The dynamic of ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO of Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelley`S Frankenstein.

ABSTRACT

DANISWORO, ANTONIUS. The Dynamic of Id, Ego, and Superego of Victor

Frankenstein in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.

Each individual has different personality and it can change due to several aspects, such as experiencing a bitter past incident. Human has three types of personality elements, which are id, ego and superego. These elements respectively represent as the unconscious, the conscious and the conscience of human being. The three elements of personality can change, like what is experienced by Victor

Frankenstein from Mary Shelley’s literature work, Frankenstein.

There are two objectives of the study which underlie the analysis. The first objective is to aim the analysis of the characteristic of the main character, Victor Frankenstein, whose mind is always changing due to experiencing various terrible occurrences. The second objective is to analyze on the dynamic levels of personality, ego, superego and id, of Victor Frankenstein.

This undergraduate thesis is compiled by applying library research. The sources of the study are the e-book of the novel, some relevant books of literature and psychology, journals, and articles from internet. The approach used in this undergraduate thesis is psychoanalytic criticism because this approach can be used to analysis the conscious and unconscious mind of a character.

Based on the analysis, the results of the study are explained as follows. There are various characteristics of Victor Frankenstein. It can be concluded that Frankenstein is a person who has big ambition to reach his goal, and that is to gain knowledge and to build human creature. He is also a passive person whose hobby is having an adventure to see wild nature. The result of the big ambition he has is the wake of hideous creation which he made. The hideous creature kills Frankenstein’s family relatives which cause the imbalance of the id, ego, and superego, which lead to the destruction of his family.

ABSTRAK

DANISWORO, ANTONIUS. The Dynamic of Id, Ego, and Superego of Victor

Frankenstein in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.

Setiap individu memiliki kepribadian yang berbeda dan dapat berubah karena beberapa aspek, seperti mengalami insiden masa lalu yang pahit. Manusia memiliki tiga jenis unsure kepribadian, yaitu id, ego dan superego. Unsur-unsur ini masing-masing mewakili sebagai ketidaksadaran, kesadaran dan hati nurani manusia. Ketiga unsur kepribadian bias berubah, seperti apa yang dialami oleh Victor Frankenstein.

Ada dua tujuan dari studi yang mendasari analisis. Tujuan pertama adalah analisis karakteristik dari karakter utama, Victor Frankenstein, yang pikirannya selalu berubah karena mengalami berbagai kejadian yang mengerikan. Tujuan kedua adalah menganalisa tingkat dinamika kepribadian antara ego, superego dan id, dari Victor Frankenstein.

Skripsi ini disusun dengan menerapkan studi kepustakaan. Sumber dari penelitian ini adalah novel e-book, beberapa buku yang relevan dengan sastra dan psikologi, jurnal, dan artikel dari internet. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah kritik psikoanalitik karena pendekatan ini dapat digunakan untuk analisis pikiran sadar dan bawah sadar dari karakter.

Berdasarkan hasil analisis, hasil penelitian akan dijelaskan sebagai berikut. Ada berbagai karakteristik Victor Frankenstein. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Frankenstein adalah orang yang memiliki ambisi besar untuk mencapai tujuannya, dan itu adalah untuk menimba ilmu dan membangun makhluk ciptaannya. Dia juga orang pasif yang mempunyai hobi berpetualang di alam liar. Hasil ambisi besarnya adalah ciptaan mengerikan yang dia buat. Makhluk mengerikan itu membunuh anggota keluarga Frankenstein yang menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan dari id, ego, dan superego, yang menyebabkan kehancuran keluarganya.

THE DYNAMIC OF ID, EGO AND SUPEREGO OF VICTOR

FRANKENSTEIN IN MARY SHELLEY’S

FRANKENSTEIN

AN UNDERGRAGUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ANTONIUS DANISWORO

Student Number: 104214038

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2014

THE DYNAMIC OF ID, EGO AND SUPEREGO OF VICTOR

FRANKENSTEIN IN MARY SHELLEY’S

FRANKENSTEIN

AN UNDERGRAGUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

in English Letters

By

ANTONIUS DANISWORO

Student Number: 104214038

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express his gratitude to God, Jesus Christ, for the guidance and

blessing, so that I could finish this research and make my parents proud.

I realize that during the process of compiling the thesis, I was helped by many

parties and being supported morally by many people. Therefore, I would like to use

this opportunity to say grace to following people.

First of all, I would like to thank Mr. P. Sarwoto, S.S., M.A., Ph.D. as the

thesis advisor for helping me with patience during the process of writing this thesis. I

also would like to thank Mrs. Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani, M.Hum. as the thesis

co-advisor for helping me with patience in correcting the thesis, so that the thesis became

better than before. I also do not forget to thank the lecturers of English Literature in

Sanata Dharma who shared the knowledge in class or outside class.

I also would like to thank my parents, Mr. Dwiyanto and Mrs. Endang for the

prayer and the support in boosting the completion of the thesis and all friends who

helped me by sharing the experiences and the moral support.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGES ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK‘S ORIGINALITY ... v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii

ABSTRACT ... ix

ABSTRAK ...x

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study ...1

B. Problem Formulation ...3

C. Objectives of the Study ...3

D. Definition of Terms ...4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Studies ...6

B. Review of Related Theories ... 10

C. Theoretical Framework ... 19

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study ... 20

B. Approach of the Study ... 21

C. Method of the Study ... 22

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS (RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS) A.The Character of Victor Frankenstein ... 23

B. The dynamic of Id, Ego, and Superego ... 29

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 43

ABSTRACT

DANISWORO, ANTONIUS. The Dynamic of Id, Ego, and Superego of Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.

Each individual has different personality and it can change due to several aspects, such as experiencing a bitter past incident. Human has three types of personality elements, which are id, ego and superego. These elements respectively represent as the unconscious, the conscious and the conscience of human being. The three elements of personality can change, like what is experienced by Victor Frankenstein from Mary Shelley‘s literature work, Frankenstein.

There are two objectives of the study which underlie the analysis. The first objective is to aim the analysis of the characteristic of the main character, Victor Frankenstein, whose mind is always changing due to experiencing various terrible occurrences. The second objective is to analyze on the dynamic levels of personality, ego, superego and id, of Victor Frankenstein.

This undergraduate thesis is compiled by applying library research. The sources of the study are the e-book of the novel, some relevant books of literature and psychology, journals, and articles from internet. The approach used in this undergraduate thesis is psychoanalytic criticism because this approach can be used to analysis the conscious and unconscious mind of a character.

Based on the analysis, the results of the study are explained as follows. There are various characteristics of Victor Frankenstein. It can be concluded that Frankenstein is a person who has big ambition to reach his goal, and that is to gain knowledge and to build human creature. He is also a passive person whose hobby is having an adventure to see wild nature. The result of the big ambition he has is the wake of hideous creation which he made. The hideous creature kills Frankenstein‘s family relatives which cause the imbalance of the id, ego, and superego, which lead to the destruction of his family.

ABSTRAK

DANISWORO, ANTONIUS. The Dynamic of Id, Ego, and Superego of Victor Frankenstein in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.

Setiap individu memiliki kepribadian yang berbeda dan dapat berubah karena beberapa aspek, seperti mengalami insiden masa lalu yang pahit. Manusia memiliki tiga jenis unsur kepribadian, yaitu id, ego dan superego. Unsur-unsur ini masing-masing mewakili sebagai ketidaksadaran, kesadaran dan hati nurani manusia. Ketiga unsur kepribadian bisa berubah, seperti apa yang dialami oleh Victor Frankenstein.

Ada dua tujuan dari studi yang mendasari analisis. Tujuan pertama adalah analisis karakteristik dari karakter utama, Victor Frankenstein, yang pikirannya selalu berubah karena mengalami berbagai kejadian yang mengerikan. Tujuan kedua adalah menganalisa tingkat dinamika kepribadian antara ego, superego dan id, dari Victor Frankenstein.

Skripsi ini disusun dengan menerapkan studi kepustakaan. Sumber dari penelitian ini adalah novel e-book, beberapa buku yang relevan dengan sastra dan psikologi, jurnal, dan artikel dari internet. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah kritik psikoanalitik karena pendekatan ini dapat digunakan untuk analisis pikiran sadar dan bawah sadar dari karakter.

Berdasarkan hasil analisis, hasil penelitian akan dijelaskan sebagai berikut. Ada berbagai karakteristik Victor Frankenstein. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Frankenstein adalah orang yang memiliki ambisi besar untuk mencapai tujuannya, dan itu adalah untuk menimba ilmu dan membangun makhluk ciptaannya. Dia juga orang pasif yang mempunyai hobi berpetualang di alam liar. Hasil ambisi besarnya adalah ciptaan mengerikan yang dia buat. Makhluk mengerikan itu membunuh anggota keluarga Frankenstein yang menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan dari id, ego, dan superego, yang menyebabkan kehancuran keluarganya.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Reading a novel is sometimes the best activity for certain people to spend

their free time. Through reading a novel, we can also reflect the contents of the

story and make us learn the experience of life. The story in the novel, some when

and somehow, can describe the life as we live in the daily life. It is like the

novelist conveys the life pattern of the characters, and then the reader can absorb

the messages and reflect them into our daily life. ―The novelist can teach you more about human‘s lifethan the psychologist can‖ (Wellek, 1965:30).

Like for example we can be taught from the reflection of life from the

traumatic event that is expressed by Victor Frankenstein by creating a monstrous

creature because he wants to represent the existence of someone he loves, which

is his mother. If he finds the secret knowledge of nature, he may help others to

make all people immortal. It all starts when he was still teenager; he found a

volume of Cornelius Agrippa‘s work and was interested in it. It is a literature that is filled with something that is related with science which is full of creative

imaginative works which arouse Frankenstein‘s heart. It is supposed to be a fiction work, but Frankenstein wants to make it happen. Before creating a

monstrous kind of creature, he wants to construct an elixir of life that can make

of knowledge. He restlessly studies until forgetting his beloved family. Even after

that, he is ready to take risk when collecting the parts of body that will be used for

creating the unnatural creature. He creates a creature from the materials of dead

bodies and it is in order to protect someone he loves to keep alive and shall not

face the death. He does that unconsciously, without having intention, because he

feels he is responsible.

In the story, Frankenstein presents the dynamic of personality because of

the unwanted events that keep haunting him. It affects his personality to become

swinging. For some sort of events he feels the warmth of sun, the lovely summer

breeze, a feel like he is the most joyful person in the world. It is also shown a

change of personality from elegant, positive, and acts benevolently into someone

who is very anxious and always filled with fear even he is in joyful

circumstances.

Human has three types of personality elements, which are id, ego, and

superego. The combination of these three should balance each other to prevent us

becoming a person who has mental disorder. Sometimes the id, our unconscious

mind, is more powerful than the ego, our consciousness mind. We can manage

our personality by knowing more the elements of personalities that exist in our

mind.

The changing from ego into id, then the superego is showing up, and then

back again into ego again can be seen in Frankenstein‘s personality. This kind of behavior swing often happens in our daily life; therefore it is interesting to study

this kind of daily occurrence and relating it to the Victor Frankenstein‘s case. The study of psychoanalytic is needed to know more about why he makes the

unnatural creature and why he disgraces his own-made creature. This can be

related to the dynamical personality that is shown in the novel.

B. Problem Formulation

Here are the problems formulated, namely:

1. How is Victor Frankenstein‘s characteristic described in the novel?

2. How does Victor Frankenstein‘s character reveal the dynamic of id, ego and superego?

C. Objectives of the Study

The first objective of the study aims on knowing the character more, in

this case the main character, Victor Frankenstein, who is assumed that he has a

personality disorder because of past saddening background. The things that he

does in the story seems done because of the unconscious mind of the user so that

he can make the bad decision into right and anything that is dangerous become

safe. The cause of why Victor Frankenstein does that is going to be analyzed

further. The second objective of the study aims on the analysis of the dynamic

types of personality, ego, superego and id, of Victor Frankenstein, and relating it

D. Definition of Term

To avoid misunderstanding of certain terms, there are some words that

need to be defined.

According to The Concise Dictionary of Psychology, Personality is the

fusions of all factors that make an individual human being act like normal human

being do in common; like thinking, feeling something, behaving and the

particular characteristic pattern of these elements that makes every human being

different from others. The personality might be hidden and also be expressed to

other people. It is also the dynamic nature of an individual which can be

perceptible or not to other people. (Statt, 2003:100).

It is stated in The Concise Dictionary of Psychology that according to

Freud the Ego is a part of the personality that closest to conscious awareness

which oversee particles between the unconscious drives of the pleasure seeking id

on the one hand and the internalized restrictions of the Superego on the other.

Freud views that a psychological disorder whose origins in emotional conflict

could be the result of the ego is being unable to maintain harmonious relations

with the id and superego because the power of their unconscious drives is too

much to cope with (Statt, 2003: 44).

It is stated in The Concise Dictionary of Psychology that according to

Freud the Id is the deepest unconscious drives which could be related with the

personality. The id is dominated by the pleasure principle and causes problems

for the ego when its drives are blocked. The id operates based on the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification of needs (Statt, 2003: 68).

It is also stated in The Concise Dictionary of Psychology that Superego is

the affiliation of restrictions which is caused by the id, as reflected in the values

and standards of behavior required by society in general and parents in particular.

It is literally known as the conscience. It is the equivalent of a conscience in a

system of ethics. The superego works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to

make the ego behave morally and appearing more (Statt, 2003:129).

According to Psychology an Introduction, Personality disorders are

disorders which are unchangeable from an individual and inappropriate ways of

thinking and behaving which cause distress and conflicts. These disorders are

various, and divided into a group of disorders regarded as enduring, inflexible

patterns of inner experience and deviating behavior which can cause distress and

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

There are some related studies that could help this study that are taken

from many perspectives.

Kas Hayes in his article ―Similarities between Author and Creation in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein‖ points out that there is relation between Mary Shelley‘s past life and the character of Victor Frankenstein. Both of them suffer from the bitter past experience in their life when they are still in average years. It

is about the lack of affection of the absence of a mother. Mary Shelley loses her

mother when she is in her growing phase, and at that time, she still needs the

presence of a mother. So, she writes Frankenstein to show her feeling:

In her famous novel about a man and his creation, much of Godwin's (soon to be Shelley) unconscious transformation through adolescence is visible. Notably she infuses "the creature" with some of her own adolescent issues. In some ways, Frankenstein is a glorified journal entry; allowing Shelley to write about some of her personal issues as she navigated that difficult line between being 'Godwin the adolescent' and 'Shelley the adult'. Through the creature, she discusses the loss of her mother, the estrangement of her father and the generally dysfunctional life of her biological family. Shelley's parents were well-known writers of their day: Mary Wollstonecraft considered a "radical feminist" writer (Smith 4) and William Godwin, the "father of philosophical anarchism" (Kreis). Wollstonecraft died eleven days after giving birth and although Shelley did not have her mother's presence as a child (Hayes, 2008).

From the event happening in the past, the writer unconsciously defines the

story line of Frankenstein as the story of her life. In Freudian work, there is

terminology called dream work. That is the process by which real events or

desires are transformed into dream images. Thus the characters, motivation, and

events are represented in literary way and reconstructing the abstract ideas or

feeling into concrete images. In Barry‘s book, it is stated that:

Dreams are just like literature; do not usually make explicit statements. Both tend to communicate obliquely or indirectly, avoiding direct or open statement and representing meanings through concrete embodiments of time, place, or person (Barry, 2002: 98).

From the quotation above we can see that the writer‘s past event may affect the storyline of a literature she made, based on what she felt at that time.

So, when writing the literature, the idea of character Frankenstein and his creature

may represent the people in real life.

Anthony F. Badalamenti in his journal says that Shelley‘s novel served as a waking expression of unconscious feeling of past event in relation of her

husband, Percy Shelley. Badalamenti relates the past story of Mary Shelley to the

novel Frankenstein and it results that there are similar names, stories and places

that are rewritten in the novel.

Decoding is the chief tool used in this attempt to divine Mary Shelley's motives. It is a means of finding the unconscious meanings hidden by substitution, a defense used to consciously express an emotionally charged but unconscious issue that would be unbearable were its real meaning open to conscious view. The idea of substitution, or encoding, is more

current and more exact. Encoding brings some relief of a cathartic nature but rarely resolves under lying issues. It is a familiar of poets, authors and the gifted in general, most of whom tend to use it unconsciously, just as Mary Shelley did. Mary Shelley's story was a substitute expression of deeply troubling feelings of hurt arising from Percy Shelley's many violations of their relationship. Unable to deal with them consciously and being very young, indeed a teenager, at the time she wrote the story, she unconsciously encoded her pain and her rage in her novel. Thus, the monster is here decoded as what Percy did to the love between himself and Mary (Badalamenti, 2006: 420).

Anthony researched the history of Mary Shelley‘s past event to the novel and found out some similarities. For example, in the novel, the opening scene is

in the North Pole, and Percy, Shelley‘s husband at that time, wished to see the poles unfrozen. The main character in the novel is Victor Frankenstein; Percy

Shelley‘s favorite pseudonym in early life was Victor. Victor Frankenstein‘s favorite sister is named Elizabeth; Percy Shelley‘s favorite sister was named Elizabeth, and both were family favorites. So, the point is he sought the history of

Mary Shelley to make the research why she created the novel Frankenstein.

Dadik Prasetya Aribowo in his undergraduate thesis ―The Personality Disorders of The Characters as The Result of The Dissatisfaction of Life in Mary

Shelley‘s Frankenstein‖ concludes that Frankenstein‘s curiosity of something makes him feel dissatisfied, and in this case are the curiosity of knowledge and

making a creature that he wants but instead becomes a monstrous thing:

Frankenstein‘s thirst of knowledge takes place in the first part when he comes to the feeling of dissatisfaction. He wants to improve himself hardly to obtain more understanding. Frankenstein wants to grab

everything in his hands. What Frankenstein actually does is a reflection toward what happen to us. It is the nature of man that the more he gets the more he wants. Therefore, this kind of waiting is endless and can never be satisfied (Dadik, 2003: 61).

From the two related studies, both of them take the same object and that is

about the mental disorder of the character, but in this research, the writer wants to

acknowledge more about the relation between the dynamic of ego, id and

superego in psychoanalysis that happen to Victor Frankenstein.

The first two studies focuses on the connection of the author and the main

character, Frankenstein, in creating this literary work. The story life of Mary

Shelley is almost similar to the story of Frankenstein, they both lose their mother.

She had experienced the loss of a child that might be represented in the novel.

They are also close to the family mostly to the father (because the mother is

dead). The similarities of the author and Frankenstein could be assumed as it is

the reason why Shelley creates the novel, they share a same agony. There are also

names of characters, places, also trace of events which are almost connected to

the storyline of the novel she created. There is no exact truth if the characters or

the personalities of the characters in the novel were made up randomly, or as she

like, but there might be connection between her story life and the storyline. She

put her feelings towards the novel and unconsciously delivered the messages into

effect from the dynamic occurrences that happened in the past which involve

Mary Shelley‘s nearby into the story.

The second study only focuses on the personality disorders that are seen

on Frankenstein and the creature. It explains the over desire of Frankenstein to

build the creature, and for the creature itself, the writer explains more to his

unclear reason why he is being created. This is actually almost the same as the

focus of my research, but the difference is he is only stating the sequence of the

story but not dividing it to which category should the personality be placed.

B. Review of Related Theories

There are some theories that are related to support the analysis.

1. Theories on Character

According to M.H Abrams, the character is a distinctive type of person. It

is to make differences to other characters and then characters itself are the persons

represented in a dramatic or narrative work. All characters usually have different

character to create the story more colorful:

Characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it—the dialogue—and from what they do the action. The grounds in the characters' temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation (Abrams, 1999: 32).

Laurence Perrine, in his book Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense,

divides characters into two types, namely:

a. Static character. She/he is the one who does not undergo and change. At

the end, he or she is still the same as in the beginning of the story.

b. Dynamic character. She/he is the one who is modified by actions and

experience and one objective of the work in which the character appears to

reveal the consequences of those actions. The character undergoes a

permanent change can be a large or small one: it may be for better or for

worse (1978: 70).

2. Theories on Characterization

According to Abrams, characterizing is establishing the distinctive

characters of the persons in the narrative, and there are two methods to

characterize, they are by showing and telling. In showing, (also called "the

dramatic method"), the author simply presents the characters talking and acting

and leaves the reader to infer the motives and dispositions that lie behind what

they say and do. The author may show not only external speech and actions, but

also a character's inner thoughts, feelings, and responsiveness to events; for a

highly developed mode of such inner showing, see stream of consciousness. In

telling, the author intervenes authoritatively in order to describe, and often to

Besides that theory, according to Murphy in Understanding Unseen

(1972: 161-173), it is mentioned that there are attempts to acknowledge

characteristics and behavior of characters, to make the characters become

understandable to the reader.

The first attempt to describe the characteristics and the behavior of

characters is through personal description. The author can describe the person‘s appearance and clothes.

Then the second attempt, we can acknowledge the character‘s description as seen by others. The author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of

another.

The third attempt is through a speech or conversation. The author can give

us an insight into the character through what the person says. Whenever a person

speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an

opinion, he is giving the clue of his character.

The fourth attempt is by knowing from the thought the character has in

mind. The author gives us the description of characteristic from what the

character‘s thinking.

The last attempt is by knowing the past life of the character. By letting the

reader learn something about a person‘s past life the author can give us a clue the shape of his character.

3. Psychoanalytic Criticism

Psychoanalytic criticism is a literary criticism which involves the

techniques and the process of psychoanalysis in interpreting components in

literature. Psychoanalysis itself is a form of therapy which is used to cure mental

disorder by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious element in

mind. By using this method in literary work, we can understand the characteristic

of a character in a literary work. The method of doing this is by getting through

inside the mind of a character and after letting the character talk freely or express

the story, the repressed fears and conflicts which are causing the problem will all

appear and be brought to conscious mind and being faced by the character instead

of still buried under the unconscious part of the mind. The theories are developed

by the figure that is famous when we discuss about psychoanalytic criticism,

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) (Barry, 2002: 96).

English letter students learn the theme, the development of characters in

great literature using psychoanalytic criticism. Therefore, psychoanalytic criticism

is allowed to be used in this research. According to Barry, psychoanalytic critics

give central importance, in literary interpretation, to the distinction between the

They pay close attention to unconscious motives and feelings, whether these be (a) those of the author, or (b) those of the characters depicted in the world. They demonstrate the presence in the literary work of classic psychoanalytic symptoms, conditions and phases of emotional and sexual development in infants (Barry, 2002: 105).

When analyzing through Psychoanalytic criticism, it is not separable if not

imputing the id, ego, and superego, the three types of personality like what is

concluded by Freud. He also found the idea of self defense mechanisms of a

human being, some ways to devote our physic energy from anxieties. Later on,

the writer discusses them more about what id, ego, superego and defense

mechanisms are.

a. The Id, Ego, and Superego

In Freud‘s work, it is maintained that our personality consists of the ego, super-ego and the id. These types of personality roughly are represented as

consciousness, conscience, and unconsciousness. According to Freud that is

stated in Theories of Personalities by Jess Feist and Gregory Feist, id is the most

primitive personality in mind and its purpose is to satisfy the basic desires, so that

we can call id as pleasure principle. In short, id is an element of personality which

is primitive, chaotic, and related to part of unconscious mind. It is also

unchangeable, containing amorality, illogical, disarranging, and full of propulsion

energy but outflowing the energy just to satisfy the desire of pleasure principle

While ego, is the element of personality which is connected to reality. Ego

is being tamed by reality principle, which is invoked to replace id‘s pleasure principle. Ego is the decision maker of things because ego can work in the

conscious, unconscious and not conscious, so ego is over the id and superego. In

short, ego, as the most top area of personality is in charge to control the demand

from id while considering the moral value from superego (Feist, 2009: 29).

Superego represents the aspect of moral and idealism from personality

which is controlled by moralistic and idealistic principles. Superego is developed

from ego, and like ego, it has its own source energy. However, what makes it

different from ego in one condition – is it does not have connection to the outside world so that the demand of superego becomes not realistic without the

participation of ego (Feist, 2009: 30).

According to psychology expert, Kendra Cherry, the id is the only

component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is

entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviors.

According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the

primary component of personality and the ego is the component of personality

that is responsible for dealing with reality. The ego develops from the id and

ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the

From Barry‘s book, it is stated that superego could be described as a condition when we are very aware, so that we could think clearly and we could

differentiate which is good or bad. The three of them should balance each other, if

not; the patient could fearly having mental disorder (Barry, 2002: 97).

b. Defense Mechanism

There are several psychic procedures by ego whose function is to lessen or

even avoid something that will bother our mind. One of the terms might be

called as transference, it is a situation whereby the character under analysis

redirects the emotions recalled towards someone or something to release the

tension which is buried, thus, the resentment felt towards a tragedy might be

reactivated but directed against something else. This might be seen as defense

mechanism, that is, as psychic procedures for avoiding painful admissions or

recognitions. Another one of them is dream work, the process by which real

events or desires are transformed into dream images. These include:

displacement, whereby one person or event is represented by another which in

some way linked or associated with it, perhaps because of a similar sounding

word, or by some form of symbolic substitution. Thus, characters, motivation

and events are represented in dreams in very ‗literary‘ way, involving the translation, by the dream work, or abstract ideas or feelings into concrete images

The desire to do something or to have something is as big as the dream

work itself. The dream work grows bigger following the bitter past event he/she

gets in the past. It links a substitution and could lead into the unbalanced

personality which id dominates more than two others.

In Freud‘s theory there are several defense mechanisms that are often revealed by an individual. The first time, he just develops the basic concept of

each mechanism, and then later, descriptions of many defense mechanisms are

developed more by his daughter and followers. If it has been mentioned that

transference is one division of defense mechanism, some partial of defense

mechanism will be reviewed in following sections.

In his book, Jerry Burger states that repression is the most important of

the defense mechanism. Repression is an active effort by the ego to push the

threatening material, such as the bad drives from id, out of conscious or keeping

out that drives from ever reaching consciousness. For example, one night a boy

sees his father physically assaulting his mother. When later asked about the

experience, the boy insists he has never seen anything at all like that. He may not

be lying. Instead, he buries the horrifying scene that he sees to be told to others

and therefore simply repressed it out of conscious. Freud says that each of us uses

this kind of mechanism, for we all have material in our unconscious mind we

would rather not bring into awareness. Using repression with a large number of

needed, or else the battle of reaching stable personality can be lost (Burger, 2010:

47).

Repression hides the drives by id and throws them in the part of

unconscious mind. And then what will happen to the drives next? Freud assures

that the drives will still maintain in unconscious mind. Then, this drives

sometimes will urge to go back to conscious mind within the same shift until it

creates anxiety which cannot be controlled by that individual. After that, the

drives will be expressed out by that individual into different types of outcome. It

could be a positive outcome or negative outcome that will result other people

harmed. The pressure by the unwanted drives also could be distributed into

dream, mistaken utterance, or even other defense mechanism (Feist, 2009: 35).

The next mechanism is called sublimation. It is to be said as the most

mature and the most productive way to fade anxiety. Many psychoanalysts often

refer sublimation as the only truly successful defense mechanism. When using

sublimation, the ego distributes the threatening unconscious drives into culturally

and socially acceptable actions. For example, the aggressive id drives can be

sublimated into playing hockey or football. Sublimation is the channel of

repression which modifies the socially unacceptable drives and also anxiety into

creativity. The sublimation work is really productive because the id is allowed to

express its aggression while ego does not have to use energy to hold back the

C. Theoretical Framework

To answer the two questions stated in the first chapter, the writer use

several theories to support them. There are three theories that will be used to

support the analysis. Firstly, the writer uses the theory of character and

characterization by M.H. Abrams. This theory is used to analyze the main

character. Secondly, the writer uses theory of characterization by M.J. Murphy.

This theory is applied in order to understand the main character deeper from the

novel. Thirdly, the writer uses the theory of element of personality by Freud. This

theory is used to analyze the relation of the personality‘s character and the events that happens in the story, mostly the daily life. This third theory is used to answer

the question number two that is stated in problem formulation by inserting the

correlation between the connection of Frankenstein‘s characteristics and the id, ego, and superego which sometimes the ego dominates the others and so on. Later

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is the famous British novel Frankenstein by Mary

Shelley. The first edition was published in London in 1818, but here I use the

e-book version that is taken from an internet site

(http://www.planetebook.com/ebooks/ Frankenstein.pdf) on March 09 2013. The

eBook has 277 pages and divided into 24 chapters. Since the novel was very

famous and until now is still well-known, there are some film series and

adaptations had been made based on this horror novel. This story influenced

many people to create films of new version of Frankenstein that have a

connection to the story. There is a movie adaptation made in year 1994 named

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein that is considered as the most faithful film

adaptation from the novel.

Frankenstein talks about a human that is having knowledge to build a

monstrous creature due to his dynamic personality. He builds the creature from

the wreckage and corpse, so that the creature looks very ugly and makes it

as happiness, sorrow, defenselessness and so on. These dynamic expressions are

part of the story that is interesting to be analyzed.

B. Approach of Study

The approach that is used for this research is psychoanalytic approach.

The writer uses this approach because this approach is the most suitable and

proper in order to answer the problem formulation. Psychoanalytic criticism is a

form of literary criticism which uses some of the techniques of psychoanalysis in

the interpretation of literature.

Psychoanalysis itself is a form of therapy which aims to cure mental

disorder by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious element in

mind (Barry, 2002: 96). Furthermore, Barry expounds that ―the classic method of doing this is by getting through inside the mind of the patient so by letting the

patient talk freely or express the story‖ (2002: 96). After that, in such way the repressed fears and conflicts which are causing the problems all appear and be

brought to the conscious mind and being faced by the patient instead of still

buried inside of the unconsciousness part of the mind. The theories are developed

by the figure that is famous when we discuss about psychoanalytic criticism,

This approach is suitable and proper for this research because by using

psychoanalytic criticism, the writer can analyze and investigate the conscious and

unconscious element in mind of a character. It is useful for studying the

psychological element of a character in the novel which can cause the swing of

the conflicts.

C. Method of Study

The method of this study is library research. The primary source of the

study was the e-book from novel entitled Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley.

The secondary sources, such as some relevant books on psychology and literature,

criticism and articles from internet were also used as secondary source.

This method allows several steps to analyze this research. The first step

was reading the novel and focusing on the main character of the novel. While

reading the through pages, the writer also read some books, articles, and criticism

related to the topic. The writer used the sources from internet for gaining

information. The second step was starting to answer the problem formulation and

that was by applying the approach and the theories that were taken from studies.

The third and final step was drawing a conclusion based on the answer and the

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

A. The Character of Victor Frankenstein

In order to understand the second problem formulation well, it is

important to know the characteristics of Victor Frankenstein. The writer analyzes

the characteristics of Victor Frankenstein to help the reader understand the points

of the future discussion. The theory that is used to analyze the characteristic of the

character is from Murphy‘s theory in his book Understanding Unseen. The writer uses personal description, character as seen by others speech, the thought the

character has in mind and past life to analyze the character.

Firstly Victor Frankenstein is the major character in the novel

Frankenstein who has various characteristics. He also comes from the famous and

rich family, because his father is really well known in town. Since he is young, he

gets a lot of affection and love from his parents. That is why he is very close to

his parents, mostly the mother:

I was their play thing and their idol, and something better—their child, the innocent and helpless creature bestowed on them by heaven, whom to bring up to good, and whose future lot it was in their hands to direct to happiness or misery, according as they fulfilled their duties towards me. I was so guided by a silken cord that all seemed but one train of enjoyment to me. My mother had much desired to have a daughter, but I continued their single offspring (I: 27).

Besides his condition that is comfortable, Victor Frankenstein is a man

who is born in an educated family. Victor Frankenstein has is seen as a lovable

son for his parents since he was young, so his parents put some faith and hope to

their only child. Their parents want to lead him to be the same as theirs, so, when

he was still young, he was taught of many things about being good to society.

Mostly parents want to have a child whose personality and attitude are good as his

parents, or even better. The ancestors of Victor had been for many years

counselors and parts in a government. His father is respected by all for his

integrity and his attention to public services. His mother comes from unfortunate

family, so then, remembering what she had suffered before married, she feels a

big concern towards the poor. His mother is full of tenderness that always

spreads love to her surroundings. Because of Frankenstein's family is full of love,

he is absorbed by their attitude then becomes like them.

With this deep consciousness of what they owed towards the being to which they had given life, added to the active spirit of tenderness that animated both, it may be imagined that while during every hour of my infant life I received a lesson of patience, of charity, and of self control, I was so guided by a silken cord that all seemed but one train of enjoyment to me (I: 27).

Besides that, Victor is also very attracted to study and have an ability to

learn something new around him since he is five. Once he has a desire to learn or

do something, he will undergo them passionately. He is focusing just in specific

My temper was sometimes violent, and my passions vehement; but by some law in my temperature they were turned not towards childish pursuits but to an eager desire to learn, and not to learn all things indiscriminately. I confess that neither the structure of languages, nor the code of governments, nor the politics of various states possessed attractions for me. It was the secrets of heaven and earth that I desired to learn; and whether it was the outward substance of things or the inner spirit of nature and the mysterious soul of man that occupied me, still my inquiries were directed to the metaphysical, or in its highest sense, the physical secrets of the world (II:32-33).

In some ways, it could be said that he is an irresponsible person. He has

the ability and knowledge from his professor who is majoring in natural

philosophy to make the dead body comes to be alive again by the power electric

shock or the process of galvanization. It can be said that he could make the dead

live again. He tries to make one using the unnatural components and after he

finishes it, he just runs away because of scared of the outlook of the creature:

The miserable monster whom I had created. He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me. His jaws opened, and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs. Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. A mummy again endued with animation could not be so hideous as that wretch. I had gazed on him while unfinished; he was ugly then (V: 59-60).

He leaves the hideous creature in his apartment, without explaining who

he is, and why he is created back into live. But then, this kind of personality will

make his story becomes a horror and sorrowful. The death of his brother,

leaves a hand mark print on the neck and the hand print is the size of gigantic

person. And the wrongly accused murderer is be the babysitter of the victim,

Justine, who is really close and be considered as part of his family. The

irresponsible Frankenstein leaves horrifying memory because of what he has

done.

He can also be seen as a passive person after knowing about what he says

in mind. After the death of William, he could tell the truth of what is really going

on, to help the accused Justine. Instead, he just feels terrified and does nothing but

is regretful. It could lessen the number of victim that his fiend creature causes.

The story tells that Justine is being slandered by the fiend to revenge irresponsible

Frankenstein. It would be nice to add the death of Frankenstein family member

for being ignorant. It seems that Frankenstein is fearful to tell the real truth, but

the ego represses it that he is not being fearful and creating a reason why he does

not want to tell about his creation. His idea is if he tells the reality to everyone, no

one will believe and he will be presumed as insane. But, it is worth to try, and the

juries‘ decision might be different of death sentence. However, he is just being silent and accepting the tragedy:

I had no fear, therefore, that any circumstantial evidence could be brought forward strong enough to convict her. My tale was not one to announce publicly; its astounding horror would be looked upon as madness by the vulgar (VII: 88).

As the result of being passive, he, again, feels sorry to himself for what he

does, which is nothing:

And I the cause! A thousand times rather would I have confessed myself guilty of the crime ascribed to Justine, but I was absent when it was committed, and such declaration would have been considered as the ravings of madman and would not have exculpated her who suffer through me (VIII: 90).

When the trial is ongoing, the witnesses can report what they witness and

many stories show up with different version of each person and different opinion

about Justine. Some people prove that she is guilty because there is evidence. At

the time, it is given a time for witnesses to tell what happen and may also defend

the accused. Frankenstein just stays still and be passive, only hearing other

witnesses speak while he knows everything that happened. After the time of

witnesses giving explanation is over, he just keeps regretting of what he has done

while cursing his creation:

I believed in her innocence; I knew it. Could the demon who had (I did not for a minute doubt) murdered my brother also in his hellish sport have betrayed the innocent to death and ignominy? I could not sustain the horror of my situation, and when I perceived that the popular voice and the countenance of the judges had already condemned my unhappy victim, I rushed out of the court in agony. The tortures of the accused did not equal mine; she was sustained by innocence, but the fangs of remorse tore my bosom and would not forgo their hold (VIII: 95).

According to Murphy, we can acknowledge a person‘s characteristic through the explanation of past events. Victor Frankenstein also can be described

until old, he still goes to many places, even goes to dangerous places that rarely

person visit. He enjoys travelling around the world and sightseeing the wild

nature, the green of grass field, the dazzling sunshine, even the thunderous sound

of ice avalanches. He tends to repress the pressure he has by travelling. After the

death of Justine, he finds himself so desperate. He has sorry feeling of what has

happened and also anger or even hold grudge to the fiend he created. Therefore,

he represses it through travelling to Chamounix summit, a place which he had

come to when he was young:

Sometimes I could cope with the sullen despair that overwhelmed me, but sometimes the whirlwind passion of my soul drove me to seek by bodily exercise and by change of place, some relief from my intolerable sensations. It was during an access of this kind that I suddenly left my home, and bending my steps towards the near alpine valleys, sought in the magnificence, the eternity of such scenes, to forget myself and my ephemeral, because human, sorrows. My wanderings were directed towards the valley of Chamounix which I had visited it frequently during my boyhood (IX: 106).

He also could be described as an ambitious person. There are two

significant times when he is persistently ambitious, it is when he creates the

creature and after his creation murders the people he loves. He does not care of

what happen to him, about his health, about his life, he has to get what he wants.

Even before his last breath, he still holds grudge against the fiend he creates and

wants to hunt it until death. If he could not finish the task he makes, he will not

forgive himself. He wants to hunt his creation so that he can revenge the death of

his beloved family. It can be said also that he is unforgiving. Nobody will not let

Do so, if you will; but I will not. You may give up your purpose, but mine is assigned by heaven, and I dare not. I am weak, but surely the spirits who assist my vengeance will endow me with sufficient strength (XXIV: 268).

B. The Dynamic of Id, Ego, and Superego

By relating to the theory of psychoanalysis, the writer could elaborate that

the author describes the character of Victor Frankenstein dynamically. There are

swings of personality that can be related to Freud‘s theory of psychoanalysis. The interaction of id, ego and superego is the process of the dynamic of personality.

The personality element id is strong when he unaware makes the creature. Id is a division state of mind whose the main purpose is to fulfill the principle of

pleasure. Victor Frankenstein wants to create a creature that is almost exactly the

‗same‘ as his mother who died long ago because of scarlet fever. Same in here is not the same as his mother physically, but the same behavior. The excuse of

Victor Frankenstein for creating this creature is because he wants somebody to

represent his mother‘s existence. The passionate taste when he studies the science of natural philosophy makes him ignore and neglect all the environments, like his

family and Elizabeth, the next to be the wife. The obsession to build something

like this is the sign of mental disorder that Victor Frankenstein has. Victor

Frankenstein, the creator, has a traumatic problem in seeking the represent of the

As quoted in the novel from Mary Shelley, Frankenstein:

She died calmly, and her countenance expressed affection even in death. I need not describe the feelings of those whose dearest ties are rent by that most irreparable evil, the void that presents itself to the soul, and the despair that is exhibited on the countenance. It is so long before the mind can persuade itself that she whom we saw every day and whose very existence appeared a part of our own can have departed forever—that the brightness of a beloved eye can have been extinguished and the sound of a voice so familiar and dear to the ear can be hushed, never more to be heard. These are the reflections of the first days; but when the lapse of time proves the reality of the evil, then the actual bitterness of grief commences (III: 40).

We can see that he still loves his mother from what he says and he cannot

let it happen. Even though day passes, he still has an imagination of his mother in

mind; it could probably happen because he is very close to the family, moreover

to his mother. After his mother dies, he wants to use his knowledge to prevent or

evade the death of the rest of the family or someone he loves, so that, he will not

feel a loss again in the future:

I expressed myself in measured terms, with the modesty and deference due from a youth to his instructor, without letting escape (inexperience in life would have made me ashamed) any of the enthusiasm which stimulated my intended labors. I requested his advice concerning the books I ought to procure (III: 47).

He also has background and characteristics that are different from other

person. He likes to study a lot while his friends play outside joyfully. When he

grows up he attends the college and finds that has the same mind and interest, that

have a willing to be his disciple. He just wants to keep in touch with people that

have same interest with him:

I beheld the corruption of death succeed to the blooming cheek of life; I saw how the worm inherited the wonders of the eye and brain. I paused, examining and analyzing all the minutiae of causation, as exemplified in the change from life to death, and death to life, until from the midst of this darkness a sudden light broke in upon me— among so many men of genius who had directed their inquiries towards the same science, that I alone should be reserved to discover so astonishing a secret (IV: 51).

The id shows when he wants to research the science, his final purpose is

turning human becomes immortal and far from sickness. In the middle of the

process, he even says that calling demon is also allowed. When researching the

science, he says to himself that this activity will lead him to doom because it is

wrong activity. Even so, his superego tells him that he has to leave this torturing

research. In the end, it is unavoidable. Destiny has chosen his path and his greed

has destroyed his conscience. He wants to be acknowledged by people about this

research and at the same time, he desires to help people by using his invention.

Because he wants to protect people he loves from the death, he

unconsciously turns into an egoistic person that he wants to cheat death. He uses

his knowledge to create a being by reviving a dead body. The part of

unconsciousness from Victor Frankenstein unconsciously appears and surrounds

him because of the trauma he has. He even ignores laws and tries to collect the

because of his lost control of obsession and motivating himself to create the

monster.

In the beginning he tells that he has deep feeling to his family. The

relation between him and his family is really close; to his father, Elizabeth,

William and Ernest, his brother. He does not realize that he has progressing on

experiment in two years staring on the hideous thing for this whole time. Even

though he keeps all the details on his work, but still he feels dissatisfied after

seeing his creation makes a motion. He supposes to recognize of what he is

working, what research he is doing on, but instead the unconscious part of

Frankenstein‘s mind is really strong and suppresses the reality that he will create a beautiful creature. We can see it from the process Victor working on the

research. He neglects his surroundings and only focuses on one thing:

Two years passed in this manner, during which I paid no visit to Geneva, but was engaged, heart, and soul, in the pursuit of discoveries which I hope to make. None but those who have experienced them can conceive of the enticements of science (IV: 50).

His body cannot restrain anymore. He endures it and forces his body to do

what he has in mind:

Now everyday showed me more plainly how well I had succeeded. But my enthusiasm was checked by my anxiety, and I appeared like one doomed by slavery to toil in the mines, or any other unwholesome trade that an artist occupied by his favorite employment. Every night I was oppressed by a slow fever, and I became nervous to a most painful degree; the fall of a leaf startled me, and I shunned m fellow creatures as if I had

been guilty of a crime. Sometimes I grew alarmed at the wreck I perceived that I had become; the energy of my purpose alone sustained me (IV: 57).

At the first time, the desire of science is motivated by the coolness of

knowing things like making the immortal and something related to resurrection,

but now he realizes the reality that it is just fantasy. He has to face the modern

science that is more real. He learns that there is no way that he could continue that

ancient science. But, later on, the desire to study the mystery of the nature which

is full of secrets back to its way after hearing the courage words uttered by his

professor, Waldman. He tells Frankenstein that the ancient experts had found the

miracle, the basis state of nature, and had found the new energy with unlimited

force. He finds his master as the master finds his disciple. They share the same

interest that will lead to Frankenstein‘s future. He teaches him everything. The id shows again when he meets someone with the same interest. The professor is the

second trigger that makes Frankenstein come back to its past road, back to the

study that must not be learnt. He studies days and nights. He comes back to his

first purpose of studying science:

As I applied so closely, it may be easily conceived that my progress was rapid. My ardour was indeed the astonishment of the students, and my proficiency that of the masters. Professor Krempe often asked me, with a sly smile, how Cornelius Agrippa went on, whilst M. Waldman expressed the most heartfelt exultation in my progress (IV: 49-50).

The ego as described in Freud‘s theory also appears inside Frankenstein‘s

character. Ego is a division of mind whose function is to handle the amount of id

and superego to be sized equally. Ego is the conscious mind that decides about

something which acceptable or not acceptable. Ego has to control the repeatedly

irrational demand from id ad also the realistic demand from superego.

The ego of Frankenstein shows when he makes deal with the creature he

makes in the summit of Montanvert. Since his heart is moved by the creature‘s proposal, that is to make the same creature as his but the female version to be the

companion of life, Victor Frankenstein is conscious that he has to be responsible

for what he has done. It ends with the solution that Frankenstein will make the

female companion of life of the creature. He realizes that the monster is just like

human being, but just the appearance is different. It deserves to get justice. By

doing this he also could stop the harshness that the creature does to his family:

I paused some time to reflect on all he had related and the various arguments which he had employed. I thought of the promise of virtues which he had displayed on the opening of his existence and the subsequent blight of all kindly feeling by the loathing and scorn which his protectors had manifested towards him. His power and threats were not omitted in my calculations; a creature who could exist in the ice caves of the glaciers and hide himself from pursuit among the ridges of inaccessible precipices was a being possessing faculties it would be vain to cope with. After a long pause of reflection I concluded that the justice due both to him and my fellow creatures demanded of me that I should comply with his request. Turning to him, therefore, I said, ‗I consent to your demand…‘ (XVII: 178).

Another ego is shown by Victor Frankenstein when he has a thought in

mind, that if he creates the second creature, it might be turned to be

uncontrollable creature, then have children, and adding the monstrous race into

this world is a really bad decision:

As I sat, a train of reflection occurred to me which led me to consider the effects of what I was now doing. Three years before, I was engaged in the same manner and had created a fiend whose unparalleled barbarity had desolated my heart and filled it forever with the bitterest remorse. I was now about to form another being of whose dispositions I was alike ignorant; she might become ten thousand times more malignant than her mate and delight, for its own sake, in murder and wretchedness. He had sworn to quit the neighborhood of man and hide himself in deserts, but she had not; and she, who in all probability was to become a thinking and reasoning animal, might refuse to comply with a compact made before her creation. They might even hate each other; the creature who already lived loathed his own deformity, and might he not conceive a greater abhorrence for it when it came before his eyes in the female form? She also might turn with disgust from him to the superior beauty of man; she might quit him, and he be again alone, exasperated by the fresh provocation of being deserted by one of his own species (XX: 202).

He cannot let himself to be the murderer again. Therefore, he decides to

stop all of his research without letting the thing knows about this,

I left the room and locking the door, made a solemn vow in my own heart never to resume my labours; and then, with trembling steps, I sought my own apartment. I was alone; none were near me to dissipate the gloom and relieve me from the sickening oppression of the most terrible reveries (XX: 204).

He might break the promise he makes with the creature, but in here, he

thinks very clearly that it could happen. If a devil race comes to this world it

keeping his promise, but on the other side, this could make the world turn to

chaos (with just the existence of first creature, there are a lot of innocent people

who die). In confusion, he decides to stop what he thinks is right at first:

I am not mad,‘ I cried energetically; ‗the sun and the heavens, who have viewed my operations, can bear witness of my truth. I am the assassin of those most innocent victims; they died by my machinations. A thousand times would I have shed my own blood, drop by drop, to have saved their lives; but I could not, my father, indeed I could not sacrifice the whole human race‘ (XXI: 228).

Besides ego and id, there is another personality element, superego, which

dominates Frankenstein‘s mind. The superego is strong after he made the creature. Superego is a division of mind that can be related to morality and

idealistic of individual‘s personality. The working of superego is by controlling unacceptable and aggressive drives through repression. Superego cannot produce

repression by itself thus by commanding ego to control it. Superego can be said as

the conscience of an individual that tend to give order to a being about this thing

is acceptable to do or not.

When he is still young, he had been taught about loving each other, about

the perspective of helping each other from his parents. Despite somehow he is

seen as an egoistic person, indirectly, he had learned the lesson of the valuable

life with others, that we should help and appreciate other people. By that, he

One day Victor Frankenstein dreamt of Elizabeth that starts to look pale

and almost die and he also dreamt of his dead mother in his arms, and there are

grave worms in the body. He runs away after seeing the creature alive and never

come back to his apartment. By seeing this, it could be elaborated that he realizes

that even the dead will always be dead, cannot be resurrected again. He also feels

sorry to the horror he made, making the unnatural creature,

In vain; I slept, indeed, but I was disturbed by the wildest dreams. I thought I saw Elizabeth, in the bloom of health, walking in the streets of Ingolstadt. Delighted and surprised, I embraced her, but as I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death; her features appeared to change, and I thought that I held the corpse of my dead mother in my arms; a shroud enveloped her form, and I saw the grave-worms crawling in the folds of the flannel. I started from my sleep with horror; a cold dew covered my forehead, my teeth chattered, and every limb became convulsed; when, by the dim and yellow light of the moon, as it forced its way through the window shutters, I beheld the wretch— the miserable monster whom I had created… Mingled with this horror, I felt the bitterness of disappointment; dreams that had been my food and pleasant rest for so long a space were now become a hell to me; and the change was so rapid, the overthrow so complete! (V: 59, 60).

The superego of Victor sometimes appears slightly, in the midst of

creating the monster. It is when he knows what he learns is wrong, but the id is

stronger because of curiosity and it suppresses the conscience that actually what

he is doing is wrong. He is led with a strong imagery and way of thinking of

Another superego personality that is shown by Victor Frankenstein is

when he realizes of what he has done, the two of his family members got killed

because of his mistake, creating the creature, and irresponsibly just leave it that

way, so that the creature gets lonely and avenges his grudge by killing

Frankenstein‘s relatives. His cousin, William, gets killed by the creature and his servant, Justine, who is like a part of Frankenstein family is blamed for the

murder of William:

A thousand times rather would I have confessed myself guilty of the crime ascribed to Justine, but I was absent when it was committed, and such a declaration would have been considered as the ravings of a madman and would not have exculpated her who suffered through me…. Thus I might proclaim myself a madman, but not revoke the sentence passed upon my wretched victim. She perished on the scaffold as a murderess! From the tortures of my own heart, I turned to contemplate the deep and voiceless grief of my Elizabeth. This also was my doing! And my father‘s woe and the desolation of that late so smiling home all was the work of my thrice-accursed hands! Thus spoke my prophetic soul, as, torn by remorse, horror, and despair, I beheld those I loved spend vain sorrow upon the graves of William and Justine, the first hapless victims to my unhallowed arts (VIII: 90, 100).

After the incident of murdering, Victor Frankenstein always thinks before

deciding something. He makes a strong decision for agreeing to create the female

companion for the creature. His heart is weakened after hearing the reasonable

story told by the creature. At the first time, he just swears on his creation and right

away wants to terminate him. However, he is moved by the story as wanting to

decreasing his misery. His creation actually has soft heart and really reasoning

person (if could be called a person) and Frankenstein is willing to help him in one

condition he should leave Europe and disappear from the human race.

I was moved. I shuddered when I thought of the possible consequences of my consent, but I felt that there was some justice in his argument. His tale and the feelings he now expressed proved him to be a creature of fine sensations. His words had a strange effect upon me. I compassionated him and sometimes felt a wish to console him (XVII: 176-177).

From above, we can see that the author creates the character of Victor

Frankenstein which is dynamic. Bad behaviors, good behaviors are shown in the

narrative work, in order to make the story not flat. The changing tune of id and

superego is often shown and resulting the different effect. We can see the

comparison of id when sometimes dominates or superego when sometimes

1.

2.

3.

The picture number 1 is often referred to Frankenstein‘s psychological mind in the early part of the story. It could be assumed that it is because he is still

young and the mind still desires to fulfill his goals or dream to achieve. After his

hideous creation makes a motion, he irresponsibly ignores it and leaves his

chamber without taking care the creation which is full of questions to ask to its

master.

After the accident of the killing of his family relatives, Frankenstein‘s psychological mind is surrounded by superego which can be referred to picture

number 2. After his brother is murdered, he knows that the killer is his own

creation who seeks for revenge because of being abandoned. Frankenstein then is

filled with guilt for what he has done and regretting it. After William, Justine, and

his beloved friend, Clerval die, the superego gets stronger and stronger until he is

feels sick like about to die.

The picture number 3 shows the balance amount of division of mind

which ego controls id and superego. In Frankenstein‘s case, it is rare to be mentioned that his ego controls the others. It only can be seen when he makes a

deal and be responsible to his own creation, at the same time, his action of

cancelling the creation‘s demand is somehow acceptable. It could be worst if the world is full of artificial human and could vanish the human race.

From the comparison above, the picture number 2 is shown more in the

novel, because the main character, Victor Frankenstein, keeps regretting and feels

sorry until his entire family members die. The picture number 1 is only shown at

the beginning of the story and picture number 3 is nudging Frankenstein‘s psychological mind in the middle of the story but just small portion.

The righteous division of mind is when ego covers the demands offered by

both id and superego. When id dominates the mind, our mind turns to

unconscious and only want to do something that is related to pleasure and will not

personality of being ambitious about his research. He forgets his surroundings and

be blind by the excitement of science. He will go through many obstacles in order

to obtain his goal. That is when the id is stronger than ego and superego.

However, when our mind is full of superego, it also will affect something

that is bad to our mind and body. If the superego is stronger than two of others, it

will stimulate a great guilt by the individual. When Superego is stronger, a person

will always feel that what he does is wrong and unacceptable to society. We can

relate this to Frankenstein‘s story when he feels responsible for the death of all his family member but not doing his task. It all turns to a big depression and makes

his body weak and always attacked by fever.

The right amount of ego to handle id and superego is needed for the

stability of human mind. In Frankenstein‘s story, his personality is always full of pleasure-seeking drives which make him a selfish person. We often see his

superego is sometimes stronger than id and superego which cause him very sorry

until feeling desperate. A condition when ego dominates id and superego is rarely

seen in the story. Therefore he always seems having unhealthy psychology in his

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

As a mankind who has sense, we cannot evade that there must be something

that hurt our feeling in the past. Sometimes when the memory comes back again in

our visualization, we will face a situation that we have an intention to do something

for removing the pain memory. It could be done by revealing anger or doing

something unconsciously. Victor Frankenstein is dealing with that problem that he

could not forget the sweet memory with his family, moreover his close relationship to

his mother. This brings Frankenstein to invent a monstrous creature, personification

of human, but just bigger and scarier than the real, because it is made of raw material

that are taken from dissection room and graveyard.

His unconscious mind becomes strong and he always keeps his mind to create

and create, even forgetting and does not have intention to meet his family. He is too

focus about his motivation to make the dead lives again, so there will be no one who

he loves to go forever (died) again. Cannot balancing about conscious and

unconscious is same as having mental disorder and fearly could make us do

something terrible for others.

The writer finds out that before creating the thing, his id dominates the other

elements of mind because he does not think that it will turn to be a monstrous thing

personality of being ambitious about his research. He forgets his surroundings and be blind by the excitement of science. He will go through many obstacles in order to obtain his goal. That is when the id is stronger than ego and superego.

However, when our mind is full of superego, it also will affect something that is bad to our mind and body. If the superego is stronger than two of others, it will stimulate a great guilt by the individual. When Superego is stronger, a person will always feel that what he does is wrong and unacceptable to society. We can relate this to Frankenstein‘s story when he feels responsible for the death of all his family member but not doing his task. It all turns to a big depression and makes his body weak and always attacked by fever.

The right amount of ego to handle id and superego is needed for the stability of human mind. In Frankenstein‘s story, his personality is always full of pleasure-seeking drives which make him a selfish person. We often see his superego is sometimes stronger than id and superego which cause him very sorry until feeling desperate. A condition when ego dominates id and superego is rarely seen in the story. Therefore he always seems having unhealthy psychology in his almost entire life.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

As a mankind who has sense, we cannot evade that there must be something that hurt our feeling in the past. Sometimes when the memory comes back again in our visualization, we will face a situation that we have an intention to do something for removing the pain memory. It could be done by revealing anger or doing something unconsciously. Victor Frankenstein is dealing with that problem that he could not forget the sweet memory with his family, moreover his close relationship to his mother. This brings Frankenstein to invent a monstrous creature, personification of human, but just bigger and scarier than the real, because it is made of raw material that are taken from dissection room and graveyard.

His unconscious mind becomes strong and he always keeps his mind to create and create, even forgetting and does not have intention to meet his family. He is too focus about his motivation to make the dead lives again, so there will be no one who he loves to go forever (died) again. Cannot balancing about conscious and unconscious is same as having mental disorder and fearly could make us do something terrible for others.

The writer finds out that before creating the thing, his id dominates the other elements of mind because he does not think that it will turn to be a monstrous thing that will suffer Frankenstein‘s life. It is stated by Freud that id always dominates

people‘s mind when they are still young and as the time pass by, they will understand the good and bad of things, and later the superego will become stronger. The older people, the stronger the superego is.

In the beginning of the story, Frankenstein is described as a person who always keeps family affection. And also, he seems having some good characteristics in him. He is a genius, kindhearted to his relations, and a brave man whose hobby is traveling around Europe. After quite a moment, the conflict rises after he starts inventing the secret nature of life and after that; he only focuses on studying and believing that he can create an animate. The unconscious part of mind (id) rises, covering the other state of mind, and after he finishes creating the creature, realize that what he is resulting is not the same as he wanted before. It may be concluded that the id is strong and take control of Frankenstein desire to make immortal creature.

The superego of Victor Frankenstein appears often and keeps stronger after the creature kills the relatives of Frankenstein, Frankenstein becomes angry to his creature and at the same time, he fears that his creation will kill all the human being and conquering the human world. After being surrounded by guilt, it means that the superego, or might be said the conscience of Frankenstein becomes uncontrollable. He turns to be a very anxious person and is always sick.

The writer concludes that the ego of Frankenstein dominates other elements of mind is rarely seen because Frankenstein always keeps decision in mind without

taking responsibility of what he has done. It is also because he turns to become introvert person because of the great anxiety he has.

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