pesticides are "old" because of its toxic effects on humans or the
environment. Whereas in some developing countries pesticides are "old" is the cheapest,
and for some specific reason still more "effective". In developing countries, data on the
monitoring of pesticide and still very low.
Agricultural workers exposed to pesticides via inhalation and skin contact when mixing and
spraying pesticides. As for the other communities, exposure to pesticides occurs when
consuming food contaminated by pesticides. Water quality degradation akhibat presence of
pesticide contamination can berpengruh to health in terms of which the first is when
consuming food contaminated by pesticides, and the second is the direct consumption of
water contaminated by pesticides. In Bali, there are 515.864 farmers in the agricultural
sector and 236.570 farmers in the plantation sector, based on data from the Central Bureau
of Statistiks 2013. The use of pesticides is still very widely used in Bali. Songan village,
Kintamani, Bangli is one of the major producer of onion (red and white), chilies, tomatoes,
cabbage, and other crops and plantations in Bali. Because of its location, the main source of
water for day-to-day is lake water, rain water and / or water wells. Many local people who
use well water for consumption. The well water is usually located close to agricultural and
plantation activity and depth of these wells averaged 10 meters. This increases the risk of
seepage of chemicals such as from agricultural activities and household waste water into
the wells so as to degrade the quality of well water is still consumed by the public.
Monitoring and measurement of water quality has never been done before in Songan
village, Kintamani, Bangli. This study aims to measure the quality of well water and evaluate
the use of pesticides, pesticide and morbidity in farmers underground well water users in
Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli.
Methods
Measurement methods in this study used laboratory tests and questionnaires. Laboratory
tests are used to determine the quality of underground water in Songan village, Kintamani,
Bangli while the questionnaire was used to determine the pattern of water use and
morbidity. Sampling carried out by researchers based on criteria set by the researchers.
Samples in this study were chosen by "purposive sampling" at 7 underground wells that are
used for everyday purposes and agricultural activities in Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli.
Criteria wells were included in this study is located on plantation land and used for daily
consumption.
Results
Twenty-two subjects were included in this study, while the well water samples taken at
seven (7) wells in Songan village, Kintamani, Bangli. Implementation of session
questionnaires and sampling sessions conducted at different times because of the water
sample should be checked immediately to the laboratory so that the measured parameters
do not change, so can be biased. The table below presents the data obtained from the
implementation of the interview:
Tabel 1 Sociodemography and Water Use in 22 subjects in this study.
Variabel
Socio-Demography:
Age
Weight
Height
BMI
Water use:
Drinking
Cooking
Bathing
Washing
Boiled before use
n
%
38,6±12,1
56,8±12,7
154,4±5,7
23,7±4,4
20
22
22
20
12
90,9
100
100
90,9
54,5
Subjects in this study is twenty-two (22) Mr. or Mrs. users Songan well water in the village,
Kintamani, Bangli. The average age of subjects in this study was 38.6 years, weight 56.8 kg,
and body mass index (BMI) of 23.7 kg / m2. Thirty-six point four percent (36.4%) subjects
included in the category of obese. The main use of water is for cooking and cleaning yourself
(each equal to 100%), and is used for drinking and washing (respectively by 90.9%).
Amounted to 54.5% of the subjects cook well water prior to use for consumption.
Morbidity experienced by the subject, including often feel dizziness (50%), nausea (36.4%),
miosis (27.3%), tremor head (9.1%), blurred vision (9.1%), cough (9.1%), premature
dankelahiran (9.1%). From interviews showed that there is one family member subjects who
had experienced premature birth and having a family member with the growth of abnormal
foot (each by 9.1%). Apart from that obtained also the crusty gear case by 4.5%.
Water sampling conducted at 7 sites that have underground water wells consumed. The
seventh well is located right between or beside plantations that use pesticides. Results of
water quality checks on physical parameters obtained several locations with a value that
exceeds the maximum permissible values are in the drinking water. Location F has a color
that exceeds 15 TCU. Location E has a total dissolved solids in excess of 500 mg / L. Apart
from that, the location value F ditemuakan turbidity exceeds 5 NTU. Other water quality
inspection involves checking the chemical parameters. This examination involves checking
kandungn arsenic, fluoride, nitrite, nitrate, cyanide, iron, hardness, chloride, manganese,
pH, sulfate, ammonia, zinc (Zn), copper, lead (Pb), total chromium, and cadmium. Based on
the results of water quality testing for chemical parameters, all of these locations has a
value below the maximum permissible values.
1.800
1.608
1.600
1.682
1.420
1.401
1.400
1.159
1.200
1.000
0.979
Fluorida
(mg/L)
0.791
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
Lokasi A Lokasi B Lokasi C Lokasi D Lokasi E
Lokasi F Lokasi G
Graph 1. Fluoride Concentration in Underground Water affected by Pexticides (n=7).
Disscussion
Water quality analysis involves testing physical and chemical parameters performed at
seven sites located in plantations that use pesticides. The result is that there are some
parameters that exceed the maximum levels permitted under Per.Men.Kes.RI. 492 / Menkes
/ PER / IV / 2010. The parameter is the color at the location F, total dissolved solids in the
location E, F turbidity in the location, and the fluoride content in locations D and E.
Water colors are usually grouped into two, namely the true colors (true color) and the colors
appear (apparent color). Real color is the color that is only caused by chemicals dissolved. In
the determination of the actual color, suspended material that may cause turbidity
separated beforehand. Colors look is a color that is not only caused by the dissolved
material, but also by the suspended material. Source of water for drinking water should
have a color value between 5-50 TCU. However, for the sake of beauty, color should not
exceed 15 TCU. So with the acquisition of the color values at the location F is 33.3 TCU, it
can still be used as drinking water. The color may be caused by the presence of negatively
charged colloidal particles, so that the disappearance of color in the water can be done by
adding a coagulant which is positively charged, for example, aluminum and iron (Sawyer and
McCarty, 1978).
Dissolved solids (TDS) dalah dissolved materials (diameter