MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench ACCESSIONS IN MEDICINAL PLANT AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE RESEARCH AND DEVELOP- MENT OFFICE Variasi morfologi aksesi Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench di Balai Besar Peneli- tian dan Pengembangan Tanaman

  

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench ACCESSIONS

  

IN MEDICINAL PLANT AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE RESEARCH AND DEVELOP-

MENT OFFICE

Variasi morfologi aksesi Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench di Balai Besar Peneli-

tian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional

  

Dyah Subositi and Fauzi

  Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine Research and Development Office Jl. Raya Lawu, Tawangmangu, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia,

  Tel.: +62-271-697010, Fax.: +62-271-697451, e-mail: dyah_subositi@yahoo.com

  

ABSTRAK

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench merupakan salah satu tumbuhan obat yang penting dan digunakan seba-

gai antivirus, antibakteri, dan mempunyai aktivitas sebagai imunomudolator. Ekinase telah dibudidayakan di

Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional sejak tahun 2002 serta menun-

jukkan variasi morfologi selama ditanam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk karakterisasi dan menentukan

aksesi ekinase berdasarkan karakter morfologi. Ekinase ditanam di kebun koleksi pada ketinggian 1.200 m

dpl selama lima bulan. Pengamatan dilakukan pada karakter morfologi ekinase dan dilanjutkan dengan seleksi

aksesi berdasarkan perbedaan karakter morfologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat sebanyak 10 aksesi

ekinase yang mempunyai perbedaan morfologi terutama pada bagian perbungaan.

  Kata kunci: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, variasi morfologi

ABSTRACT

  

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench is one of the major medicinal herbs that have continued to gain commercial

interest worldwide owing to its antiviral, antibacterial and immunostimulatory activities. Medicinal Plant and

Traditional Medicine Research and Development Office has been cultivating E. purpurea since 2002. There are

morphological variation of E. purpurea found . The objective of this research was to characterize and to determine

E. purpurea accessions based on morphological characters. Echinacea purpurea was cultivated in the collection

field at 1200 m asl for five months. The observation were done base on morphological characters and continued

with the selection of E. purpurea that has morphological differences. The results showed that there were ten ac-

cessions of E. purpurea which have specifics morphological characters especially in their inflorescence.

  Key words: Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench , morphological variation

  INTRODUCTION lia

  DC (prairie coneflower), are known for their The genus Echinacea of family Asteraceae economic importance (Bishnoi et al., 2010). has nine species that are indigenous to North Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench is one of America and only three of them Echinacea pur- the major medicinal herbs that have continued to

  purea gain commercial interest worldwide owing to its

  L. Moench (purple coneflower), E. pallida

  antiviral, antibacterial and immunostimulatory

  (Nutt.) Nutt. (pale coneflower), and E. angustifo-

  Dyah Subositi and Fauzi activities.These activities appear to result from the combined effects of several phytochemicals such as caffeoyl phenol and alkamide (Chen et al., 2009).

  Plant and medical scientists responded to this phenomenon by increasing their efforts to understand the biology, cultivation, and pharma- cology of these plants. Unfortunately, very few well-documented living collections of Echinacea were readily available to support that research. Well-documented germplasm collections could also be used to broaden the genetic base of or- namental Echinacea cultivars, which are widely cultivated as attractive landscape perennials (Widrlechner and Mc Keown, 2002).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

  E. purpurea’s stems are 60–180 cm tall, of- ten branching near the top with soft short hairs.

  The lowermost leaves are oval to broadly lance- olate and coarsely toothed with irregular teeth. The tips of the center cone are often tipped bright orange. Pales have flexible straight tips. Bristles of the central cone are half as long as the cone’s body. The ray flowers vary from rose to deep pur- ple, rarely white. It grows in open woods, prai- ries, and thickets (Kindscher, 2006).

  Medicinal Plant and Traditional Medicine Research and Development Office has been cul- phological variation of E. purpurea found . The objective of this research was to characterize and to determine E. purpurea accessions based on morphological characters.

  MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials

  Ten accessions of E. purpurea in B2P2TO-OT were used in this study.

  Methods Echinacea purpurea was cultivated in the col- lection field at 1200 m asl for five months. The observation were done base on morphological characters and continued with the selection of E. purpurea that has morphological differences.

  Ten accessions of Echinaceae purpurea were found in this study based on morphologi- cal characters. Twenty six qualitative and quan- titative morphological characters were polymor- phic especially in their inloresence and used to distinguish ten accessions. There are description of each accessions based on their specific char- acters:

  1. Accession B2P2TO-OT 1 Stems are up to 65 cm tall, purple. Leaves

  are ovate-obovate, leaf margin serrate-dentate, long:wide ratio of lamina 4,5:1. Phyllaries are in 2-3 series, reflexed. Receptacles are conic, white margin. Ray florets 14-18, densely, corollas are oblong, pinkish purple, spreading 80°-90°, long:wide ratio of corollas 5:1, shortly dentate 2-3 at the top. Corolla of disk florets before an- thesis are reddish purple (Figure 1.).

  Stems are up to 80 cm tall, purplish green. Leaves are obovate-oblong, leaf margin serrate-

  dentate, long:wide ratio of lamina 4:1. Phyllar-

  ies are in 3-4 series, recurved. Receptacles are

  triangular, purple margin. Ray florets 18-22, densely, corollas are ovate-ellips, dark pink-pur- ple, spreading 80°-90°, long:wide ratio of corollas 3:1, dentate 2-3 at the top. Corolla of disk florets MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench ACCESSIONS IN MEDICINAL PLANT AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OFFICE

Variasi morfologi aksesi Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench di Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional

before anthesis are yellowish green (Figure 1.).

  4. Accession B2P2TO-OT 4

3. Accession B2P2TO-OT 3 Stems are up to 80 cm tall, purplish green.

  Stems are up to 70 cm tall, purplish green. Leaves are obovate, leaf margin entire-dentate,

Leaves are obovate, leaf margin entire-dentate, long: wide ratio of lamina 3-3,5:1. Phyllaries are

  long:wide ratio of lamina 3-3,5:1. Phyllaries in 3-4 series, recurved. Receptacles are triangu- are in 3-4 series, recurved. Receptacles are tri- lar, dark purple margin. Ray florets 18-22, rarely, angular, dark purple margin. Ray florets 20-23, corollas are linear, dark pink-purple, spreading densely, seem that in 2 series, corollas are ellips, 80°-90°, long:wide ratio of corollas 5:1, dentate 2 pink-purple, spreading 85°-90°, long:wide ratio at the top. Corolla of disk florets before anthesis of corollas 3:1, dentate 2-3 at the top. Corolla of are reddish purple (Figure 2).

  disk florets before anthesis are yellowish green

  5. Accession B2P2TO-OT 5 (Figure 1.).

  Stems are up to 85 cm tall, purplish green. Leaves are ovate, leaf margin sharply dentate,

  long:wide ratio of lamina 4:1. Phyllaries are in 3 series, reflexed. Receptacles are triangular, white margin. Ray florets 14-16, rarely, corol- las are linear, pinkish purple, reflexed 45°-50°, long:wide ratio of corollas 4,5-5:1, dentate 2-3 at the top. Corolla of disk florets before anthesis

  (A) are reddish green (Figure 2).

  6. Accession B2P2TO-OT 6 Stems are up to 85 cm tall, purplish green.

  Leaves are ovate, leaf margin entire-dentate, (B) long:wide ratio of lamina 2-2,5:1. Phyllaries are

  in 2-3 series, spreading. Receptacles are conic, purple margin. Ray florets 15-18, rarely, corollas are linear, pink, reflexed 45°-50°, long:wide ratio

  disk florets before anthesis are reddish purple (Figure 2). (C)

  Figure 1. Infloresence of Echinacea purpurea acces- sion collection B2P2TO-OT (A: Accession 1, B : Accession 2, C: Accession 3)

  Dyah Subositi and Fauzi

  long: wide ratio of corollas 4-4,5:1, shortly den- tate-dentate 2 at the top. Corolla of disk florets before anthesis are reddish purple (Figure 3).

  8. Accession B2P2TO-OT 8 Stems are up to 90 cm tall, green. Leaves

  are ovate-oblong, leaf margin entire-serrate, long:wide ratio of lamina 4:1. Phyllaries are in 3 series, spreading. Receptacles are triangular,

  (A)

  pale purple margin. Ray florets 16-18, densen- ly, corollas are ellips-oblong, pinkish purple, reflexed 45°-50°, long: wide ratio of corollas 4-4,5:1, shortly dentate 2 at the top. Corolla of

  disk florets before anthesis are reddish green (Figure 3).

  9. Accession B2P2TO-OT 9 Stems are up to 85 cm tall, green. Leaves

  are ovate-oblong, leaf margin entire-dentate,

   (B)

  long:wide ratio of lamina 2,5-3:1. Phyllaries are in 3-4 series, recurved. Receptacles are tri- angular, pale purple margin. Ray florets 16-20, densenly, corollas are ellips-oblong, pink, re- curved 10°-20°, long:wide ratio of corollas 5:1, shortly dentate 2-3 at the top. Corolla of disk flo-

  rets before anthesis are yellowish green (Figure 3).

   (C)

  10. Accession B2P2TO-OT 10 Figure 2. Infloresence of Echinacea purpurea acces- sion collection B2P2TO-OT (A: Accession 4,

  Stems are up to 90 cm tall, green. Leaves B : Accession 5, C: Accession 6)

  long:wide ratio of lamina 4-5:1. Phyllaries are

7. Accession B2P2TO-OT 7

  in 2-3 series, spreading. Receptacles are hemi-

  Stems are up to 85 cm tall, green. Leaves

  spheric, pale purple margin. Ray florets 16-18, are ovate-ellips, leaf margin serrate, long:wide ra- rarely, corollas are oblong-lanceolate, dark pink, tio of lamina 2,5-3:1. Phyllaries are in 3-4 series, reflexed 70°-90°, long:wide ratio of corollas 5:1, reflexed. Receptacles are triangular, pale purple shortly dentate 3 at the top. Corolla of disk flo- margin. Ray florets 18-21, densenly, corollas are

  rets before anthesis are yellowish green (Figure

  obovate-ellips, pinkish purple, reflexed 45°-50°, 3).

  MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench ACCESSIONS IN MEDICINAL PLANT AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OFFICE

Variasi morfologi aksesi Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench di Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat dan Obat Tradisional

  (2009), plant genetic traits are influenced by en- vironmental factors. Phenotype in an individual is an interaction between genotype and its envi- ronment. Disk florets of E. purpurea are consist of 100-200 flowers, bisexual, fertile and produce an abundance of seeds. Mitroi et al., (2010) said it is considered that the recorded variability within species propagated by seeds depends on

   (A) (B)

  the genetic characteristics and environmental conditions. Morphological variability of seven E.

  purpurea found in Germany (Banga et al., 2010)

  and nine genotypes of E. purpurea also found in Germany (Varban at al., 2010).

   (C) (D) Figure 3. Infloresence of Echinacea purpurea acces- sion collection B2P2TO-OT (A: Accession 7, B: Acces- sion 8, C: Accession 9, D: Accession 10)

  Morphological variation among Echinacea

  purpurea collection of B2P2TO-OT were found

  and divided them into 10 accessions. Morpho-

   (A) (B)

  logical characters were used to characterize ac- cession because these characters are simple and easier to plant classification than others charac- ters (Jones and Luchsinger, 1986). Morphological characters have weaknesses especially this char- acter always influence by environmental factor.

  Dursun et al., (2010) mentioned that. There is al- ways influence of environment in morphological traits and they can show considerable variation. Also, some traits can be incorrectly measured

  (C) (D)

  and so cause problems in the estimation of ge- netic diversity. The number and choice of mor- phological traits and sample size can also affect the correlation.

  Morphological variation of E. purpurea pos- sibly caused by genetics and environmental fac-

  (E) (F)

  tors. According to Rahmawati and Mahajoeno

  Dyah Subositi and Fauzi Figure 4. Infloresence specific characters of Echina- cea purpurea accession collection B2P2TO-OT {A-C: disk florets color before anthesis (A: yellowish green , B: reddish purple, C: reddish green), D-F: Phyllaries position (D: spreading, E : reflexed, F: recurved)}

  Dursun A., Haliloglu K., and Ekinci M. 2010. Char- acterization of Breeding Lines of Common Beans As Revealed By RAPD and Relation- ship With Morpological Traits. Pak. J. Bot., 42(6): 3839-3945

  Ozkaya MT., Cakir E., Gokbayrak Z., Ercan H. and Taskin N. 2006. Morphological and molecu- lar characterization of Derik Halhali olive (Olea europaea L.) accessions grown in Derik–Mardin province of Turkey. Scientia

  Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment, 1(1): 21-27

  Variability of Decorative Morphological Characteristics in The Species Papaver rhoeas of Spontaneus Vegetation. South

  CRC Press. Boca Ratton, London. Mitroi D., Anton D., Nicu C. and Manuela M. 2010.

  Kindser, K. 2006. The Conservation of Echinacea Species. University of Kansas Miler, SC. 2004. Echinacea: The Genus Echinacea.

  Systematics. Second Edition. McGraw Hill Book Company. New York.

  Jones SB., and Luchsinger AE. 1986. Plant

  Using RAPD markers to predict polyphenol content in aerial parts of Echinacea purpu- rea plants. J Sci Food Agric., 89: 2128-2136

  Morphological variation of E. purpurea B2P2TO-OT not only plasticity but ten accession were different in their biomass, total phenolic content and RAPD profiles (data not shown).

  nal of North America, 1(3):185-188 Chen CL., Chuang SJ., Chen JJ. and Sung JM. 2009.

  Methods To Improve Seed Germination of Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench). Agriculture and Biology Jour-

  Bishnoi UR., Willis JE., and Mentreddy SR. 2010.

  Res. J. Poult. Sci., 3(1): 1-4.

  Banga MH., Mabas JS. & Adzona PP. 2010. Effect of housing system (battry cages versus floor pen) on performance of lying hens under tropical conditions in Congo Brazzaville.

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