Community Participation In Managing Tourism In “Padang Beach Area ” - Politeknik Negeri Padang

  

Community Participation In Managing Tourism

In “Padang Beach Area ”

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  2 ₁ Rini Eka Sari , Novadilastri , Tuti Azra

Business Administration Department,Tour and Travel Business Program,

Politeknik Negeri Padang, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang , Indonesia

₂ E-mail: rini_ekasari@yahoo.com

Business Administration Department,,Politeknik Negeri Padang, Kampus Limau Manis, Padang,, Indonesia

  

E-mail: novadilastri@ymail.com Email : tuti_fathan@yahoo.com

Abstract

  — This study aims to find out community participation in managing Padang Beach Area. One of the policy strategies of Padang Tourism

  Board is to manifest community based tourism development. Padang Beach Area is now becoming one of tourism destination development targets in Padang, that is decanted in strategic plans of Padang Tourism Board in period of 2014-2019. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative. Data is collected by conducting observation and interviewing some related informan who involve in the management of Padang Beach Area. The result showed that there were several forms of community participation in managing Padang Beach Area in terms of planning, implementing and monitoring. The level of participation of local community is still low in managing Padang Beach Area.

  Keywords — Padang Beach Area, community participation, managing

  Padang Beach area, community participation also plays I. NTRODUCTION important roles in the management of this tourism destination.

  I The role of local community is one of determinations in the Tourism has become one of leading sector that can generate key success of tourism management. Therefore, the level income for the society and give impact to the economic community participation is a determinant factor in managing growth of a region. In Indonesia, tourism is now being one a tourism destination in Padang Beach Area. of priority sectors that is supported by governrment and all levels of the society, since it can impact to the local

  II. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION community who live around the tourism destination area. Tourism can be benefited to improve life change, revive Cohen and Uphoff in Wattanakhun (2002) defined employment opportunities, increase the income and to make participation as

  “People’s involvement in decision-making community quality of life better (Baiquni, 2010). processes, in implementing programs, their sharing in the Padang as one of tourism destination in Indonesia also benefits of development programs and their involvement in relies much on the tourism sector as its main income. Padang efforts to evaluate the activities in such programs”. Beach Area is one of tourism destination development targets Participationively in every phase of development from in Padang, that is decanted in strategic plans of Padang planning to actuating. or implementing. (Li, W.J, cited in Tourism Board in period of 2014-2019. One of the policy Setyaningsih, 2015). strategies of Padang Tourism Board is to manifest community Cohen and Uphoff in Wattaakhun (2002) also suggested based tourism development. that there are four stages of participation that will be explained

  Community participation is the key element in community as follow : based tourism development. Community participation (CP) is

  1. Decision-making ; there were three sub-steps that a vital component of sustainable tourism development and is was the participation in decide to make decision, advocated as a means to achieve both planning-oriented and prepare to make decision and making decision. community-oriented objectives (Sani and Pizam, 2012). As 2.

  Implementation ; it included participation in the tourism industry is highly dependent on the physical management, efforts, or resouces supporting. environment, CP has been also promoted as a means to 3.

  Participation in benefits gaining that could be support the sustainability of the destination (Uriely et.al, material incentives, social or personal benefits. 2007; Wall 2001). Thus, taking 4. local’s perspective into Evaluation that participated in controlled and proved account throughout the tourism planning can balance all the activities.” economic development and the need for conservation when preventing the overexploitation of resources upon which the There are many definitions of community participation community relies (Sani and Pizam, 2012) stated by various experts. According to Timoty (1999) there

  Padang Beach Area is now managed by both, Padang are two main perspectives of CP in tourism: (1) participation Tourism Board and the local community All facilities and of the public in benefits generated from tourism development infrastucture related to tourism development in Padang Beach (2) participation of public in the decision-making process Area are provided by Padang local government. Although throughout the tourism planning and development process. Padang Tourism Board has the major part in managing

TOURISM DESTINATION MANAGEMENT

  8 Citizen Control Source : Adopted from Arnstein (1969) in Setyaningsih (2015)

  5 Placation

  Prasiasa (2013:36) explained some model of tourism destination management as seen in the table below :

  TABLE

  Community participation can not be separated from community-based develompment. Sijbesma, et al (2010) argued that community- based development as a form of sustainable development that maximize the active role participation of member of the communityin the phase of planning to implementation, monitoring and maintainance. Therefore, community

  Arnstein (1969) identified eight level of participation which was divided into three categories starting from non participation; tokenism; and citizen power. The level of participation, in fact, had ladder of participation that was started from the lowest level if the community had no participation, while the highest level if the community that holds control of power in making decisions. The description is as as seen in the table below.

  7 Delegate Power

  6 Partnership Degrees of Citizen Power : community power, power in decisions making

  4 Consultation

  Destination management is the coordinated management of all elements that make up a destination, including the attractions, amenities, access, marketing and pricing 20017) The leading organizational entity which may encompass the various authorities, stakeholders and professionals and facilitates tourism sector partnerships towards a collective destination vision. The governance structures of Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) vary from a single public authority to a public/private partnership model with the key role of initiating, coordinating and managing certain activities such as implementation of tourism policies, strategic planning, product development, promotion and marketing and convention bureau activities

  appreciated throughout giving information, paticipating in consultation dan placing their representatives in decision making

  Degrees of Citizen Tokenism : Community is

  3 Informing

  2 Therapy

  1 Manipulation Non Participation : there is no community participation

  I A RNSTEIN ; S LADDER OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

  TABLE

  (Rasoolmanesh and Jaafar, 2016) III.

II MODEL OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT DESTINATION

  3. The form of monitoring and evaluation aspect of community participation that was developed is the monitoring by the participatory community by using community liveliness. The monitoring is conducted and fostered organically, friendly, and it does not corner, by giving a chance toward the learning process to all members of community. It is to gain benefit values that impact to the increase of community knowledge and their environment. The participation of the local community in tourism is a driving force for change and a catalyst for development

  2. In execution implamentation phase, the form of community participation engagement particularly which is related to the implementation and the management in the execution program should be encouraged. The engagement of community participation in this implementation phase will impact to the development of participation, contribution and sense of belonging.

  Management element Function Local community institution

• –based development used participatory method in its development as community- controlled. Furthermore, according to Bakti (2004), the activity of community-based development can be explained in community-action planning as follow : 1.

  This model involveslocal community institution as the main manager, while government and tourism stakeholder as partner. All engaged elements complement the drawback of each partner, thus the managent become a complete and integrated unity. In this context, there is community empowerment through local community institution. The weakness of this model is that the local cmmunity institution will be weak in the tourism destiantion management. Tourism stakeholder Tourism stakeholder as the main manager, while the local community and

  In planning phase, the involvement of local community, particularly which is related as the benefit his phase recipient and also as impact recipient from all planning that has been built. This phase includes problem identification, potencial development identification, analysis and forecasting toward the environtment condition in the future, and also alternatif planning development and facilities. government being the partner. The weakness of this model is that the local communuty is being the object of commodification, less community empowerment and there is potential conflict between tourism stakeholder and the local community

  Government The tourisnm destination management can be in the form of state owned business entities. The weakness of this model is that there is limited community participation, less of shared benefits, and less control from the community

  2. Samudera Street ; that is located on Samudera street until junction in Hangtuah street.

  According to Padang Tourism Board, every sector will have its characteristic of tourism development. The development planning in sector 1 will be integrated with the development of Gunung Padang Area. In this sector, it will be built the a mosque as the icon of Halal Tourism and diorama in the feet of Gunung Padang. In sector 2, pedestarian area will be built, and the food street vendor will be relocated to the area which is provided for them. In sector 3 there is no tourism development right now, since the accessibility to this sector is still one line. Sector sector 5, it will be built a stage for for art and cultural performance. In sector 6, it will be build pedestarian area. The government provides tourism facilities not to all sectors, it is just focused to sector 5 and 6 and a little in sector 1. The planning of tourism development facilities in Padang Beach area is conducted fully by local government and Padang Tourism Board. The community participation in the planning is just the involvement in the meeting between Tourism Board and some

  Planning Since Padang Beach Area is devided into 6 sector, it is quite difficult to equalize the potency of each sectors.

  A.

  The management of Padang Beach Area involves Padang local government and community participation. The research finding will discuss community participation in managing tourism in Padang Beach Area into 3 phases ; i.e. planning, implementing and monitoring.

  6. Muaro Lasak ; which is located around Muaro Lasak area from Purus bridge to fly over. Padang Beach Area has been facilitated with tourism facilities to support the tourism activities in this area. The built facilities is now focused in sector 1,2, 5, and 6.. All facilities in Padang Beach Area are built by local government by using the local government budget.

  5. Cimpago ; which is located in Danau Cimpago area, fro IORA monument to Purus bridge.

  4. Purus ; which is in Purus Area from Olo Ladang junction to Padang Public flat (Rusunawa)

  3. Olo Ladang ; that is located in Olo Ladang Area to Olo Ladang junction .

  1. Muara ; that is located in front of “Muara” Prison to Nipah junction.

  Management Board This model promotes the integration among the local community institution, tourism stakeholder and government. All elements engaged in the tourism destination management based on each roles

  IV . RESULT Padang Beach Area is one of main targets of tourism destination development in Padang. It is located in the westen part of Padang city, in West Padang District, around 3 kilometres from the city center or 23 km from Minangkabau International the airport. Padang Beach Area lies for about 4 kilometres which is devided into 6 sectors :

  This study used qualitative methods. The research took place in Padang Beach Area in Padang city. The primary data was collected thoughout observation and in-depth interview with some informan who were involved in the management of Padang Beach Area Then the data collected, was reduced, synthesized, and analyzed by using desctiptive methods to describe gained information related to the community participation in managing tourism in Padang Beach Area. The aim of descritive method is to make description sitematically, factual, reliable and accurate toward the facts, attitudes, and the correlation among the investigated phenomena.

  METHODOLOGY

  III.

  4. Market structure, rivalry, organization and strategies, or the condition in the destination governing how companies are created, organizedand managed, and the nature of (domestic) rivalry.

  3. Related and supporting industries/activities- i.e. the presence or absence in the region of supplier inductries and related industries.

  Factors conditions, or the destination’s position regarding factors of production necessary to compete in the tourism industry.

  Source : Adopted from Prasiasa (2013) According to Porter cited in Vanhove (2005) there are some determinants to create competitive value a tourism destination : 1.

2. Demand conditions, or the nature of (home) demand for tourism products and services.

  representatives of local community actors in some sectors of Padang Baeach Area, such as sector 4, 5, 6 and 1.

  This group has been several times performs in art and culture show and follows some events.

  The fishermen also get the support in the form of outboard motor provision for their boats. After receiving this aids, it is hoped that the fishermen can increase the number of fish they catch, and the tourism development planning to create the center of fresh fish sales will come true.

  “Songket” woven, embroidery and needlepoint. After having the training, they are equipped with various tools that supports the activity. From the result of training and tool subsidy, it is hoped that the women can be independent enterpreneur, and finally it can improve their economy. The result of the training is also can be used by the community to create something that can be sold to the tourist who visit Padang Beach Area as the souvenir.

  Group of housewives are also involved in various training which is organized by the office of industry and trade (Disperindag) and Tourism Board that has goal to help the community to increase their economy. Beside training, the group of housewives also receive subsidy from Disperindag and Tourism Board. The women are equipped with some trainings such as training of food processing product by using fish as the main ingredient, training of

  In sector 4, it has been established a group of community representative which organize the development of tourism in sector 4 of Padang Beach Area, namely “Kelompok Sadar Wisata” or “Pokdarwis”. This group has been legalized by Padang Tourism Board as the representative of community in Padang Beach Area. The local government through Padang Tourism Board has fostered Pokdarwis by giving several trainings related to the management of tourism destination. This group aimed to develop the tourism potency in Padang Beach Area and support the local community who live around Padang Beach Area to utilize Padang Beach Area to make the community quality of life better.

  The youth also plays important roles in order to increase the security in Padang Beach Area. They engaged in Independent Community Security Forces officer of village supervisor (Babinsa). So far, the youth has played sicnificantly in eradicating liquor.

  “Dragon Boat” which is held by Padang Local government. Several achievements have been achieve by this rowing group, the latest is getting the runner up of rowing contest in Padang.

  The youth also involve in rowing group, namely “Puruih Benteng”. This group often follows in certain events, such as in the events of

  “Karang Taruna” which is equipped with “Randai” training. Now, they have “Randai” group namely” Benteng Ombak Nan Badabua”.

  Each sector in Padang Beach Area has its different problems. In general, the main problem of each sector is that the community awareness is still low in the utilization of Padang Beach Area orderly especially for trading. The knowledge of community about tourism awareness (“Sapta Pesona”) is still low particularly due to the lack of understanding of seven elements in

  The engagement of the group of young people is manifested in the form of “Karang Taruna” group. They are supplied with various kinds of training, such as “Silat”, music, and the fostering of sport group. In sector 4, the group of young people particularly

  Tourism Board and community participation, there are some elements in destination management that involve the community participation in implementing the management of Padang Beach Area. The destination managent organization of Padang Beach Area involve certain group of community to manage this area.

  Implementing Since Padang Beach Area is managed by Padang

  B.

  The involvement of community in decision making, is also focused on the the sector that has the local community organization, such as in sector 4, 5, and 6. Group of local community which is engaged in “Kelompok Sadar Wisata” has already involved in the meeting, and has initiative to give opinion and arguments toward the tourism policy of Padang Beach Area.

  “sapta pesona”in managing “Padang Beach Area” is still low, so the problems occured is the reflection of lack of implementation of “Sapta Pesona” .

  “Sapta Pesona” that is proclaimed by the ministry of tourism. The level of community awareness to implement

  The community participation in managing the culinary in Padang Beach Area is manifested in the use of Lapau Panjang Cimpago (LPC), that is the canteen facilities provided by the government, that has been relocated the food street vendor along the side of Padang Beach. This facility is located in sector 5 of Padang Beach Area. The relocation aimed to make Padang Beach Area more beautiful and comfortable for the visitors. The community can use LPC as the place to sell food along sector 5 of Padang Beach Area. The community just has the user right of LPC as facility for selling the food, however the owner of this facility is the local government. Not all community has chance to use LPC, only people who formerly has food stall along Padang Beach Area that has opportunity to be the user of LPC. In fact, now, there are some kiosk of LPC that is closed. It is because the community is not creative to utilize this facilities. They are closed due to the lack of creativity in selling the variation of food they sell. They tend to sell the similar food, without trying to make innovation in menu fact, Padang Tourism Board has tried to overcome this problems by giving such kind of training for the food traders and even, give soft loan to the community who are seriously willing to develop this culinary business for tourism. However, the awareness of the community to implement the result of training is still low. In sector 6, the community participates in managing the center of culinary along the cost of Padang Beach Area. They are equipped by the local government with the hand-cart as media for selling food. Formerly there was no price standart used by the community in selling the food in Padang Beach Area. But now, each seller has uniformity of in selling the similar items.

  The management of parking in Padang Beach Area has been organized well. The parking areas are set by considering the elements of comfort, beauty and security for the owner of the vehicles. Parking tarrif has been set based on type of vehicles. For two-wheeled vehicle the tarrif is Rp 2000, for four-wheeled vehicle is Rp 3000, and for bus or bigger vehicle is Rp 10.000. The parking area is managed by the local youth that coordinated in turn. The system run by giving fee or commission to every parking attendants. They coordinate with District Leader Forum (Muspika) to organized the parking fee. According to the interview with some parking attendants in sector 6, from the commision they got, they can rely on it as the main source of income for their family and themselves. However, this condition is not similar to the parking attendants in sector 1, 2, and 3. They work as parking attendant only as a side job.

  The availability of souvenir gallery is still lack of control since the management of the gallery is not optimally managed.

  We would like to thank Politeknik Negeri Padang which has supported financially this study through reseach grant (DIPA funding) entitled

  CKNOWLEDGMENT

  A

  After discussing the result of this research, there are some conclusions that can be drawn : 1). All aspects of the community participation in managing Padang Beach area in terms of planning, implementing and monitoring is still low, and can be categorized into the degree of citizen tokenism viewing from the ladder of citizen participation, by Arnstein. 2). The low level of community participation in managing tourism in Padang Beach Area is due to the the participation of local government that also involves in managing Padang Beach Area. 3). Due to the lack of knowledge of local community toward tourism management, hence it created the low level of community participation in managing Padang Beach Area. 4) The lack of creativity of community that join in “Kelompok Sadar Wisata” make the development of tourism in Padang Beach Area does not run optimally. 5) The engagement of community participation actively occurs in certain sector of Padang Beach Area, such as in sector 5 and 6 that has been supported by the local government by building several tourism facilities.

  ONCLUSIONS

  IV. C

  In order to maintain the beauty of the beach area, and also the comfort of the visitors in shopping, the local government urges food street vendor to to keep the cleanness around the environment of their stall. The community participation in keeping the cleannes is the form of monitoring in managing the tourism in Padang Beach Area.

  Souvenir gallery is also available fo make the visitors both domestic and international easier to buy typical souvenir from Minangkabau ethnics. This gallery is managed by the youth group (Karang Taruna) by providing products such as T-shirt, typical food and snacksand other souvenirs like wall decoration and key chain. However the management of this gallery has not been optimal.

  “ Muspika”. The parking attendant will report the number of sold out parking ticket per day or per week.

  The term and condition for parking fee and the the contribution of parking fee is agreed by the management group of parking management in Padang Beach Area with Padang Tourism Board. The monitoring is also conducted by

  The control toward culinary tariff is made in order to prevent the fraud among the visitors who buy the food in the area of Padang Beach. If the tariff of the food sold by the local community is transparent, so the visitor will feel comfortable in buying the products without any prejudice after paying it. This condition can be implement in the local restaurant managed by local community.

  Security element is also focus attention for the community participation involvement. The youth group that join in Independent Community Security Forces (Pamswakarsa) in coordiation with Non Commision Beach Area secure. They also collaborate with Tourism Police (Omvit) to keep the security and the safety of the visitors during their visit to Padang Beach Area. If there are barriers in the security, the community will coordinate with District Leader Forum (Muspika).

  Monitoring The monitoring action toward the planning and implementation action of the community participation in managing Padang beach Area is another important factors in managing a tourism destination. In term of implementation of Sapta Pesona, the cleanness of Padang Beach Area, is one of the elements that involve the community participation. The community cooperate with cleaning affairs to keep Padang Beach Area clean. The local community who manage the culinary sectors in Padang Beach Area has responsibility for the cleanness of the environment around the location of their kiosk or food stall. Sometimes, some events fro various institution or group of community conduct cleaning action along Padang Beach Area.

  C.

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