The Influence of SLope on The Growth of Rehabilitated Mangrove Vegetation on The North Shore of Central Java (A Case on The North Shore of Brebes and Jepara) - repository civitas UGM

6Advsnc$ in Blologieal
Proceedings of the Internadonsl Serninar
$clenca: Cortributlon towards a Better Humrn Frosperity'

A

2W7 Rcspoctive Authons

Editors
A;rdhika Frrspifo Nugoho, Earabang Reeroaji, Eudi Setiadi Daryono,
Kurtrda Dewi" Maryini,Ratna Susandarini, Siti Nurleily Marliana

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Siti Nurleily Marliana

Publhhcr
Factr$ of Biolqg/ Csdjat! Mada University,Yogya*arta
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December 2007

rsBN 97&979{969-{12-7
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PREFACE
This publication reports selected paperc presented at the International Seminar "Advances in
at the
Biological Sciince: Contribution Towards a Betuer Human Prosperity" or^ganized by_pd held
rh,
2007.
7n
8
on
September

Faculiy of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
from
research
important
of
a
range
ettendeO Uy 2Ot [a*icipants from 5 countries, the seminar addressed
prosperity.
Three
human
of
improvement
in
the
various lieids in Liological science likely to play role
kinds of session were held at the seminar: pienary session featuring keynote papeHi, oral presentation
papers prlsented in thesb
session, and poster preseniation session. Thii pmciedings features a number of
biology, ecology

molecular
genetics
and
i.e.
seminar,
the
in
covered
them€s
sessions, which represent 5
and
biomedics.
biology,
physiology
and
developmental
evolutiorq
and
and conserrration, systematics
the

success of the
towards
efforts
for
their
C.ommittce
Organizing
my
fellow
itrant
to
I wish
paper
seminar. On behalf of the OrganizingCommittee, I wish also to ttrank all keynote speakers,
Last
success.
a
presentss, academic reviewersl participane, and sponsots who h3-ve made this seminar
and
fruitful

memorable
Lut not least, I hope that the ieminar leaves us and all participants with
experieirce.

MARYANT
Chair of the Organizing Committee

lll

Contents
Itl

Preface
CeremonY SPeeches
Opening
-

viii

Chair ofthe Organizing Committee

Dean of the FaCulty of Biology Gadjah Mada University

ix
x

Seminar Committee
Plenary Sessions
Array
Consfuction of Screening System for Inhibitory Peptide using Peptide
Takeshi Kobayashi (Chubu University, Japan)

Biodivenity of lrpidoptera: Disnibution and conservation in ttre Malay
Malaysia)
Norela Satiinan (ii"itty of Scieace md T*hnalogt, Universiti Kebangsaan
Peninsula

Stem Cell: New Approach on Future Medical Treamcnt

Yogtakarta)
Sukarti Moetiopaiiro (Faculty of Biologt, Gadiah Mada University,

t2

Systematic and Evolution: A Case of Study on Trichosanthx *pp'
iugayah (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesian Institute of Science)

16

ChangingGlobalHealthfromEvolutionaryBiologyPerspectives
irty i.d;ira (Facutty of Medicine, Gadiah Mada University' Yoglafurta)
Genetic Susceptibility to lnfectious Diseases

Timothy*.

Burgess

(Yirolog Program, tJS NAMRU'2' Jaknrta))

Extended Abstracts: Oral Sesslon

Farnilies
Phenotype Analysis of oculocutaneus Albinism (ocA) in Indonesian
R'
Pratiwi'
R,
and
Ramadhani,
tt"*ilio"tlv.SiV., Agustin, H-8.,
Spore Size of AMF Glomus
The Use of EST and MDH Isozyrnes to Detect the Most-similar
Sancayaningsih, R-P, and Dodd, J.

2',7

Novel Desipand Assembly of Synthetic Fused DoubleGenes of l-Aminocyclopropane-l(cpPRSV) for
Cartoxyliclcid sy.nthase (ro2\'utdPapaya Ringspot Vinrs Coat Protein
RNAlnterferense (RNA!
E'M'T'
Tan G4n4, N.H., i,aurena, A.C-, Garcia, R'N', and Mendora'
165 rDN'd Sequences

by
Easteda
Idsntifrsatim of Asphattic Hydrooa$on'degrading
AnalYsis
Fdl*anid,,

32

D'
Emichment
Isolation of Thormophiles &om Gedongsongo Hot Spring u*ing a sinrple

N, Priianbada,

LD.' Sanbirtug, L', and Widianto'

Medium

An inin, ALN,, Madayanti, F., Adittowati,

P', and A&Iunalofu

Meliojo
Isolatkm aud Charasterization of Flant Antibaclerial Polipeptide from

W

(Gnetum

gnemon)

T.,*, Ananta, Y-, ,4rdyatl T., and Sagiharn, B'
RSIIg armng Bccillas thuringiensis $rains byUsing BL var k$sta$

}ft *yr,

and

8f' var'

irraeJet$s DNA Probes
Suuann;i,5,, Dancer, 8., and Slater, J-H'
(saccharum
cloning of cDNAs Encoding suqose Transporter Prcteins from sugarcane

oficinarumL.\

{lan*,

Sulis$owati' L., Balrrrki, N., and Sugiharto, B'
tabacumL'
Chrsrnosome Ctlar,aat€fization of Gcnjah Kemlcko Tobacco (Nicotiana
Idon€sia
Jave'
C;enral
A€qiah Kemloko) Collected &omTernanggung

w'

Deryoao, B.S. and Eridasai, D.PL€aves, Corolla and
Secondary Metabolitcs and Anatomical Structures of Roots, Sterns,
Fruits sf Tembelakan $nntana camara L.)

Harlini,

Y.S.

and Nugroho,

LH.

tv

42

The Important of lnocuhmr's Standardization in Effectiveness Studies of Arbuscular
Myconhizal Fungi (AMF)
Sanctyaningsih, fr"P. and Setiadi, Y.
The Role ofGibberellin in Breaking Seed Dormancy in Barley (Hordeum vulgareL.)
Dewi, K and Chandler, P.M.

5I

The Use of Trichoderma harzianum in Reducing Disease Severity of Pepper Caused by
Rhizoctonia solani
Kasiarrldari RS. and Esthi Widiastuti
Growth Pattems and Survival Rate of Coral Rockcod (Epinephelus corallicola\ Culture
Related to Function of Swim Bladder
Ealapea, LIL, Gunawan, and Pennana, G.N.

Effectof Time of Artificiat lnsemination on Pregmncy

57

60

Rates and Sex Ratio after

Synchmnization of Estrus in Etawa Crossbred Goats
Saharea, X.r,lunaidi, A., Kusumawati, A., snd Widayati, D.T.
Vaccination against Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN) in Juvenile Humpback Grouper
(Cromileptes a lt ivelis\
Zofran, Roza, D' andJohnny, F.
The Natural Biomolluscioiils Tte Effect of tevesia sundaica Miq. on Non-target Organism
{Cyprinas caryio Linnaeus, l?58)

63

Ranosji,B

Ttre Effectivity of Gracilaria vvrrucosa asForcing Function in Increasing Water Clarity
Shrinp Pond and Prodrntiviry of Tiger Shrimp {Penaeus monodonFabr.\

of

Iuuft,M.
Effect of Sappan Wood (Caesa lpinia sappan L.) Extract on tlre Blood Antioxidant Profiles
Afl atoxin-Exposured Mice

of

Saf*i,R

Tlle Toxicity ofTembelekang,aataila canara f,.) Leaf Ethanol Extract
Ifglrdni, Y.S, Dwiatnalw, Y.,$ugianli, N-, afid Krismrwan, R.H.
Peresitic Nermtodq Infsction in Long Tailed Macaqm (llfaccca fascieularisl from The Area
of 0unurg Fengsoag Wcst Lombok
b*ton$ G., I{adi, 1., ard &ryriadi
ToxL'ity ofBiodi€sel Made &om Used Cooking Oil (from Roast MerchanQ on Mujair Fish

{Otwhram: b

Ptfi,LS,E

73

massamb ictu'1

Conearation Status of tlre Belitung Island Tarsier Tarsius bancantrs saltator Home Range

8l

Size and Population Density

Y*#aar L, Mgrker, S.,std Muehlenberg, M.
BiodqgfsdstionofCa&*rnateby Soil Micmorganisrns: Isolatior\ Biochemical Properties and
Chancterization of Brcterial Degradiog Carbaryl

Adoai*s, &, Kustiariai, D.A., Saepudin, E, and Sulistiani, R
Palcoreeonstnrction of Ecological Changes in Mangrove Ecoslatenrs, Northern Coast

of

87

Ce,ntral Java, Based on Diatorns Communities

Soqtdfuwad,

t

&,$uedy, S.W.A., Ralrurdio, A,T, and Maryunani, KA.

Ctra;rastcrization and Identificationof 2-(Thiocyawmethytthio) Bewathiazole (TCMTB)

Degrading Bacteria Aom Industrial Tarming \[aste
SustlalpaL L, fumblrlng L, and Suhaftanti, D.
Numerical Taxonomic Study of Cffrus Accessions in Yogyakarta, Indonesia Based on

93

Morphological Characters
Sasandartni, R., Purnamo, Rusydah, A., atd Tanuiaya, B.
Inwntory Study of LoOal Variety of Gwva(Psidium guqiava L.) in Sleman and Bantul,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia and Their Phenetic Relationship tsased on Morphological Characters
Purnomo, Susandarini, R., and Fanani, J.

96

(Tectona spp.)
Morphological variability and Phenetic Relationships of Teak

t44

Chasani,A.R
in Yogyakarta
Ptraetic Relationship qfTomato (Solanun lyeopersicum L') Germplasm

t47

Based on Morphological Characters
Subositi, D. and Purnomo

149

sinjai, south Sulawesi
Biodiversityof Potential tocal Herbal in Sembilan Islands, No*h

Sahadiyah,5., Tambant, 8., and Soekendarsi, E'
Rate and Biomass of spirulina
The Effect ofHigh carboa Dioxide (co:) Level to Growth

t5l

datensis Gornont in Photobioreactor
Suyono, 8.A., and Anggadhania, L'

'Nugrohq A.P.,

154

Bioaccumulation of Chromium (Cr) on Tilapia nilotica L'
Nugroho, A.P.

Vegetation on the North
The Influence of Slope on the Growth of Rehabilitated Mangrove
and Jepara)
shors of coatral rava (.e, case study on the Nsrth shore of Brebes

157

Po$inhaioe,E.

160

Pine (Pyt-r11y*kusir', Jung' et de
Tbs Abuodance ofEarthworms r,rnder Different Ages of
BKPH Sumber Wringin,KPH
{u*ogunyo,
RPH
yrisel Stands (A Case
f*.gt3ols,
UV

it

Bonibumso, EastJava)

iuprty,II.,Muq,qf*,

",

Wulandari,

D,

and Handhayani' E'

Soft Cheese frorn Sheep" Croat and Cow

Milk

163

t65
House Density Index Retationship: using the Results of
ffiXffiXhrand
Study Held in Jakarta

erdu

*bf,

Hasyirr,r,

Bioaomic

A.

on Auricularia polytricha
Gfoutlh Inhibition of Nanrospora sitophila, tCoatarrunant Fungus

Grltiration by Aqmus Garlic Extract

f,sfufut|

R.8. and Selmrut, D-

'

168

F

WELCOMESPEECII
Distinguish guests, speakers, participants, sponsorships, ladies and gentleman,

I! is my great privilege to greel you all to the Intemational Seminar *Advances of Biological Science:
Contribution towards a Better Human Prosperity'', held in Faculty of Biologn Gadjah MaIa University.
I realize that you all fulty dedicated to the sessions that wilt foltow, but I do hope you all will also take
time to anjoy our fascinating Yogyakarta, Indonesia with its education city trade name and
multicultural people.

I recognize that this seminar is principally designed to enhance the contribution of biological science to
the development of other applied sciences related towards a more sustainable use of natural resources.
There is still recognition on biology as a basic science. However, with this fast development of studies
and rmearch on biological topics, we realize that biology highly contribute to applied sciences and
sectors, including medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, veterinary, food and health industries.

I am very alert to the increasing needs io understand biology, from ftrndamental research to nndem
molecular techniques beneficial in the improvements of human life and prosperity. And also, I wish
this event will b€ a great opportunity and a wonderful venue for us to meet scientistq expfis, and
indus@ executiveq to share biological science information. I hope that this Seminar will 6e a gr€at
chance to lay down a cooperative framework and to establish scientific collaboration between scientists
around Asian countries and Indonesia, particularly to increase effective implementation of biological
knowledge in the firlfillment of human need to maintain sustainable natural resources.
Hereby, on behalf of the Organizing Committee, I acknowledge these following keynote speakers, Prof.
Takeshi Kobayashi (Chubu University, Japan), Norela Sulaima& Ph.D. (University Kebangsaan
Malaysia), dr. Timothy Burgess MD, MPH (US NAMRU 2, Jakarta), Pmf. drg. Euy indriati, Ph.D.
(Faculty of Medicine. Gadjah Mada University), Dr. Rugayah (Ilerbarium oogoriinsa Indonesian
Institutc of Science, Bogor), and Prof, Dr. Sukarti Moeljopcwiro, M.App.Sc. (Faculty of Biology,
Gadjah Mada university) for delivering their valuable scientific information.

I also gratefully acknowledge valuable conhibutions from pcrsonal and institutional spomorship and
funding inctudiag Institute for &esi:arch end Community $enices Cadjah Mada Univecsity, i,osan
Kencana Surabap, e.V. Indogarnt Yogyakarta, Pf Book Bardung Drs. Maryadi Broto iuwa6di,
M.Kcs. Yogpkarta Ir. Bambang Sumardiko from RNI Jalmrt& anA ff Roche Jakarta, to rnake this
program happen.

l.also gratefully thank to th€ Dean and Vice Dean of Biology Facutty, Gadjah Mada University for
qving-us opprtunity and support to organize this speeiativenr Hea*felithanks to The Steering

Committce, Tho Acadcmic Reviewere, mernbem of The Organizing Committee for their strong $upport,
active participation, eoopcration and iard wodcs rhroughoit rhh iear in preparing and organizi"g ,frii
nrcaningfirl meeting ad to those wh have contribrM their untiring Jffoit in matingihis serninar
$uccess. lVe have received thc tofisl numher of papcre ever presented and the total number of people
ever registered. An impressive roster of distinguish speakers from Japan, Malaysiq the Philippine,
Eangladeh *rd lridan€sia has been gathered in this seminar. We also have managjd the whols scminar
prs-gtP dth cornprehensive online lxoc€ss for abshact and paper subrnissioq seminar registration
_"
and otherservices.
Despite our best efforts, it is inevitable that there is a lack in organizing this seminar and I profoundly
apologize to all speaken, posterpresenters, participants, donators, committee members.

Finally, I would like to offer my best wishes for a highly emjoyable, successfut and productive seminar.
Thank you
Maryani

Chairof the Organizing Committee

vlll

SEMINAB COIYI!VI}.rIE.E

Mada universitv, Yoevakarta)
of the Faculty of Biology, Gadjah
Jpan)
ilt"r. i"I"tr,t i;&vashi (Chubu Universitv'
Unlveryiti,r3ban.s:aan Malavsia)
i"iit"r;gi,
J*
Dr. Norela Sulairnan
Yosvakarta)
orgiology' Giiiatr Mada university'
Yogvskarta)
Prof. Dr. Issirep
grdiarr naaaa universitv'
prof. Dr. shalihuddin Djalal rmdjuls, M..S", till'"?#;iBt"rrs.v,
Sciences)
of
fnaonesi"n Institute
Dr. Yayuk R. Sunu'A;oio (Zoob6y
u"0' universitv' Yogvakarta)
93ai*
irilu*v
rrra,
wapn
Dr. drh.
G;ij* naaia universitv' Yogvakarta)
G;"'hv
Dr. R.c. Hidayat
ivtcdical ResEareh Unit No'2)
Dra. Ertin Listysnine'it'ffiS". iUi'N"ral

*:t#tf#Hffi*

tr"iift i"rr

t"r*ift'*'it,

P"pry*'
orv"*#;M;qi"i{'
oilif,ii*
s"*ififfi;lffi'

l'tl"

ffii$f,*i,f Sffi qMsc.(Facurtv'l'':*fdr1fl *,tffi J'U"t3"#itrf;iyakarta)
llrmn'g*ruw;'s'li;11*'&""i?*#'i'v"i#";'b;j'h#'tuiiversrtv'
ffimr-

Gadjah Mada university' Yogplcarta)
Gaculty of Biology,

OrganizlugCommlttce
Dr. Msr''ani' tvl$c'

Dr. Kurnate Dcvi, M'Sc'St'
Dr. Budi S€*isdi DarSouo

Dra. Rn&a Susffi&dni, M'Sc'
Banrbang Rotnoaji, M'Sc'
Eko Asus Suyono, M'APP'Sc'
Siti Ntlrlcily Marlians, M'Sc'
*r*ftih f ri,ryitu !Sry@-' M'S-i'

Abdul nasaECt sani,

a*. HWYt"S,B.G'

'Si'

-

-

-

Ssr&gih' M'P'

Rury Eprihrahrmn' S'Si'

THE INFLUENCE OF SLOPE ON THE GROWTH OF
REHABILITATED MANGROVE VEGETATION
ON THE NORTH SHORE OF CENTRAL JAVA
(A Case Study on the North Shore of Brebes and Jepara)
by :
Erny Poedjirahajoe *)
INTRODUCTION
The creation of green belt width is highly determined by several factors, such as the shore topography [1].
The more even the shore is, the larger the rise and fall of tides green belt and the wider the mangrove which will
be planted. Based on several researches and supported by theories concerning the influence of shore topography
on habitat factor, which also influences the vegetation growth, then this research is conducted. The selection of
research location was conducted based on the difference on the generated alluvial mainland (West and East
area), as well as the green belt width which visually looks different. On the North Shore of Jepara, mangrove
green belt is not very wide, so that the effective rise and fall tide zone for mangrove vegetation growth is also
relatively narrow. On the other hand, on the North Shore of Brebes Regency, the green belt seems very wide so
that the effective rise and fall tide zone is also very wide, in fact, the embankment which have been constructed
by the community in mangrove area are within the effective rise and fall tide zone. It can be proved why in the
mangrove area in Brebes Regency there are many embankments which use the embankment type, it is by
planting mangrove in the middle of the embankment.
By knowing the approximate effective rise and fall tide zone (the green belt width) through slope, it is
expected that the mortality percentage of the rehabilitated vegetation can be decreased, and on contrary it will
increase the growth percentage. Therefore, this result can be used as a reference/indicator in managing mangrove
area, especially concerning the rehabilitation activity. Planting can be syncronized activity will be more effective
because it will be able to save the cost and the energy, as well as increasing the success of vegetation growth.
Therefore, this research will play an important role in the country development, especially in forestry .

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research location is situated in mangrove rehabilitation area on the North Shore of Brebes and Jepara
Regency. In each area, the same mangrove planting year is investigated. In mangrove rehabilitation area on the
North Shore of Brebes and Jepara Regency, mangrove planting year was determined, which was planting year
2000. The width is 6.5 ha for Brebes Regency and 5 ha for Jepara Regency. The data sample was taken on the
same width, 2 ha. In that area, measurement towards the slope was conducted, it was repeated several times
along that area. And then, plot was developed and vegetation density and height were measured. The
measurement was conducted by dividing the area into 3 zones. The interval with the next measurement was 100
m. In each zone, besides measuring the vegetation density and height, measurement towards pH, salinity, mud
thickness, DO was also conducted, and soil sample was taken to analyze the organic substance of N, P, K
element. The result analysis used was the multiple regression[2]

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mangrove rehabilitation area on the North Shore of Brebes and Jepara Regency was planted with
mangrove species R.mucronata with the same planting interval, 2 x 1 meter. Planting the same species was
conducted because R.mucronata is tolerant to the backup of water class on rise and fall tide zone [3]. Besides
that, based on the root structure, R.mucronata roots are stronger compared to that of the other dominant species.
The specific anchoring root structure is the manifestation of the function which mangrove possesses, among
others it is capable of holding mud substrate and becomes the place for sea biota to lean on during the fall of the
tides.
In both areas Brebes and Jepara, R.mucronata was used as the rehabilitation vegetation. Vegetations which
were planted in 2000 with planting interval 2 x 1 m turned out to visually show the different morphology. At a
glance this difference is on the vegetation density and height.

*) Dr. Erny Poedjirahajoe, Faculty of Forestry Gadjah Mada University. Email : er_pjr@yahoo.com

The average slope in Brebes and Jepara is 1.45% and 4.27 %. At a glance, this difference is not significant.
However, it influences the environment factor. In general, on the shore in which mangrove is planted, the slope
is almost even. It is because on a shore which slopes slightly, mud substrate accumulation can be generated,
besides that it is supported by the movement of rise and fall of the tides which tends to be subtle. It is different
from the shore which slopes considerably (more than slopes slightly up to steep). On such shore, usually mud
substrate accumulation cannot be found, because on a shore which slopes considerably, river mouth is hardly
found so that this type of habitat is not suitable for mangrove. Steep shores have high rise and fall of the tides
current, consequently mangrove is hardly found. X2 analysis which was used to differentiate slope rating in
Brebes and Jepara area shows that there is significant difference between slope in Brebes and that of in Jepara.
Although slope on the North Shore of Jepara is high, there is still mud accumulation from the river mouth. Of
course the green belt of mangrove growth in Jepara is not as wide as that of in Brebes Regency. Therefore,
although it was planted with the same vegetation quantity with the same planting interval, in the end the density
of vegetation growth is different. A high slope means that the green belt width is smaller compared to that of a
slight slope. The growth substrate which is effective for vegetation growth is also fewer.
The physical-chemical aspects differ along with the vegetation growth. The higher the density is, DO, local
temperature and mud thickness will increase. A high density refers to the increase of phytoplankton because of
the increase of organic substance. Phytoplankton increases photosynthesis activity which generates oxygen.
Therefore, the contents of dissolved oxygen in the water increase. The role of mangrove roots can increase mud
substrate, so that the contents of organic elements especially N, P and K element will also increase [4].
Subsequently, the regression equation analysis shows that vegetation density and height are influenced
by waters physical-chemical aspects. In Brebes, the regression analysis shows that density is determined by all
waters physical aspects, except salinity. The regression equation formula is as follows:
Y = 368.3 - 5.28 X1 – 12.2 X2 + 3.5 X3 – 7.8 X4 + 0.7 X5 + 0.2 X6 + 0.7 X7 + 11.1 X8.. r value is 0.96
Y : Vegetation Density, X1: Slope, X2 : Temperature, X3 : Dissolved Oxygen, X4 : pH, X5 : Mud thickness, X6 :
N element, X7: P element, X8 : K element, X9 : Salinity. The regression equation shows that vegetation density is
influenced by slope (X1) and mud thickness (X5). Slope in Brebes on average is 1.45%. This slope is very slight
so that the green belt becomes wide. At the beginning of mangrove planting, a fine planting media is available,
consequently vegetation growth has a high life percentage. The result of regression equation on vegetation
growth is not different from that of vegetation height. The equation of regression correlation between vegetation
height and slope and waters physical-chemical aspects is as follows:
Y = 41.71 + 5.84X1 – 17.51X2 + 4.73X3 – 8.90X4 + 1.04X5 + 0.49X6 + 0.86X7 + 14.32X8. r value is 0.92
Although the result of regression equation between vegetation height and slope and waters physicalchemical aspect is the same as the regression equation between density and slope and waters physical-chemical
aspect, but vegetation height is not parallel with density. Mangrove vegetations which are growing high are
accompanied with widening roots forming a strong stand. The wide of roots requires a wide space. Therefore,
vegetations which are growing high are usually accompanied with a decrease on the density because there is a
competition between individuals in the growth space.
In the waters in Jepara area, the regression equation analysis between vegetation density and height and
slope and waters physical-chemical aspects shows the same result as that of in Brebes area. The regression
correlation equation formula between vegetation density and slope and waters physical-chemical aspects is as
follows:
Y = 12.22 + 0.42X1 + 1.41X2 + 0.91X3 + 0.69X4 + 3.41X5 + 0.01X6 + 0.01X7 + 58.49X8, r value is 0.98
Meanwhile, the regression correlation analysis between vegetation height and slope and waters physicalchemical aspects is:
Y = 971.80 + 4.72X1 – 12.03X2 + 4.39X3 + 67.37X4 + 1.47X5 + 1.17X6 + 0.16X7 + 61.8X8 + 5.36X9.
The analysis result and discussion shows that slope has significant influence on the growth of
rehabilitated mangrove vegetation on the North Shore of Central Java.

REFERENCES
[1]. Anonimous, National Strategy for Indonesian Mangrove Ecosystem Management. Second Book Mangrove
Ecosystem in Indonesia. Departement of Forestry. Departement of Fishery and Marine. Ministry of
Environment. LIPI. JICA. Jakarta, 2003
[2]. Ludwig, JA and JF. Reynold, Statistical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons. New York. Chichester. Brisbane.
Toronto. Singapore, 1988.
[3]. Poedjirahajoe E, Peran Faktor Fisik Kimia Habitat terhadap Pertumbuhan Mangrove di Delta Cisanggarung.
DPP Fakultas Kehutanan UGM, 2002.
[4]. Poedjirahajoe E, Peran Faktor Fisik-Kimia Substrat pada Pertumbuhan Mangrove di Lahan Tambak Pantai
Utara Jawa Tengah. DPP Fakultas Kehutanan UGM, 2003.