POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SANTRIWATI (FEMALE STUDENTS) AND USTADZ OR USTADZAH (TEACHERS) AT PESANTREN PENDIDIKAN PONDOK PESANTREN (PPTI) TUMPANG-MALANG Repository - UNAIR REPOSITORY

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

  Alhamdulillahirobbil ‘alamin, all praises only for Allah the Almighty God who has given me everthing I need during my life. Allah is the one who always guides me to find ‘a light’ when I am confused and down in writing this bachelor thesis. Peace and salutation may always be given to Prophet Muhammad SAW who has been an uswatun hasanah until here-after.

  My deepest gratitude goes to my thesis advisor, Mrs. Masitha Achmad Syukri, who has patiently guided and encouraged me to finish this thesis during this one semester. Her invaluable advice, suggestion, constructive comments, and guidance lead me to finish this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better thesis advisor and mentor for my thesis. No worthy award that I can give but Jazakumullah ahsanal jaza’. Thanks to my academic advisor, Mrs. Nurul Fitri Hapsari, who always there to support me. Thank you for your patience in helping me when I have any problems. Also, it is my gratitude for all lecturers of English Department for giving me new wide knowledge and insight that I can open my eyes and ‘read’ this world well.

  I express this greatest thanks to my beloved mother, my father, my older brother, and also my lovely nephew (Muhamad Alif Setiawan). Thank you very much for your bunch of love, everlasting prayer, and tremendeous support in my life. Their dua has accompanied me every step that I take and makes me stronger all the time.

  A great gratitude is also for my spiritual teachers – ustadz Choiron Zuhri and ustadz Bashori Alwi who have given me spirit, dua, and direction. Then, for Professor Ali Aziz – thank you for your tausyiah every Friday morning at El Victor

  My next appreciation is addressed to Andri Nova Sanjaya, my best friend. I will never forget her support. Thank you for standing by my side, being a good listener for me, giving me buch of motivation. Whenever I got difficulty, you are always there. I am indebted to you. Hugs and kisses for Lia Safitri, Rhofiatul Badriyah, Nur Aini, Ratna, Ani, Riska Laksmita Sari and everyone that I cannot mention their names one by one.

  I owe a deep sense of gratitude to Mata Air Foundation and big family of first Best of the Best (Laskar Mata Air). Thank you for Mata Air who gives me a chance to meet many wonderful people. I can get a meaningful memories from them. Lakar Mata Air, we are THE BEST! Our unforgettable moments in Yogyakarta motivate me that much.

  I would like to express the special gratitude to BIDIK MISI. Thank you for the financial and moral support, so I can finish my bachelor degree. Finally, my thanks goes to everyone who have become my family: Litbang (pandas), SKI, and EDSA.

  Rindra Ermaning Putri SPEAK A Shake things up! Use that big brain of yours to think your way out! Look for a new angle.

GOOD WORD

• – Tadashi Hamada, Big Hero 6

  OR REMAIN SILENT PROPHET MUHAMMAD [PEACE BE UPON HIM]

  Abstract Putri, RindraErmaning. 2016. Politeness Strategies Used in The Interaction Between

  Santriwati (Female Students) and Ustadz or Ustadzah(Teachers) At Pesantren Pendidikan Pondok Pesantren Islam (PPPI) Tumpang – Malang. English Department Faculty of Humanities Universitas Airlangga.

  Abstract This study on politeness in the interaction between santriwati (female students) and ustadz or ustadzah (teachers) at Pesantren Pendidikan Pondok Pesantren Islam (PPPI) Tumpang - Malang was conducted to examine the types of politeness strategies performed by both santriwati and ustadz or ustadzah of PPPI in their daily activity. The politeness strategies responses were given by santriwati and ustadz or ustadzah based on hypothetical situation provided. This study involved 15 santriwatis, 2 ustadz, and 2 ustadzah. Further, a qualitative approach by using questionnaires was employed as the method of the study. To figure out the phenomenon, Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness strategies was applied in analyzing the data. From the analysis, it was found that all types of politeness strategies were realized both in students’ and teachers’ answers. In formal situation, santriwatis tend to use negative politeness strategy with 55.06%, while ustadz or ustadzahs tend to use positive politeness strategy with 46.07 %. On the other hand, in informal situation, santriwatis tend to use negative politeness strategy with 59.22%, while ustadz or ustadzahs tend to use positive politeness and bald on record strategy with 45.83%. It was identified that the three social factors which are power, social distance and ranking of imposition triggered the students and teachers to perform such strategies. However, another influential factor that was found to encourage the participants to employ those strategies was that Pesantren PPPI’s culture that encompasses several values, among of them is politeness, which are based upon the Islamic values declared in Al Qur’an and Al Hadith.

  Keywords : politeness, politeness strategies, face, santriwati,, ustadz, ustadzah xiv

  

SKRIPSI POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED .... RINDRA ERMANING P.

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  Inside cover page........................................................................................................ i Inside title page .......................................................................................................... ii Declaration Page ........................................................................................................ iii Advisor’s Approval Page ........................................................................................... v Board Examiner’s Approval ...................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... vii Epigraph ..................................................................................................................... ix Table of Content ......................................................................................................... x List of Table ............................................................................................................... xii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….xiii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………...xiv

  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

  1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................................................... 1

  1.2 Statements of the Problem ................................................................................... 5

  1.3 Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................ 6

  1.4 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................... 6

  1.5 Definition of Key Terms ...................................................................................... 7

  CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................... 9

  2.1 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................ 9

  2.1.1 FTA ............................................................................................................. 9

  2.1.2 Politeness Strategies .................................................................................... 11

  2.1.2.1. Bald on Record ............................................................................. 13

  2.1.2.2. Positive Politeness ....................................................................... 14

  2.1.2.3. Negative Politeness....................................................................... 19

  2.1.2.4. Off Record .................................................................................... 21 _xb

  x ix

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  2.1.3 Pesantren..................................................................................................... ....25

  2.1.4 The Factors Influencing Politeness Strategies ............................................. ....27

  2.2 Review of Related Studies ................................................................................... …28

  3.1 Research Approach .............................................................................................. ….31

  3.2 Location and Respondents of the study ............................................................... ….32

  3.3 Techniques of Data Collections ........................................................................... ….33

  3.4 Techniques of Data Analysis ............................................................................... ….36

  CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSIONS .................................................................................... ….36

  4.1 Finding 1.The Politeness Strategies Used by Santriwati and Ustadz or Ustadzah...36

  4.1.1 The Politeness Strategies Used by Santriwati ............................................. ….37

  4.1.2 The Politeness Strategies Used by and Ustadz or Ustadzah ....................... .…45

  4.2. Finding 2. The Politeness Strategy Used Dominantly by Santriwati and Ustadz or

  Ustadzah……………………………………………………………………………52

  4.2.1 The Politeness Strategies Used dominantly by Santriwati ........................ ….52

  4.2.2 The Politeness Strategy used dominantly by Santriwati and Ustadz or

  Ustadzah ……………………………………………………………………54

  4.3 Interpretation of Findings ..................................................................................... ….56

  CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION .................................................................................... ….61 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... ….64 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................... ….66

  xb x xi

SKRIPSI POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED .... RINDRA ERMANING P.

  List of Tables

Table 4.1. The politeness strategies used by santriwati in formal setting….........38Tabel 4.2. The politeness strategies used by santriwati in informal setting..........39Table 4.3. The politeness strategies used by santriwati both in formal and informal setting………………………………………….…………….39Table 4.4 The politeness strategies used by ustadz or ustadzah in formal setting……………………………………………………………….... 45Table 4.5 The politeness strategies used by Ustadz or Ustadzah in informal setting…………..……………………………………………………...46Table 4.6 The politeness strategies used by Ustadz or Ustadzah in formal and informal setting………………………………………………………..46Table 4.7. The frequency of politeness strategies used by santriwati in formal setting.....................................................................................................52Table 4.8. The frequency of politeness strategies used by santriwati in informal setting…………………………………………………………...……..53Table 4.9. The frequency of politeness strategies used by ustadz or ustadzah in formal setting.........................................................................................54Table 4.10 The frequency of politeness strategies used by ustadz or ustadzah in informal setting……………………………………………........……..55

  List Of Figures

Figure 4.1. politeness strategies used by santriwati in formal setting...................53Figure 4.2. . politeness strategies used by santriwati in informal setting..............54Figure 4.3. ustadz or ustazdahs’ politeness strategies in formal setting................55Figure 4.4. ustadz or ustadzahs’ politeness strategies in informal setting.............56

  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

  Without language, they cannot communicate each other. Language represents what people think, feel or represents their emotions. Language itself can be defined as “essentially a set of items, such as sounds, words, grammatical structures, and so on. By this language, people try to manage to live together using such concepts as ‘identity’, ‘power’, ‘class’, ‘status’, ‘solidarity’, ‘accommodation’, ‘face’, ‘gender’, ‘politeness’, etc.” (Wardhaugh, 2010). As a social group, people need to interact with one another besides they exist there as individuals. Therefore, a person communicates and interacts with other people to maintain and create a good relationship with others.

  Hence, a good communication will be achieved when people deliver a message by speaking the truth, saying as much as required, being relevant and being unambiguous (Grice cited in Yule, 1996). However, a good communication is not only delivering a message, but also making interlocutors feel comfortable by the content of the message. This means that people should pay attention to the interlocutors when they are communicating and keep good social relationship to make both speaker and interlocutors feel comfortable when they are interacting or communicating in order to get their respective target.

  Concerning the comfortable communication, speakers need to decide on appropriate way to convey message to the interlocutors, and one of relevant ways is

  1 SKRIPSI POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED .... RINDRA ERMANING P. politeness. According to Holmes (2008), “a polite person makes others feel comfortable because politeness involves taking account of the feelings of others”. It means that by employing politeness strategies, people are supposed to make a good but also feel comfortable in their interaction. Brown and Levinson (1987) pointed out that politeness strategies are the strategies that are developed in order to save the hearer’s face. It means that politeness has a big impact on communication especially in order to keep the interlocutors feel comfortable.

  Indeed, politeness is very substantial in our communication. It is necessary to employ in the daily encounter aiming at maintaining and building a good relationship among individuals which potentially disrupt each other. Leech (1983) asserts that politeness relates to the relationship between two participants who are speaker and hearer. In addition, politeness is a behaving in a way that attempts to take into account the feeling of the people being addressed. In any languages, to be polite is very complex because it has a big deal with the understanding of the language, the social, and the cultural values of the communities (Holmes, 2008).

  Moreover, politeness is also a universal matter. Most of languages construct their own politeness rule. In English, for instance, instead of using the form of imperative the speakers prefer to use indirect speech act or interrogative construction to ”keep the face” or to express request implicitly. Such as “Could you open the window?” or “Would you open d window, please?” (Ryabova, 2015) Another example of politeness is also shown in France. Longer utterances are considered more

  2 SKRIPSI POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED .... RINDRA ERMANING P. polite than shorter utterances in certain circumstances (Wardhaugh, 2010). From those two examples, these differences of language systems of being polite show us the various politeness strategies in some languages as a serious subject matter that

  Regarding language and politeness, Kuntjara (2004) conveys that politeness is much influenced by the culture in a given society which must encompass several values and norms. One of politeness phenomena that much influenced by the culture shown in Javanese. Javanese people must decide on an appropriate speech style: high, middle, and low before they speak to one another. In this case, Javanese people really consider politeness as a must in daily communication as a form of honorifics (Geertz cited in Wardhaugh 2010).

  One of societies where politeness is to be prevailed is a pesantren. Pesantren is an Islamic education institution to learn, comprehend, involve, and practice Islamic percept by emphasizing the importance of religious moral as the guidance of daily behavior (Mastuhu, 1994:55). And also, politeness is one of values which appears in this institution in every activity that is done by all of the elements of pesantren. The elements of pesantren are: Kyai (founder and master of pesantren. Kyai is a term of male founder, while his wife is called Nyai), ustadz or ustadzah (male or female teachers), santri (students) which is divided into santriwan (male student) and

  santriwati (female students), and pesantren officials (Mastuhu, 1994).

  Politeness is also applied in pesantren for female called Pendidikan Pondok Pesantren Islam (PPPI) in Tumpang – Malang. The writer conducted the study in

  3 SKRIPSI POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED .... RINDRA ERMANING P. PPPI Islamic boarding school Tumpang – Malang because this is pesantren salaf or traditional pesantren and it is the oldest pesantren in the eastern Malang. This is a kind of pesantren consisting of only female students or santriwati, most of the

  santriwati and ustadz or ustadzah in many occasions. In order to figure out the

  phenomenon happen between santriwati and ustadz or ustadzah in their interaction, this study applies the theory of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson.

  According to Brown and Levinson (1987), there are four kinds of politeness strategies: Bald On-Record, Positive Politeness, Negative Politeness and Off-Record.

  Furthermore, many previous studies have been conducted on the politeness strategies. Hobjilả (2012) conducted a research entitled “Positive Politeness and Negative Politeness in Didactic Communication – Landmarks in Teaching Methodology”. The result showed a balance usage of positive and negative politeness in didactic communication used by the teachers. By applying this strategies, it becomes an effective way to communicate with students. Then, a study was carried out by Nadzifah (2011) entitled “Politeness Strategies in The Interaction between Santriwati and Ustadz/Ustadzah in Pesantren Zainul Hasan”. This study yielded all types of politeness strategies were realized in ustadz or ustadzah (teacher) utterances.

  In contrast, only three politeness strategies were performed by santriwati (female students). These findings are related to those of Fitriani (2015) that was done at Pondok Modern Al Rifa’I Gondanglegi – Malang showed that not only santriwati’s

  4 SKRIPSI POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED .... RINDRA ERMANING P. parents’ utterances but also ustadzah performed all types of politeness strategies with various sub strategies.

  This study is obviously different from those three former studies for two basic of the study which takes pesantren as the object. Besides, although Nadzifah and Fitriani studies are conducted at pesantren, it would be quite distinct since this study is conducted at pesantren salaf or traditional pesantren. Further, the medium of instruction of Nadzifah’s study used Madura language while this study uses Javanese language that could distinctively contribute the use of politeness strategies performed by the participants.

  On the other hand, politeness shown by santiwati and ustadz or ustadzah in their interaction encouraged the author to conduct her study on politeness used between santriwatiand ustadz or ustadzah from linguistics point of view. It might be the case that santriwati and ustadz or ustadzah’s politeness which is manifested through the language use is presumed to be one of politeness strategies in order to keep each other’s face when they are communicating.

1.2 Statement of the Problems

  Based on the background depicted above, the writer formulated these two research questions that might be of relevance to figure out the phenomenon of politeness at pesantren PPPI Tumpang-Malang. They are:

  5 SKRIPSI POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED .... RINDRA ERMANING P.

  1. What kinds of politeness strategies are used in the interaction between

  santriwati and ustadz or ustadzah at pesantren PPPI Tumpang-Malang in both

  formal and formal setting? between santriwati and ustadz or ustadzah at pesantren PPPI Tumpang- Malang in both formal and formal setting?

  1.3 Objectives of The Study

  The objectives of this study were organized such as follows:

  1. To find out the kind of politeness strategies used by santriwati and ustadz or ustadzah at pesantren PPPI Tumpang-Malang.

  2. To recognize which types of politeness strategies are mostly used in the interaction between santriwati and ustadz or ustadzah at pesantren PPPI Tumpang-Malang in both formal and informal setting.

  1.4 Significance of The Study

  This study is important to be conducted since it could contribute knowledge about pesantren through the linguistics point of view, especially on pragmatics in the case of politeness strategies in relation to the culture of pesantren. Also, it could help other researchers who want to conduct similar studies related to the politeness, primarily the studies alluded to pesantren. A description of pesantren PPPI’s culture with its several values which encourage the use of politeness strategies could give a brief portrayal about pesantren’s life that might become a new insight for those of non-pesanten people.

  6 SKRIPSI POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED .... RINDRA ERMANING P.

  7 Practically, this study is able to be a reference for santri and ustadz or ustadzah or even ‘outsiders’ who are willing to come to pesantren to have a certain

  pattern and effective strategy to communicate with pesantren people that still find out a certain approach in teaching and educating santri.

1.5 Definition of Key Terms

  Based on the background described above, the author formulated these several definition of key terms.

  Politeness : the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face in an interaction (Yule, 1996: 60) Politeness strategies : the strategies that are developed in order to save the hearer’s face (Brown and Levinson, 1987) Face : the self-image that every person wants to claim for himself or herself (Brown and Levinson, 1987) Pesantren : An islamic educational institution to learn, comprehend, involve, and practice Islamic precept by emphasizing the important of religious moral as the guidance of daily behavior. It can also called as pondok or pondok pesantren. Ustadz : Male teacher who is believed by cleric of a pesantren to teach Islamic values to santriwati and they are

  

SKRIPSI POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED .... RINDRA ERMANING P. supervised by cleric in teaching and keeping santriwati during their study in pesantern. They have responsibility’sof santriwati develpoment along their

  Ustadzah : Female teacher who is believed by cleric of a

  pesantren to teach Islamic values to santriwati and they

  are supervised by cleric in teaching and keeping

  santriwati during their study in pesantern. They have

  responsibility’sof santriwati develpoment along their study in pesantren (Mastuhu, 1996).

  Santriwati : Female students who learn Islamic values inpesantren and live in dormintories during their study. They are accompaied by ustadzah and they have to obey all of regulation of pesantren, follow all of Islamic values that have been taught, and apply them in their life (Mastuhu, 1996).

  8 SKRIPSI POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED .... RINDRA ERMANING P.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter presents theories that underlie the analysis of this study. First,

  politeness strategies. Then, the social factors in influencing the choice of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson are used in interpreting result of the analysis of this study. Finally, it explains some related studies concerning politeness strategies at pesantren that are done previously. Thus, this section is divided into two, they are theoretical framework and review of related studies.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

  This study uses the theory of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) to analyze the data. These strategies are proposed by them in order to minimize face threatening act (FTA). Thus, it is important to discuss the FTA first in this chapter. Further, Brown and Levinson (1987) stated that politeness strategies are divided into four types, they are Bald On-Record, Positive Politeness, Negative Politeness, and Off-Record.

2.1.1 FTA (Face Threatening Act)

  According to Brown and Levinson (1987, p.65), every human’s act potentially causes FTA (Face Threatening Act), the action of which the speaker (S) or the hearer (H) tries to threaten each other’s face. Face is a mask that changes depending on the audience and the social interaction (Goffman cited in Brown and Levinson, 1987). There are two classification of face. A person’s negative face is their claim to territories, a freedom of action and freedom from imposition. In contrast, a person’s positive face needs to be treated as a member of the same group and wants to be appreciated. In everyday social interaction, generally people behave as their expectations concerning their public self-image will be respected. In line represents a threat to another individual’s expectations regarding self-image, it is described as a face threatening act (FTA).

  Intrinsically, there are two distinction of FTA based on Brown and Levinson (1987). First distinction is ‘kinds of face threatened’. This distinction can be divided into two kinds of face threatened, namely: a. Those acts that primarily threaten the hearer’s negative face want, include: orders and requests, suggestions, remindings, warnings, offers, promises, compliments, and anger.

  b. Those acts that threaten the positive-face want, include: expression of disapproval, criticism, complains and reprimands, accusations, insults, contradictions, challenges, expressions of violent, irreverence, bringing a bad news about hearer, raising of dangerously emotional or divisive topics, interruptions, using address terms in initial encounters.

  While second distinction is ‘threats to hearer’s face versus threats to speaker’s face’ which is distinguished between acts that primarily threaten hearer’s face and that threaten primarily speaker’s face. This distinction is also divided into two kinds of FTA that are threatening to speaker: a. Those that offend speaker’s negative face include: expressing thanks, acceptance of hearer’s thanks or hearer’s apology, excuses, acceptance of offers, responses to hearer’s faux pas, unwilling promises and offers. acceptance of a compliment, confessions, admissions of guilt or responsibility, and emotion leakage.

  Those two distinctions of FTA give rise to the ways which offer the possibility of cross-classifying at least some of the above FTA. In short, FTA can be categorized according to whether they threaten negative or positive face. This kind of FTA can be minimized by certain strategies to the addressee. In order to minimize the risk of such threat, Brown and Levinson (1987) presented a theory of politeness strategies to alleviate these two kinds of FTA when ‘giving face’ to the addressee.

2.1.2 Politeness Strategies

  Brown and Levinson (1987) pointed out that “Politeness strategies are means that are developed in order to save the hearer’s face”. In another words, politeness strategies could be means to satisfy the hearer’s face either positive or negative face. Since such strategies consist of any attempts to maintain the hearer’s face, it thereby allows people to perform many interpersonally sensitive actions in a nonthreatening or less threatening manner.

  They proposed that there are four kinds of politeness strategies. They are bald on-record (with 2 major kinds), positive politeness (with 15 sub strategies), negative politeness (with 10 sub strategies), and off record (with 15 sub strategies). This theory will be used to analyze the data in this study. The possible strategies for doing FTA can be seen in the following figure:

  1. without redressive action baldy On-record With redressive action baldy

  Do FTA

  4. Off-Record Politeness Strategies

5. Don’t do FTA

  3 Negative Politeness

  2 Positive Politeness

Figure 2.1 Possible strategies for doing FTAs (drawn by Brown and Levinson,

  1987, p.69) A speaker goes on record in doing an act if it is clear to hearers what communicative intention led the hearers to do an act. In contrast, if a speaker only goes off record in doing act, then there us more than one unambiguously attribute intention so that the speaker cannot be held to have committed himself to that intent.

  While doing act baldy, without redress, involves doing it in the most direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way possible. By redressive action, Brown and Levinson (1987) mean action that ‘gives face’ to the addressee. Such redressive action takes two forms, depending on which aspect of face (negative or positive) is being stressed. Positive politeness is oriented toward the positive face of hearer, the positive self-image that he claims for himself. On the other hand, negative politeness is oriented mainly toward partially satisfying hearers’ negative face, his basic wants to be maintain claim of territory and self-determination.

  Bald on-Record is a politeness strategy which is used more direct, clear, unambiguously and concise way (Brown and Levinson, 1987:69). Redressive action is not necessary in this strategy because such strategy is either performed by a powerful speaker who does not fear non-cooperation from the hearer, or the need for efficiency overrides face concern. Therefore, there is no risk involved in this strategy. According to Brown and Levinson (1987) “There are, however, kinds of bald on record usage in different circumstances, because S can have different mitives for his want to do the FTA with maximum efficiency” (p.95). They argued that there are two major classes in doing this strategy, such as:

a. Cases of non minimization of the face threat

  In this type of strategy, both speakers (S) and hearers (H) have already known that the maximum efficiency is very important and no face redress is necessary.

  Using this strategy does not require S to elaborate his simple utterance since it is assumed that H knows its meaning well. This strategy is usually applied in a situation where the utterance is considered much more important than H’s face. Thus, face redress would even decrease the communicated urgency of the utterance. Speaker provides metaphorical urgency for emphasizing. For example: “Listen,

  I’ve got an idea…”

b. Cases of FTA-oriented bald-on-record usage

  Another use of bald on record is more oriented to the face. This properly portrays the way in which respect for face involves mutual orientation, so that each circumstances it is reasonable for S to assume that H will be especially worried to H’s potential infringements of S’s preserve. This kind of strategy is often utilized in several circumstances such as in welcoming (or post-greeting) where speaker insists that hearer may impose on his negative face, for instance: “Come in, don’t

  hesitate,. I’m not busy.”

2.1.2.2 Positive Politeness

  Positive politeness is strategy that is redress directed to the adressee’s positive face, his perennial desire that his wants (or the actions, acquisitions or values resulting from them) should be thought of as desirable (Brown and Levinson, 1987: 101-103). This strategy attempts to minimize the threat to the hearer’s positive face. Some statements are usually employed in positive politeness strategies to avoid or minimize the conflict caused by the imposition of one’s face. They are: statement of friendship, solidaruty and compliments. This strategy is commonly used by people who have already known each other fairly well like members of the same group or community. Several following sub strategies are considered as the outputs of this strategy:

  a. Sub strategy 1 : Notice and attend to H (his interest, wants, needs, goods)

  It means that S should take notice of aspects of H’s condition (noticeable to notice and approve it). For example: ‘You must be hungry, it’s a long time

  since breakfast. How about some lunch?’

  b. Sub strategy 2 : Exaggerate (interest, approval, sympathy with H)

  In this strategy, S likely to show his greater interest to H. It could be done by giving a compliment or sympathy by agreeing the interlocutor’s utterance. It is sometimes uttered with exaggerate intonation, stress and other aspect of prosodic, as well as with intensifying modifiers. For example: ‘What

  a fantastic garden you have!’

  c. ‘Sub strategy 3 : Intensify interest to H

  This sub strategy is shown by involving H into the middle of the events being discussed to intensify the interest of speaker’s contribution by “making a good story.” For example: ‘I came down the stairs, and what do you think I

  see? ‒ A huge mess over the place, the phone’s off the hook and the clothes are scattered all over…’ d. Sub strategy 4 : Use in-group identity makers

  It is accentuated by employing some words, address from or language that marks a certain identity or membership. The aim of S using such words is to claim that he is the same of H in a group or community. Therefore, it is possible for S to share his wants to H easily since the distance between two persons who are the same ethnic or community are considered as a well distance. For example: ‘Help me with this bag here, will you buddy?’

e. Sub strategy 5 : Seek agreement

  ‘safe topic’ – a topic that both of them are familiar with- allows S to stress his agreement with H and therefore to satisfy H’s desire to be ‘right’, or to be collaborated in his opinions. For example: A: I had a flat tire on the way home.

B: Oh my God, a flat tire?

f. Sub strategy 6 : Avoid disagreement

  S avoid to utter his disagreement through some ways: twisting his utterances so as to appear to agree or to hide disagreement, uttering social ‘white lie’ where S wants to lie rather than damage H’s positive face. For example:

A: Can you hear me? B: Barely.

g. Sub strategy 7 : Presuppose/ raise/ assert common ground

  Presupposing some similarities between S and H through some interesting topic that can attract H’s attention. An attempt to bring together or merge the points of view of speaker and addressee is described here. For example: ‘Look,

  you know I’ve got this test coming up, well how about lending me your Encyclopedia Britannica?’

h. Sub strategy 8 : Joke

  Since jokes are based on mutual shared background knowledge and values, jokes may be used to stress that shared background or those shared values. example in response to a faux pas of H’s, S may joke. For example: ‘OK if I

  tackle those cookies now?’

i. Sub strategy 9 : Assert or presuppose S’s knowledge of and concern for H’s wants

  Presupposing that knows H’s wants and is taking them into account. S does such thing because he wants to assert that S and H are cooperator and thus potentially to put pressure on H to cooperate with S. For example: ‘I know, you

  can’t bear the parties, but this one will really be good – do come!’ (Request/offer) j. Sub Strategy 10 : Offer, promise

  In order to redress the potential threat of some FTA’s, S may choose to stress his cooperation with H by claiming that whatever H wants, S wants for him and will help to obtain. Offers and promise are manifestations of it. Even if they are false, they demonstrate S’s good intention in satisfying H’s positive- face wants. For example: ‘I promise I’ll drop you by sometime next week.’

  k. Sub strategy 11 : Be optimistic

  S assume that H wants S’s wants for S (or for S and H) and will help him to obtain them. S is so presumptuous as to assume H will cooperate with him may carry an implied commitment for S to cooperate with H as well, or at least an implicit claim that H will cooperate with S because it will be in their mutual shared interest. For example: ‘You’ll lend me your lawnmower for weekend, I

  hope.’ l. Sub strategy 12 : Include both S and H in the activity

  An attempt to involve H and S into a certain activity that S can call upon the cooperative assumption and thereby redress FTA’s. It is indicated by the use the word ‘we’ or ‘let’s’. For example: ‘Shall we (inclusive) eat.’

  m. Sub strategy 13 : Give (or ask for) reasons

  Giving or asking reasons by including H in the activity. It is indicated by using question words of demanding reasons ‘why not’. It is kind of suggestion either for H or both S and H. For example: ‘Why didn’t you do the dishes?’

  n. Sub strategy 14 : Assume or assert reciprocity

  The existence of cooperation between S and H may also be claimed by giving evidence of reciprocal rights between S and H. By pointing to the reciprocal right of doing FTA to each other, S may soften his FTA by negating the debt aspect and/or the face-threatening aspect of speech acts such as criticism and complains. For example: ‘I’ll do X for you if you do Y for me.’

  o. Sub strategy 15 : Give gift to H (sympathy, understanding, cooperation)

  S may satisfy H’s positive want by actually satisfying some of H’s wants. It is shown by an action of gift-giving, not only tangible gifts (which demonstrate that S knows H’s wants and wants them to be satisfied), but human-relation wants – the wants to be liked, admired, cared about, understood, listened to and so on. For example: ‘Thank you for listening.’

2.1.2.3 Negative Politeness

  Brown and Levinson (1987:129-210) stated that negative politeness is redressive action to addressed to addressee’s negative face: his want to have his toward satisfying the listener’s negative face and emphasizes avoidance of imposition on the hearer. This strategy is usually employed by then who have a social distance that might produce awkwardness in the situation. The output are all forms that are useful in general for social ‘distancing’. They are:

  a. Sub strategy 1: be conventionally indirect

  S tends to indirectly utter his intended message to avoid the threat of face imposition by using of phrases and sentences that have contextually unambigous meanings which are different from their literal meaning. For example: ‘Why for God’s sake are you painting your house purple?’

  b. Sub strategy 2: hedge

  S employs a particle, word or phrase that modifies the degree of membership of a predicate or noun phrase in a set. It is used whenever S aims to say something that is only true in a certain respect or that it is more true and complete than perhaps might be expected. For example: ‘Won’t you

  open the door?’ (Which could be glossed as ‘I hedgely request that you open the door’).

  c. Sub strategy 3: be pessimistic

  This strategy is shown as to give redress to H’s negative face by carefully expressing doubt toward S’s utterances. For example: ‘Here you

  d. Sub strategy 4: minimizing imposition

  An attempt of S to decrease the rank of imposition of his utterances that can possibly threat H’s face. For example: ‘I just want to ask you if I

  can borrow a single sheet of paper.’

  e. Sub strategy 5: give deference

  There are two sides to realize this strategy: one in which S humbles and abase himself, and another where S raises H by satisfying H’s want to be treatrd as superior. For example: ‘We look forward very much to dining

with you’, or ‘We look forward very much to eat with you’.

  f. Sub strategy 6: apologizing

  Employing this kind of utterance indicates S’s reluctance to impinge on H’s negative face. It can be performed by employing the deferential use of hestitation and bumbliness. For example: ‘I am sorry to bother you, but..’.

  g. Sub strategy 7: impersonalize both S and H

  One way of indicating that S does not want to impinge on H’s face whenever S utters something related to H, he does not mention H as the interlocutor; rather he phrases the object as if the addressee were other than

  H. For example: ‘It is impossible (you or I do that).’

h. Sub strategy 8: claim common FTA

  To disassociate S and H from the particular imposition is to convey that the utterance which is uttered implying an FTA as a general social rule,

  flushing toilets of the train.’

i. Sub strategy 9: nominalize

  As far as FTA are concerned, with the progressive removal of the active ‘doing’ part of an expression, the less dangerous it seems to be, because the more nouny an expression, the more removed an actor from doing or feeling or being something. For example: ‘Your good performance

  on the presentation impressed us favorably.’ j. Sub strategy 10: go on record as incurring a debt, or as not indebting H

  S can mitigate an FTA by directly utters that he incurs debt or indebt to H, therefore he wants to return it with the like. For example: ‘Please have

  pity on me, we (inclusively) borrow your mouth’ (Please do me a favor of taking a message to someone).