Conference paper
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
Risk management support through India Remote Sensing Satellites
N Aparna a, , A V Ramani b & R Nagaraja c
a
Scientist Engineer “SG”, Head Mission Interface and User Services NRSC-NDC - [email protected]
b
Scientist Engineer “SF” MI&US NRSC-NDC –[email protected]
c
Group Director NDC-NRSC :[email protected]
Commission VI, WG VI/4
KEY WORDS: Payload planning, Emergency planning, Operational Remote Sensing Systems, GIS
ABSTRACT
Remote Sensing along with Geographical Information System (GIS) has been proven as a very important tools for the monitoring of
the Earth resources and the detection of its temporal variations. A variety of operational National applications in the fields of Crop
yield estimation , flood monitoring, forest fire detection, landslide and land cover variations were shown in the last 25 years using the
Remote Sensing data. The technology has proven very useful for risk management like by mapping of flood inundated areas
identifying of escape routes and for identifying the locations of temporary housing or a-posteriori evaluation of damaged areas etc.
The demand and need for Remote Sensing satellite data for such applications has increased tremendously. This can be attributed to
the technology adaptation and also the happening of disasters due to the global climate changes or the urbanization. However, the
real-time utilization of remote sensing data for emergency situations is still a difficult task because of the lack of a dedicated system
(constellation) of satellites providing a day-to-day revisit of any area on the globe. The need of the day is to provide satellite data
with the shortest delay. Tasking the satellite to product dissemination to the user is to be done in few hours. Indian Remote Sensing
satellites with a range of resolutions from 1km to 1m has been supporting disasters both National & International. In this paper, an
attempt has been made to describe the expected performance and limitations of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellites available for
risk management applications, as well as an analysis of future systems Cartosat-2D, 2E ,Resourcesat-2R &RISAT-1A. This paper
also attempts to describe the criteria of satellite selection for programming for the purpose of risk management with a special
emphasis on planning RISAT-1(SAR sensor).
INTRODUCTION
ISRO has launched several satellites with multi sensors. Each
sensor has a capability to provide the information of the surface
of earth spatially and spectrally. These are unique information
about the properties of the earth surface the land topography and
the shallow waters. The satellites systems considered are optical
and Radar. The Optical satellite systems considered here are ,
Resourcesat-2 , Oceansat-2 , Cartosat-2 & Cartosat-1. The
Radar satellite considered is RISAT-1. Earth observational
optical systems are passive sensors, operating in the visible
spectrum (0.4µ -0.7µ) near infrared (0.8 µ to 0.9 µ) and (1.5 µ1.8µ) medium infrared. These measurements of easily
interpretable but have the impact of the atmospheric conditions.
Moreover whenever Cyclones , floods , forest fires , volcano’s
occur they are always accompanied with either clouds or thick
smoke. This reduces the utilization of optical sensors
operationally for disasters
For the context of emergency the revisit time and appropriate
resolutions are very important parameters to be considered.
For example Oceansat-2 which has a receptivity of 2 days
cover the area every alternate day and gives a synoptic view of
the area in 8 narrow spectral bands. This can be used for
monitoring at broad level. In case of AWIFS we can look at the
same area on every fifth day , with a resolution of 56 m and 12
bit radiometry. This helps in the flood inundations, effected
area mapping and also monitoring at regular intervals. RISAT-1
can view the area every 2/3 days. These satellites if planned and
data is made available to users in timely manner, gives lot of
information to the decision makers to manage and allocate the
resources.
RADAR sensors are active instruments they are independent of
the sun illumination allowing both ascending and descending
orbits for image acquisitions. High sensitivity to roughness and
humidity also allows to retrieve different physical parameters
compared to the optical sensors. The fact that they are “all
weather” capable makes Radar sensors operational in
emergency context.
The IRS optical and microwave satellites can be operated in
multimode’s.
1.1 Current Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS)
constellation of satellites:
Resourcesat-2 has three sensors allowing imaging at a
resolution of 5.8m to 56m , Cartosat-1 can be operated in 2
modes , either stereo or wide. The Wide mode gives the
advantage of covering larger area ~ 56km with 2.5m resolution.
Cartosat-2 can be operated in Spot mode / strip mode or paint
brush mode. The paint brush mode gives the maximum area
coverage of 27*27 sq km. RISAT-1 can be operated in four
modes , FRS -1 FRS-2 , CRS and MRS. The resolution ranges
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
1
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
from 3 m to 50m
fro
0m. On demand the
th satellite can be operated to get
h resolutionn data
high
d of 1m forr 10*100
1
sq km.. Fo
Following table-11
g
gives
the details
ils of the satellites
tes revisit capabilit
ilities available for
R Managemen
Risk
ment.
T
Table-1
IRS satellites
sate
available
le for
fo risk managem
ement
S
NO
N
1
Satellite
Mode
Resource
rcesat-2
2
Cratosat
at-1
a.LISS
S-1V
b.LISS
ISS-3
c.AWiF
FS
PAN
Revisit
it
in dayss
a.5
b.24
c.5
5
3
Cartosat
at-2
PAN
4/5
4
RISAT-22
SAR
Band
X
2
5
RISAT-11
SAR
Band
C
2/3
Node
capability
Only
Descending
ng
Flow char
art-1 Showing the flow of the em
emergency request
uest.
Only
ng
Descending
Only
ng
Descending
Both
ng
Descending
&
Ascending
Both
Descending
ng
&
Ascending
The acquisitio
T
sitions & planning
ing for the purp
urpose of damage
ge
a
assessment
iss ve
very critical ass the
th matching between
be
archives
ves
a new acquis
and
uisitions plays an essential role.
le. We have also
lso
p
presented
few ccase studies to show the cap
apabilities of the
e
existing
operatio
rational satellitess and
a the time lin
lines achieved. A
st
study
has beenn made
ma as to how
w frequently a gi
given area can be
c
covered
with th
the existing IRS satellite con
onstellations. The
he
a
adequacy
of th
the satellites is also worked oout as the risk
isk
ma
management
nee
needs continuous
us monitoring of disaster areas
eas
w
which
then clashes
cla
with thee National proje
rojects needs. The
he
a
analysis
show that
th it will be only
nly with the launc
nch of a dedicated
ted
c
constellation
off satellites
sa
which
ch allow simultane
aneous optical and
nd
ra
radar
acquisition
tion with high repeat
re
frequencie
cies will help in
o
operationalising
ng the servicess for
fo risk monitoring
ring.
1 Acquisition
1.2
on planning strate
ategy for risk man
anagement
In an operationa
onal scenario all
ll the
t satellites have
ha a short term
rm
p and a longg term
plan
t
plan. Thee long
lo term plan is at weekly level
vel
a the short term plan is to acco
and
ccommodate anyy cchange or urgent
ent
re
request.
The long
lon term plan aalso takes care
re of the advance
ce
re
requests.
F
Following
are the
th modes of plan
anning the request
ests
Longg term
t
planning
Short
rt term
t
planning
Day w
wise planning
The long term
T
rm planning gathe
thers all the user
use requests and
nd
c
calculates
the the time left
ft for
f some more
re operations and
nd
fre
freezes
the areaas of collections.
ns. This helps us in building up
a
archives.(
Figure
ure -1)
F
Figure:-1
: Con
onsolidation off request
re
During em
emergencies alll th
the long term
m plan
pla and the short
ort term
plan will be overruledd and the new request
re
needss to be
introduced.
ed. The requestt can
c be triggered
red at any time,
e, if the
scheduless aare not released
sed the emergency
cy will be include
ded and
the schedu
dules will be gen
enerated. The new
ew request inclus
lusion is
from an au
authorized login as shown in thee flow
fl chart-1.
Three case
ses arise for an emergency
em
request
est.
1.
2.
3.
T
The schedules of next day are not
no yet released.
T
The scheduless have
ha been release
ased but not uplink
linked to
tthe satellite.
T
The commands have
h
been uplink
inked.
Time Line
nes followed are:
11000 IST P/L Schedule
Sc
Planning
ing (PPS) for Next
xt day.
11300 IST NDC S
Sends P/L Sched
hedule File to SCC
CC
11500 IST Comma
mands are Genera
erated at ISTRAC
AC
11800 – 2330 IST Commands wil
ill be Uplinked to S/C .
00530 IST Onwar
ards P/L Sessionn Commands
C
Exec
xecution
S
Starts
CASE-1:: If Emergencyy E
Exist before 17
1730 IST on Working
Wo
Days , then
hen the Emergency
ncy Request willl be
b Ingested by payload
pa
planning te
team at NDC alo
along with Regula
lar Request and Send
Se to
SCC. If aalready Comman
ands are Generat
rated at ISTRAC
AC & not
Uplinkedd R
Regenerate thee Commands
C
with
th new I/P from NDC.
NDC
cy Exist Afterr 1730 IST, and the
CASE-2:: If Emergency
Commands
nds are not Upli
plinked to S/C.. Though Userr Order
Processing
ng System ( UOP
OPS) we ing
ngest Emergency.
cy. PPS
Generates Opportunities/p
s/proposal to UO
OPS online , enabling
ena
online pro
roposals for thee planners. After
fter Confirmationn PPS
generatess a separate file
ile having Emerg
rgency Request
st & the
Time/Orbit
rbit Number from
om where the E
Emergency has
as been
Included.
CSG – IS
ISTRAC re-gen
enerates the Com
ommands using
ng New
Emergency
ncy I/P + Dailyy Request
R
File wh
which was send earlier.
e
Upload the SCH File to PPS
P for Automat
atic Pass Schedul
dule File
Generation
ion
CASE-3:: IIf Emergency Ex
Exist after Comm
mmands Uplinkedd to
t S/C
Executionn Started & Few
w Sessions are alre
lready Executed.
d.
After Con
onfirmation PPS generates a separate file having
h
Emergency
ncy Request & the Time/Orbit Number
Nu
from whe
here the
Emergency
ncy has been Includ
luded.
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
2
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
CSG – ISTRAC
C
AC regenerates part
artial (from where
ere Emergency has
b
been
Included)) Commands
C
using
sing New Emergen
rgency I/P + Daily
ily
R
Request
File which
wh was send earlier.
ea
Upload the
th SCH File to
P for Automat
PPS
matic Pass Schedul
dule File Generatio
tion.
C
Check
againstt TTC
T
schedule fil
ile , weather the
here are sufficient
ent
T
TTC
Orbits fo
for Commands unlinking
u
( Too be Coordinated
ted
w S/C Contro
with
trollers ). If there
re is no sufficient
nt TTC Orbits for
u
uplinking
then
en Extra TTC Passes
P
may be Taken by the
C
Controller
if Possi
ossible.
Therefore the possibility
T
p
of best
b
service for an emergency
cy
d
depends
upon the
th above mention
tioned cases. Avail
ailability of orbits
its
fo TTC comman
for
anding is very essential.
ess
F
Following
are the
th steps wheneve
ver and emergency
ncy is triggered
Figure
re :-3 RISAT-1 orbital
or
pattern
Weath
ther the area is within
wi
the Indiann ccone or outside
Checki
cking the feasibilit
ility of acquisition
on for coming few
dayss from
fro on all availa
ilable constellation
tion of satellites
Coordi
rdination
with
ith
Disaster
er
Monitoring
ing
group/
p/International charter to uunderstand the
require
irement of Resolu
lution ,frequencyy aand time line\
Pre-ev
event preparatory
ry -data acquisition
ion in the probable
ble
effecte
cted area
Decisio
ision on preferenti
ntial dump orbits.
Decisio
ision on the additi
itional area to bee collected in and
nd
around
nd the affected areas.
are
Initiati
ating automatic processing
pro
trigger
ger as soon as the
data is down linked.
11.3 Analysis of number of opp
pportunities forr a given area of
i
interest.
To arrive at the
T
th number off oopportunities w
with the existing
ing
c
constellation
off IRS satellites , a point of intere
erest for collection
ion
i chosen and analysis
is
an
is made.
e. For the case stu
study Resourcesat
sat2 RISAT-1,CAR
2,
ARTOSAT-2 and
nd CARTOSAT-11 are considered.
A a test case let us take the point
As
poi (latitude 22.7
2.73 and longitude
de
8
85.87).
L us analyze
Let
ze this with respect
resp
to the RIS
RISAT-1 satellite.
ite.
R
RISAT-1
satellit
llite can be operate
ated both in Desce
scending as well as
A
Ascending
node
de with Right orr L
Left look. Thiss gi
gives permutation
ion
o 2*2 =4 ways
of
ays of acquiring data as shown
wn in
i the Figure-2 .
F
Figure-3
showss the
t orbits of RIS
ISAT-1 on a given
ven day.
is tthe following aare the feasibiliti
ilities on given point
po of
With this
interest
Satellite
RISAT-1
Dates
Da
16th Nov
17th Nov
20th Nov
21st Nov
22nd Nov
24th Nov
25th Nov
A typical
al ccase study off a point with RIS
ISAT-1 for a peri
eriod of
15th Novv tto 25th Nov 2014
20 shows that
at the opportunitie
ities are
continuous
us from 16th to 17th and thenn from
f
20th to 222nd and
again on 224th and 25th using
usi both Ascen
ending and Desce
scending
nodes. On 18th and 19th no possibilit
ility again on 23rd no
possibility.
ity.
The opport
ortunities with Re
Resourcesat-2 are
re on 18th Nov and
an 23rd
Nov.
Similarlyy if we generate
ate the opportunit
nities of Cartosa
sat-1 &
Cartosat-2.
2. It is observedd that
t Cartosat-11 & Cartosat-2 have
ha the
opportuniti
nities of collections
ons on 18th Nov 2014.As
20
these satellites
sat
are not pha
hased, in certainn cases
c
Cartosat-11 & Catosat-2 have
ha the
collectionn opportunitiess on the same
me day. This sometime
som
becomess a disadvantage
ge and reducess the
t total numb
mber of
opportuniti
nities. Therefore when
w
coupled with
wit the optical satellites
sat
the opport
ortunity of collec
ections are on a daily
da basis but not
no less
than a day.
ay.
1.4 Curren
rent status
Figure :-2 RISAT-1
RI
Left & R
Right Looking
Remote Se
Sensing satellites
es support in map
apping the afterr effects
e
of floodss , hurricanes , earthquakes
eart
volca
lcano eruptions , oil
oi spill
etc and al
also helps in prediction
pre
of Drought
Dro
affected
ed areas
provide info
information on water
wa contaminati
ation etc. Most of these
have the pro
problem of cloud
ud when it comes
es to the opticall sensors
se
therefore
re th
the analysis of such
su kind of risk
sk management
ma
/ disaster
di
manageme
ment is more andd mo
more depending
ing upon the micr
crowave
satellites.
Most of th
the risk manageme
ement need contin
tinuous monitorin
ring of a
given area
rea for assessmen
ent and relief act
activities. The problem
pro
needs to be addressed inn two
t parts, one is when the data
ta is for
other than
an Indian visibility
lity and the data within
w
Indian visibility
vis
cone. Whe
hen the area with
ithin Indian visibi
ibility cone is ask
sked for
we need to consider that
at a country like
ike India which is very
much in th
the use of Rem
emote Sensing data
da needs dataa for
fo its
Nationall pro
projects like Crop
rop estimation, Irrigation
Irri
relatedd , waste
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
3
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
lland mapping etc.
et These need data
d without gap
ap and for the full
c
country.
Whenev
never the data for disasters is plan
lanned it is always
ays
a the cost off the
at
th other ongoing
ing projects. Spec
pecially in case of
R
RISAT-1
the ongoing
o
projec
jects look for sspecific angles,
es,
p
polarizations
an
and look directio
tion like FASAL
L requires data in
D
Descending
left
ft look with 36 deg
de angle and du
dual polarization.
on.
F
Figure-4
showss the
t data requirem
rement of FASAL.
AL.
F
Figure-4:
FASAL
SAL requirements
ents with RISAT--1
1.5 RISAT
AT-1 programmin
ming
RISAT-1 programming is more complex
lex, given the vari
ariety of
possible mo
modes(resolution/
on/swath) and inc
ncidences. Such variety
v
provides a shorter access
ss ti
time (of the order
der of 2-3days), unless
un
a
specific co
constraint of angles
ang
are given.
en. For example
le if the
incidencee aangles of archive
ived data are to be matched with
th future
collectionn , this makes the
he planning comple
mplex and in turn reduces
re
the collecti
ction capabilities.
s.
For examp
mple for water-rela
related applications,
ons, high incidence
nce shall
be selected
ted for flood detec
tection (to minimise
mise water clutter,
er, in the
attempt to maximize the contrast betw
tween water and
nd land)
where ass low incidencee shall be select
ected for oil spills
spil (to
maximisee se
sea clutter and th
therefore the con
ontrast between po
polluted
and cleann wa
water surfaces).
A trade-off
off between spatia
tial resolution and
nd swath has to be done,
choosingg tthe highest reso
solution while covering
cov
the area
rea to be
observed.. Coupled with this
thi the process becomes
be
more complex
comp
when emer
mergencies are to be
b combined with
ith ongoing request
uests.
Based onn tthe cloud move
vement and the estimated
est
rain fall
fa and
occurrence
ce for some off the
th events the satellites
sate
are request
uested to
be taskedd with an advanc
nce notice of few hours. In the
he years
2012-13,, ttwelve statess w
were either effec
fected by floodss or by
Cyclone.. With RISAT-11 all these were
w
supported.
d. This
eventually
lly disturbed thee requirement for
fo the other projects.
pro
Figure 5- sh
shows the areass pplanned for flood
oods in 2012-2013
13
The data other
T
er than the Indi
dian visibility cone
co are always
ays
p
planned
with the
th onboard tape
ape recorder and
nd the Antractica
ica
st
station
( Bharati)
rati) is used for dow
own linking thee ddata. The Indian
ian
st
station
at Antar
tarctica (Bharati),
ti), Larsemann Hills,
Hi
(69ºS and
nd
7
76ºE
approx) has
h been used to
t establish a ground
gr
station to
a
acquire
Indian
an Remote Sen
ensing satellites
es data and to
c
communicate
with
wi to them.
m. The station was
w successfully
lly
e
established
in Dec
D 2012 with
th S/X-Band an
and established a
c
communication
n link between An
Antarctica andd two stationss in
In (NRSC, Shadnagar
India
Sh
and NCAOR,
NC
Goa). The
Th link supports
rts
t
transfer
of satelli
ellite data @2x400 Mbps
M
in near real
rea time to NRSC
SC
a 2 way com
and
communication services
se
@ 4 Mbps
M
to NRSC,
C,
S
Shadnagar
andd NCAOR,
NC
Goa simultaneously.
sim
anned for disaster
ster during 2012-113
Figure :-55 RISAT-1 plann
Antarctica statio
A
tion facilitates local
loc coverage coll
ollections over the
re
region
for thee benefit of scientists
scie
studying
ng the Antarctica
ica
re
region.
Due its location the IR
IRS satellites are visible to the
st
station
for about
ut 10 to 11 orbits
its therefore it pro
rovides additional
nal
o
orbits
for data down
do linking.
Within 1h off downlink
W
do
the da
data is transferre
rred from Bharati
rati
st
station
to Shadna
dnagar station. The
he data is processe
essed and supplied
ied
t the user. Thee bbest time lies achieved
to
ach
is 4h turn
urnaround time for
P
Philippines
earth
arthquake. The location
lo
of Antarc
tarctica station is
sh
shown
in Figur
ure-5.During 201
012-13, 25 Intern
ernational Charter
rter
re
requests
were serviced.
serv
F
Figure-4
Bhara
rati Station locati
ation.
When sele
electing radar acq
cquisitions for the purpose off damage
da
assessment
ssment, the matchingg of mode , node
de and polarizatio
ation are
very impo
portant (same iincidence andd resolution) between
be
archives an
and new acquisi
isitions as the variation
var
informat
rmation is
derived from
fro the compar
parison betweenn acquisitions obtained
ob
before and
nd after an event.
2. Exampl
ples of disasterr monitoring
m
and
d rrisk manageme
ment
2.1 An exa
example of floodd monitoring
mo
using
sing IRS constellat
lation of
satellitess oover Assam area
rea.During third week
w
of August,
st, 2014,
several are
areas in Assam state
st were inunda
ndated due to floo
loods in
Brahmaput
putra, Beki and other
ot
rivers. Kaz
aziranga National
nal Park
also inunda
ndated by the flood
floo waters of Bra
Brahmaputra River
ver. The
request for data collection
on was triggeredd on
o 6th Sep 2014.
ISRO / NR
NRSC programme
mmed RISAT-1 sat
satellite data of the
th area
on 7th Sep
ep , 9th Sep , 10th Sep , 11th Sepp with
w coarse resolution
reso
50m resolu
solution. Pre event
ent data was avail
ailable on 14th A
August
2014. The
he flood inundation
ion information was
wa disseminated
ed to the
concerned
ed Central and Assam
Assa State Go
Govt. departments.
nts. The
followingg satellite images
es show pre & post
p flood situati
ation in
Nowgong,
g, Sonitpur and
nd other districts
cts and the floo
loods in
Kaziranga
ga National Park (Figure
(
6)
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
4
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
2.3 HUDHU
HUD cyclone:
Cycloness aare wind-systems
stems of relatively
ely low pressuree which
spiral inwa
wards towards a centre
ce
in the lowe
west atmospheric
ric levels
and cause
se iimmense destruc
ruction and loss
ss of life when they
ey strike
coastal are
areas. The Indiann Metrological
M
Department(IMD)
De
D) gives
a prediction
tion of these cyclo
lones. Based on the
th predictionss th
the data
requiremen
ment is initiated
ted. Very Seve
vere Cyclonic Storm
‘HUDHUD’
UD’ over west central
cen
Bay of Be
Bengal made land
ndfall at
Andhra Pra
Pradesh coast onn 112th October 201
014.
The alerts
rts of this were released
re
by IMD
D on 6th Oct 201
014.The
planning ffor the data collections
co
were
re initiated on 6th and
continuous
usly data was planned
pla
from 8th Oct
O 2014 till 26th Oct
2014.To ha
have a complete
te assessment
a
andd a base map gen
enerated
Coarse reso
resolution followe
wed by Medium
m resolution then
en high
resolutionn data were plann
anned. Figure 8 sh
shows the planni
ning of
the satellite
lite based on the track.
tra
F
Figure-6
RISAT
AT-1 – 17 Aug 2014
20 – Assam flood
floo inundation
22.2 Jammu & Kashmir
Ka
floods
ds: Severe floodss w
were reported in
Ja
Jammu
& Kashmi
shmir during first
rst week of Septemb
tember, 2014. The
he
re
request
for emer
ergency planning
ng with all satellite
lites was triggered
red
o 6th Sep 20144
on
6 am IST.. The
T earliest satellite
sate
that could
uld
t
track
the area was
wa Resourcesat
sat-1 AWiFS senso
nsor. The satellite
lite
p
passed
the areaa at
a 9.45 am on 6th Sep 2014 and
nd the product was
as
su
supplied
immed
ediately. Heavyy rains coupledd with rise in the
w
water
levels off Jh
Jhelum river had led to flooding
ing in the districts
cts
o Anantnag, Pulwama,
of
Pu
Badgam,
am, Kulgam, Raj
ajouri etc. Heavy
vy
ra falls cause
rain
se widespread flo
flooding in thee Kashmir
K
valley.
ey.
T
Therefore
thiss required
r
continu
tinuous monitoring
ing of Jammu &
K
Kashmir
area.RI
RISAT-1 was plan
lanned for this area
rea for all possible
ble
o
opportunities.
The
Th data was coll
ollected on 8th Sep , 9th Sep , 10th
S 12th Sep.. 17th Sep, 20th Sep
Sep,
ep , 21st Sep , 22 Sep & 28th Sep
ep
2
2014.Optical
satellites
sate
were also
lso tasked,
Cartosat-1
1 th Sep , Cartosa
10
rtosat-2 10th Sep , Resourcesat-2
R
9th Sep , 14th Sep
ep
th
a 19 Sep 20
and
2014.The requirem
irement of continu
inuous monitoring
ing
c
could
be fulfille
lled with the const
nstellation of IRS
S satellites butt at
t cost of disturb
the
turbing the collect
ections of otherr N
National projects.
cts.
F
Figure
7 showss tthe J&K flood inundation.
in
HUD
cyclon
lone planning
Figure--8 RISAT-1 – HUDHUD
2.4 Floods
ds in Nepal
Heavy rain caused massive
ssive landslides from the hillside in Jure,
Mankhaaa oof Sindhupal cho
howk district in Nepal's
N
Centrall Region
R
on 2 Aug
ug 2014. The landslide
lan
createdd a high artificial
ial dam
across the
he Saptakoshi Riv
iver, one of thee main
m tributaries
es of the
Koshi Riv
iver, blocking the flow of water
ter completely.. W
With a
large volume
lume of water colle
ollecting above the dam, the risk of flash
floods, wh
which could also
so impact India's
's Bihar was a point
po of
concern.. E
Emergency was
as triggered onn 3Aug 2014 for data
collectionn and monitoring
ing the area. Supp
upport was provid
vided as
shown inn tthe table-2.Cont
ntinuous monitori
oring was done and
an the
maps were
re generated given
ven till 19th Aug 2014.
20
Figure-7 RISAT
F
AT-1 – 22 Sep 2014
20 – Jammu & Kashmir flood
od
i
inundation
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
5
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
References:
DATE
PROGRAM M ED
S.No
Sat ellit es
1
4-Aug-14
RS-2
RISAT-II
2
5-Aug-14
RS-2
RISAT-II
3
6-Aug-14
CARTOSAT-1
4
7-Aug-14
RISAT-II
5
8-Aug-14
RISAT-II
6
9-Aug-14
7
10-Aug-14
8
11-Aug-14
9
12-Aug-14
CARTOSAT-1
RISAT-II
10
14-Aug-14
CARTOSAT-2
RS-2
11
15-Aug-14
12
17-Aug-14
13
18-Aug-14
14
19-Aug-14
RS-2
RISAT-II
CARTOSAT-2
RISAT-1
[1].Risk management using RS data: moving form scientific to
operational applications by F .Sart etal
[2].NRSC web site www.nrsc.gov.in
[3.]K.Feigl, F.Sarti et al. « Estimating slip distribution forthe
Izmit mainshock from coseismic GPS, SPOT and ERS-1
measurement », submitted 07/09/2000 for publication on
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, special issue
on Izmit and Duzce Turkey Earthquakes
RISAT-II
RISAT-1
CARTOSAT-1
RISAT-II
CARTOSAT-2
RS-2
Table 2- IRS-Support for the Nepal floods
3.Future Spatial Systems:
ISRO is planning to launch both Microwave and Optical sensors
, of medium and high resolution. Backup missions for
Resoiurcesat-2 and RISAT-1 namely Resourcesat-2 R and
RISAT-1A are planned. Apart from these series of high
resolution missions are aimed at like Cartosat 3/3A/3B with
0.25m PAN and 1m MX. Cartosat 1A/1B with 1.25m PAN
stereo and 2.5m MX , Resourcesat-3 series with 20m MX .All
these are highly flexible and together can give data with a gap
of few hours provided they are phased.
4. Conclusions:
Remote sensing has become a tool for assessment or risk
management and the demand for the same is increasing.2012-13
financial year witnessed flooding in 12 states of India. The IRS
satellite constellation including the Microwave satellite gives
opportunity of imaging any area on the globe almost every day.
The optical sensors have the difficulty of the effect of the
meteorological uncertainties. This demands continuous support
of planning form the SAR sensors. Therefore RISAT-1 is
mostly occupied with emergency planning. The existing
constellation of satellites do not allow for a real time monitoring
with few hours gap. Another limitation is non availability of
simultaneous collections in optical and SAR data The situation
will improve with the launch of dedicated constellation of
satellites only for disaster monitoring and risk management.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Director NRSC Dr V K Dadhwal and
Deputy Director MS B Lakshmi for allowing us to do this
study. We are also thankful to Head Disaster Management
Group, Mr G Srinivas Rao , NRSC for their inputs and support.
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
6
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
Risk management support through India Remote Sensing Satellites
N Aparna a, , A V Ramani b & R Nagaraja c
a
Scientist Engineer “SG”, Head Mission Interface and User Services NRSC-NDC - [email protected]
b
Scientist Engineer “SF” MI&US NRSC-NDC –[email protected]
c
Group Director NDC-NRSC :[email protected]
Commission VI, WG VI/4
KEY WORDS: Payload planning, Emergency planning, Operational Remote Sensing Systems, GIS
ABSTRACT
Remote Sensing along with Geographical Information System (GIS) has been proven as a very important tools for the monitoring of
the Earth resources and the detection of its temporal variations. A variety of operational National applications in the fields of Crop
yield estimation , flood monitoring, forest fire detection, landslide and land cover variations were shown in the last 25 years using the
Remote Sensing data. The technology has proven very useful for risk management like by mapping of flood inundated areas
identifying of escape routes and for identifying the locations of temporary housing or a-posteriori evaluation of damaged areas etc.
The demand and need for Remote Sensing satellite data for such applications has increased tremendously. This can be attributed to
the technology adaptation and also the happening of disasters due to the global climate changes or the urbanization. However, the
real-time utilization of remote sensing data for emergency situations is still a difficult task because of the lack of a dedicated system
(constellation) of satellites providing a day-to-day revisit of any area on the globe. The need of the day is to provide satellite data
with the shortest delay. Tasking the satellite to product dissemination to the user is to be done in few hours. Indian Remote Sensing
satellites with a range of resolutions from 1km to 1m has been supporting disasters both National & International. In this paper, an
attempt has been made to describe the expected performance and limitations of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellites available for
risk management applications, as well as an analysis of future systems Cartosat-2D, 2E ,Resourcesat-2R &RISAT-1A. This paper
also attempts to describe the criteria of satellite selection for programming for the purpose of risk management with a special
emphasis on planning RISAT-1(SAR sensor).
INTRODUCTION
ISRO has launched several satellites with multi sensors. Each
sensor has a capability to provide the information of the surface
of earth spatially and spectrally. These are unique information
about the properties of the earth surface the land topography and
the shallow waters. The satellites systems considered are optical
and Radar. The Optical satellite systems considered here are ,
Resourcesat-2 , Oceansat-2 , Cartosat-2 & Cartosat-1. The
Radar satellite considered is RISAT-1. Earth observational
optical systems are passive sensors, operating in the visible
spectrum (0.4µ -0.7µ) near infrared (0.8 µ to 0.9 µ) and (1.5 µ1.8µ) medium infrared. These measurements of easily
interpretable but have the impact of the atmospheric conditions.
Moreover whenever Cyclones , floods , forest fires , volcano’s
occur they are always accompanied with either clouds or thick
smoke. This reduces the utilization of optical sensors
operationally for disasters
For the context of emergency the revisit time and appropriate
resolutions are very important parameters to be considered.
For example Oceansat-2 which has a receptivity of 2 days
cover the area every alternate day and gives a synoptic view of
the area in 8 narrow spectral bands. This can be used for
monitoring at broad level. In case of AWIFS we can look at the
same area on every fifth day , with a resolution of 56 m and 12
bit radiometry. This helps in the flood inundations, effected
area mapping and also monitoring at regular intervals. RISAT-1
can view the area every 2/3 days. These satellites if planned and
data is made available to users in timely manner, gives lot of
information to the decision makers to manage and allocate the
resources.
RADAR sensors are active instruments they are independent of
the sun illumination allowing both ascending and descending
orbits for image acquisitions. High sensitivity to roughness and
humidity also allows to retrieve different physical parameters
compared to the optical sensors. The fact that they are “all
weather” capable makes Radar sensors operational in
emergency context.
The IRS optical and microwave satellites can be operated in
multimode’s.
1.1 Current Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS)
constellation of satellites:
Resourcesat-2 has three sensors allowing imaging at a
resolution of 5.8m to 56m , Cartosat-1 can be operated in 2
modes , either stereo or wide. The Wide mode gives the
advantage of covering larger area ~ 56km with 2.5m resolution.
Cartosat-2 can be operated in Spot mode / strip mode or paint
brush mode. The paint brush mode gives the maximum area
coverage of 27*27 sq km. RISAT-1 can be operated in four
modes , FRS -1 FRS-2 , CRS and MRS. The resolution ranges
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
1
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
from 3 m to 50m
fro
0m. On demand the
th satellite can be operated to get
h resolutionn data
high
d of 1m forr 10*100
1
sq km.. Fo
Following table-11
g
gives
the details
ils of the satellites
tes revisit capabilit
ilities available for
R Managemen
Risk
ment.
T
Table-1
IRS satellites
sate
available
le for
fo risk managem
ement
S
NO
N
1
Satellite
Mode
Resource
rcesat-2
2
Cratosat
at-1
a.LISS
S-1V
b.LISS
ISS-3
c.AWiF
FS
PAN
Revisit
it
in dayss
a.5
b.24
c.5
5
3
Cartosat
at-2
PAN
4/5
4
RISAT-22
SAR
Band
X
2
5
RISAT-11
SAR
Band
C
2/3
Node
capability
Only
Descending
ng
Flow char
art-1 Showing the flow of the em
emergency request
uest.
Only
ng
Descending
Only
ng
Descending
Both
ng
Descending
&
Ascending
Both
Descending
ng
&
Ascending
The acquisitio
T
sitions & planning
ing for the purp
urpose of damage
ge
a
assessment
iss ve
very critical ass the
th matching between
be
archives
ves
a new acquis
and
uisitions plays an essential role.
le. We have also
lso
p
presented
few ccase studies to show the cap
apabilities of the
e
existing
operatio
rational satellitess and
a the time lin
lines achieved. A
st
study
has beenn made
ma as to how
w frequently a gi
given area can be
c
covered
with th
the existing IRS satellite con
onstellations. The
he
a
adequacy
of th
the satellites is also worked oout as the risk
isk
ma
management
nee
needs continuous
us monitoring of disaster areas
eas
w
which
then clashes
cla
with thee National proje
rojects needs. The
he
a
analysis
show that
th it will be only
nly with the launc
nch of a dedicated
ted
c
constellation
off satellites
sa
which
ch allow simultane
aneous optical and
nd
ra
radar
acquisition
tion with high repeat
re
frequencie
cies will help in
o
operationalising
ng the servicess for
fo risk monitoring
ring.
1 Acquisition
1.2
on planning strate
ategy for risk man
anagement
In an operationa
onal scenario all
ll the
t satellites have
ha a short term
rm
p and a longg term
plan
t
plan. Thee long
lo term plan is at weekly level
vel
a the short term plan is to acco
and
ccommodate anyy cchange or urgent
ent
re
request.
The long
lon term plan aalso takes care
re of the advance
ce
re
requests.
F
Following
are the
th modes of plan
anning the request
ests
Longg term
t
planning
Short
rt term
t
planning
Day w
wise planning
The long term
T
rm planning gathe
thers all the user
use requests and
nd
c
calculates
the the time left
ft for
f some more
re operations and
nd
fre
freezes
the areaas of collections.
ns. This helps us in building up
a
archives.(
Figure
ure -1)
F
Figure:-1
: Con
onsolidation off request
re
During em
emergencies alll th
the long term
m plan
pla and the short
ort term
plan will be overruledd and the new request
re
needss to be
introduced.
ed. The requestt can
c be triggered
red at any time,
e, if the
scheduless aare not released
sed the emergency
cy will be include
ded and
the schedu
dules will be gen
enerated. The new
ew request inclus
lusion is
from an au
authorized login as shown in thee flow
fl chart-1.
Three case
ses arise for an emergency
em
request
est.
1.
2.
3.
T
The schedules of next day are not
no yet released.
T
The scheduless have
ha been release
ased but not uplink
linked to
tthe satellite.
T
The commands have
h
been uplink
inked.
Time Line
nes followed are:
11000 IST P/L Schedule
Sc
Planning
ing (PPS) for Next
xt day.
11300 IST NDC S
Sends P/L Sched
hedule File to SCC
CC
11500 IST Comma
mands are Genera
erated at ISTRAC
AC
11800 – 2330 IST Commands wil
ill be Uplinked to S/C .
00530 IST Onwar
ards P/L Sessionn Commands
C
Exec
xecution
S
Starts
CASE-1:: If Emergencyy E
Exist before 17
1730 IST on Working
Wo
Days , then
hen the Emergency
ncy Request willl be
b Ingested by payload
pa
planning te
team at NDC alo
along with Regula
lar Request and Send
Se to
SCC. If aalready Comman
ands are Generat
rated at ISTRAC
AC & not
Uplinkedd R
Regenerate thee Commands
C
with
th new I/P from NDC.
NDC
cy Exist Afterr 1730 IST, and the
CASE-2:: If Emergency
Commands
nds are not Upli
plinked to S/C.. Though Userr Order
Processing
ng System ( UOP
OPS) we ing
ngest Emergency.
cy. PPS
Generates Opportunities/p
s/proposal to UO
OPS online , enabling
ena
online pro
roposals for thee planners. After
fter Confirmationn PPS
generatess a separate file
ile having Emerg
rgency Request
st & the
Time/Orbit
rbit Number from
om where the E
Emergency has
as been
Included.
CSG – IS
ISTRAC re-gen
enerates the Com
ommands using
ng New
Emergency
ncy I/P + Dailyy Request
R
File wh
which was send earlier.
e
Upload the SCH File to PPS
P for Automat
atic Pass Schedul
dule File
Generation
ion
CASE-3:: IIf Emergency Ex
Exist after Comm
mmands Uplinkedd to
t S/C
Executionn Started & Few
w Sessions are alre
lready Executed.
d.
After Con
onfirmation PPS generates a separate file having
h
Emergency
ncy Request & the Time/Orbit Number
Nu
from whe
here the
Emergency
ncy has been Includ
luded.
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
2
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
CSG – ISTRAC
C
AC regenerates part
artial (from where
ere Emergency has
b
been
Included)) Commands
C
using
sing New Emergen
rgency I/P + Daily
ily
R
Request
File which
wh was send earlier.
ea
Upload the
th SCH File to
P for Automat
PPS
matic Pass Schedul
dule File Generatio
tion.
C
Check
againstt TTC
T
schedule fil
ile , weather the
here are sufficient
ent
T
TTC
Orbits fo
for Commands unlinking
u
( Too be Coordinated
ted
w S/C Contro
with
trollers ). If there
re is no sufficient
nt TTC Orbits for
u
uplinking
then
en Extra TTC Passes
P
may be Taken by the
C
Controller
if Possi
ossible.
Therefore the possibility
T
p
of best
b
service for an emergency
cy
d
depends
upon the
th above mention
tioned cases. Avail
ailability of orbits
its
fo TTC comman
for
anding is very essential.
ess
F
Following
are the
th steps wheneve
ver and emergency
ncy is triggered
Figure
re :-3 RISAT-1 orbital
or
pattern
Weath
ther the area is within
wi
the Indiann ccone or outside
Checki
cking the feasibilit
ility of acquisition
on for coming few
dayss from
fro on all availa
ilable constellation
tion of satellites
Coordi
rdination
with
ith
Disaster
er
Monitoring
ing
group/
p/International charter to uunderstand the
require
irement of Resolu
lution ,frequencyy aand time line\
Pre-ev
event preparatory
ry -data acquisition
ion in the probable
ble
effecte
cted area
Decisio
ision on preferenti
ntial dump orbits.
Decisio
ision on the additi
itional area to bee collected in and
nd
around
nd the affected areas.
are
Initiati
ating automatic processing
pro
trigger
ger as soon as the
data is down linked.
11.3 Analysis of number of opp
pportunities forr a given area of
i
interest.
To arrive at the
T
th number off oopportunities w
with the existing
ing
c
constellation
off IRS satellites , a point of intere
erest for collection
ion
i chosen and analysis
is
an
is made.
e. For the case stu
study Resourcesat
sat2 RISAT-1,CAR
2,
ARTOSAT-2 and
nd CARTOSAT-11 are considered.
A a test case let us take the point
As
poi (latitude 22.7
2.73 and longitude
de
8
85.87).
L us analyze
Let
ze this with respect
resp
to the RIS
RISAT-1 satellite.
ite.
R
RISAT-1
satellit
llite can be operate
ated both in Desce
scending as well as
A
Ascending
node
de with Right orr L
Left look. Thiss gi
gives permutation
ion
o 2*2 =4 ways
of
ays of acquiring data as shown
wn in
i the Figure-2 .
F
Figure-3
showss the
t orbits of RIS
ISAT-1 on a given
ven day.
is tthe following aare the feasibiliti
ilities on given point
po of
With this
interest
Satellite
RISAT-1
Dates
Da
16th Nov
17th Nov
20th Nov
21st Nov
22nd Nov
24th Nov
25th Nov
A typical
al ccase study off a point with RIS
ISAT-1 for a peri
eriod of
15th Novv tto 25th Nov 2014
20 shows that
at the opportunitie
ities are
continuous
us from 16th to 17th and thenn from
f
20th to 222nd and
again on 224th and 25th using
usi both Ascen
ending and Desce
scending
nodes. On 18th and 19th no possibilit
ility again on 23rd no
possibility.
ity.
The opport
ortunities with Re
Resourcesat-2 are
re on 18th Nov and
an 23rd
Nov.
Similarlyy if we generate
ate the opportunit
nities of Cartosa
sat-1 &
Cartosat-2.
2. It is observedd that
t Cartosat-11 & Cartosat-2 have
ha the
opportuniti
nities of collections
ons on 18th Nov 2014.As
20
these satellites
sat
are not pha
hased, in certainn cases
c
Cartosat-11 & Catosat-2 have
ha the
collectionn opportunitiess on the same
me day. This sometime
som
becomess a disadvantage
ge and reducess the
t total numb
mber of
opportuniti
nities. Therefore when
w
coupled with
wit the optical satellites
sat
the opport
ortunity of collec
ections are on a daily
da basis but not
no less
than a day.
ay.
1.4 Curren
rent status
Figure :-2 RISAT-1
RI
Left & R
Right Looking
Remote Se
Sensing satellites
es support in map
apping the afterr effects
e
of floodss , hurricanes , earthquakes
eart
volca
lcano eruptions , oil
oi spill
etc and al
also helps in prediction
pre
of Drought
Dro
affected
ed areas
provide info
information on water
wa contaminati
ation etc. Most of these
have the pro
problem of cloud
ud when it comes
es to the opticall sensors
se
therefore
re th
the analysis of such
su kind of risk
sk management
ma
/ disaster
di
manageme
ment is more andd mo
more depending
ing upon the micr
crowave
satellites.
Most of th
the risk manageme
ement need contin
tinuous monitorin
ring of a
given area
rea for assessmen
ent and relief act
activities. The problem
pro
needs to be addressed inn two
t parts, one is when the data
ta is for
other than
an Indian visibility
lity and the data within
w
Indian visibility
vis
cone. Whe
hen the area with
ithin Indian visibi
ibility cone is ask
sked for
we need to consider that
at a country like
ike India which is very
much in th
the use of Rem
emote Sensing data
da needs dataa for
fo its
Nationall pro
projects like Crop
rop estimation, Irrigation
Irri
relatedd , waste
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
3
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
lland mapping etc.
et These need data
d without gap
ap and for the full
c
country.
Whenev
never the data for disasters is plan
lanned it is always
ays
a the cost off the
at
th other ongoing
ing projects. Spec
pecially in case of
R
RISAT-1
the ongoing
o
projec
jects look for sspecific angles,
es,
p
polarizations
an
and look directio
tion like FASAL
L requires data in
D
Descending
left
ft look with 36 deg
de angle and du
dual polarization.
on.
F
Figure-4
showss the
t data requirem
rement of FASAL.
AL.
F
Figure-4:
FASAL
SAL requirements
ents with RISAT--1
1.5 RISAT
AT-1 programmin
ming
RISAT-1 programming is more complex
lex, given the vari
ariety of
possible mo
modes(resolution/
on/swath) and inc
ncidences. Such variety
v
provides a shorter access
ss ti
time (of the order
der of 2-3days), unless
un
a
specific co
constraint of angles
ang
are given.
en. For example
le if the
incidencee aangles of archive
ived data are to be matched with
th future
collectionn , this makes the
he planning comple
mplex and in turn reduces
re
the collecti
ction capabilities.
s.
For examp
mple for water-rela
related applications,
ons, high incidence
nce shall
be selected
ted for flood detec
tection (to minimise
mise water clutter,
er, in the
attempt to maximize the contrast betw
tween water and
nd land)
where ass low incidencee shall be select
ected for oil spills
spil (to
maximisee se
sea clutter and th
therefore the con
ontrast between po
polluted
and cleann wa
water surfaces).
A trade-off
off between spatia
tial resolution and
nd swath has to be done,
choosingg tthe highest reso
solution while covering
cov
the area
rea to be
observed.. Coupled with this
thi the process becomes
be
more complex
comp
when emer
mergencies are to be
b combined with
ith ongoing request
uests.
Based onn tthe cloud move
vement and the estimated
est
rain fall
fa and
occurrence
ce for some off the
th events the satellites
sate
are request
uested to
be taskedd with an advanc
nce notice of few hours. In the
he years
2012-13,, ttwelve statess w
were either effec
fected by floodss or by
Cyclone.. With RISAT-11 all these were
w
supported.
d. This
eventually
lly disturbed thee requirement for
fo the other projects.
pro
Figure 5- sh
shows the areass pplanned for flood
oods in 2012-2013
13
The data other
T
er than the Indi
dian visibility cone
co are always
ays
p
planned
with the
th onboard tape
ape recorder and
nd the Antractica
ica
st
station
( Bharati)
rati) is used for dow
own linking thee ddata. The Indian
ian
st
station
at Antar
tarctica (Bharati),
ti), Larsemann Hills,
Hi
(69ºS and
nd
7
76ºE
approx) has
h been used to
t establish a ground
gr
station to
a
acquire
Indian
an Remote Sen
ensing satellites
es data and to
c
communicate
with
wi to them.
m. The station was
w successfully
lly
e
established
in Dec
D 2012 with
th S/X-Band an
and established a
c
communication
n link between An
Antarctica andd two stationss in
In (NRSC, Shadnagar
India
Sh
and NCAOR,
NC
Goa). The
Th link supports
rts
t
transfer
of satelli
ellite data @2x400 Mbps
M
in near real
rea time to NRSC
SC
a 2 way com
and
communication services
se
@ 4 Mbps
M
to NRSC,
C,
S
Shadnagar
andd NCAOR,
NC
Goa simultaneously.
sim
anned for disaster
ster during 2012-113
Figure :-55 RISAT-1 plann
Antarctica statio
A
tion facilitates local
loc coverage coll
ollections over the
re
region
for thee benefit of scientists
scie
studying
ng the Antarctica
ica
re
region.
Due its location the IR
IRS satellites are visible to the
st
station
for about
ut 10 to 11 orbits
its therefore it pro
rovides additional
nal
o
orbits
for data down
do linking.
Within 1h off downlink
W
do
the da
data is transferre
rred from Bharati
rati
st
station
to Shadna
dnagar station. The
he data is processe
essed and supplied
ied
t the user. Thee bbest time lies achieved
to
ach
is 4h turn
urnaround time for
P
Philippines
earth
arthquake. The location
lo
of Antarc
tarctica station is
sh
shown
in Figur
ure-5.During 201
012-13, 25 Intern
ernational Charter
rter
re
requests
were serviced.
serv
F
Figure-4
Bhara
rati Station locati
ation.
When sele
electing radar acq
cquisitions for the purpose off damage
da
assessment
ssment, the matchingg of mode , node
de and polarizatio
ation are
very impo
portant (same iincidence andd resolution) between
be
archives an
and new acquisi
isitions as the variation
var
informat
rmation is
derived from
fro the compar
parison betweenn acquisitions obtained
ob
before and
nd after an event.
2. Exampl
ples of disasterr monitoring
m
and
d rrisk manageme
ment
2.1 An exa
example of floodd monitoring
mo
using
sing IRS constellat
lation of
satellitess oover Assam area
rea.During third week
w
of August,
st, 2014,
several are
areas in Assam state
st were inunda
ndated due to floo
loods in
Brahmaput
putra, Beki and other
ot
rivers. Kaz
aziranga National
nal Park
also inunda
ndated by the flood
floo waters of Bra
Brahmaputra River
ver. The
request for data collection
on was triggeredd on
o 6th Sep 2014.
ISRO / NR
NRSC programme
mmed RISAT-1 sat
satellite data of the
th area
on 7th Sep
ep , 9th Sep , 10th Sep , 11th Sepp with
w coarse resolution
reso
50m resolu
solution. Pre event
ent data was avail
ailable on 14th A
August
2014. The
he flood inundation
ion information was
wa disseminated
ed to the
concerned
ed Central and Assam
Assa State Go
Govt. departments.
nts. The
followingg satellite images
es show pre & post
p flood situati
ation in
Nowgong,
g, Sonitpur and
nd other districts
cts and the floo
loods in
Kaziranga
ga National Park (Figure
(
6)
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
4
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
2.3 HUDHU
HUD cyclone:
Cycloness aare wind-systems
stems of relatively
ely low pressuree which
spiral inwa
wards towards a centre
ce
in the lowe
west atmospheric
ric levels
and cause
se iimmense destruc
ruction and loss
ss of life when they
ey strike
coastal are
areas. The Indiann Metrological
M
Department(IMD)
De
D) gives
a prediction
tion of these cyclo
lones. Based on the
th predictionss th
the data
requiremen
ment is initiated
ted. Very Seve
vere Cyclonic Storm
‘HUDHUD’
UD’ over west central
cen
Bay of Be
Bengal made land
ndfall at
Andhra Pra
Pradesh coast onn 112th October 201
014.
The alerts
rts of this were released
re
by IMD
D on 6th Oct 201
014.The
planning ffor the data collections
co
were
re initiated on 6th and
continuous
usly data was planned
pla
from 8th Oct
O 2014 till 26th Oct
2014.To ha
have a complete
te assessment
a
andd a base map gen
enerated
Coarse reso
resolution followe
wed by Medium
m resolution then
en high
resolutionn data were plann
anned. Figure 8 sh
shows the planni
ning of
the satellite
lite based on the track.
tra
F
Figure-6
RISAT
AT-1 – 17 Aug 2014
20 – Assam flood
floo inundation
22.2 Jammu & Kashmir
Ka
floods
ds: Severe floodss w
were reported in
Ja
Jammu
& Kashmi
shmir during first
rst week of Septemb
tember, 2014. The
he
re
request
for emer
ergency planning
ng with all satellite
lites was triggered
red
o 6th Sep 20144
on
6 am IST.. The
T earliest satellite
sate
that could
uld
t
track
the area was
wa Resourcesat
sat-1 AWiFS senso
nsor. The satellite
lite
p
passed
the areaa at
a 9.45 am on 6th Sep 2014 and
nd the product was
as
su
supplied
immed
ediately. Heavyy rains coupledd with rise in the
w
water
levels off Jh
Jhelum river had led to flooding
ing in the districts
cts
o Anantnag, Pulwama,
of
Pu
Badgam,
am, Kulgam, Raj
ajouri etc. Heavy
vy
ra falls cause
rain
se widespread flo
flooding in thee Kashmir
K
valley.
ey.
T
Therefore
thiss required
r
continu
tinuous monitoring
ing of Jammu &
K
Kashmir
area.RI
RISAT-1 was plan
lanned for this area
rea for all possible
ble
o
opportunities.
The
Th data was coll
ollected on 8th Sep , 9th Sep , 10th
S 12th Sep.. 17th Sep, 20th Sep
Sep,
ep , 21st Sep , 22 Sep & 28th Sep
ep
2
2014.Optical
satellites
sate
were also
lso tasked,
Cartosat-1
1 th Sep , Cartosa
10
rtosat-2 10th Sep , Resourcesat-2
R
9th Sep , 14th Sep
ep
th
a 19 Sep 20
and
2014.The requirem
irement of continu
inuous monitoring
ing
c
could
be fulfille
lled with the const
nstellation of IRS
S satellites butt at
t cost of disturb
the
turbing the collect
ections of otherr N
National projects.
cts.
F
Figure
7 showss tthe J&K flood inundation.
in
HUD
cyclon
lone planning
Figure--8 RISAT-1 – HUDHUD
2.4 Floods
ds in Nepal
Heavy rain caused massive
ssive landslides from the hillside in Jure,
Mankhaaa oof Sindhupal cho
howk district in Nepal's
N
Centrall Region
R
on 2 Aug
ug 2014. The landslide
lan
createdd a high artificial
ial dam
across the
he Saptakoshi Riv
iver, one of thee main
m tributaries
es of the
Koshi Riv
iver, blocking the flow of water
ter completely.. W
With a
large volume
lume of water colle
ollecting above the dam, the risk of flash
floods, wh
which could also
so impact India's
's Bihar was a point
po of
concern.. E
Emergency was
as triggered onn 3Aug 2014 for data
collectionn and monitoring
ing the area. Supp
upport was provid
vided as
shown inn tthe table-2.Cont
ntinuous monitori
oring was done and
an the
maps were
re generated given
ven till 19th Aug 2014.
20
Figure-7 RISAT
F
AT-1 – 22 Sep 2014
20 – Jammu & Kashmir flood
od
i
inundation
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
5
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-8, 2014
ISPRS Technical Commission VIII Symposium, 09 – 12 December 2014, Hyderabad, India
References:
DATE
PROGRAM M ED
S.No
Sat ellit es
1
4-Aug-14
RS-2
RISAT-II
2
5-Aug-14
RS-2
RISAT-II
3
6-Aug-14
CARTOSAT-1
4
7-Aug-14
RISAT-II
5
8-Aug-14
RISAT-II
6
9-Aug-14
7
10-Aug-14
8
11-Aug-14
9
12-Aug-14
CARTOSAT-1
RISAT-II
10
14-Aug-14
CARTOSAT-2
RS-2
11
15-Aug-14
12
17-Aug-14
13
18-Aug-14
14
19-Aug-14
RS-2
RISAT-II
CARTOSAT-2
RISAT-1
[1].Risk management using RS data: moving form scientific to
operational applications by F .Sart etal
[2].NRSC web site www.nrsc.gov.in
[3.]K.Feigl, F.Sarti et al. « Estimating slip distribution forthe
Izmit mainshock from coseismic GPS, SPOT and ERS-1
measurement », submitted 07/09/2000 for publication on
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, special issue
on Izmit and Duzce Turkey Earthquakes
RISAT-II
RISAT-1
CARTOSAT-1
RISAT-II
CARTOSAT-2
RS-2
Table 2- IRS-Support for the Nepal floods
3.Future Spatial Systems:
ISRO is planning to launch both Microwave and Optical sensors
, of medium and high resolution. Backup missions for
Resoiurcesat-2 and RISAT-1 namely Resourcesat-2 R and
RISAT-1A are planned. Apart from these series of high
resolution missions are aimed at like Cartosat 3/3A/3B with
0.25m PAN and 1m MX. Cartosat 1A/1B with 1.25m PAN
stereo and 2.5m MX , Resourcesat-3 series with 20m MX .All
these are highly flexible and together can give data with a gap
of few hours provided they are phased.
4. Conclusions:
Remote sensing has become a tool for assessment or risk
management and the demand for the same is increasing.2012-13
financial year witnessed flooding in 12 states of India. The IRS
satellite constellation including the Microwave satellite gives
opportunity of imaging any area on the globe almost every day.
The optical sensors have the difficulty of the effect of the
meteorological uncertainties. This demands continuous support
of planning form the SAR sensors. Therefore RISAT-1 is
mostly occupied with emergency planning. The existing
constellation of satellites do not allow for a real time monitoring
with few hours gap. Another limitation is non availability of
simultaneous collections in optical and SAR data The situation
will improve with the launch of dedicated constellation of
satellites only for disaster monitoring and risk management.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Director NRSC Dr V K Dadhwal and
Deputy Director MS B Lakshmi for allowing us to do this
study. We are also thankful to Head Disaster Management
Group, Mr G Srinivas Rao , NRSC for their inputs and support.
This contribution has been peer-reviewed.
doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1-2014
6