Bab 7: Synthetic Materials in the Industry

7

Konsep

C HA

BA

B

Bahan Sintetik
dalam Industri

!

ISTILAH
• Getah asli – Natural rubber
• Polimer sintetik – Synthetic polymer
• Getah sintetik – Synthetic rubber
• Termoplastik – Thermoplastic
• Plastik termoset – Thermoset


PENTING!

ER
T
P

7

The

Synthetic Materials
in Industry

UP!

WORD
• Natural rubber – Getah asli
• Synthetic polymer – Polimer sintetik
• Synthetic rubber – Getah sintetik

• Thermoplastic – Termoplastik
• Thermoset – Plastik termoset

BIG Picture!

SPM Past-year Questions

Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas SPM
Tahun

Kertas 1

2004

S47–48

F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 127

Bhg. A


Bhg. B

Year

Paper 1

Bhg. C
2004

Q47–48

2005

S46, S48

2005

Q46, Q48

2006


S47–48

2006

Q47–48

2007

S46–47

2007

Q46–47

2008

127

Kertas 2


S47

S12

2008

S9

Q47

Paper 2
Sec. A

Sec. B

Sec. C

Q12
Q9


127

7/17/09 6:26:30 PM

Learning Objective

Objektif Pembelajaran

7.1 Understanding synthetic polymer

7.1 Memahami polimer sintetik
PUSTAKA

7.1

Kontekstual

Kumpulkan maklumat daripada pusat sumber dan isikan maklumat yang betul dalam ruang di bawah.


LIBRARY

Synthetic polymer and its uses

Collect information from the resource centre and fill in the blanks below with the correct information.

Polimer sintetik

Synthetic polymer

Maksud

Meaning
berantai panjang

Sebatian kimia yang mempunyai molekul
kecil
daripada unit-unit molekul

yang disebut monomer.


Getah sintetik

tayar
benang

beg plastik
paip getah

• Baldi
• Botol
• Beg plastik
• Baju hujan

molecules called monomers.

Synthetic rubber

Plastic


Gentian sintetik

sintetik

baldi
tali

1 Synthetic polymer: Polymer produced
synthetically in the petroleum industry.
2 Synthetic fibre: Synthetic fibre has similar
characteristic as natural fibre.

RESEARCH

7.2

LIBRARY

THINKING
Activity


F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 128

• Thread
\• Rope
• Cloth

polymers are man-made polymers made of chemicals that originate from
.

• Each polythene molecule (plastic) consists of approximately 10 000 ethane
molecules (monomers) or approximately 50 000 atoms.
• The first plastic produced was ‘parkesine’. This plastic was made by a British
chemist, Alexander Parkes, in 1862. This plastic looks and feels like ivory.

128

Understanding synthetic polymers

1 Name the chemical compounds that contain long-chained molecules that are made up of small molecule

units. (Synthetic polymer)

6 State the type of synthetic polymer that has the properties similar to natural fibre. (Synthetic fibre)
7 State two uses of synthetic fibre. (To make string and thread/cloth)
7.3

DISCUSSION
Activity

2 State the source of synthetic polymer. (Petroleum)
4 State the type of synthetic polymer that has the properties similar to natural rubber. (Synthetic rubber)
5 State two uses of synthetic rubber. (To make tyres and shoe soles/rubber pipes)

8 State two advantages of synthetic rubber as compared to natural rubber. (Not easily oxidised by oxygen
and heat-resistant)
9 State two advantages of natural rubber as compared to synthetic rubber. (Good sound absorber and good
vibration absorber)

3 State the most common synthetic polymer. (Plastic)

128

cloth
bottles

7.1 LO • List synthetic polymers and their uses

128

7.1 Activity

pails
rope

• Tyres
• Soles of shoes
• Rubber pipes

Synthetic
petroleum

soles of shoes
raincoat

7.4

DISCUSSION
Activity

10 State one product that made from the combination of natural and synthetic rubber. (Cushion/Mattress)

MindROBICS

• Setiap molekul politena (plastik) terdiri daripada kira-kira 10 000 molekul
etana (monomer) atau kira-kira 50 000 atom.
• Plastik pertama dihasilkan ialah ‘parkesine’. Plastik ini dibuat oleh seorang
ahli kimia Britain bernama Alexander Parkes pada tahun 1862. Plastik
‘parkesine’ kelihatan dan terasa seperti gading.

7.1 HP • Menyenaraikan polimer sintetik dan kegunaannya

7.1

plastic bags
rubber pipes

• Pails
• Bottles
• Plastic bags
• Raincoat

• Benang
\• Tali
• Kain

merupakan polimer buatan yang dibuat daripada bahan kimia yang
petroleum
.

1 Polimer sintetik: Polimer yang dihasilkan
secara buatan dalam industri petroleum.
2 Gentian sintetik: Gentian tiruan yang
mempunyai sifat yang hampir sama
dengan gentian asli.

tyres
thread

kain
botol

7

7

berasal daripada

• Tayar
• Tapak kasut
• Paip getah

Synthetic fibre

Products manufactured

CHAPTER

BAB

Polimer

tapak kasut
baju hujan

molecules made up of units

Type

Barangan yang terhasil

MindROBICS

long-chained

Chemical compound that has
small
of

yang terdiri

Jenis

Plastik

Contextual

Chapter 7

Synthetic Materials in Industry

Polimer sintetik dan kegunaannya

PENYELIDIKAN

Synthetic Materials in Industry

Chapter 7

7.1

RESEARCH

128

7/17/09 6:26:31 PM

7.2

BERFIKIR

Proses pembuatan polimer sintetik

Lengkapkan rajah di bawah yang menunjukkan proses pembuatan polimer sintetik.

polimer

PERBINCANGAN

Perbandingan antara getah sintetik dan getah asli

monomer

monomers

Boleh

polymer is produced from connecting most of the small molecules or

polymerisation

7.3

Masteri

DISCUSSION
Activity

Ya

Getah sintetik

Comparison between synthetic rubber and natural
rubber

Similarities

Natural rubber

polimer

divulkankan

Both can be

Tahan haba

Less heat resistant
(turns sticky when
heated)

Ketahanan haba

Tidak

Kebolehan menyerap getaran,
kejutan atau tekanan

Rendah

7

ialah getah buatan manusia yang mempunyai sifat yang hampir
asli
.

7.2 HP • Menerangkan proses pembuatan polimer sintetik

129

F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 129

Kurang kenyal dan
sukar diregang

7.3 HP • Membandingkan dan membezakan getah sintetik
dengan getah asli

Reacts with chemical, oil and
organic solvents

No

High

Ability to absorb sound

Low

High

Ability to absorb vibration,
shock or pressure

Low

Elastic and easily
stretched

Elasticity and ability to be
stretched

Less elastic and difficult
to be stretched

Synthetic
as

natural

7

BAB

Tinggi

Sifat kekenyalan dan keregangan

Heat resistance

CHAPTER

Rendah

serupa dengan getah

vulcanised

Heat resistant

Yes

Kebolehan menyerap bunyi

sintetik

Synthetic rubber

Differences

Tinggi

Getah

Mastery

polymers

Both are

Bertindak balas dengan bahan
kimia, minyak, dan pelarut organik

Kenyal dan mudah
diregang

. This process is called

.

Perbezaan
Kurang tahan haba
(menjadi melekit
apabila dipanaskan)

polymer

to form a long-chained molecules, called

Compare and contrast synthetic rubber with natural rubber.

Persamaan
Merupakan

polymer

Synthetic

Bandingkan dan bezakan getah sintetik dengan getah asli.
Getah asli

Guide:
polymer
monomer
synthetic
polymerisation

polymerisation

sintetik
Polimer
dihasilkan dengan menyambungkan sebilangan besar molekul kecil atau
monomer
polimer
untuk membentuk satu rantai molekul yang panjang, iaitu
.
pempolimeran
Proses ini disebut
.

7.3

Mastery

Complete the diagram below that shows the process of manufacturing synthetic polymers.

Panduan:
polimer
monomer
sintetik
pempolimeran

pempolimeran

monomer

Process of manufacturing synthetic polymers

7.2

Masteri

rubber is a man-made rubber that has similar characteristics
rubber.

7.2 LO • Describe the process of making synthetic polymers

129

7.3 LO • Compare and contrast synthetic rubber with natural
rubber

7/17/09 6:26:31 PM

7.4

PERBINCANGAN

Barangan yang dibuat daripada getah asli, getah
sintetik, dan gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik

7.4

STM

Jawab soalan-soalan di bawah.
kejutan
penebat elektrik

haba
pengoksidaan

melekit
belon

koyak
bahan kimia

yang tinggi.
2 Mengapakah sarung tangan dibuat daripada getah asli?
kenyal
Sarung tangan getah asli bersifat
koyak

kenyal
tidak telap

shock
electrical insulator

gegaran
tilam

STS

dan

tidak telap

130

7.4 HP • Memberi contoh barangan yang dibuat daripada
gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik

7

7

7.4 HP • Menghubungkaitkan sifat-sifat umum getah sintetik
dengan kegunaannya
• Memberi contoh barangan yang dibuat daripada getah
sintetik

and turn

CHAPTER

BAB

2 Nyatakan dua jenis barangan lain yang dibuat daripada
gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik.
Belon
tilam
dan

elastic
waterproof

vibration
mattresses

2 What is the characteristic of synthetic rubber that enables
it to be used as coating in cooking utensils?
heat
It has high resistance to
and does not melt

2 Apakah sifat pada getah sintetik supaya dapat digunakan
untuk membuat selaput dalam alat memasak?
haba
Ketahanan yang tinggi terhadap
dan tidak
melekit
menjadi
apabila menjadi panas.

bahan kimia
tindakan
. Sifat baik ini terdapat
pada barangan gabungan kedua-dua getah tersebut.

torn
chemicals

Synthetic rubber
1 Why is synthetic rubber used to insulate electrical wires?
electrical insulator
Synthetic rubber is a good
.

yang baik.

Getah sintetik pula mempunyai sifat rintangan yang tinggi
pengoksidaan
terhadap
dan tahan terhadap

sticky
balloons

2 Why are hand gloves made from natural rubber?
Hand gloves that are made from natural rubber are
elastic
torn
, not easily
, and
waterproof
.

,

Gabungan getah asli dan getah sintetik
1 Terangkan secara ringkas sebab getah asli digabungkan
dengan getah sintetik dalam pembuatan barangan seperti
tayar kenderaan dan tapak kasut.
Getah asli mempunyai sifat kebolehan menyerap
gegaran
yang tinggi.

heat
oxidation

Natural rubber
1 Why are the tyres of aeroplanes made from 100% natural
rubber?
elastic
Natural rubber is
and can absorb
shock
vibration
or
effectively.

Getah sintetik
1 Mengapakah getah sintetik sesuai digunakan untuk
membuat pembalut dawai elektrik?
penebat elektrik
Getah sintetik merupakan

F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 130

Activity

Products made from natural rubber, synthetic rubber
and a combination of natural and synthetic rubber

Answer the questions below.

Getah Asli
1 Mengapakah tayar kapal terbang dibuat daripada 100%
getah asli?
kenyal
Getah asli bersifat
dan
kejutan
gegaran
berkebolehan menyerap
atau

tidak mudah
kepada cecair.

DISCUSSION

sticky

when heated.

Combination of natural rubber and synthetic rubber
1 Explain briefly why natural rubber is combined with
synthetic rubber in the manufacturing of products such as
the tyres of vehicles and soles of shoes.
vibration
Natural rubber is able to absorb
effectively.
Synthetic rubber has high resistance towards oxidation
chemicals . These characteristics are possessed
and
by the combined product.
2 State two other types of products made from the
combination of natural rubber and synthetic rubber.
Balloons
mattresses
and
7.4 LO • Relate the general characteristics of synthetic rubber
to its uses
• Give examples of goods made from synthetic rubber

130

7.4 LO • Give examples of goods made from a combination of
natural and synthetic rubber

7/17/09 6:26:31 PM

KOLABORATIF

7.5
TUJUAN

PROJEK

Penyediaan buku skrap

PROJECT

7.5

Masteri

COLLABORATIVE

AIM

Menyediakan buku skrap tentang barangan yang dibuat daripada getah asli, getah sintetik,
dan gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik

To prepare a scrap book on products made from natural rubber, synthetic rubber and a
combination of natural and synthetic rubber

Photos of products made from:

Foto bagi barangan yang dibuat daripada
gabungan getah asli dengan
getah sintetik

getah sintetik

natural rubber

4 Satu pelan tindakan dicadangkan seperti yang ditunjukkan di bawah.

synthetic rubber

Activity

Mengumpulkan foto tentang barangan
yang dibuat daripada getah asli

I

Collect photos on products made from
natural rubber

II

Mengumpulkan foto tentang barangan
yang dibuat daripada getah sintetik

II

Collect photos on products made from
synthetic rubber

III

Mengumpulkan foto tentang barangan
yang dibuat daripada gabungan getah asli
dengan getah sintetik

III

Collect photos on products made from a
combination of natural and synthetic
rubber

Aktiviti

I

Tempoh (Tarikh)

Tindakan

Action

5 You are required to act according to the project plan. This plan is divided into three stages to make the
collection of photos easier.
6 The information can be collected from the resource centre or the Internet.
7 Then, a 5 to 8 page scrap book is prepared. Your scrap book must contain the following sections in the
sequence shown below:
(a) Title
(b) List of members
(c) Objective of project
The source of the raw
material for synthetic
(d) Contents
rubber is normally
(e) Conclusion
petroleum, natural gas
8 You are given one week to prepare the scrap book.
and coal.
9 Your work will be kept in the classroom as reference.
7.5 LO • Give examples of goods made from synthetic rubber

131

7

7.5 HP • Memberi contoh barangan yang dibuat daripada
gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik

7

F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 131

131

Period (Date)

CHAPTER

BAB

5 Pelajar dikehendaki bertindak mengikut pelan projek. Pelan projek ini dibahagikan kepada tiga peringkat
untuk memudahkan pengumpulan foto.
6 Maklumat boleh dikumpulkan daripada pusat sumber atau mengakses Internet.
7 Kemudian, satu buku skrap yang mempunyai 5 hingga 8 muka surat disediakan. Buku skrap anda perlu
mengandungi perkara-perkara yang berikut mengikut urutan:
(a) Tajuk
(b) Senarai nama ahli kumpulan
(c) Objektif projek
Sumber bahan mentah
bagi pembuatan getah
(d) Isi kandungan
sintetik biasanya ialah
(e) Penutup
petroleum, gas asli, dan
arang batu.
8 Tempoh selama seminggu diberikan untuk menyiapkan buku skrap ini.
9 Hasil kerja anda akan disimpan dalam kelas sebagai bahan rujukan.
7.5 HP • Memberi contoh barangan yang dibuat daripada
getah sintetik

combination of natural rubber
and synthetic rubber

4 An action plan is proposed such as the one shown below.
Stage

Peringkat

Mastery

1 Carry out the project in groups of two or three persons.
2 Each group is required to collect photos for products made from natural rubber, synthetic rubber and a
combination of natural and synthetic rubber.
3 The information collected is simplified as shown in the table below.

1 Jalankan projek dalam kumpulan yang terdiri daripada dua atau tiga orang.
2 Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki mengumpulkan foto bagi barangan yang dibuat daripada getah asli, getah
sintetik, dan gabungan getah asli dengan getah sintetik.
3 Maklumat yang perlu dikumpulkan diringkaskan seperti dalam jadual di bawah.

getah asli

Preparation of a scrap book

7.5 LO • Give examples of goods made from a combination of
natural and synthetic rubber

7/17/09 6:26:32 PM

Objektif Pembelajaran

Learning Objective

7.2 Menganalisis plastik
PUSTAKA

Synthetic Materials in Industry

Jenis plastik

7.6

Kontekstual

2007 Bhg. C, S12

menghalang mempunyai tidak dapat diacu rangkai silang menggelongsor diacu semula

2007 Sec. C, Q12

prevent

lembut

have

cannot

moulded

cross linkage

glide

Thermoplastic

Plastik termoset

polymer
chain

rantai
polimer

cross
linkage

Brief explanation

Penerangan ringkas
mempunyai

mempunyai
• Molekul plastik termoset
rangkai silang antara polimer-polimernya yang
menghalang rantai-rantai polimer daripada

lembut

enabling them to

Beg plastik
Papan kenyataan
Kabel plastik
Dulang makanan
Paip air
Cermin mata
Tingkap kapal terbang
Barang

Palam elektrik, suis
elektrik, bampar kereta

(b) Perspeks

Cermin mata, tingkap
kapal terbang, cermin
tingkap kereta

(b) Melamina

Pinggan, mangkuk

(c) Resin epoksi

Bahan pelekat (logam
dan kaca)

Example of plastic

Plastic bag
Noticeboards
Electric cables
Food trays
Water pipes
Spectacles
Airplane window panes
Products

.

Example of plastic

Products

Plastic bags, plastic
bottles, pails

(a) Bakelite

Electric plugs, switches,
car bumpers

(b) Perspex

Spectacles, air plane
window panes, car
windscreens

(b) Melamine

Plates, bowls

(c) Epoxy resin

Glue (metal and glass)

Kabel elektrik, paip air

(c) Polyvinyl
chloride (PVC)

Electric cables, water
pipes

(d) Polistirena

Kotak pembungkus, papan
kenyataan

(d) Polystyrene

Packaging boxes,
noticeboards

(e) Polipropilena

Botol susu, dulang makanan

(e) Polypropylene

Milk bottles, food trays

7.6 LO • List examples of plastic and their uses
• State the types of plastic
• Classify various plastic goods into thermoplastic and
thermosets

7.6 HP • Menyenaraikan ciri-ciri bahan termoplastik
• Menyenaraikan ciri-ciri bahan plastik termoset

Plates
Plastic bottles
Bowls
Car windscreens
Pails
Switches
Glue (metal and glass)

(a) Polythene

(c) Polivinil
klorida

132

7.6 LO • List the characteristics of thermoplastic materials
• List the characteristics of thermoset materials

7.2

Analysing plastics

5 State the type of thermoplastic that can be used to make plastic bag and raincoat. (Polythene)

7.3

Practising responsible attitude in the disposal of synthetic polymers

6 State the type of thermoset that can be used to make car bumpers, electrical plugs and switches.
(Bakelite)

1 State two types of plastic. (Thermoplastic and thermoset (thermosetting plastic))
2 State two examples of thermoplastic. (Polythene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/Perspex)

7.7

DISCUSSION
Activity

7 Which type of plastic can be recycled, thermoplastic or thermoset? (Thermoplastic)
8 Which type of plastic has cross linkages between its polymers, thermoplastic or thermoset? (Thermoset)

3 State two examples of thermoset. (Bakelite and melamine)
4 State the type of thermoplastic that can be used to make car windscreens and airplane window panes.
(Perspex)

132

F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 132

.

MindROBICS

(a) Bakelit

7

LIBRARY

Barang

Beg plastik, botol plastik,
baldi

7
RESEARCH

Electric plug
Car bumpers
Packaging boxes
Milk bottles

Pinggan
Botol plastik
Mangkuk
Cermin tingkap kereta
Baldi
Suis elektrik
Bahan pelekat (logam dan kaca)

Contoh plastik

132

from gliding on top of one another when
heated.
cannot
• The thermoset plastic’s shape
moulded
be changed, after it has been

Examples of plastic and their uses

(a) Politena

7.6 HP • Menyenaraikan contoh plastik dan kegunaannya
• Menyatakan jenis plastik
• Mengelaskan pelbagai barangan plastik kepada
termoplastik dan plastik termoset

7.6 Activity

on top of

• This characteristic causes thermoplastic to
soft
remouldable
become
and

CHAPTER

BAB

Contoh plastik

glide

one another easily when heated.

Contoh plastik dan barangannya
Palam elektrik
Bampar kereta
Kotak pembungkus
Botol susu

have
• Thermoset molecules
cross linkages between polymers that
prevent
the chains of polymers

• Thermoplastic molecules do not have
cross linkage
between the polymers,

menggelongsor atas satu sama lain apabila
dipanaskan.
tidak dapat
• Bentuknya
diubah
diacu
setelah
pertama kali.

apabila dipanaskan.
• Sifat ini menjadikan termoplastik
diacu semula
dan dapat
.

soft

Thermoset

polymer chain

rangkai
silang

tidak

remouldable

Types of plastic

rantai polimer

• Molekul termoplastik
rangkai silang

2008 Sec. B, Q9(a)

Collect information on plastic and complete its brief explanation. Then, classify the examples of plastics.

Jenis plastik

Termoplastik

Contextual

2008 Bhg. B, S9(a)

Kumpulkan maklumat tentang plastik dan lengkapkan penerangan ringkasnya. Kemudian, klasifikasikan
contoh-contoh plastik.

antara polimerpolimernya menyebabkan ia mudah
menggelongsor
atas satu sama lain

MindROBICS

Types of plastic

LIBRARY

Chapter 7

PENYELIDIKAN

Synthetic Materials in Industry

Chapter 7

7.6

7.2 Analysing plastics

RESEARCH

132

7/17/09 6:26:32 PM

Perbandingan antara sifat-sifat termoplastik dan
plastik termoset

Persamaan

rantai polimer

Thermoplastic

Similarity

Mastery

rantai
polimer

Thermoset

Good

polymer chain

polymer
chain

electrical insulator

cross
linkage

Differences

Perbezaan
Low

Tidak boleh

Yes

Can be moulded or recycled

No

Ada

No

Has cross linkages between
molecules

Yes

Larut dalam pelarut organik

Tidak larut

Mostly dissolve

Dissolve in organic solvent

Does not dissolve

Kekerasan

Lebih keras

Softer

Takat lebur

Boleh

Diacu atau dikitar semula

Tiada

Mempunyai rangkai silang antara
molekul-molekul

Kebanyakan larut

High

Tinggi

Rendah

Lebih lembut

Melting point

Harder

Hardness

Rendah

Ketahanan terhadap
renjatan/gegaran

Tinggi

Low

Resistance towards shock/
vibration

High

Rendah

Ketahanan terhadap haba

Tinggi

Low

Heat resistance

High

BERFIKIR

Penggunaan baru plastik

terbiodegradasi

kamera

bahagian tulang

7.7 HP • Membandingkan dan membezakan termoplastik
dengan plastik termoset

musnah akibat kemalangan

7.8 HP • Mencadangkan penggunaan baru plastik

9 Which type of plastic does not dissolve in organic solvent, thermoplastic or thermoset? (Thermoset)

Examples
of uses of
plastic in
medical
field

such as the hips, knees and
finger joints

camera
To make
‘pills’ designed specially to
capture images of internal
organs

7.7 LO • Compare and contrast thermoplastic and thermoset

133

capsules

Used to substitute damaged
bone parts
human
,

Plastics that can be
biodegraded
in the body is used for
stitching injuries and also
used as drug
capsules
.

cardiac

facial
To reconstruct
structure that is damaged
in accidents

7.8 LO • Suggest potential uses of plastics

133

RESEARCH

10 Which type of plastic is resistant to heat, thermoplastic or thermoset? (Thermoset)

12 State the effect of the burning of plastic products and the disposal of plastic products on the environment.
(Cause pollution)

11 Which type of plastic can be used to make car bumper, thermoplastic or thermoset? Explain your answer.
(Thermoset. Thermoset is harder and stronger than thermoplastic.)

13 What kind of plastic materials should be used in industries to control the plastic waste disposal?
(Biodegradable plastic)

7.9 Activity

LIBRARY

14 What is meant by biodegradable plastic? (The plastic which can be degraded by microorganisms)
15 State the best way to control plastic waste disposal. (Recycle them)

133

MindROBICS

kamera
Membuat ‘pil’
yang direka bentuk khas
untuk menangkap gambar
organ dalaman

cardiac
To substitute
blood vessels that do not
function properly

facial

7

(terurai) dalam badan
digunakan untuk membuat
benang jahitan luka dan
membuat
kapsul
ubat.

Membina semula struktur
muka
yang telah

bone parts

7

yang telah
rosak seperti pinggang,
lutut, dan sendi jari

camera

CHAPTER

tulang

Plastik yang dapat
terbiodegradasi

biodegraded

kapsul

Digunakan untuk
menggantikan bahagian

Contoh
penggunaan
plastik dalam
bidang
perubatan

tidak dapat berfungsi
dengan sempurna

jantung

STS

Complete the given space on the new uses of plastic in the medical field.

BAB

Untuk menggantikan salur
jantung
darah
yang

muka

Potential uses of plastic

7.8

STM

Lengkapkan ruangan yang diberi tentang penggunaan baru plastik dalam bidang perubatan.

MindROBICS

Comparison between the characteristics of thermoplastic
and thermoset

rangkai
silang

7.8

F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 133

Activity

Compare and contrast thermoplastic and thermoset.

Plastik termoset

Penebat elektrik yang
baik

DISCUSSION

2008 Sec. B, Q9(b)

2008 Bhg. B, S9(b)

Bandingkan dan bezakan termoplastik dan plastik termoset.
Termoplastik

7.7

Masteri

Chapter 7

Synthetic Materials in Industry

PERBINCANGAN

Synthetic Materials in Industry

Chapter 7

7.7

133

7/17/09 6:26:32 PM

PUSTAKA

7.9

PENYELIDIKAN

RESEARCH

Kesan pembuangan bahan plastik terhadap alam
sekitar dan cara pengawalannya

7.9

Kontekstual

LIBRARY

Effects of disposing plastic materials on the
environment and ways to control it

Contextual

2008 Bhg. B, S9(c) & 9(d)

2008 Sec. B, Q9(c) & 9(d)

Kumpulkan maklumat daripada pusat sumber tentang perkara-perkara tersebut dan isi tempat kosong
dengan perkataan yang sesuai.

Collect information from the resource centre on the following and fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1 Kesan pembuangan bahan plastik terhadap alam sekitar.

1 The effects of disposing plastic material on the environment.

beracun

busuk

asap hitam

mengakis

banjir kilat

Pembakaran bahan plastik

• gas yang

poisonous

mencemarkan

• Menyebabkan berlakunya
banjir kilat

asap hitam
busuk
beracun
,
,
mengakis
seperti hidrogen

dan bersifat
klorida, karbon monoksida, ammonia, dan
hidrogen sianida

pungent

black smoke

corrosive

Burning plastic material

Pembuangan bahan plastik

Membebaskan bahan pencemar yang
membahayakan kesihatan seperti:


maut



• Causes
heavy rain

black smoke
pungent



,

poisonous

,

corrosive
and
gas such as hydrogen
chloride, carbon monoxide, ammonia and
hydrogen cyanide

• Hidupan akuatik seperti penyu yang termakan
maut
bahan plastik akan membawa

death

pollute

Disposing plastic material

Releases pollutants that endanger health such as:

semasa
hujan lebat
• Beg-beg plastik yang dibuang ke dalam laut
mencemarkan
akan
laut

flash flood

flash flood

during

• Plastic bags disposed into the sea will
pollute
the sea.
• Aquatic organisms, such as turtles mistakenly
eat them, resulting in the turtles’
death
.

2 Cara-cara pengawalan pembuangan bahan plastik.
mengurangkan

terbiodegradasi

plastik

insinerator

tenaga elektrik

mengitar semula
yang dapat diuraikan oleh mikroorganisma.

7

pembuangan yang khas.
insinerator
(c) Bahan buangan plastik dibakar dalam
yang mempunyai sistem pembersihan
udara sebelum asapnya dikeluarkan ke udara.
Mengitar semula
(d)
barangan plastik merupakan cara pengawalan yang paling baik untuk
menggunakannya semula.
(e) Bahan-bahan plastik dibakar untuk menghasilkan tenaga haba bagi tujuan pemanasan atau penjanaan
tenaga elektrik
.
mengurangkan
(f) Membawa bekas makanan atau bakul untuk
penggunaan beg plastik semasa
membeli belah.
7.9 HP • Menerangkan kesan pelupusan bahan plastik secara
tidak terancang terhadap alam sekitar
• Menghuraikan pelupusan bahan plastik secara
terancang

F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 134

134

7

dikumpulkan, dihancurkan, dan ditanam di suatu tapak

CHAPTER

BAB

(a) Menggunakan plastik jenis
plastik
(b) Bahan-bahan

terbiodegradasi

2 Ways to control the disposal of plastic materials.

(a) Use
(b)

reduce

biodegradable

plastic

incinerator

electrical energy

recycling

biodegradable

plastic that can be decomposed by microorganisms.

Plastic

materials should be collected, crushed, and buried at a special landfill.
incinerator
(c) Plastic materials should be burnt in an
with an air scrubbing system before
smoke is released into the air.
Recycling
(d)
plastic is the best control method in which to reuse plastic materials.
(e) Burning plastic materials produces heat energy for heating purposes or for generating
electrical energy
.
reduce
(f) Carry a food container or basket to
the use of plastic bags while shopping.
7.9 LO • Explain the effects of improper disposal of plastic
materials to the environment
• Describe the proper management of the disposal of
plastics

134

7/17/09 6:26:32 PM

Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau
fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan
SPM. Pastikan anda boleh menjawab semua
soalan berikut.

SPM Kunci Kejayaan

1 Nyatakan satu barang buatan bagi setiap polimer sintetik dalam jadual di bawah.
Polimer sintetik

Barangan

SPM Key To Success

1 State one product for each type of synthetic polymer in the table below.
Synthetic polymer

Product

Plastik

Baldi

Plastic

Pail

Getah sintetik

Tayar

Synthetic rubber

Tyre

Gentian sintetik

Tali

Synthetic fibre

Rope

2 Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang proses pembuatan polimer sintetik.

Questions in this section contain concepts and
facts that are frequently tested in the SPM exam.
Make sure you can answer all the questions
correctly.

2 Fill in the blanks with correct words on the process of manufacturing synthetic polymer.

Pempolimeran

Polymerisation

Monomer

Polimer

3 Padankan polimer sintetik dengan monomernya.

Monomer

Polymer

3 Match the synthetic polymer with its monomer.

Polimer sintetik

Monomer

Synthetic polymer

Monomer

Polistirena

Etena

Polystyrene

Ethene

Politena

Stirena

Polythene

Styrene

Polivinil klorida (PVC)

Kloroprena

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Chloroprene

Neoprene

Kloroetena

Neoprene

Chloroethene

4 Lengkapkan pengelasan plastik di bawah:
politena
bakelit

perspeks
polistirena

4 Complete the classification of plastic below.
polipropilena
pelekat epoksi

melamina
polivinil klorida (PVC)

polythene
bakelite

perspex
polystyrene

Jenis plastik

polypropylene
epoxy resin

melamine
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Type of plastic

Termoplastik

Plastik termoset
Thermoplastic

Politena

Melamina

Perspeks

Bakelit

Polipropilena

Pelekat epoksi

Polistirena

Polythene

Melamine

Perspex

Bakelite

Polypropylene

Epoxy resin

Polystyrene

Polivinil klorida (PVC)

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

135

F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 135

Thermoset

135

7/17/09 6:26:32 PM

5 Nyatakan dua hasil buatan bagi setiap satu, yang dibuat daripada plastik seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual di
bawah.
Plastik

5 State two products each, that are made from the plastics as shown in the table below.
Plastic

Hasil buatan

Perspeks

Cermin kereta, tingkap kapal terbang/kanta

Politena

Beg plastik, baju hujan/botol plastik

Polipropilena

Kerusi, botol susu/dulang makanan

Polistirena

Papan kenyataan, butang/kotak pembungkus

Polivinil klorida (PVC)

Paip air, penebat dawai/kabel elektrik

Bakelit

Palam elektrik, suis/bampar kereta

Melamina

Pinggan mangkuk, permukaan atas kaunter

Resin epoksi

Bahan pelekat bagi logam dan peti bateri

Product

Perspex

Car windscreens, airplane window panes/lenses

Polythene

Plastic bags, raincoat/plastic bottle

Polypropylene

Chair, milk bottle/food trays

Polystyrene

Noticeboard, button/packaging box

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Water pipe, insulator/electrical cable

Bakelite

Electrical plug, switch/car bumper

Melamine

Dishes, top surface of counter

Epoxy resin

Glue for metal, battery box

6 (a) State two different characteristics for each type of plastic below.

6 (a) Nyatakan dua perbezaan sifat bagi setiap jenis plastik di bawah.
Termoplastik

Thermoplastic

Plastik termoset

rantai polimer

Thermoset

polymer chain

rantai
polimer

polymer
chain
cross
linkage

rangkai
silang

(a)

Larut

(b) Takat lebur

(a)

dalam pelarut organik
rendah

Tidak larut

(b) Takat lebur

dalam pelarut organik
tinggi

(b) Terangkan mengapa termoplastik adalah mudah menjadi lembut apabila dipanaskan dan dapat diacu semula
(dikitar semula) tetapi plastik termoset tidak dapat diacu semula (dikitar semula).
tidak mempunyai rangkai silang
Termoplastik
antara polimer-polimernya. Plastik termoset
mempunyai rangkai silang

antara polimer-polimernya.

7 Nyatakan dua kesan pembuangan bahan plastik terhadap alam sekitar.
(a) Pembakaran bahan plastik membebaskan asap hitam yang berbau busuk dan beracun.
(b) Pembuangan bahan plastik menyebabkan berlakunya banjir kilat semasa hujan lebat.
8 Nyatakan empat cara untuk mengawal pembuangan bahan plastik.
(a) Mengitar semula barangan plastik
(b) Menggunakan plastik jenis terbiodegradasi

(a)

Dissolves

(b)

Low

in organic solvents

(a)

Does not dissolve

melting point

(b)

High

Thermoplastic

do not have cross linkage
have cross linkages

between their polymers. Thermoset

between their polymers.

7 State two effects of plastic waste disposal on the environment.
(a) Burning of plastic products releases black, smelly and poisonous smoke.
(b) Disposal of plastic products causes flash floods during heavy rain.
8 State four ways to control plastic waste disposal.
(a) Recycle the plastic waste

(c) Membakar bahan plastik di dalam insinerator tertutup
(d) Menanam bahan plastik di tapak pembuangan khas

(d) Bury plastic waste in a special dumping ground

F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 136

melting point

(b) Explain why thermoplastic is easily softens when heated and can be remoulded (recycled) but thermoset
cannot be remoulded (recycled).

(b) Use biodegradable plastic
(c) Burn plastic waste products in an enclosed incinerator

136

in organic solvents

136

7/17/09 6:26:32 PM

SPM Enhancement Corner 7

SPM Sudut Pengukuhan 7
KERTAS

1

PAPER

Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
1 Antara bahan yang berikut, yang
manakah sesuai digunakan untuk
membuat bampar kereta?
A Perspeks
KLON
2006
B Bakelit
C Politena
B
D Polivinil klorida

5 Cermin kereta dibuat daripada
A kaca
KLON
2003
B politena
C polistirena
D
D perspeks
6 Rajah 2 menunjukkan polimer yang
merupakan sejenis plastik termoset.

2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu proses
pempolimeran.

bahan X

bahan Y

Rajah 1

Rajah 2

Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
mewakili bahan X dan bahan Y?
Bahan X
Bahan Y
A Politena
Etena
B Polivinil klorida
Kloroetena
C Neoprena
Kloroprena
D Stirena
Polistirena
D

Antara pernyataan yang berikut,
yang manakah benar?
A Molekul-molekul
polimer
berangkai silang antara satu
sama lain.
B Panjang
molekul-molekul
polimer adalah sama.
C Molekul-molekul polimer mudah
menggelongsor di atas satu
sama lain.
D Tindak balas kimia berlaku
antara molekul-molekul polimer.

3 Maklumat yang berikut menunjukkan ciri-ciri sejenis plastik.
• Takat lebur rendah
• Larut dalam pelarut organik
• Boleh dikitar semula
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
menunjukkan ciri-ciri ini?
A Politena
KLON
B Bakelit
2008
C Melamina
D Resin epoksi
A
4 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
sifat termoplastik?
I Tahan haba
II Dapat dikitar semula
III Penebat elektrik yang baik
A I dan II sahaja
KLON
2004
B I dan III sahaja
C II dan III sahaja
C
D I, II dan III

A
7 Rajah 3 menunjukkan suatu proses
penghasilan bahan sintetik.

C

9 Cara yang paling berkesan untuk
mengawal pencemaran disebabkan
bahan buangan plastik adalah
A tanam dalam tanah
B bakar dalam insinerator KLON
2006
C buang ke dalam sungai
D kitar semula
D
10 Ciri bahan plastik yang digunakan
untuk membuat soket elektrik adalah
I bersifat keras
II mempunyai takat lebur yang
tinggi
III tidak larut dalam pelarut organik
A I dan II sahaja
KLON
B I dan III sahaja
2002
C II dan III sahaja
D I, II dan III
D
11 Antara pasangan monomer dan
polimer yang berikut, yang manakah
dipadan dengan betul?
Monomer
Polimer
A Etena
Politena
LON
B Karbohidrat
Glukosa K2007
C Getah asli
Isoprena
D Asid lemak
Protein
A
12 Rajah 4 menunjukkan struktur bagi
sejenis plastik.

proses
X

rantai polimer
etena

politena

Rajah 3
Apakah proses X?
A Pengesteran
B Penapaian
C Pemvulkanan
D Pempolimeran

KLON
2006
KLON
2008

D

8 Antara bahan yang berikut, yang
manakah polimer sintetik?
A Ammonia
KLON
2005
B Isoprena

137

F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 137

C Polivinil klorida
D Selulosa

1

Rajah 4
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
ciri plastik tersebut?
A Takat lebur tinggi
KLON
B Boleh dikitar semula
2007
C Keras dan kuat
D Tahan terhadap haba
B

1 Which of the following materials is
most suitable to be used in making
car bumpers?
CLONE
A Perspex
2006
B Bakelite
C Polythene
B
D Polyvinyl chloride
2 Diagram 1 shows a polymerisation
process.

substance X

5 The windshield of a car is made from
A glass
CLONE
2003
B polythene
C polystyrene
D perspex
D

6 Diagram 2 shows a polymer, which
is a type of thermoset.

substance Y

Diagram 1
Which of the following represents
substances X and Y?
Substance X
Substance Y
A Polythene
Ethene
B Polyvinyl chloride Chloroethene
C Neoprene
Chloroprene
D Styrene
Polystyrene
D
3 The following information shows
the characteristics of a type of
plastic.
• Low melting point
• Dissolves in organic solvent
• Can be recycled
Which of the following plastics
shows these characteristics?
A Polythene
CLONE
2008
B Bakelite
C Melamine
A
D Epoxy resin
4 Which of the following is the
characteristic of thermoplastic?
I Heat resistant
II Can be recycled
III Good electrical insulator
A I and II only
CLONE
B I and III only
2004
C II and III only
D I, II and III
C

Diagram 2
Which of the following statements is
true?
A The polymer molecules are
cross-linked with one another.
B The length of the polymer
molecules are the same.
C Polymer molecules easily glide
on one another.
D Chemical reactions occur among
the polymer molecules.
A
7 Diagram 3 shows a process in the
production of a synthetic material.

C

9 The most effective way to control
pollution caused by plastic waste
materials is to
A bury in the ground
CLONE
2006
B burn in an incinerator
C throw into the river
D
D recycle it
10 Plastic that is used to make
electrical sockets
I is hard
II has high melting point
III does not dissolve in organic
solvents
A I and II only
CLONE
2002
B I and III only
C II and III only
D
D I, II and III
11 Which of the following pairs of
monomer and polymer is correctly
matched?
Monomer
Polymer
A Ethene
Polythene CLONE
2007
B Carbohydrate
Glucose
C Natural rubber Isoprene
A
D Fatty acid
Protein
12 Diagram 4 shows the structure of a
type of plastic.

process
X
ethene

C Polyvinyl chloride
D Cellulose

polymer chain
polythene

Diagram 3
What is process X?
A Esterification
B Fermentation
C Vulcanisation
D Polymerisation

CLONE
2006
CLONE
2008

Diagram 4
D

8 Which type of substance is a
synthetic polymer?
CLONE
A Ammonia
2005
B Isoprene

Which of the following is the
characteristic of the plastic?
A High melting point
CLONE
2007
B Can be recycled
C Hard and strong
B
D Resistant to heat

137

7/17/09 6:26:32 PM

KERTAS

2

PAPER

Bahagian B
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.

KLON
2008

Section B
Answer all the questions in this section.

Bhg. B, S9

(b) State two characteristics of the synthetic polymer
in 1(a).
1. High melting point

Rajah 1

2. Tidak dapat diacu semula/Tahan haba/Tidak boleh larut dalam pelarut organik

CLONE
2007

Sec. C, Q12

Diagram 1

(c) What is the effect of improper disposal of the synthetic polymer on human health?
Poisonous gases that released during burning will endanger human helath

(d) Nyatakan dua cara yang betul untuk mengawal pelupusan bahan plastik.
1. Menggunakan plastik jenis terbiodegradasi

(d) State two correct ways to control the plastic waste disposal.
1. Use biodegradable plastic

2. Membakar bahan plastik dalam insinerator yang tertutup

2. Burn the plastic waste in an enclosed incinerator

Bahagian C
Jawab soalan yang berikut.

KLON
2007

Section C
Answer the following questions.

Bhg. C, S12

2 (a) Terangkan struktur polimer dalam suatu termoplastik. Nyatakan dua sifat termoplastik yang disebabkan oleh struktur
rantai polimer tersebut.
[4 markah]
(b) Rajah 2 menunjukkan empat jenis objek yang diperbuat daripada plastik termoset.

2 (a) Explain the chain structure of the polymers in a thermoplastic. State two properties of a thermoplastic that are
caused by the chain structure of the polymer.
[4 marks]
(b) Diagram 2 shows four types of objects made of thermoset.

Peti bateri

Electrical plugs

Plastik termoset
Suis elektrik

Sec. B, Q9

2. Cannot be remoulded/Heat resistant/Does not dissolve in organic solvent

(c) Apakah kesan pelupusan polimer sintetik secara tidak terancang terhadap kesihatan manusia?
Gas-gas beracun yang terbebas semasa pembakaran membahayakan kesihatan manusia

Palam elektrik

CLONE
2008

1 Diagram 1 shows a few objects that are made of a type
of synthetic polymer.
(a) What is the type of synthetic polymer used to make
the objects in Diagram 1?
Thermoset/Thermosetting plastic

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan beberapa objek yang diperbuat
daripada sejenis polimer sintetik.
(a) Apakah jenis polimer sintetik yang digunakan untuk
membuat objek-objek dalam Rajah 1?
Plastik termoset
(b) Nyatakan dua ciri polimer sintetik di 1(a).
1. Takat lebur tinggi

2

Battery boxes
Thermoset

Kamera

Switches

Rajah 2

Cameras
Diagram 2

Study the objects in Diagram 2 and construct the concept of thermoset. Your answer should be based on the following
aspects:
• Identify two common characteristics
[2 marks]
• Give one other example of thermoset
[1 mark]
• Give two examples of non-thermoset
[2 marks]
• Relate the common characteristics to construct the concept of thermoset
[1 mark]

Jawapan:
2 (a) • Tidak mempunyai rangkai silang antara polimer-polimernya
• Rantai polimer mudah menggelongsor atas satu sama lain apabila dipanaskan
Dua sifat
• mudah menjadi lembut apabila dipanaskan
• mempunyai takat lebur yang rendah
• Boleh diacu semula/boleh dikitar semula
• Larut dalam larutan organik
(mana-mana dua)
(b) Dua ciri sepunya
• Takat lebur tinggi
• Tidak dapat dikitar semula/tidak larut dalam pelarut organik
Satu contoh lain plastik termoset
• Bampar kereta/radio/bekas televisyen/butang
Dua contoh bukan plastik termoset
• Beg plastik dan baju hujan/kanta
Pembinaan konsep
• Plastik termoset ialah sejenis plastik yang mempunyai takat lebur yang tinggi dan tidak boleh dikitar
semula/tidak larut dalam pelarut organik.

Answer:
2 (a) • Do not have cross linkages among their polymers
• Polymer chains glide easily onto each other when heated up
Two properties
• Soften easily when heated
• Has low melting point
• Can be remoulded/Can be recycled
• Dissolves in organic solvent
(Any two)
(b) Two common characteristics
• High melting point
• Cannot be recycled/Does not dissolve in organic solvent
One other example of thermoset
• Car bumpers/radios/television casing/buttons
Two examples of non-thermoset
• Plastic bags and raincoats/lenses
Construction of concept
• Thermoset is a type of plastic that has high melting point and cannot be recycled/does not dissolve in organic
solvent.

F5MR-ch7(127-138).indd 138

7

138

CHAPTER

Kaji objek-objek dalam Rajah 2 dan bina konsep plastik termoset. Jawapan anda hendaklah berdasarkan aspek-aspek
yang berikut:
• Kenal pasti dua ciri sepunya
[2 markah]
• Beri satu contoh lain plastik termoset
[1 markah]
• Beri dua contoh bukan plastik termoset
[2 markah]
• Hubung kait ciri-ciri sepunya untuk membina konsep plastik termoset
[1 markah]

138

7/17/09 6:26:32 PM