Optimizing Silvofishery Through Ecosystem Approach in Mangrove Rehabilitation Area on The North Shore of Pemalang Regency, Central Java - repository civitas UGM
Proceedings
of
International Seminar 0n
Wetlands & Susta i nability
ftttt - fitlt Septernb*r ZOOT
Pulerf Pecific Hotel, Johor Bharu,
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Proceedings of
lnternational Seminar
on Wetlands & Sustainabil
2007
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru
4-6 September, 20OT
Editors:
Prof. Dr. Kiyoshi Kobayashi
Assoc. Prof. lr. Dr. Maisarah Ali
Organised by:
Kultiyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design
v
lntemational lslamic University
Kyoto University Japan
Malaysia
In collabomtion with:
Water Environmentral Group
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Mce Chancellors Council (JSPS - VCC)
Johor National Park
Supported by:
Ministry of Science, Technology and lnnovation
Ministry of Natural Resources jnd Environment
Published bY:
Design
krf i*"n hrchitecture & Environmental
Malaysia
"f lstamic University
i^i",iirtion"i
.
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-oos Gombak, Kuala
603 - 205M864
f
;;i--
-2ososzzo Fax:
Printed in MalaYsia
First Print 2007
ISBN: 978-983-31 42-06-4
rnternatianat seminaiin'wettandsald
abitity (l
sws)
';;;{;r:irr"t i xoaastiintAt"n"' Prof'lgfain
tr' Dr' Maisarah Ati
2007
CopyrightehEmational$eminaroRweflandsandSustainability
(l$/rrs) 2007
rnay le reproduced, stored in a rerieval
tr|ffi Stg+;r*arion
;", prm -9r by any means'
'electronic'
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or offrlnruise, without the written
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permission of the Publisher'
Organizing Committee
Co Ghairman
Prof. Dr. Kiyoshi Kobavashi
Kyoto University
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Maisarah Ali
lnternational lslamic University Malaysia
Committee Members
Assoc, prof. Dr. Nik tsmailAZan
Faculty of Architedure, ptanninl &
Surveying
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Dr. Harinder Rai Sinoh
Faculty of Applied Siiences
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Assoc. Prof. Wadah Tahir
Faculg of CMt Engineering
Unirrersiti Teknololi Mara,
Ms. MarfiahAbdutWahid
Facrlty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknoloii Mara
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Badaruddin Mohammed
Illoot
ltolsing Buitding and ptanning
universili9i Sains
Malaysia,
Asst Prof. Dr. Maheran yaman
Kulliyyah of Arcfritecture a environmental
Deion
lntemationat lslamic Univers,tV fvf"i";;
--""
Mr. Zainul Mukrim Baharuddin
iHJP"i,1"":,ffiffi Un,:,5l;U6,*:",Desisn
Assoc. Prof. Dr.Wan Ruslan lsmail
g.egogplry Sedion, Schoot of Humanities
Universiti Sains Mataysla
Mr. Shaharudln ldrus
lnstitute for Environment and Development
(LESTARD
Universiti lGbangsaan Maraysra,
Prof. Dr. Rushn Rainis
lpatial Social Sdence Researqh Cluster
G.eography Secffon, Sctrool oi
universiti Sains Malaysia
Hunfiii;.
LiliTokiman
Johor National park
Corporation
Johor Bahru, Johor
{.lfflr
lnternational Scientific Review Gommittee
Assoc. Prof. Kakuya Matsushima,
Graduate School of Urban Management,
Kyoto University
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nik lsmailAzlan
Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Dr. Harinder RaiSingh
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Assoc. Prof. Wardah Tahir
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Mara,
Ms. Marfiah AbdulWahid
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Assoc- Prof. Dr. Badaruddin Mohammed
School of Housing Birilding & Planning
Universiti Sains Malaysia,
AssL Prof. Dr. Maheran Yaman
Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design
lntemational lslamic University Malaysia
Br. Zainul Mukrim Baharuddin
Kulliyyah of Architecfi.rre & Environmental Design
lntemational lslamic University Malaysia
Dr $harnzani Affendy Mohd Din
lAJfiyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design
lntemational lslamic University Malaysia
Secretariat
Aesoc. Prof.lr. Dr. MaisarahAli
Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design
lnternational lslamic University Malaysia
Assoc. Prof. lGkuya Matsushima,
Gmduate School of Urban Management, Kyoto University
Gontents
Organizing Committee
lntemational Scientific Review Committee
ilr
IV
performance of submerged
Breakwaters for coastar we*and
Teh Hee Min, Nasiman Sapari, ttvaii
eiiir-'
protection
Reducfion of Flow pressure by Coastal Forest
Tetsuya
Himishi
3::-1iffi:fcted
1
13
Weflands of lran in the Caspian Sea, persian
Gutf
and
2s
Seyed Mohammad Reza Fatemi
Performance of subnrerged B-reakwaters for
coastal protection
Nor Hisham Bin Mohd Ghazati ana uind.'iiiefri
Bin Arbain
HfiHt?'ffiHyy:$]il:Jiffinix:nu:;x[t"u
40
Theme 2: Tourism
Tgurist Behaviour and lmage
of theTouristAttraction in l-riomote lsland
Keita Yamaguchi, M asashi Kavrtasai
Managing Ecotourism in-weiland Areas:
conffictng
Authority and tnterests
"'
Abdut Aziziriot,
v9lr1ryrd,
Ahmad Puad Mat Som and Azizi Bahauaiin
B3darullin
-
we{and rourism: A potentiar in Krias peninsura,
sabah, Maravsia
ZuthazmanHanuah,MaryatiMohu,iriiiii|oib;;;d""s'sre'q
'----"'
and Noonini Maktadin
Theme 3: Remote
Peat swamp Forest Distrrbances in Ktias peninsura,
sabah, Matavsia
across Muttipte Et-Nifio.Events: A Satettite
Rem"6tse]nliil'ffiffii;
Mui-How Phua, Safoshi Tsuyuki
Comparison of Data Classification Technioues
for Wetland Mapping using Hypersp"a*iii"t"
tilvm Lau Meng Shin, Mazlan Hashim and Ab.Latif
95
lbrahim
Legal Enforcement (
egrrins:iir[?i'"ian wenands Area: A
'::J';ry Xtrl'Ti f;u1,T,,df,, Noraini bt Aminuddin
B:"f,
!91q,
J,h;S,:*
case study or
257
of rown Planning svstem
in werand Managemenr
in peninsurar
M. Zainora Asmawi
A Conceptual Framework For
Classiffing And Assessing
Malaysian
AJM Abdur Rouf. NoorAzhar
Mohamed Shazili,
Mohd Lokman iusain, and
281
Rosnait;;;o;.,,
Application of Corous F
system to support Public
Mangrove Managemenlehieval
Deriberation ln
uayeong Jeong, Tsuyoshi
Hatod and Kyoshi Kobayashi
l
fheme 5: Conservation
Sensitivity rndex tn rhe Northen
CoastatArea of
F::g"tff"tosicat
R Sharifipour, A. Danehkar
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307
317
A,an, t
Mangrove Restoration in the
Area Affected bv
x::ift;trN#i::i##i:Ji;x:r:fl:yshrimpponds,udge
Assembrages as rndicator
to sustainabiritv of Artifciar
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rhe Funcfion and Vatues
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vii
377
381
B
Optimizing Silvofishery through Ecosystem Approach in Mangrove
Rehabilitation Area on the North Shore Of Pemalang Regency, CentralJava
Emy Poedjirahajoe
lnnovative Mangrove Planting Techniques Using Bamboo Encasement
Methods (BEM) f6r Mangrove Goastal Rehabilitation: Preliminary findings on
survival and growth of Rhizophora apiculata
Raja Barizan, R.5., Azian, M. and Wan Nunalia W.S.
405
Theme 6: Biology and EcologY
Effects of Fire on Peat Soils on Number of Bacteria, Fungi and Soil Chemical
and Physical Properties (A Case Study ln Pt Sba Wood lndustries Ogan
Komering District, South Sumatera)
Haryono Supriyo (Dr.)
413
The lnfluence of Salinity and Monsoon to Zooplankton Biodiversity of a
CoastalWetland: An lmportant Parameter in Wetland Management
Zaleha, K. and Bibi Shahida Ahmad Shaifuddin
421
Situation of sturgeon fishes along lranian coasts of the Caspian Sea with
emphasis on Persian Sturgeon (Acipenser persicus Borodin, 1897)
Arash Javanshir, Afshin Danekar and Gholamreza Rafii
431
Species Diversity of Phytoplankton Found in Maeklong Estuary, Samut
Songkram Province, Thailand
Narong Veeruvaitaya and Siipom Boondaow
441
(
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The Biodiversity of Fruit Species along the Edge of Kayan River, Bulungan,
East Kalimantan
T
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I
Atus Syahbudin
t,
Avicennia Marina Forest Structure Using Line Plot Method
Afshin Danehkar
The Problem of Wetland Terminology in lndonesia: A Review of Wetland
Classification
Devi N. Choesin
481
Speciation ard Avaitabilif of Phosphorus in the Sediments of the Tropical
Mangrove (Pictravaram) Ecosystem, lndia
AL. Ramanathan and M. Balakishna Pnsad
A Relatisnship Between Tidal Gunent And Movement Of Zoeal Larvae Of
Crabs Just After Releasing ln Amparu Tidal Lagoon, lshigaki
Okinawa, Japan
Kawachi Atsushi, lie Mihuteru, lshikawa Tadaharu
lsland,
Forest Stuc*ure And Floristic Composition of Peatswamp Forest at Loagan
Bunut NationalPark, Miri, Sarawak
l.B. lpor, P. Bulan, C.S lawan, l. Jusoh and Meekiong, K.
Management Strategy for Natural Areas: A Case Study of Kukup Johor
NationalPark
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ISWS 2007
- lnternational Seminar on Wetland
and Sustainability
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
Optimising Silvofishery through Ecosystem Approaeh
in Mangrove Rehabilitation Area on the North Shore
of Pemalang Regency, Central Java
Erny Poedjirahajoe
Forest Faculty of Gadjah Mada University, lndonesia
ABSTRACT
Silvofishery is a very effective alternative to make use of mangroves.
it is necessary to find out the profttable mangrove rehabilitation
planting year and silvofishery paftems so that it will provide optimal results on
Therefore,
silvofishery sustainability. This research aims to lind out the pattern of
silvofishery and lhe mangrove planting year which can increase embankment
fishery production, and afterwards land compatibility classification for
silvofi shery is formulated.
The research was conducted by initially determining silvofishery
mangrcve areas using embankment type and dam type with the same planting
year and width. And then a plot in the form of basket with crabs (of similar
weight) in it was placed in the embankmenUdam in each planting year. Besides
that, in each area. vegetation parameters consisting of density, height and the
width of plant roots were measured. Afterthat. ihe habitat ecological conditions
consisting of rnud lhic*ness, N, O, K. organic substance, DO, salinity,
temperature and biological aspects (plankton) were measured. The optimal
fishery results could be approached by weighing the crabs when they were a 0
day old, 10 days old and 20 days old.
The results of this research show that the heaviest 0 day old crab was
found in planting year 2001 on dam type. lt was 117.0 grams while the lightest
crab was found in planting ye,ar 2OO2 on dam type, it was 112.56 grams. The
heaviest 10 days old crab was found in planting year 2001 on embankment
Spe. lt was 156.81 grams while the fuhtest crab was found in planting year
2000 on dam type and it tnas 130.23 grams. At 20 days old, the heaviest crab
was found ln planting year 2001 on embankment type, which was 207.62 grams
while the ligrhtest oab rras found in planting year 20@ dam type. The most
optimal silvofishery pattern was snbankrnent {pe in planting year 2001. This
pattem had the highest vegetation density, it was 17.25125 m2 or 6880/ha with
the heaviest crab which was 207.62 grams/crab.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Bac.kground
The success of rehabilitating mangroves on the North Shore of Pemalang,
Central Java has recovered the functions of the original ecosystem. The
function of mangroves as a nursery ground is very appropriate for raising fish
(silvofishery). Silvofishery in the North Shore of Pemalang Regency was
developed in 1990. At that time, shrimp which was an export commodity has
been ulidely raised. The spread of silvofishery uras expected to be able to
conserve maRgroves on the North Shore of Pemalang, Central Java.
?rl{
ISWS 2007
- lnternational Seminar on Weiland and Sustainability
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 SePtember 2007
Regency has
At present, most silvofishery on the North Shore of Pemalang
be more
shifted'to raising crabs (Scy/la serata). Crabs are considered to
types
are
two
There
higher.
price
is
the
to snrimfs because
proni"Uf"
of central
shore
North
the
"orpaied
in
generally
used
patterns
*ni"rr
of silvofishery
Jrrr, i".
"r" type' On the dam type' the position of the
Aam iype anO emnanXm6nt
iio" and is separated from the mangrove. Meanwhile,
the
in" position of the embankment is withintype.
typ",
embankment
on the
dam
the
is
pattern
used
pemalang,'central-iava,
widely
the
*"ngror". ln
shore of Brebes,
rne iesutts of RoeojirJhaloe (1g9g) iesearch on the North
emuanrment is-side uv
type produces
6"ntrrf Java, concluif"O in"i sitvonsfrery using the embankment research are
this
of
results
lre
r
dam-type.
the
,ooi" nrn compared tolnai of
grebes, then that result can be used
the same as that of on tlne Ntrth Shore of
silvofishery pattern to the
to
[r"*n"e for embani*.ntfi"h"rren shift their then
the conservation of
used'
is
type
etnu"nr*ent
"J,
t'e
rt
;;;;il;"i typ"mangrove can be maintained.
Research Obiective
This research aims to:
l.Findoutthevegetationdensityandheight,thevariety'ofseabiotaon
-habitat
physical-chemical
mangrove silvoirshery,
Tryls'
-inciealeand its
silvofishery
weignt--ql'
of
crab
out
tne
2. Find
"T!1il,kfent
20"'days)'
(the.0,
10"'and
period
through daily observation
3.
4.
.
crab weight'
Find 6ut thgcoiretation between irabitat aspects and
Determine
weight.
tte opii*af sifuofishery
pattem based on maximum crab
Literature StudY
a.nursery ground is
Chua (1987) said that the function of mangroves as
system as food
nearby
the
iito
transfer
trighty'retailJ *itn O"trii* oi organic
estuary tis-hery
support
to
used
be
will
eve-ntually
source for water oiotawnLrr
oi"". fuf"ngroveb crucial role is supported by its ability to
which
"t
in'itj totm of seresa/r (falling leavesltwies
ffi;;;-;rg*[ "i;;"tr
tons of dry
approximately.Q
is
produaion
rvrrngior"
L;;; teri'itize4.
il;ht6rff, 6sy" ;i it i. ""resalr ftom leaves (Ananthakhrisnan, 1982)'
and the sunounding
teies tunctions as the staple diet-for.herbivores
ueiritus from the "rigi""t"i,
the foundation of complex foo&chains on
becomes
nnariv-it
ana
-interaction
,no orniror"",
between the embankment and
mangrove ecosysterni.''
bglefts' on one side'
ecological
poJo"*"
significant
woods
it" p"t I=!, o1 the other side the existence of the
supplies t
"J]"i
or olier-ulota, thus increasing.the varietv of
pr61iiot"O
should be maintained
water biota lwatryonJ, ibg3). Sdi bene{icial conditions
mangrove has been
of
densiry
high
The
ot itre wooas.
it *ii"t
i"
to phytoplankton which
"
quantity of
AttilrrJi
ile
;;;;;r;
;;;;;;r;
ffi i;;
th";;;-""d
fi"
r;;;;
able to supply a larg;
9,rU9ni.c'e-lements
iunAions as'the main producer (Poedjirahajoe' 1995)'
by building
Basicalty, *ir-lonin"rv is a froteciion for mangrove areas
fishery
the
increasing
embankments *ti"n uru uut" to interact well, thus
js
most
the
as
considered
silvofishery
currenily,
;;;;iiil (Anonim,'tsesl.
people
most
b-ecause
effe6ively
mingrove
of
use
to make
Ippi"prirtui"rm
living around
rnung*"i
are fishermen
lnd
embankment fishermen' Therefore'
income'
can Gction as an additional job which can increase their
"ifr,inrf,-.V
The following are pictures of embankmeni silvofishery'
ao,
ISWS 2007
Picture
l:
- lnternational Seminar on Wefland and Sustainability
puteri pacific Hotel, Johor
Qahru, 4-6 September 2007
Embankment Silvofishery in Mangrove Area
on the North Shore of pemalang, Centri'l Java
2fl4
ISWS 2007
- lnternational Seminar on Wetland and Susiainabiliiy
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
Picture 2: Embankment Silvofishery in Mangrove Area
on the North Shore of Brebes, Central Java
The dam type was developed first because at that time many people had built
embankments behind mangroves. The embankment type locates the area to
raise fish in channels (ditch/trench) between mangrove populations. The
advantage of this type is the availability of sufficient organic elements and
detritus for the fish. Besides that, the cost is cheaper. Meanwhile, the dam type
separates the area to raise fish from mangrove woods but they are still located
nearby/side-by-side to one another so that the frsh still receive organic elements
from mangrove woods. The ratio of mangrove and the embankmenl applied by
Perhutani (lndonesian State Forest Corporation) is 80%:20%. Subsequentty,
after silvofishery provides extra income, many embankment fishermen intervene
in mangrove areas to broaden their embankments. Consequently, the ratio has
changed,
in which
mangrove area
is
lower.
A
research conducted by
Poedjirahajoe (1998) on the North Shore of Brebes Regency concluded that the
varieiy of sea biota increases more on embankment type compared to that of on
dam type. The discussion section mentions ihat on the embankment type the
existing sea biota is not cleaned so the pet fish promotes the presence of
several water biotas. Meanwhile, on dam type, the existing sea biota is cleaned
so there are not many varieties of water biota. The high variety of biota
indicates better ecosystem stability.
2.
RESEARCHMETHOD
Research Location
This research was conducted in the mangrove rehabilitation area on the
North Shore of Pemalang Regency with a width of approximately 3500 ha. This
research used planting years 2000, 2001 and 2002. The selection of the
planting years was based on plant suitability for silvofishery (Poedjirahajoe,
2003).
Research Tools and Mateials
Tools used in this research are:
1 X 0.5 metre floating basket, amounting to 8 X 2 = 16 baskets
10 grams, 1 kg and 10 kg hanging scale
Plastic bucket
Tally sheet data research
Oxygen meter, salt test, thermometer stick and pH meter
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Research Vadable and Parameter
This research used 2 variables, i.e. the planting year and silvofishery
pattern. Meanwhile, the daily observation period is used as the treatment. The
rneasured parameters were the weight of pet crabs and silvofishery habitat,
physical, chemical and biological aspects.
Research Procedure
ISWS 2007
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
- lnternational Seminar on Wetland and Sustainabiliiy
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
Determining 2 resembling embankment patterns, i.e. dam type and
embankment type in planting year 2000, 2001 and 2002.
Placing open baskets systematically in every planting year and on
each embankment type with upper door sized 1 x 0.5 metre. 8 Baskets
are placed in repetition.
Each basket is filled with 1 crab which has been weighted as the
preliminary weight.
bvery daythe ciabs are fed with real or imitation food of t 0.5 ounce of
food for each basket.
On the first two days, the dead crabs are replaced with the new ones'
Weighing the crabl by opening the upper door of the basket and then
the irab;s body/pincer is hooked to the hanging scale hook and the
crab's weight ii directly observed. After the weighing, the crab is put
back into ihe basket until the next observation, the 10'day and the
2oth day.
ResulfsAna/ysis
The collected data was tabulated and separated based on the variable,
treatment and parameter. The 8 baskets in one silvofishery pattern and planting
year were considered as repetition thus the average of the results was
ialculated. The mangrove planting year was considered as replication. The
embankment type was called Level I (Split), and the observation period was
considered as-ihe treatment (plot) consisting of day 0, day 10 and day 20.
Therefore, it would generate 3 x 2 x 3 observation units. The split-plot model
formulation used was:
Y ijk = p + Ri + Tj + TR'rj + Bk + RBik + TBjk + RTB'tjk
Y iltt ='ttre fish weight in planting year k, silvofishery pattern i and observation
p
period on day j.
= the general aspect
ifi, f;, nfi;-= are the main groups
consisting of planting year k, observation
Period k and their interaction.
Bk = silvofishery type k
Bk, RBik, TBik and RTBUk generated the split-plot
ln order to find out the correlation between crab weight and the condition of
ecosystem components
on
mangrove silvofishery,
the
regression and
correlation models were used. The formula is as follows:
Y = bo + b1X1 +b2X2 + b3X3 + ..---.......-..-..'..+ bnXn
Y is the crab weight
Xl is the vegetation densitY
X2 is the height of the vegetation
:i"
X3 is salinitY
X4 is DO, eic.
R'f,SEAH.EH RESULTS AND DISCUS$ICIh!
The research resulis show that ihe highest average of crab weight was
{ound in mangrove planting year 2001 on dam typre. 1'he complete research
results ai'e elaborated in the following table:
.]YJ
ISWS 2007
1:
Table
Crab Weight on Day 0 Based on Mangrove Planting Year and
Embankment Pattern
Year
:mbanKmen'
Paftern
2000
EP
Planting
EP
KP
2002
Crab Weight (gram)
10,5
110.5
U2
120.0
115,0
U3
1 15,0
1 10.0
120,0
10.5
115.5
115.0
1 10.0
115.0 120.0
110,5
115.0
1
115,0
10.0
115.O
I 10,5
U1
1
KP
2001
- lnternational Seminar on Wetland and Sustainability
Puteri Paciflc Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
EP
KP
Note:
120,0
EP
: Embankment Type
KP
: Dam Type
U4
1 10,5
115,5
115.0
110,5
U5
120,5
110,5
U6
120,0
110,0
U7
120,0
120.5
1
U8
10.5
115.0
Averaoe
115.87
114.64
15.0
't20.0
110,5
120.0
120,0
15.0
110.0
1 10,5
112.Q.
1
110.2
115.0
1',t5.5
115,5
110.0
't20,0
1
114.0
112.55
1
10.0
15,0
117.O
On average, the range of crab preliminary weight is 112-117 grams Oable 1).
The difference on average weight was because it was difficult to find crabs with
similar weight. After 1O days, significant changes on crab weight occurred. The
results of weighing crabs on day 10 can be observed in the table below:
2: Crab Weighton Day {0 Based on Mangrove Planting Year
Table
and Embankment Pattem
Crab Weight (gram)
Plantlng Embankmenl
Pattern
Year
2000
2001
2002
U1
U2
U3
EP
{40.5 150.0 145.0
KP
120,5
130,4 135.0
150.0
155.0
P
150,0
KP
140.0 140.0 145.0
:P
130,5
140.0
(P
140.O
13t
120,0 13
U4
145.2
130.0
U5
156.0
135.0
U6
U7
153.5 160,
130.0 140.5
U8
140-5
120,5
Averc
165.0
150.0
160,0
155.0
150.0 17(
140,0 14,
160.5
140.0
158.8t
140.0
130.5
135.0
130.0
140,0
140.0
135.{E
130.5
130.0
130.0
135,0
148.80
1fi?5
144.!f
130,75
The highest average of crab weight was 158.81 grams in planting year 2001 on
embankment type (table 2). The lowest average was 130.75 grams in planling
year 2002 on dam type. The highest increase of average weight occurred in
planting year 2001 on embankment type which reached 46.19 grams. The
lowest increase of average weight occuned in planiing year 2000 on dam type
which was 15.61 grams. This result is supported by variant tests which shwv
that there were signiftcant differences on each trealment, i.e. in mangrove
planting year and on embankment pattems. Ecologically the difference is
caused by sunshade available on the embankment type which is not present on
the dam type. Sunshade is very important to control ihe heat of crabs' body
whicfi results in better digestion and metabolism. Therefore, on the
embankmeni type there were rnore signiffcant changes on crab weights
compared to that of on the dam type. Further analysis using the Duncan test
shows that there was significant difference in mangrove planting year 2001 on
the embankment type compared to ihat of on other treatments. The results of
this research also shows significant crab weight in planting year 2001 on
embankment type compared to ttrat of in other planting years and on other
embankment paiterns. Alihough the weighed crab$ lvere 10 days old uthile the
'{On
ISWS 2007
- lnternational Seminar on Wetland and Sustainability
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
harvest time was on the 20th day, it could be predicted that the increase of crab
weight on the 20th day would be constant or even higher, esp-ecially
in
mangrove planting year 2001 on the embankment type. The results of weighing
crabs on day 20 can be observed in the following table:
Table 3: Grab Weight on Day 20 Based on Mangrove Planting Year
and Embankment Pattem
Year
Embankment
Pattern
2000
EP
Planting
KP
2AA1
:P
KP
2402
iP
)
Crab Weight (gram)
U6
u7
U8
Average
180,5
160,0
'170.o
185,5
140.0
148.36
160.5
13t).5
U2
170.5
145.0
U3
175,5
150,4
u4
U5
170,0 170.0
150,0 150.5
205,0
160,5
't99.0
160,0
201.5
165.0
200,0 215.0 220.0
175.0 170.0 160.0
200,5 22t
165.0
16
160.s
145.0
170.5
140,0
175.O
180.0 180.5 200.
150.0 160,0 160,0
2(x
200,0
170.O
175.0
U1
150.
160.5
175.31
207.62
164.43
183.37
157,50
The highest average of crab weight was in planting year 200-1 ori. embankment
type w'iricn reach;d Zg7.O2 grams. The lowest average of crab weight was
riA.aO in ptanting year 2000 on darn type. The highest increase. of average
weight w.i touni'iir planting year 2001 on embankment type which reached
+S.51 grams and the second highest increase was in planting year-2002 on
embanlment type Which reached48.31 grams. The lowest increase of average
weight was in bianting year 2000 on dam type whictr was 18.13 gr?ms. lt tums
outihat rareighi increise in each planting year and on each silvofishery qatteln
were almosi similar. Therefore, treatrnLnt with the highest average of crab
weight was still mangrove planting year 2001 on embankment type. The variant
tesfshows that all feaments gave significant results towards crab weight on
test level 5o/o. Further tests (Duncan inatysis) shou that the maximum crab
weight
was found in planting year 2001 on embankment type.
-Therefore,
siponsnery- Lmbankment pattem with embankment type in
year 2001 was the most effective place to develop
planting
mangrove
silvofrshery'Uecauie-trat location could produce heavier cra!s.. significantly
comoared to that of in other examined locations. The suocess of silvofishery on
embankment type also occurs in milk.fish ernbankments, ln fhe embankrnent
type the lrreigtri'ot mitk-fi$h is 7$1OO kg heavier compared to.!n{ of in the dam
tlba {poedjirahajoe, 2002). Crab wrnight is heavier sn silvo*shery pattem
6e.a*. irr'ti" irattem th6 supply of organic elements in the form of falling
leaves can be useO as fooO irippternent fur
tre crabs. The 200't mangrwe
planting year shows that ecosystem stabllity'bccurs during its daptation w{th
Lnviron-nrental aspects, especiilly physical aspects smh as waves and mud.
year-old rnangroves have'strong iodts to reitrain mu! a1d wavelso at that
age, mangroves are considered io be quite stable. ln planting year 2000 space
clmpetitidn to obtain light and food for nekton was very high so that there was
lack of food supplement for the crabs.
The inirease of crab weight in each planting year is highly influenced
by plant density and height. other aspects which alsa play a great role are
v'jaier biota aqiects consisting of diatomaa, anabaena, euglena,.nastoc,
amphora, navicuta, denticula, chaeloceros, oscillatoia and bacillada. Besides
thsi, physical-ehemical a$pects also infllence crab growth. The physicalcleniicat aspects coitsist cf salinity (o6o), temperature (" C)' DO (ppm), mud
thickness (cm), total N, the availi:bin i>, the availaible K ancl Eo (%). The results
of the observation in the field show iilat ihere vrrere high variations of those
4
ISWS 2007
- lniernational Seminar on Wetland and Sustainability
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
{ield observation can be
influencing aspects. The complete results of the
observed in the following table:
39il
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Pulerf Pecific Hotel, Johor Bharu,
,sws2007
tohor
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Assoc. Prof, lr ,ol
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HOSn
Proceedings of
lnternational Seminar
on Wetlands & Sustainabil
2007
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru
4-6 September, 20OT
Editors:
Prof. Dr. Kiyoshi Kobayashi
Assoc. Prof. lr. Dr. Maisarah Ali
Organised by:
Kultiyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design
v
lntemational lslamic University
Kyoto University Japan
Malaysia
In collabomtion with:
Water Environmentral Group
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Mce Chancellors Council (JSPS - VCC)
Johor National Park
Supported by:
Ministry of Science, Technology and lnnovation
Ministry of Natural Resources jnd Environment
Published bY:
Design
krf i*"n hrchitecture & Environmental
Malaysia
"f lstamic University
i^i",iirtion"i
.
Lumpur' Manysla6ii00 Jalan
-oos Gombak, Kuala
603 - 205M864
f
;;i--
-2ososzzo Fax:
Printed in MalaYsia
First Print 2007
ISBN: 978-983-31 42-06-4
rnternatianat seminaiin'wettandsald
abitity (l
sws)
';;;{;r:irr"t i xoaastiintAt"n"' Prof'lgfain
tr' Dr' Maisarah Ati
2007
CopyrightehEmational$eminaroRweflandsandSustainability
(l$/rrs) 2007
rnay le reproduced, stored in a rerieval
tr|ffi Stg+;r*arion
;", prm -9r by any means'
'electronic'
system, * t
or offrlnruise, without the written
r#rO'i"g,
"n=*'titl;
mechanical, pnot#plnd,
permission of the Publisher'
Organizing Committee
Co Ghairman
Prof. Dr. Kiyoshi Kobavashi
Kyoto University
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Maisarah Ali
lnternational lslamic University Malaysia
Committee Members
Assoc, prof. Dr. Nik tsmailAZan
Faculty of Architedure, ptanninl &
Surveying
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Dr. Harinder Rai Sinoh
Faculty of Applied Siiences
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Assoc. Prof. Wadah Tahir
Faculg of CMt Engineering
Unirrersiti Teknololi Mara,
Ms. MarfiahAbdutWahid
Facrlty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknoloii Mara
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Badaruddin Mohammed
Illoot
ltolsing Buitding and ptanning
universili9i Sains
Malaysia,
Asst Prof. Dr. Maheran yaman
Kulliyyah of Arcfritecture a environmental
Deion
lntemationat lslamic Univers,tV fvf"i";;
--""
Mr. Zainul Mukrim Baharuddin
iHJP"i,1"":,ffiffi Un,:,5l;U6,*:",Desisn
Assoc. Prof. Dr.Wan Ruslan lsmail
g.egogplry Sedion, Schoot of Humanities
Universiti Sains Mataysla
Mr. Shaharudln ldrus
lnstitute for Environment and Development
(LESTARD
Universiti lGbangsaan Maraysra,
Prof. Dr. Rushn Rainis
lpatial Social Sdence Researqh Cluster
G.eography Secffon, Sctrool oi
universiti Sains Malaysia
Hunfiii;.
LiliTokiman
Johor National park
Corporation
Johor Bahru, Johor
{.lfflr
lnternational Scientific Review Gommittee
Assoc. Prof. Kakuya Matsushima,
Graduate School of Urban Management,
Kyoto University
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nik lsmailAzlan
Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Dr. Harinder RaiSingh
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Assoc. Prof. Wardah Tahir
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Mara,
Ms. Marfiah AbdulWahid
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Mara
Assoc- Prof. Dr. Badaruddin Mohammed
School of Housing Birilding & Planning
Universiti Sains Malaysia,
AssL Prof. Dr. Maheran Yaman
Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design
lntemational lslamic University Malaysia
Br. Zainul Mukrim Baharuddin
Kulliyyah of Architecfi.rre & Environmental Design
lntemational lslamic University Malaysia
Dr $harnzani Affendy Mohd Din
lAJfiyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design
lntemational lslamic University Malaysia
Secretariat
Aesoc. Prof.lr. Dr. MaisarahAli
Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design
lnternational lslamic University Malaysia
Assoc. Prof. lGkuya Matsushima,
Gmduate School of Urban Management, Kyoto University
Gontents
Organizing Committee
lntemational Scientific Review Committee
ilr
IV
performance of submerged
Breakwaters for coastar we*and
Teh Hee Min, Nasiman Sapari, ttvaii
eiiir-'
protection
Reducfion of Flow pressure by Coastal Forest
Tetsuya
Himishi
3::-1iffi:fcted
1
13
Weflands of lran in the Caspian Sea, persian
Gutf
and
2s
Seyed Mohammad Reza Fatemi
Performance of subnrerged B-reakwaters for
coastal protection
Nor Hisham Bin Mohd Ghazati ana uind.'iiiefri
Bin Arbain
HfiHt?'ffiHyy:$]il:Jiffinix:nu:;x[t"u
40
Theme 2: Tourism
Tgurist Behaviour and lmage
of theTouristAttraction in l-riomote lsland
Keita Yamaguchi, M asashi Kavrtasai
Managing Ecotourism in-weiland Areas:
conffictng
Authority and tnterests
"'
Abdut Aziziriot,
v9lr1ryrd,
Ahmad Puad Mat Som and Azizi Bahauaiin
B3darullin
-
we{and rourism: A potentiar in Krias peninsura,
sabah, Maravsia
ZuthazmanHanuah,MaryatiMohu,iriiiii|oib;;;d""s'sre'q
'----"'
and Noonini Maktadin
Theme 3: Remote
Peat swamp Forest Distrrbances in Ktias peninsura,
sabah, Matavsia
across Muttipte Et-Nifio.Events: A Satettite
Rem"6tse]nliil'ffiffii;
Mui-How Phua, Safoshi Tsuyuki
Comparison of Data Classification Technioues
for Wetland Mapping using Hypersp"a*iii"t"
tilvm Lau Meng Shin, Mazlan Hashim and Ab.Latif
95
lbrahim
Legal Enforcement (
egrrins:iir[?i'"ian wenands Area: A
'::J';ry Xtrl'Ti f;u1,T,,df,, Noraini bt Aminuddin
B:"f,
!91q,
J,h;S,:*
case study or
257
of rown Planning svstem
in werand Managemenr
in peninsurar
M. Zainora Asmawi
A Conceptual Framework For
Classiffing And Assessing
Malaysian
AJM Abdur Rouf. NoorAzhar
Mohamed Shazili,
Mohd Lokman iusain, and
281
Rosnait;;;o;.,,
Application of Corous F
system to support Public
Mangrove Managemenlehieval
Deriberation ln
uayeong Jeong, Tsuyoshi
Hatod and Kyoshi Kobayashi
l
fheme 5: Conservation
Sensitivity rndex tn rhe Northen
CoastatArea of
F::g"tff"tosicat
R Sharifipour, A. Danehkar
\WV,,"Y,
?:
w#ff[yf:Ifl*"#:l:'],
307
317
A,an, t
Mangrove Restoration in the
Area Affected bv
x::ift;trN#i::i##i:Ji;x:r:fl:yshrimpponds,udge
Assembrages as rndicator
to sustainabiritv of Artifciar
werands
yang
Man-Yu
and pei_Fcn Lee
#?:"m"
3#,#:f "J,*::H:ff#,,Y::#E*:#HH,
PlantinsProgrammeforcoasfl
- -e i rvu'v"""e rer euasulne
Malaysian plan
I:LP}[?:Iffi
u7
ineprorectionunderTheNinrh
Protection Under The
Ninl
hin Mokhtar, suhaitibin
,.vtevu
No,acli@
'^ffi,i!
Rasti and
rqeng ff,il;l!:::ll;zutkeni
parcada
iiti iin
Agll
V uoni
bin pars,ada
fltrSl
firffIj**oesAffecring
Wefland.
rhe Funcfion and Vatues
of BandAti Khan
Nma lladanl and Taha T.
Maghadam
w#!,Tl',ff"f;!,"il;!*0
vii
377
381
B
Optimizing Silvofishery through Ecosystem Approach in Mangrove
Rehabilitation Area on the North Shore Of Pemalang Regency, CentralJava
Emy Poedjirahajoe
lnnovative Mangrove Planting Techniques Using Bamboo Encasement
Methods (BEM) f6r Mangrove Goastal Rehabilitation: Preliminary findings on
survival and growth of Rhizophora apiculata
Raja Barizan, R.5., Azian, M. and Wan Nunalia W.S.
405
Theme 6: Biology and EcologY
Effects of Fire on Peat Soils on Number of Bacteria, Fungi and Soil Chemical
and Physical Properties (A Case Study ln Pt Sba Wood lndustries Ogan
Komering District, South Sumatera)
Haryono Supriyo (Dr.)
413
The lnfluence of Salinity and Monsoon to Zooplankton Biodiversity of a
CoastalWetland: An lmportant Parameter in Wetland Management
Zaleha, K. and Bibi Shahida Ahmad Shaifuddin
421
Situation of sturgeon fishes along lranian coasts of the Caspian Sea with
emphasis on Persian Sturgeon (Acipenser persicus Borodin, 1897)
Arash Javanshir, Afshin Danekar and Gholamreza Rafii
431
Species Diversity of Phytoplankton Found in Maeklong Estuary, Samut
Songkram Province, Thailand
Narong Veeruvaitaya and Siipom Boondaow
441
(
{
t
I
The Biodiversity of Fruit Species along the Edge of Kayan River, Bulungan,
East Kalimantan
T
I
I
Atus Syahbudin
t,
Avicennia Marina Forest Structure Using Line Plot Method
Afshin Danehkar
The Problem of Wetland Terminology in lndonesia: A Review of Wetland
Classification
Devi N. Choesin
481
Speciation ard Avaitabilif of Phosphorus in the Sediments of the Tropical
Mangrove (Pictravaram) Ecosystem, lndia
AL. Ramanathan and M. Balakishna Pnsad
A Relatisnship Between Tidal Gunent And Movement Of Zoeal Larvae Of
Crabs Just After Releasing ln Amparu Tidal Lagoon, lshigaki
Okinawa, Japan
Kawachi Atsushi, lie Mihuteru, lshikawa Tadaharu
lsland,
Forest Stuc*ure And Floristic Composition of Peatswamp Forest at Loagan
Bunut NationalPark, Miri, Sarawak
l.B. lpor, P. Bulan, C.S lawan, l. Jusoh and Meekiong, K.
Management Strategy for Natural Areas: A Case Study of Kukup Johor
NationalPark
vilt
505
?
3
I
t
I
n
t
I
a
521
f
t
q
t
f
ISWS 2007
- lnternational Seminar on Wetland
and Sustainability
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
Optimising Silvofishery through Ecosystem Approaeh
in Mangrove Rehabilitation Area on the North Shore
of Pemalang Regency, Central Java
Erny Poedjirahajoe
Forest Faculty of Gadjah Mada University, lndonesia
ABSTRACT
Silvofishery is a very effective alternative to make use of mangroves.
it is necessary to find out the profttable mangrove rehabilitation
planting year and silvofishery paftems so that it will provide optimal results on
Therefore,
silvofishery sustainability. This research aims to lind out the pattern of
silvofishery and lhe mangrove planting year which can increase embankment
fishery production, and afterwards land compatibility classification for
silvofi shery is formulated.
The research was conducted by initially determining silvofishery
mangrcve areas using embankment type and dam type with the same planting
year and width. And then a plot in the form of basket with crabs (of similar
weight) in it was placed in the embankmenUdam in each planting year. Besides
that, in each area. vegetation parameters consisting of density, height and the
width of plant roots were measured. Afterthat. ihe habitat ecological conditions
consisting of rnud lhic*ness, N, O, K. organic substance, DO, salinity,
temperature and biological aspects (plankton) were measured. The optimal
fishery results could be approached by weighing the crabs when they were a 0
day old, 10 days old and 20 days old.
The results of this research show that the heaviest 0 day old crab was
found in planting year 2001 on dam type. lt was 117.0 grams while the lightest
crab was found in planting ye,ar 2OO2 on dam type, it was 112.56 grams. The
heaviest 10 days old crab was found in planting year 2001 on embankment
Spe. lt was 156.81 grams while the fuhtest crab was found in planting year
2000 on dam type and it tnas 130.23 grams. At 20 days old, the heaviest crab
was found ln planting year 2001 on embankment type, which was 207.62 grams
while the ligrhtest oab rras found in planting year 20@ dam type. The most
optimal silvofishery pattern was snbankrnent {pe in planting year 2001. This
pattem had the highest vegetation density, it was 17.25125 m2 or 6880/ha with
the heaviest crab which was 207.62 grams/crab.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Bac.kground
The success of rehabilitating mangroves on the North Shore of Pemalang,
Central Java has recovered the functions of the original ecosystem. The
function of mangroves as a nursery ground is very appropriate for raising fish
(silvofishery). Silvofishery in the North Shore of Pemalang Regency was
developed in 1990. At that time, shrimp which was an export commodity has
been ulidely raised. The spread of silvofishery uras expected to be able to
conserve maRgroves on the North Shore of Pemalang, Central Java.
?rl{
ISWS 2007
- lnternational Seminar on Weiland and Sustainability
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 SePtember 2007
Regency has
At present, most silvofishery on the North Shore of Pemalang
be more
shifted'to raising crabs (Scy/la serata). Crabs are considered to
types
are
two
There
higher.
price
is
the
to snrimfs because
proni"Uf"
of central
shore
North
the
"orpaied
in
generally
used
patterns
*ni"rr
of silvofishery
Jrrr, i".
"r" type' On the dam type' the position of the
Aam iype anO emnanXm6nt
iio" and is separated from the mangrove. Meanwhile,
the
in" position of the embankment is withintype.
typ",
embankment
on the
dam
the
is
pattern
used
pemalang,'central-iava,
widely
the
*"ngror". ln
shore of Brebes,
rne iesutts of RoeojirJhaloe (1g9g) iesearch on the North
emuanrment is-side uv
type produces
6"ntrrf Java, concluif"O in"i sitvonsfrery using the embankment research are
this
of
results
lre
r
dam-type.
the
,ooi" nrn compared tolnai of
grebes, then that result can be used
the same as that of on tlne Ntrth Shore of
silvofishery pattern to the
to
[r"*n"e for embani*.ntfi"h"rren shift their then
the conservation of
used'
is
type
etnu"nr*ent
"J,
t'e
rt
;;;;il;"i typ"mangrove can be maintained.
Research Obiective
This research aims to:
l.Findoutthevegetationdensityandheight,thevariety'ofseabiotaon
-habitat
physical-chemical
mangrove silvoirshery,
Tryls'
-inciealeand its
silvofishery
weignt--ql'
of
crab
out
tne
2. Find
"T!1il,kfent
20"'days)'
(the.0,
10"'and
period
through daily observation
3.
4.
.
crab weight'
Find 6ut thgcoiretation between irabitat aspects and
Determine
weight.
tte opii*af sifuofishery
pattem based on maximum crab
Literature StudY
a.nursery ground is
Chua (1987) said that the function of mangroves as
system as food
nearby
the
iito
transfer
trighty'retailJ *itn O"trii* oi organic
estuary tis-hery
support
to
used
be
will
eve-ntually
source for water oiotawnLrr
oi"". fuf"ngroveb crucial role is supported by its ability to
which
"t
in'itj totm of seresa/r (falling leavesltwies
ffi;;;-;rg*[ "i;;"tr
tons of dry
approximately.Q
is
produaion
rvrrngior"
L;;; teri'itize4.
il;ht6rff, 6sy" ;i it i. ""resalr ftom leaves (Ananthakhrisnan, 1982)'
and the sunounding
teies tunctions as the staple diet-for.herbivores
ueiritus from the "rigi""t"i,
the foundation of complex foo&chains on
becomes
nnariv-it
ana
-interaction
,no orniror"",
between the embankment and
mangrove ecosysterni.''
bglefts' on one side'
ecological
poJo"*"
significant
woods
it" p"t I=!, o1 the other side the existence of the
supplies t
"J]"i
or olier-ulota, thus increasing.the varietv of
pr61iiot"O
should be maintained
water biota lwatryonJ, ibg3). Sdi bene{icial conditions
mangrove has been
of
densiry
high
The
ot itre wooas.
it *ii"t
i"
to phytoplankton which
"
quantity of
AttilrrJi
ile
;;;;;r;
;;;;;;r;
ffi i;;
th";;;-""d
fi"
r;;;;
able to supply a larg;
9,rU9ni.c'e-lements
iunAions as'the main producer (Poedjirahajoe' 1995)'
by building
Basicalty, *ir-lonin"rv is a froteciion for mangrove areas
fishery
the
increasing
embankments *ti"n uru uut" to interact well, thus
js
most
the
as
considered
silvofishery
currenily,
;;;;iiil (Anonim,'tsesl.
people
most
b-ecause
effe6ively
mingrove
of
use
to make
Ippi"prirtui"rm
living around
rnung*"i
are fishermen
lnd
embankment fishermen' Therefore'
income'
can Gction as an additional job which can increase their
"ifr,inrf,-.V
The following are pictures of embankmeni silvofishery'
ao,
ISWS 2007
Picture
l:
- lnternational Seminar on Wefland and Sustainability
puteri pacific Hotel, Johor
Qahru, 4-6 September 2007
Embankment Silvofishery in Mangrove Area
on the North Shore of pemalang, Centri'l Java
2fl4
ISWS 2007
- lnternational Seminar on Wetland and Susiainabiliiy
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
Picture 2: Embankment Silvofishery in Mangrove Area
on the North Shore of Brebes, Central Java
The dam type was developed first because at that time many people had built
embankments behind mangroves. The embankment type locates the area to
raise fish in channels (ditch/trench) between mangrove populations. The
advantage of this type is the availability of sufficient organic elements and
detritus for the fish. Besides that, the cost is cheaper. Meanwhile, the dam type
separates the area to raise fish from mangrove woods but they are still located
nearby/side-by-side to one another so that the frsh still receive organic elements
from mangrove woods. The ratio of mangrove and the embankmenl applied by
Perhutani (lndonesian State Forest Corporation) is 80%:20%. Subsequentty,
after silvofishery provides extra income, many embankment fishermen intervene
in mangrove areas to broaden their embankments. Consequently, the ratio has
changed,
in which
mangrove area
is
lower.
A
research conducted by
Poedjirahajoe (1998) on the North Shore of Brebes Regency concluded that the
varieiy of sea biota increases more on embankment type compared to that of on
dam type. The discussion section mentions ihat on the embankment type the
existing sea biota is not cleaned so the pet fish promotes the presence of
several water biotas. Meanwhile, on dam type, the existing sea biota is cleaned
so there are not many varieties of water biota. The high variety of biota
indicates better ecosystem stability.
2.
RESEARCHMETHOD
Research Location
This research was conducted in the mangrove rehabilitation area on the
North Shore of Pemalang Regency with a width of approximately 3500 ha. This
research used planting years 2000, 2001 and 2002. The selection of the
planting years was based on plant suitability for silvofishery (Poedjirahajoe,
2003).
Research Tools and Mateials
Tools used in this research are:
1 X 0.5 metre floating basket, amounting to 8 X 2 = 16 baskets
10 grams, 1 kg and 10 kg hanging scale
Plastic bucket
Tally sheet data research
Oxygen meter, salt test, thermometer stick and pH meter
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Research Vadable and Parameter
This research used 2 variables, i.e. the planting year and silvofishery
pattern. Meanwhile, the daily observation period is used as the treatment. The
rneasured parameters were the weight of pet crabs and silvofishery habitat,
physical, chemical and biological aspects.
Research Procedure
ISWS 2007
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
- lnternational Seminar on Wetland and Sustainabiliiy
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
Determining 2 resembling embankment patterns, i.e. dam type and
embankment type in planting year 2000, 2001 and 2002.
Placing open baskets systematically in every planting year and on
each embankment type with upper door sized 1 x 0.5 metre. 8 Baskets
are placed in repetition.
Each basket is filled with 1 crab which has been weighted as the
preliminary weight.
bvery daythe ciabs are fed with real or imitation food of t 0.5 ounce of
food for each basket.
On the first two days, the dead crabs are replaced with the new ones'
Weighing the crabl by opening the upper door of the basket and then
the irab;s body/pincer is hooked to the hanging scale hook and the
crab's weight ii directly observed. After the weighing, the crab is put
back into ihe basket until the next observation, the 10'day and the
2oth day.
ResulfsAna/ysis
The collected data was tabulated and separated based on the variable,
treatment and parameter. The 8 baskets in one silvofishery pattern and planting
year were considered as repetition thus the average of the results was
ialculated. The mangrove planting year was considered as replication. The
embankment type was called Level I (Split), and the observation period was
considered as-ihe treatment (plot) consisting of day 0, day 10 and day 20.
Therefore, it would generate 3 x 2 x 3 observation units. The split-plot model
formulation used was:
Y ijk = p + Ri + Tj + TR'rj + Bk + RBik + TBjk + RTB'tjk
Y iltt ='ttre fish weight in planting year k, silvofishery pattern i and observation
p
period on day j.
= the general aspect
ifi, f;, nfi;-= are the main groups
consisting of planting year k, observation
Period k and their interaction.
Bk = silvofishery type k
Bk, RBik, TBik and RTBUk generated the split-plot
ln order to find out the correlation between crab weight and the condition of
ecosystem components
on
mangrove silvofishery,
the
regression and
correlation models were used. The formula is as follows:
Y = bo + b1X1 +b2X2 + b3X3 + ..---.......-..-..'..+ bnXn
Y is the crab weight
Xl is the vegetation densitY
X2 is the height of the vegetation
:i"
X3 is salinitY
X4 is DO, eic.
R'f,SEAH.EH RESULTS AND DISCUS$ICIh!
The research resulis show that ihe highest average of crab weight was
{ound in mangrove planting year 2001 on dam typre. 1'he complete research
results ai'e elaborated in the following table:
.]YJ
ISWS 2007
1:
Table
Crab Weight on Day 0 Based on Mangrove Planting Year and
Embankment Pattern
Year
:mbanKmen'
Paftern
2000
EP
Planting
EP
KP
2002
Crab Weight (gram)
10,5
110.5
U2
120.0
115,0
U3
1 15,0
1 10.0
120,0
10.5
115.5
115.0
1 10.0
115.0 120.0
110,5
115.0
1
115,0
10.0
115.O
I 10,5
U1
1
KP
2001
- lnternational Seminar on Wetland and Sustainability
Puteri Paciflc Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
EP
KP
Note:
120,0
EP
: Embankment Type
KP
: Dam Type
U4
1 10,5
115,5
115.0
110,5
U5
120,5
110,5
U6
120,0
110,0
U7
120,0
120.5
1
U8
10.5
115.0
Averaoe
115.87
114.64
15.0
't20.0
110,5
120.0
120,0
15.0
110.0
1 10,5
112.Q.
1
110.2
115.0
1',t5.5
115,5
110.0
't20,0
1
114.0
112.55
1
10.0
15,0
117.O
On average, the range of crab preliminary weight is 112-117 grams Oable 1).
The difference on average weight was because it was difficult to find crabs with
similar weight. After 1O days, significant changes on crab weight occurred. The
results of weighing crabs on day 10 can be observed in the table below:
2: Crab Weighton Day {0 Based on Mangrove Planting Year
Table
and Embankment Pattem
Crab Weight (gram)
Plantlng Embankmenl
Pattern
Year
2000
2001
2002
U1
U2
U3
EP
{40.5 150.0 145.0
KP
120,5
130,4 135.0
150.0
155.0
P
150,0
KP
140.0 140.0 145.0
:P
130,5
140.0
(P
140.O
13t
120,0 13
U4
145.2
130.0
U5
156.0
135.0
U6
U7
153.5 160,
130.0 140.5
U8
140-5
120,5
Averc
165.0
150.0
160,0
155.0
150.0 17(
140,0 14,
160.5
140.0
158.8t
140.0
130.5
135.0
130.0
140,0
140.0
135.{E
130.5
130.0
130.0
135,0
148.80
1fi?5
144.!f
130,75
The highest average of crab weight was 158.81 grams in planting year 2001 on
embankment type (table 2). The lowest average was 130.75 grams in planling
year 2002 on dam type. The highest increase of average weight occurred in
planting year 2001 on embankment type which reached 46.19 grams. The
lowest increase of average weight occuned in planiing year 2000 on dam type
which was 15.61 grams. This result is supported by variant tests which shwv
that there were signiftcant differences on each trealment, i.e. in mangrove
planting year and on embankment pattems. Ecologically the difference is
caused by sunshade available on the embankment type which is not present on
the dam type. Sunshade is very important to control ihe heat of crabs' body
whicfi results in better digestion and metabolism. Therefore, on the
embankmeni type there were rnore signiffcant changes on crab weights
compared to that of on the dam type. Further analysis using the Duncan test
shows that there was significant difference in mangrove planting year 2001 on
the embankment type compared to ihat of on other treatments. The results of
this research also shows significant crab weight in planting year 2001 on
embankment type compared to ttrat of in other planting years and on other
embankment paiterns. Alihough the weighed crab$ lvere 10 days old uthile the
'{On
ISWS 2007
- lnternational Seminar on Wetland and Sustainability
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
harvest time was on the 20th day, it could be predicted that the increase of crab
weight on the 20th day would be constant or even higher, esp-ecially
in
mangrove planting year 2001 on the embankment type. The results of weighing
crabs on day 20 can be observed in the following table:
Table 3: Grab Weight on Day 20 Based on Mangrove Planting Year
and Embankment Pattem
Year
Embankment
Pattern
2000
EP
Planting
KP
2AA1
:P
KP
2402
iP
)
Crab Weight (gram)
U6
u7
U8
Average
180,5
160,0
'170.o
185,5
140.0
148.36
160.5
13t).5
U2
170.5
145.0
U3
175,5
150,4
u4
U5
170,0 170.0
150,0 150.5
205,0
160,5
't99.0
160,0
201.5
165.0
200,0 215.0 220.0
175.0 170.0 160.0
200,5 22t
165.0
16
160.s
145.0
170.5
140,0
175.O
180.0 180.5 200.
150.0 160,0 160,0
2(x
200,0
170.O
175.0
U1
150.
160.5
175.31
207.62
164.43
183.37
157,50
The highest average of crab weight was in planting year 200-1 ori. embankment
type w'iricn reach;d Zg7.O2 grams. The lowest average of crab weight was
riA.aO in ptanting year 2000 on darn type. The highest increase. of average
weight w.i touni'iir planting year 2001 on embankment type which reached
+S.51 grams and the second highest increase was in planting year-2002 on
embanlment type Which reached48.31 grams. The lowest increase of average
weight was in bianting year 2000 on dam type whictr was 18.13 gr?ms. lt tums
outihat rareighi increise in each planting year and on each silvofishery qatteln
were almosi similar. Therefore, treatrnLnt with the highest average of crab
weight was still mangrove planting year 2001 on embankment type. The variant
tesfshows that all feaments gave significant results towards crab weight on
test level 5o/o. Further tests (Duncan inatysis) shou that the maximum crab
weight
was found in planting year 2001 on embankment type.
-Therefore,
siponsnery- Lmbankment pattem with embankment type in
year 2001 was the most effective place to develop
planting
mangrove
silvofrshery'Uecauie-trat location could produce heavier cra!s.. significantly
comoared to that of in other examined locations. The suocess of silvofishery on
embankment type also occurs in milk.fish ernbankments, ln fhe embankrnent
type the lrreigtri'ot mitk-fi$h is 7$1OO kg heavier compared to.!n{ of in the dam
tlba {poedjirahajoe, 2002). Crab wrnight is heavier sn silvo*shery pattem
6e.a*. irr'ti" irattem th6 supply of organic elements in the form of falling
leaves can be useO as fooO irippternent fur
tre crabs. The 200't mangrwe
planting year shows that ecosystem stabllity'bccurs during its daptation w{th
Lnviron-nrental aspects, especiilly physical aspects smh as waves and mud.
year-old rnangroves have'strong iodts to reitrain mu! a1d wavelso at that
age, mangroves are considered io be quite stable. ln planting year 2000 space
clmpetitidn to obtain light and food for nekton was very high so that there was
lack of food supplement for the crabs.
The inirease of crab weight in each planting year is highly influenced
by plant density and height. other aspects which alsa play a great role are
v'jaier biota aqiects consisting of diatomaa, anabaena, euglena,.nastoc,
amphora, navicuta, denticula, chaeloceros, oscillatoia and bacillada. Besides
thsi, physical-ehemical a$pects also infllence crab growth. The physicalcleniicat aspects coitsist cf salinity (o6o), temperature (" C)' DO (ppm), mud
thickness (cm), total N, the availi:bin i>, the availaible K ancl Eo (%). The results
of the observation in the field show iilat ihere vrrere high variations of those
4
ISWS 2007
- lniernational Seminar on Wetland and Sustainability
Puteri Pacific Hotel, Johor Bahru, 4-6 September 2007
{ield observation can be
influencing aspects. The complete results of the
observed in the following table:
39il
>iN
:OI
I
0)
ERI
:9
(!)
o
(6
: -l
ol
6 -OI
E
EI
;9t
-'ol
E ol
E(,l
=
ol
t\
.rd
F$
r)
6ls
-n-
$O,t|'.=o
c
c(I
ER
c
.=(D
tE -o
OF
JO
@-a
po(JD
C