REPRENSENTATION OF EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION OF NATIONAL ANTHEM OF INDONESIA.
REPRESENTATION OF EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION
OF NATIONAL ANTHEM OF INDONESIA
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for The Degree of
Magister Humaniora
BY
SRI HERYANI NASUTION
Registration Number 8156111066
ENGLISH APPLIED LIGUISTICS PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL STATE
UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2017
Nasution, Sri Heryani, Registration Number: 8156111066. Reprensentation of
Experiential Function of National Anthem of Indonesia. Thesis: English
Applied Linguistics Program, Postgraduate School, State Univercity of
Medan. 2017
Abstract
This qualitative study is aimed to find the Representation of Experiential Fuction
of National Anthem of Indonesia. It was conducted by applying documentary
study. The data analysis for this research was the text of National Anthem of
Indonesia. The data were collected by applying a documentary technique. The
document was read and analyzed to find out the Experiential Function. The data
were analyzed by some procedures: data condensation, data display and drawing
conclusion. The findings of the research show that the relational process
(attribution), sayer and verbiage participants and location circumstances are
dominantly used in the text. The were so many ellipsis words in the text. The
ellipsis word was chosen based on the context or the purpose of the clause and
because they refer to the phrase in the previous line. And the last finding was the
elements of experiential function were used based on the content and the purpose
of the text. The relational process was used dominant because relational process is
the process of being (including having). It involves with the statement of
indentifying something. It also involves with the quality identification of
something. The dominant participants are sayer and verbiage because the sayer is
the people that were presenting their love to the land and verbiage is the quality of
the Indonesia. The location circumstance is used dominant because the song is
talking about the land (location).
Nasution, Sri Heryani, Registration Number: 8156111066. Reprensentation of
Experiential Function of National Anthem of Indonesia. Thesis: English
Applied Linguistics Program, Postgraduate School, State Univercity of
Medan. 2017
Abstrak
Penelitian dengan metode kualitatif ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa experiential
function yang terdapat dalam teks lagu kebangsaan Indonesia. pengumpulan data
dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik dokumentasi. Dokumen tersebut dibaca
dan kemudian dianalisa untuk mencari experiential function yang terdapat
didalamnya. Data tersebut dianalisa melalui beberapa tahapan: data kondensasi,
penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan
bahwa process yang dominan muncul di dalam teks adalah relational process
(attribution), sayer dan verbiage participants dan location circumstance. Terdapat
banyak elipsis di dalam teks. Kata ellipsis tersebut dipilih berdasarkan konteks
atau tujuan dari klausa dan dipilih karena kata-kata tersebut mengacu pada kalimat
sebelumnya. Dan penemuan yang terakhir adalah elemen-elemen dari experiential
function digunakan berdasarkan isi dan tujuan text tersebut. Relational process
dominan digunakan karena proses ini adalah proses dari benda (termasuk
kepemilikan). Proses ini termasuk pada pernyataan tentang mengidentifikasi
sesuatu. Proses ini juga termasuk pada kualitas identifikasi dari sesuatu. Partisipan
yang dominan adalah sayer dan verbiage karena sayer adalah orang yang
mengungkapkan rasa cinta mereka terhadap indonesi dan verbiage adalah kualitas
dari Indonesia. Circumstance lokasi dominan digunakan karena lagu tersebut
sedang menceritakan tentang tanah Indonesia
Kata kunci: Experiential function, lagu, lagu kebangsaan, teks dan konteks.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful
First of all, the writer would like to express my deep gratitude to Allah SWT who has
given chance and health to the writer until she can finish this thesis. And the second, sholawat
and salam to our prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought Islam and guided human to
have good life and faith.
The writer would like to express thanks to her first advisor Prof. Dr. Amrin Saragih,
M.A., Ph.D. and her second advisor Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. for their valuable advise,
guidance, constructive comments and precious time spent out supervising and commenting
this thesis until it appears in its present form.
Her special gratitude goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the Head of English
Applied Linguistics Study Program, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum as the secretary of
English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Farid Ma’ruf as the staff of English Applied
Linguistics Study Program and all Lectures, for the valuable knowledge and instruction they
have imparted to her during the years studying.
Then, a very special debt of gratitude is directed to her beloved parents, Ali Nasti and
Mardiana Tanjung, her friends for their love, support, care and prayers.
Finally, she must confess that she has done to accomplish her thesis but she’s been
aware that it still far from being perfect. Therefore, any constructive criticisms, suggestion, or
comments will be highly appreciated.
Medan, 17 March 2017
The writer,
Sri Heryani Nasution
Registration Number: 8156111066
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF APPENDICES
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ i
CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1
1.1
The Background of the Problem ....................................................... 1
1.2
The Research Problem ....................................................................... 7
1.3
The Objective of the Research .......................................................... 7
1.4
The Scope of the Study ...................................................................... 7
1.5
The Significance of the Study ............................................................ 8
CHAPTER II ......................................................................................................... 9
LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................... 9
2.1
Metafunction. ...................................................................................... 9
2.2
Experiential Function ..................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Process. .................................................................................... 13
2.2.1.1 Material Process ....................................................... 14
2.2.1.2 Mental Process .......................................................... 16
2.2.1.3 Relational Process ..................................................... 19
2.2.1.4 Verbal Process........................................................... 21
i
2.2.1.5 Behavioral Process .................................................... 22
2.2.1.6 Existensial Process .................................................... 24
2.2.2 Participant ............................................................................... 26
2.2.3 Circumstance........................................................................... 28
2.3
Interpersonal Function .................................................................... 29
2.4
Textual Function .............................................................................. 30
2.5
Ellipsis and Substitution .................................................................. 30
2.6
Text and Context .............................................................................. 32
2.7
Discource Analysis............................................................................ 34
2.8
Song ................................................................................................... 35
2.9
National Anthem .............................................................................. 35
2.10 Relevant Study .................................................................................. 37
2.11 Conceptual Framework ................................................................... 41
CHAPTER III ..................................................................................................... 45
RESEARCH METHOD ..................................................................................... 45
3.1
Research Design................................................................................ 45
3.2
Data and Data Source ...................................................................... 45
3.3
Technique of Data Collection. ......................................................... 48
3.4
Technique of Data Analysis. ............................................................ 48
3.5
The Trustworthiness of the Study................................................... 49
CHAPTER IV ...................................................................................................... 51
DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ..................................... 51
4.1
Data Analysis .................................................................................... 51
4.2
Findings ............................................................................................. 67
ii
4.3
Discussion .......................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER V ....................................................................................................... 77
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .......................................................... 77
5.1
Conclusions ....................................................................................... 77
5.2
Suggestions ........................................................................................ 78
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 80
iii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 ............................................................................................................... 27
Table 4.1 ............................................................................................................... 51
Table 4.2 ............................................................................................................... 54
Table 4.3 ............................................................................................................... 55
Table 4.4 ............................................................................................................... 56
Table 4.5 ............................................................................................................... 56
Table 4.6 ............................................................................................................... 58
Table 4.7 ............................................................................................................... 58
iv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
v
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Background of the Problem
Language as a system of meaning has two types of implication, in the
social language in order how language is created and it gives message to the
listener and readers. Meaning, form, and experience are the linguistics’
material.
Meaning is divided into two: first meaning in text and the second is
meaning in context. Meaning in text is related to grammatical unit and meaning
in context related to society where language plays.
Text and context also can be found in a song because song also has
meaning. There is meaning in text and meaning in context. There is a song
that has deep meaning. The song is create based on experience. The song
occupies a special position and honored by all the people. The song is always
sung or played on any official state events, and also any foreign events that carry
the name of the country.
National anthem origins songs a struggle which later became anthem and
also referred to as functional music. By studying them one by one in each stanza
by stanza rhyme national anthem Indonesia Raya, we will find the spirit of
Loving Homeland high that is transmitted by W.R Supratman and all the heroes
of the struggling for Indonesian independence which aspires to the establishment
of government is sovereign, founding built and maintained by an Indonesian
native, by the children of the motherland is ready to become a scout for his
mother.
1
2
From the explanation above, the meaning of National Anthem must be
known. If the meaning of Indonesia Raya is understood, the Indonesia peole
will keep their love to Indonesia because they know how is the struggle fighters
to make Indonesia become free or independent.
The history of the song had been studied in school. The meaning and the
purpose of the song is looked from the history. It is seen from history. The
researcher wants to see from the linguistics side. The researcher wants to raise
this song as an object for study. It was analyzed from linguistic perspective.
Metafunctions are analysis of text and context function.
There are some researchers that have analysed the metafunction in many
kinds of source of data of research. The first journal is written by Amin (2013)
entitle English Metafunction Analysis in Chemistry Text. : Characterization of
scientific text. His finding is about dominant process, modality and cohesion. The
finding will be different if the kinds of text is different. He analyse all the aspect
of metafunction. In the other side Linxiu & Lijun (2014) analyse A Systemic
Functional Analysis on Discourse Marker—“Honest Phrases” with finding The
three metafunctions do not exist all alone. On the contrary, they twist closely
together to form an integral part to express meaning powerfully. They also use
Halliday’s metafunction structure. They analyse the idetional, interpersonal and
textual but the finding will not same. Different with the Leonard’s journal (2015)
that analysed Ideational Metafunction in HelonHabila’s Oil on Water : A reevaluation and redefinition of African Women’s Personality and Identity
Through Literature. He just looking at one side. But in the interpersonal
metafunction they apply the same structure to analyse the text. It is from
3
Halliday’s theory. Leonard found 65 relational including (57) intensive
identifying, (04) circumstantial, and (02) possessive. This proportion of
Relational processes in the extracts represents 22.43%. This suggests and can be
construed as an evidence of a gradual change of African writers’ mentality and
mindset, both male and female regarding the African woman’s situation as
depicted by the pioneer African writers.
Ruijuan and Seyed & Kamal (2010) analyse the Interpersonal
Metafunction. They have the same finding in about the use of clause. Obama and
the third person that use as subject use Mood dominant in declarative clause. But
Ruijuan’s finding more than seyed, he also looking at the modality and cohesien
that used by Obama. Mehwish, Moazzam, Fakharh, Bahram (2015) analyze
Systemic Functional Linguistics Mood Analysis of the Last Address of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH). Mood is the part of interpesonal. So they will do the same thing
in analyze. Mehwish and friends finding is Three types of clausal Moods have
been found during analysis; Declarative, Imperative and Interrogative. Each of
the type indicates different sort of interpersonal relationship among the
participants. Declarative Mood of the clause shows the expression conclusive,
strong and factual whereas Imperative Mood expresses authority. It presents a
deletion of the Subject (agent/ doer) and describes the status and/or power
relations of the participants involved in the discourse. Same with the two of
journal. They analyse the mood that use in the text. But Mehwish and friends
found more types of mood than Ruijuan and Mahdi. He found three types of
clausal Moods.
From the three of Journals (Yemalo: 2016, Arunsirot: 2013, and Golam &
4
Ali: 2016) discussed about Textual Metafunction in different text. The yemalo
analyze a novel and want to find the similarities and differences between their
compositional features. He found that these texts show such interesting textualmeaning properties as the density of ellipsis, of circumstantial and interpersonal
thematization, of taxis and rank shift that they should be qualified to belong to
both spoken and written mode of discourse so the finding is different with
Arunsirot that analyze Thai EFL Student’s writing. He focus on the Thematic
selections and Thematic progression patterns and he found three type of
Thematic organization patterns in the text. They are: first the textual elements
were used more than interpersonal elements, second,
simple and multiple
Themes, the multiple Themes outweigh the simple Themes, and the last the
number of unmarked Themes by far outweighs the number of marked Themes,
the texts which lack Thematic progression encounter many kinds of problems.
Same with Golam & Ali that analyse Textual Metafunction between English
Legal Text nd Their Persian Translation. He found that thematic structures in
almost half of the clauses were preserved, while about 37.23% of them exhibit
none-correspondence in their thematic structure and more than half of the English
marked themes were translated into marked ones. It implies that the translator
tried to keep the original style of the legal text. They analyse the same side with
different text and different finding.
The last journal is Jaelani (2014) with title The Sequence of Ideational
Grammatical Metaphor Wording Technique in Historical Text: A Systemic
Functional Approach. He analyse the Functional Grammar in methapor side. The
finding is two main techniques, with expansion and with projection, are used to
5
construe two different features of information in historical text. Both expansion
and projection wording technique pack the realization of features in clause
complex into a single metaphorical clause. He do not analyse the metafunction
but he still in discourse analysis part.
All of journals have the different title and finding. Event any journal has
the same structure to be applied but the finding will be different because every
text has different meaning. All of the journals are the descriptive qualitative
analysis with different source of data. The all source of data is text. Like speech,
novel, text of conversation, and other with different purpose to analyse.
Based on the sintesa of journal, the researcher wants to analyze the text of
Indonesian National Anthem by using Halliday’s theory. The researcher wants to
apply the Metafunction on the song. The song is National Anthem. But the
researcher only focus on the Experiential function because the researcher onl
want to see the purpose and the experience that want to shared by the writer from
the song.
Experiential function is contained in three elements, namely: Process,
Participants and Circumstances. Process is the determiner in a unit of experience
because process binds the participant and the participant is determined by the
process and the circumstance as the choice.
The researcher would like to see the representation of Experiential
Function in the National Anthem. So the researcher have to know the
elements that coded in the text, the realization of the experiential function
and the reason why the element coded in the text. Thats all was analyzed
by using Halliday’s theory. For example the first line, Indonesia tanah airku.
6
Indonesia [adalah]
Part I
tanah airku dan tumpah darahku
Process
Cirscumtance
There are process, participant and circumstance in the clause. The process in
the clausa is relational process. adalah is the ellipsis word. In the clause is
describing about the people and Indonesia and explaining about what is Indonesia.
They have relation each other. Indonesia as the participant of carrier and tanah
airku as attributive.
The second line is Di sanalah aku berdiri
Di sanalah
aku
berdiri
Circumstance
Part I Process
The clause also containts of three elements. Di sana is talking about the
land of Indonesia or location that is called as circumstance. Aku is used as the
participant who stand in the land and the stand as process of behavioral.
The third is Indonesia [adalah] kebangsaanku, bangsa dan tanah airku
Indonesia
[adalah]
kebangsaanku, bangsa dan tanah airku
Part I
Process
Part II
This clausa is talking about the posison of Indonesia for his/himself.
Indonesia has also relation that cannot be separated each other. From the clausa
the reader will know about the posision of Indonesia. For the more explanation
was explained in the chapter IV.
Hopefully this analysis give something new to behave. If the researcher
connects Experiential function and also apply to the National Anthem of
Indonesia. So
this
research
is
titled
Function of National Anthem of Indonesia”.
“Representation of Experiential
7
1.2
The Research Problem
This study focuses on representation of Experiential Function in National
Anthem of Indonesia. To make it more available to research, the problems of the
research are formulated as the following.
1) What elements of experiential function are dominantly used in the text of
National Anthem of Indonesia?
2) How are the experiential function realized the text of National Anthem of
Indonesia?
3) Why are the experiential function elements coded in the text of National
Anthem of Indonesia?
1.3
The Objective of the Study
In line of the problem, the objective of the study are
1) to find out what elements of experiential function are dominantly used in
the text of National Anthem of Indonesia?
2) to analyze how are the experiential function realized the text of National
Anthem of Indonesia?
3) to explain why are the experiential function elements coded in the text of
National Anthem of Indonesia?
1.4
The Scope of the Study
After presenting the background, problems and objectives of the study
above, the scope especilly for the text of National Anthem of Indonesia can be
said: (1) Experiential as the analysis, (2) realization of Experiential Function in
the text, and (3) reason why the Experiential Function element coded in the text.
8
1.5
The Significance of the Study
Text and context are two points in language that they cannot be separated
one and each other. Furthermore, text and context involve value in them. The
meaning of the language is not only conveyed by the language used but also the
structure of information used or organized to convey meaning in text reflected to
procedure of the language and context.
This research provides to see how rally National Anthem conveys the
meaning in case of structure and meaning. In other words, the analysis created
the answers of the problem in the previous points by using Experiential Function
to convey meaning in the Song. Therefore, the finding of the research expected
to be relevant in some respects; especially relevant to the reader, lecturer and the
researcher self.
OF NATIONAL ANTHEM OF INDONESIA
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistic Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for The Degree of
Magister Humaniora
BY
SRI HERYANI NASUTION
Registration Number 8156111066
ENGLISH APPLIED LIGUISTICS PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL STATE
UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2017
Nasution, Sri Heryani, Registration Number: 8156111066. Reprensentation of
Experiential Function of National Anthem of Indonesia. Thesis: English
Applied Linguistics Program, Postgraduate School, State Univercity of
Medan. 2017
Abstract
This qualitative study is aimed to find the Representation of Experiential Fuction
of National Anthem of Indonesia. It was conducted by applying documentary
study. The data analysis for this research was the text of National Anthem of
Indonesia. The data were collected by applying a documentary technique. The
document was read and analyzed to find out the Experiential Function. The data
were analyzed by some procedures: data condensation, data display and drawing
conclusion. The findings of the research show that the relational process
(attribution), sayer and verbiage participants and location circumstances are
dominantly used in the text. The were so many ellipsis words in the text. The
ellipsis word was chosen based on the context or the purpose of the clause and
because they refer to the phrase in the previous line. And the last finding was the
elements of experiential function were used based on the content and the purpose
of the text. The relational process was used dominant because relational process is
the process of being (including having). It involves with the statement of
indentifying something. It also involves with the quality identification of
something. The dominant participants are sayer and verbiage because the sayer is
the people that were presenting their love to the land and verbiage is the quality of
the Indonesia. The location circumstance is used dominant because the song is
talking about the land (location).
Nasution, Sri Heryani, Registration Number: 8156111066. Reprensentation of
Experiential Function of National Anthem of Indonesia. Thesis: English
Applied Linguistics Program, Postgraduate School, State Univercity of
Medan. 2017
Abstrak
Penelitian dengan metode kualitatif ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa experiential
function yang terdapat dalam teks lagu kebangsaan Indonesia. pengumpulan data
dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik dokumentasi. Dokumen tersebut dibaca
dan kemudian dianalisa untuk mencari experiential function yang terdapat
didalamnya. Data tersebut dianalisa melalui beberapa tahapan: data kondensasi,
penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan
bahwa process yang dominan muncul di dalam teks adalah relational process
(attribution), sayer dan verbiage participants dan location circumstance. Terdapat
banyak elipsis di dalam teks. Kata ellipsis tersebut dipilih berdasarkan konteks
atau tujuan dari klausa dan dipilih karena kata-kata tersebut mengacu pada kalimat
sebelumnya. Dan penemuan yang terakhir adalah elemen-elemen dari experiential
function digunakan berdasarkan isi dan tujuan text tersebut. Relational process
dominan digunakan karena proses ini adalah proses dari benda (termasuk
kepemilikan). Proses ini termasuk pada pernyataan tentang mengidentifikasi
sesuatu. Proses ini juga termasuk pada kualitas identifikasi dari sesuatu. Partisipan
yang dominan adalah sayer dan verbiage karena sayer adalah orang yang
mengungkapkan rasa cinta mereka terhadap indonesi dan verbiage adalah kualitas
dari Indonesia. Circumstance lokasi dominan digunakan karena lagu tersebut
sedang menceritakan tentang tanah Indonesia
Kata kunci: Experiential function, lagu, lagu kebangsaan, teks dan konteks.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful
First of all, the writer would like to express my deep gratitude to Allah SWT who has
given chance and health to the writer until she can finish this thesis. And the second, sholawat
and salam to our prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought Islam and guided human to
have good life and faith.
The writer would like to express thanks to her first advisor Prof. Dr. Amrin Saragih,
M.A., Ph.D. and her second advisor Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. for their valuable advise,
guidance, constructive comments and precious time spent out supervising and commenting
this thesis until it appears in its present form.
Her special gratitude goes to Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed. as the Head of English
Applied Linguistics Study Program, Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum as the secretary of
English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Farid Ma’ruf as the staff of English Applied
Linguistics Study Program and all Lectures, for the valuable knowledge and instruction they
have imparted to her during the years studying.
Then, a very special debt of gratitude is directed to her beloved parents, Ali Nasti and
Mardiana Tanjung, her friends for their love, support, care and prayers.
Finally, she must confess that she has done to accomplish her thesis but she’s been
aware that it still far from being perfect. Therefore, any constructive criticisms, suggestion, or
comments will be highly appreciated.
Medan, 17 March 2017
The writer,
Sri Heryani Nasution
Registration Number: 8156111066
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF APPENDICES
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ i
CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1
1.1
The Background of the Problem ....................................................... 1
1.2
The Research Problem ....................................................................... 7
1.3
The Objective of the Research .......................................................... 7
1.4
The Scope of the Study ...................................................................... 7
1.5
The Significance of the Study ............................................................ 8
CHAPTER II ......................................................................................................... 9
LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................... 9
2.1
Metafunction. ...................................................................................... 9
2.2
Experiential Function ..................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Process. .................................................................................... 13
2.2.1.1 Material Process ....................................................... 14
2.2.1.2 Mental Process .......................................................... 16
2.2.1.3 Relational Process ..................................................... 19
2.2.1.4 Verbal Process........................................................... 21
i
2.2.1.5 Behavioral Process .................................................... 22
2.2.1.6 Existensial Process .................................................... 24
2.2.2 Participant ............................................................................... 26
2.2.3 Circumstance........................................................................... 28
2.3
Interpersonal Function .................................................................... 29
2.4
Textual Function .............................................................................. 30
2.5
Ellipsis and Substitution .................................................................. 30
2.6
Text and Context .............................................................................. 32
2.7
Discource Analysis............................................................................ 34
2.8
Song ................................................................................................... 35
2.9
National Anthem .............................................................................. 35
2.10 Relevant Study .................................................................................. 37
2.11 Conceptual Framework ................................................................... 41
CHAPTER III ..................................................................................................... 45
RESEARCH METHOD ..................................................................................... 45
3.1
Research Design................................................................................ 45
3.2
Data and Data Source ...................................................................... 45
3.3
Technique of Data Collection. ......................................................... 48
3.4
Technique of Data Analysis. ............................................................ 48
3.5
The Trustworthiness of the Study................................................... 49
CHAPTER IV ...................................................................................................... 51
DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ..................................... 51
4.1
Data Analysis .................................................................................... 51
4.2
Findings ............................................................................................. 67
ii
4.3
Discussion .......................................................................................... 69
CHAPTER V ....................................................................................................... 77
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS .......................................................... 77
5.1
Conclusions ....................................................................................... 77
5.2
Suggestions ........................................................................................ 78
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 80
iii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 ............................................................................................................... 27
Table 4.1 ............................................................................................................... 51
Table 4.2 ............................................................................................................... 54
Table 4.3 ............................................................................................................... 55
Table 4.4 ............................................................................................................... 56
Table 4.5 ............................................................................................................... 56
Table 4.6 ............................................................................................................... 58
Table 4.7 ............................................................................................................... 58
iv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
v
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Background of the Problem
Language as a system of meaning has two types of implication, in the
social language in order how language is created and it gives message to the
listener and readers. Meaning, form, and experience are the linguistics’
material.
Meaning is divided into two: first meaning in text and the second is
meaning in context. Meaning in text is related to grammatical unit and meaning
in context related to society where language plays.
Text and context also can be found in a song because song also has
meaning. There is meaning in text and meaning in context. There is a song
that has deep meaning. The song is create based on experience. The song
occupies a special position and honored by all the people. The song is always
sung or played on any official state events, and also any foreign events that carry
the name of the country.
National anthem origins songs a struggle which later became anthem and
also referred to as functional music. By studying them one by one in each stanza
by stanza rhyme national anthem Indonesia Raya, we will find the spirit of
Loving Homeland high that is transmitted by W.R Supratman and all the heroes
of the struggling for Indonesian independence which aspires to the establishment
of government is sovereign, founding built and maintained by an Indonesian
native, by the children of the motherland is ready to become a scout for his
mother.
1
2
From the explanation above, the meaning of National Anthem must be
known. If the meaning of Indonesia Raya is understood, the Indonesia peole
will keep their love to Indonesia because they know how is the struggle fighters
to make Indonesia become free or independent.
The history of the song had been studied in school. The meaning and the
purpose of the song is looked from the history. It is seen from history. The
researcher wants to see from the linguistics side. The researcher wants to raise
this song as an object for study. It was analyzed from linguistic perspective.
Metafunctions are analysis of text and context function.
There are some researchers that have analysed the metafunction in many
kinds of source of data of research. The first journal is written by Amin (2013)
entitle English Metafunction Analysis in Chemistry Text. : Characterization of
scientific text. His finding is about dominant process, modality and cohesion. The
finding will be different if the kinds of text is different. He analyse all the aspect
of metafunction. In the other side Linxiu & Lijun (2014) analyse A Systemic
Functional Analysis on Discourse Marker—“Honest Phrases” with finding The
three metafunctions do not exist all alone. On the contrary, they twist closely
together to form an integral part to express meaning powerfully. They also use
Halliday’s metafunction structure. They analyse the idetional, interpersonal and
textual but the finding will not same. Different with the Leonard’s journal (2015)
that analysed Ideational Metafunction in HelonHabila’s Oil on Water : A reevaluation and redefinition of African Women’s Personality and Identity
Through Literature. He just looking at one side. But in the interpersonal
metafunction they apply the same structure to analyse the text. It is from
3
Halliday’s theory. Leonard found 65 relational including (57) intensive
identifying, (04) circumstantial, and (02) possessive. This proportion of
Relational processes in the extracts represents 22.43%. This suggests and can be
construed as an evidence of a gradual change of African writers’ mentality and
mindset, both male and female regarding the African woman’s situation as
depicted by the pioneer African writers.
Ruijuan and Seyed & Kamal (2010) analyse the Interpersonal
Metafunction. They have the same finding in about the use of clause. Obama and
the third person that use as subject use Mood dominant in declarative clause. But
Ruijuan’s finding more than seyed, he also looking at the modality and cohesien
that used by Obama. Mehwish, Moazzam, Fakharh, Bahram (2015) analyze
Systemic Functional Linguistics Mood Analysis of the Last Address of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH). Mood is the part of interpesonal. So they will do the same thing
in analyze. Mehwish and friends finding is Three types of clausal Moods have
been found during analysis; Declarative, Imperative and Interrogative. Each of
the type indicates different sort of interpersonal relationship among the
participants. Declarative Mood of the clause shows the expression conclusive,
strong and factual whereas Imperative Mood expresses authority. It presents a
deletion of the Subject (agent/ doer) and describes the status and/or power
relations of the participants involved in the discourse. Same with the two of
journal. They analyse the mood that use in the text. But Mehwish and friends
found more types of mood than Ruijuan and Mahdi. He found three types of
clausal Moods.
From the three of Journals (Yemalo: 2016, Arunsirot: 2013, and Golam &
4
Ali: 2016) discussed about Textual Metafunction in different text. The yemalo
analyze a novel and want to find the similarities and differences between their
compositional features. He found that these texts show such interesting textualmeaning properties as the density of ellipsis, of circumstantial and interpersonal
thematization, of taxis and rank shift that they should be qualified to belong to
both spoken and written mode of discourse so the finding is different with
Arunsirot that analyze Thai EFL Student’s writing. He focus on the Thematic
selections and Thematic progression patterns and he found three type of
Thematic organization patterns in the text. They are: first the textual elements
were used more than interpersonal elements, second,
simple and multiple
Themes, the multiple Themes outweigh the simple Themes, and the last the
number of unmarked Themes by far outweighs the number of marked Themes,
the texts which lack Thematic progression encounter many kinds of problems.
Same with Golam & Ali that analyse Textual Metafunction between English
Legal Text nd Their Persian Translation. He found that thematic structures in
almost half of the clauses were preserved, while about 37.23% of them exhibit
none-correspondence in their thematic structure and more than half of the English
marked themes were translated into marked ones. It implies that the translator
tried to keep the original style of the legal text. They analyse the same side with
different text and different finding.
The last journal is Jaelani (2014) with title The Sequence of Ideational
Grammatical Metaphor Wording Technique in Historical Text: A Systemic
Functional Approach. He analyse the Functional Grammar in methapor side. The
finding is two main techniques, with expansion and with projection, are used to
5
construe two different features of information in historical text. Both expansion
and projection wording technique pack the realization of features in clause
complex into a single metaphorical clause. He do not analyse the metafunction
but he still in discourse analysis part.
All of journals have the different title and finding. Event any journal has
the same structure to be applied but the finding will be different because every
text has different meaning. All of the journals are the descriptive qualitative
analysis with different source of data. The all source of data is text. Like speech,
novel, text of conversation, and other with different purpose to analyse.
Based on the sintesa of journal, the researcher wants to analyze the text of
Indonesian National Anthem by using Halliday’s theory. The researcher wants to
apply the Metafunction on the song. The song is National Anthem. But the
researcher only focus on the Experiential function because the researcher onl
want to see the purpose and the experience that want to shared by the writer from
the song.
Experiential function is contained in three elements, namely: Process,
Participants and Circumstances. Process is the determiner in a unit of experience
because process binds the participant and the participant is determined by the
process and the circumstance as the choice.
The researcher would like to see the representation of Experiential
Function in the National Anthem. So the researcher have to know the
elements that coded in the text, the realization of the experiential function
and the reason why the element coded in the text. Thats all was analyzed
by using Halliday’s theory. For example the first line, Indonesia tanah airku.
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Indonesia [adalah]
Part I
tanah airku dan tumpah darahku
Process
Cirscumtance
There are process, participant and circumstance in the clause. The process in
the clausa is relational process. adalah is the ellipsis word. In the clause is
describing about the people and Indonesia and explaining about what is Indonesia.
They have relation each other. Indonesia as the participant of carrier and tanah
airku as attributive.
The second line is Di sanalah aku berdiri
Di sanalah
aku
berdiri
Circumstance
Part I Process
The clause also containts of three elements. Di sana is talking about the
land of Indonesia or location that is called as circumstance. Aku is used as the
participant who stand in the land and the stand as process of behavioral.
The third is Indonesia [adalah] kebangsaanku, bangsa dan tanah airku
Indonesia
[adalah]
kebangsaanku, bangsa dan tanah airku
Part I
Process
Part II
This clausa is talking about the posison of Indonesia for his/himself.
Indonesia has also relation that cannot be separated each other. From the clausa
the reader will know about the posision of Indonesia. For the more explanation
was explained in the chapter IV.
Hopefully this analysis give something new to behave. If the researcher
connects Experiential function and also apply to the National Anthem of
Indonesia. So
this
research
is
titled
Function of National Anthem of Indonesia”.
“Representation of Experiential
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1.2
The Research Problem
This study focuses on representation of Experiential Function in National
Anthem of Indonesia. To make it more available to research, the problems of the
research are formulated as the following.
1) What elements of experiential function are dominantly used in the text of
National Anthem of Indonesia?
2) How are the experiential function realized the text of National Anthem of
Indonesia?
3) Why are the experiential function elements coded in the text of National
Anthem of Indonesia?
1.3
The Objective of the Study
In line of the problem, the objective of the study are
1) to find out what elements of experiential function are dominantly used in
the text of National Anthem of Indonesia?
2) to analyze how are the experiential function realized the text of National
Anthem of Indonesia?
3) to explain why are the experiential function elements coded in the text of
National Anthem of Indonesia?
1.4
The Scope of the Study
After presenting the background, problems and objectives of the study
above, the scope especilly for the text of National Anthem of Indonesia can be
said: (1) Experiential as the analysis, (2) realization of Experiential Function in
the text, and (3) reason why the Experiential Function element coded in the text.
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1.5
The Significance of the Study
Text and context are two points in language that they cannot be separated
one and each other. Furthermore, text and context involve value in them. The
meaning of the language is not only conveyed by the language used but also the
structure of information used or organized to convey meaning in text reflected to
procedure of the language and context.
This research provides to see how rally National Anthem conveys the
meaning in case of structure and meaning. In other words, the analysis created
the answers of the problem in the previous points by using Experiential Function
to convey meaning in the Song. Therefore, the finding of the research expected
to be relevant in some respects; especially relevant to the reader, lecturer and the
researcher self.