THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DREAMS IN REVEALING EMIL SINCLAIR’S INDIVIDUATION AS SEEN IN HERMANN HESSE’ DEMIAN: THE STORY OF
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DREAMS IN REVEALING EMIL SINCLAIR’S INDIVIDUATION AS SEEN IN HERMANN HESSE’ DEMIAN: THE STORY OF EMIL SINCLAIR’S YOUTH
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
WINDA PRADNYA PARAMITA
Student Number: 001442118
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY JOGJAKARTA
It is inhuman to bless when one is being
cursed
Nietzsche
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah, I finally have accomplished my undergraduate thesis. I thank to Allah SWT for everything that is given to me. There were times when I lose my way and my faith, but He never turns His back on me. To Him my life belongs.
I would like to underscore my indebtedness to my former advisors, Mr.
Gabriel Fajar Sasmita Aji, M. Hum. and Ms. Theresia Enny Angraini, M. A.
for their guidance and advice in working this thesis. I owe them apology for letting them down. I should also like to express my gratitude to my major sponsor,
Mr. Hirmawan Widjanarka, M. Hum. for his patience in completing this thesis
and Ms. Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd. M. Hum. My gratitude also goes to the lecturers and staff of English Letters Department for their aids during my study in Sanata Dharma University.
My deepest indebtedness belongs to my father, Ibnu Machlad, and my mother, Wiendaryaningsih. I understand it takes a lot not to give up on me. I owe them everything for their patience, understanding and everything they give to me.
I owe my memories in Jogja to mas yo2k and my best friend Rita, Bontet, Dentina and Yuni. There are no words to describe how much I thank them. I am what I am now because you are always there.
To Ndut, Linda, Ana, tanti, Wiwin, mba Wheni, Siska, Galih, and Jodhi thank you for the patience in dealing with my mood and for being my friends. It means a lot to me more than I can ever say.
Winda Pradnya Paramita
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………….. i
APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………………………… ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE……………………………………………………………….. iii
MOTTO PAGE……………………………………………………………………….. ivACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………... vi
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………..... viii
ABSTRAK...................................................................................................................... ixCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………… 1 A. Background of the Study………………………………………………….…….
1 B. Problem Formulation…………………………………………………………....
5 C. Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………..…..
5 D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………… 6
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW………………………………….……….. 7 A. Review of Related Study…………………………………………………..……
7 B. Review of Related Theories……………………………………………………... 8
1. Theories of Character and Characterization……………………………..……
8
2. Theories of Dream……………………………………………………………
11 3. Theories of Individuation……………………………………………………..
13 4. Theories of Symbol…………………………………………………………..
17 5. The Relation between Literature and Psychology………………………..…..
18 C. Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………..……..
20 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY………………………………………………….. 21
A. Object of the Study……………………………………………………………… 21 B. Approach of the Study…………………………………………………………...
22 C. Method of the Study……………………………………………………………..
23 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS…………………………………………………..……….. 25 A. The Development of Emil Sinclair………………… …………………………..
25 1. Childhood…………………………………………………………………….
26 2. Adolescence……………………………………………………….………….
29 3. Individuation………………………………………………………………….
33 B. The Revelation of Sinclair’s Individuation ………….………………………….
35
1. Revelation of Shadow………………………………………………………… 36
2. Revelation of Persona…………………………………………………………
40 3. Revelation of Anima………………………………………………………….
42
4. Revelation of Wise Man………………………………………………………
44 5. Revelation of Self……………………………………………………………..
46
C. The Significance of Dreams in Revealing Sinclair’s Individuation……………
48 1. Dream as Nostalgic Memories……………………………………………....
48 2. Dream as Representation of Fear………………………………………….....
49
3. Dream as a Prediction of Things about to Happen……………………..……
50 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION…………………………………………...…………. 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………….. 53
APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………… 55
ABSTRACT
WINDA PRADNYA PARAMITA. The Significance of Dreams in Revealing
Emil Sinclair’s Individuation in Hermann Hesse’ Demian: The Story of Emil
Sinclair’s Youth. Jogjakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,
Sanata Dharma University, 2008.Individuation is something that not every person can achieve during his lifetime. In a novel by Hermann Hesse called Demian: the Story of Emil Sinclair’s
Youth, a journey to reach individuation is being told. Emil Sinclair, the main
character, struggles to find his individuation that lies deep in his unconscious psyche. To reach it he has to uncover his archetypes and accept them as parts of his personality. He also has to pay attention to his dreams and understand each of his dreams in order to embrace the archetypes. The journey brings him to Frau Eva, Demian’s mother, who turns out to be his daemon and helps him to unlock the final door to individuation.
This thesis is aimed at solving three problems. The first is the character development of Emil Sinclair. The second problem is the revelation of Sinclair’s individuation; how Sinclair reveals each archetypes within him to reveal his Self and reach individuation. The final problem is the significance of dreams in revealing Sinclair’s individuation.
The method applied in this thesis is the library research. The main source are Hermann Hesse’ Demian: the Story of Emil Sinclair’s Youth and other sources that closely related to the topic discussed in this thesis. The approach applied in the thesis is psychological approach.
From the analysis, it can be concluded that Sinclair finally reveals his archetypes with the guidance of his friends and his dreams. Each archetypes blends to one another and leads Sinclair to his Daemon, Frau Eva. She then teaches him to make truce with his environment and to love his life. This thesis finds out that to reach individuation, one must listen to the voices within and learn from the dreams one has. The dreams functions as guidance and clue during the journey. It is difficult to do but once it is accomplished, one will be able to understand the meaning of life and the destiny one bears. Sinclair manages to overcome the challenges the nature gives him and as the result he finds his true Self.
ABSTRAK
WINDA PRADNYA PARAMITA. The Significance of Dreams in Revealing
Emil Sinclair’s Individuation in Hermann Hesse’ Demian: the Story of Emil
Sinclair’s Youth. Jogjakarta: Jurusan Sastra Ingris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2008.Tidak semua orang mampu mencapai individuasi. Novel Hermann Hesse yang bejudul Demian: the Story of Emil Sinclair’s Youth berkisah tentang perjalanan mencapai individuasi. Emil Sinclair sebagai tokoh utama berjuang meraih individuasi yang terdapat jauh di dalam alam bawah sadarnya. Untuk mencapai individuasi Sinclair harus membuka archetype yang ada dalam dirinya dan menerimanya sebagai bagian dari kepribadiannya. Sinclair juga harus memperhatikan mimpi-mimpi yang dialaminya serta memahami makna dari mimpi-mimpi tersebut agar dapat menerima archetype. Perjalanan mencapai individuasi ini mempertemukan Sinclair dengan Frau Eva, ibu dari Demian, yang ternyata adalah belahan jiwanya. Frau Eva membantu Sinclair membuka pintu terakhir menuju individuasi.
Sripsi ini bertujuan memecahkan tiga permasalahan. Permasalahan pertama adalah perkembangan karakter Emil Sinclair. Permasalahan kedua yaitu pengungkapan individuasi dalam diri Sinclair, bagaimana Sinclair satu persatu mengungkapkan archetype dalam dirinya untuk kemudian menguak Diri dan mencapai individuasi. Yang terakhir adalah peran penting mimpi-mimpi yang dialami Sinclair dalam pencapaian individuasi.
Metode yang diterapkan dalam tesis ini adalah studi pustaka. Data-data yang digunakan adalah novel karya Hermann Hesse yang berjudul Demian: the Story of
Emil Sinclair’s Youth , dan sumber-sumber lain yang erat kaitannya dengan obyek
yang didiskusikan dalam tesis ini. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam analisis di tesis ini adalah pendekatan psikologi.
Hasil dari analisa ini menunjukkan bahwa Sinclair berhasil mengungkapkan
archetype dalam dirinya dengan bantuan teman-temannya serta mimpi-mimpinya.
Setiap arketipe melebur satu sama lain dan membawa Sinclair pada belahan jiwanya, Frau Eva. Dari Frau Evalah Sinclair belajar untuk berdamai dengan lingkungan dan mencintai hidupnya. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa untuk mencapai individuasi seseorang harus mendengarkan suara hati yang terdalam dan memahami mimpi. Mimpi tersebut berfungsi sebagai pembimbing dan petunjuk dalm mencapai individuasi. Hal ini tidaklah mudah, tetapi bila terlaksana maka orang tersebut akan mampu memahami makna hidup dan takdir yang telah digariskan untuknya. Sinclair telah berhasil mengatasi rintangan-rintangan yang dibuat oleh alam untuknya. Sebagai hasilnya, Sinclair menemukan dirinya yang sejati.CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study From time to time, people are interested in dreams. Some people think that
dreams are fantasies or images they have thought before they sleep. Others think that dreams are good or bad signs about things to happen. Freud, the founding father of psychoanalysis, stated “the best avenue for discovering the content and the activity of the unconscious is through our dreams” (Wellek and Warren, 1956: 148).
Having same opinion with Freud, C. G. Jung had an interesting thought about dreams. He considered a dream as an important factor in framing the conscious outlook. He believed that through dreams we can gain deeper understanding about the dreamer. Feist states that Jung believed “the natural condition of human is to move toward self-realization. Thus, if a person‘s conscious life is incomplete in a certain area, that person’s unconscious self will strive to complete that condition through the dream process” (Feist, 2002:119). Therefore, we can help to solve a person’s problem by interpreting the dreams she or he has.
To interpret a dream people have to discover the meaning of symbols it presents. A symbol is, according to Jung, “a term, a name, or even a picture that maybe familiar in daily life, yet that possesses specific connotations in addition to
2 hidden from us” (Jung, 1964: 20). Since symbols in a dream have different meanings to different people, one needs to learn about the dreamer’s character, the environment he or she lives in, important events she or he had before dreaming etc.
Once one is done interpreting a person’s dreams, he or she is able to reveal the part of his or her incomplete conscious life. When this process is done to every dream that a person has, often it leads to a new deeper understanding of his or her life; it brings her or him to wholeness. Fordham said that Jung believed to be whole means “to become reconciled with those sides of personality, consciousness and unconsciousness, which not been taken into account” (Fordham, 1956: 77). In further step, this ‘wholeness process’ leads us to individuation.
Psychological rebirth, also called individuation, is a process of becoming a complete individual or whole person. People who have gone through this process have achieved realization of the self, minimized their persona, and become conscious of their anima or animus and their shadow (Feist, 2002: 116-117). This process, of course, is difficult to accomplish. Therefore, individuation is rarely achieved. Persona, anima or animus, and shadow are the archetype of the unconscious. Sometimes they reveal themselves through dreams in symbolic forms. Therefore by understanding and interpreting dreams we can get a step closer to individuation.
Jung, in his book The Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature believed that from the beginning of human society we find traces of man's efforts to banish his fears by expressing them in literary forms. What is important for the study of literature
3 conscious attitude. Since the artist's work responds to the needs of his society, the archetypal images that the artist uses are morally neutral; therefore a great work of art is always morally and intellectually ambiguous (Jung, 1933:86).
The good example of artist who always being led by his unconsciousness in creating literary work is Herman Hesse. Recovering from nervous breakdown Hesse was motivated to study the theory of psychoanalysis, specifically Jung’s analytical psychology, which clarified and contrasted in his mind his own intuitive approach to the problems he portrayed in his earlier writings (Gotschalk, www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=2115). This new understanding inspired Hesse to write Demian: the Story of Emil Sinclair’s Youth.
In Demian: the Story of Emil Sinclair’s Youth Hesse told about a journey of a young man named Emil Sinclair in revealing individuation. Sinclair was born in a wealthy honored family. His parents were honorable high class citizen. Therefore, Sinclair was sent to the best private school in town and was expected to make friends with other high class children. But Sinclair without his parents knowing also made friends with some children from public school, with one of whom later he got some troubles. Raised in a religious family Sinclair was expected to be loyal to his religion. But his mind sometimes denied. Sinclair started looking for his own path although he hid it from his parents. He knew it would not be easy. At the age of eight Sinclair realized there were two realms in the world. His family lived in the realm of light where everything was pure, simple and innocent, while he was interested in the other realm, the realm of shadow. At first, Sinclair tried to deny his interest in this realm until he met
4 the realm and taught him not to deny his shadow and instead he had to understand and to accept his shadow completely. Years later when Sinclair continued his study in other town he met Pistorius, from whom he learned about dream. It was Pistorius who told him to draw every object that appeared in his dreams, especially unknown objects. Pistorius taught him about the important of dreams and the symbols in it. Sinclair started to reveal his individuation by revealing the meaning of his dreams and the symbols in it. During his friendship with Pistorius Sinclair never met Demian. When his friendship with Pistorius was about to break up, Sinclair dreamed about a man. Not long after his painting was done, Sinclair met Demian and his mother, Frau Eva. Soon Sinclair realized that the painting he made was Demian’s face as an adult though the last time he met Demian when Demian was still a teenager.
During his journey, Sinclair revealed his individuation step by step. First he learned about his shadow and persona. Then he learned about his Anima and Wise man. The shadow, persona, anima, and the image Wise man were the archetypes of unconsciousness that lead Sinclair revealing his Self. The self unites opposing elements of psyche, male and female, good and evil, light and dark forces. Those archetypes were connected to each other by Sinclair’s dreams. This whole process called individuation process.
Hesse also illustrated the individual’s need to understand himself. He showed Sinclair’s depression caused by his sexuality, and feelings of being an outcast. Through the despair the readers can understand the importance of accepting one’s thoughts and desires even if they do not correlate with those of
5 that allows for a peaceful and harmonious being.
The issue of individuation that has been mentioned above is the topic of this undergraduate thesis. How Sinclair learned about the revelation of his individuation and the significance of dreams in Sinclair’s individuation are going to be discussed in this undergraduate thesis. Yet, it is important to analyze the characterization of Sinclair before discussing the revelation. Therefore the characterization of Sinclair is going to be discussed first. Hopefully the discussion will help people in understanding the beauty of Hesse’s works and move them to revealing their own individuation.
B. Problem Formulation
The following problems are going to be discussed in this undergraduate thesis.
1. How does Sinclair’s characteristic develop?
2. How does Sinclair reveal his individuation?
3. What are the significances of dreams in the Sinclair’s individuation?
C. Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problem formulation, the study is conducted to understand and analyze the revelation of Sinclair’s individuation in Hesse’ Demian: the Story
of Emil Sinclair’s Youth and to find the significance of dreams in the revelation of
Sinclair’s individuation.6 D. Definitions of Terms
1. Dream
In Feist’s Theories of Personality Jung said that dreams are our unconscious and spontaneous attempt to know the unknowable, to comprehend a reality that can only be expressed symbolically Dreams are often compensatory; that is feelings and attitude not expressed during waking life will find an outlet through the dream process (Feist, 2002: 118).
2. Individuation
According to Jung in Feist’s Theories of Personality, Individuation or self- realization is the process of becoming an individual or a whole person.
Individuation is relatively rare and is achieved only by people who are able to assimilate their unconscious into their total personality, to minimize their persona, and to become conscious of their anima or animus (Feist, 2002: 117).
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies According to Herman Hesse, inner harmony can only be attained by the
complete acceptance of all natural desires and actions. He illustrates the necessity of self-awareness through his portrayal of the individual and his or her continuous quest through life to ultimate self-acceptance. In the novel Demian: the Story of
Emil Sinclair’s Youth , Hesse creates Sinclair’s personal quest as the major
character to illustrate the pain and despair resulting from uncertainty in one’s feelings and actions.
It is said in stories of his life, Hesse teaches that self-understanding and peace can only come with the recognition and realization of all one’s drives. In pursuit of this goal, one must not allow the often unnatural and hypocritical standards of society to prevent the expression of all aspects of one’s personality.
Seidlin says in his essay “Herman Hesse: The Exorcism of the Demon” that Hesse’s main characters in his novels share one thing in common; that is:
To know oneself, to explore the hidden corners in one’s soul, not to flinch even if one finds these corners populated with beasts and demons; this is the purpose of Emil Sinclair’s (Demian), Steppenwolf’s (Steppenwolf) and Goldmund’s (Narcissus and Goldmund) travels (1973: 63).
Seidlin also states that The urge to find out the secret about one’s self and the hidden corners of
8 and it will not rest until the last veil is drawn back (1973: 54).
The same as Seidlin’s opinions about Hermann Hesse’s works, Ziolkowski states further that the essential theme of Demian: the Story of Emil Sinclair's
Youth is that Hesse believes human experience three-stage quests in their search
for identity. Therefore Hesse uses this pattern in his novels, including Demian: the
Story of Emil Sinclair's Youth . Sinclair stepped out from the innocence of his
childhood into a despair caused by “the knowledge of good and evil; and this despair gives a way to a new and higher faith in himself” (1973: 1366).
Ziolkowski quotes Sinclair’s words in Demian: the Story of Emil Sinclair's Youth “an enlightened man had but one duty- to seek the way to himself, to reach inner certainty.” Then the literary critics have to find out “how, rather than whether, the quest plays a role in Hesse thought and work” (1973: 134).
Through this thesis, the writer tries to develop the question Ziolkowski asked, how a man seek the way to himself, to reach inner certainty and how it plays a role in his life; in this case the man refers to Emil Sinclair the narrator of
Demian: the Story of Emil Sinclair’s Youth . Hopefully, by analyzing and
answering the question the writer gain a better view in understanding individuation. The writer also tries to prove that dreams do have significant roles as a guidance and a clue in finding individuation.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theories of Character and Characterization
9 or narrative work endowed with moral and disposition qualities that expressed in what they say (the dialogue) and what they do (the action)” (1981: 20). According to Holman and Harmon (1986: 81), through the characters we will find the presence of moral uprightness and the simpler notion of the presence of creature in art that seem to be human beings. It means that a character in a story can be an imitation of human presented as a brief description of a person who has definite quality (1986: 83).
E. M. Foster in Aspects of the Novel (1972: 18) says that there are flat characters and round characters. A flat character is built around a single idea or quality and is represented in outline and without much individuality detail, and so they can be mainly described in single phrase or sentence. They are characterized by one or two traits. The round characters are complex in temperament and motivation, and are presented with subtle peculiarly; thus they are as difficult to describe with any adequacy as person in the real life; and like the most people they are capable of surprising us.
A character should not be static because the plot and the story go forward therefore it affect the character. In other words a character should develop because the story in which the character occurs also develops. At the end of the novel, the character will not be the same anymore from what it is at the beginning of the novel (De Laar and Schoonderwoerd, 1963: 171).
Little, in his book Approach to Literature (1981:91), says that a character can be studied from first his or her basic characteristics. This can be seen the
10 relationship with other characters or (and) wider social relationship, such as occupation and social class. Basic characteristic can be seen also from character’s ways of thinking, feeling and acting. Second, a character can be analyzed from his or her appearance from various points of view, including how the character sees himself or herself. A character can be studied from how he or she develops or fails to develop during the course of the story.
Murphy illustrates some ways that author attempts to make his character understandable and come alive for the readers (1972: 161-173): a. Personal Description
To describe the character, the author explains physical appearances of the character. The description is often related to his psychological condition. The personality itself can be reflected from the external appearance.
b. Speech The author can give us insight into the thought of a certain character through what he or she say. Whenever a person is speaking, he is giving the readers some clues to his or her character.
c. Past Life By learning about a person’s past life, the author can give the reader a clue that has helped to shape a person’s character. The character’s past life is always closely connected to his or her present life.
d. Conversation with Others The author can give the reader clues to a person’s character through
11 readers need to pay attention towards the conversations of other characters. It is useful to go to speech by speech to determine exactly what it is meant or implied by each character.
e. Thought The readers follow the inner life of the character’s mind and then make the association of the ideas. In brief, readers are facilitated to disclose the thought inside the character’s mind.
2. Theories of Dream
Two people known as great dream analysts are Freud and Jung. For Freud
the dream reveals what the dreamer would rather keep hidden. By exploring the dream, someone is forced to face things that are suppressed and rejected within oneself. On the other hand, Jung thought that the dream acts as a mirror of the ego. It reveals what is missing within the dreamer’s consciousness. The dream acts as a teacher and a guide on the road toward wholeness. Jung considered dream to be a compensation of neglected aspect of a dreamer’s personality in waking life. It means, for example, when a man ignore his shadow consciously, he will have a dream in which his shadow figure appears. In Theories of Personality Jung states “The natural condition of human is to move toward completion or self- realization. Thus, if a person’s conscious life is incomplete in certain area, the person’s unconscious self will strive to complete that condition through the dream process” (Feist, 2002: 119).
12 the personal and collective unconscious and to integrate them into consciousness in order to facilitate the process of individuation” (Feist, 2002: 228). Jung believed that to understand a dream the analyst has to unravel its relationship with the dreamer and his life, then discovering the significance of the various images the dream present. Each image or symbol must be taken in turn till its meaning for the dreamer is established as nearly as possible. Each dream is taken as a direct expression of the dreamer‘s unconscious and only to be understood in this light (Fordham, 1956: 97).
According to Jolande Jacobi in his essay Symbols in an Individual
Analysis
“If a young person is afraid of life and finds it hard to adjust to reality, he might prefer to dwell in his fantasies or to remain a child. In such a young person (especially if he is introvert) one can sometimes discover unexpected treasures in the unconsciousness strengthen his ego and give him the psychic energy he needs to grow into a mature person. That is the function of the powerful symbolism of our dreams.”
Dream can be interpreted on an objective level or on a subjective level. On objective level the dream is related to the dreamer’s environment, while on subjective level the dream-figures are taken as representing aspects of the dreamer’s personality. Fordham states, “The subjective aspect of dreams becomes more important in the subjective level of analysis when the personal problems have been seen and understood” (Fordham, 1956: 99).
A series of dreams is easier to interpret than a single dream, for the theme which the unconscious is presenting becomes clearer, the important images are underlined by repetition, and mistakes in interpretation are corrected by the next
13
3. Theories of Individuation
According to Jung, the total personality consists of separated interacting system. The principal ones are the ego, the personal unconscious, the collective unconscious and its archetypes, and finally, the self, which is fully developed archetype that unifies the personality.
a. The Ego Ego is the conscious mind that responsible for feeling of identity and continuity. It consists of conscious perceptions, memories, thoughts, and feelings.
Consciously, it is the center of the personality.
b. The Personal Unconscious A person’s personal unconscious is formed by individual experience and is therefore unique to each person (Feist, 2002: 98). Fordham says that it is formed from repressed infantile impulses and wishes. (p. 22). It is determined by not only experiences that are ignored, forgotten, and repressed; and experiences that are too weak to make impression upon the person but also by the reactions to those experiences.
c. Collective Unconscious In contrast to personal unconscious, The collective unconscious has roots in ancestral past of the entire species.
The physical contents of the collective unconscious are inherited and pass from one generation to next as physic potential. Therefore, the contents of the collective unconscious are more or less the same for people in all cultures (Jung in Feist, 2002: 98)
The collective unconscious is responsible for people’s myth, legends, and religious beliefs. What a person learns as a result experiences is influenced by the
14 collective unconscious. The collective unconscious also produces ‘big dream’, that is dreams with meaning beyond the individual dreamer and that are filled with significance for people in every time and place (Feist, 2002: 98).
One of the contents of collective unconscious is archetypes. The archetypes, Jung thought, is a universal idea which contains a large element of emotion. It originates from a permanent deposit in the mind of an experience that has been constantly repeated for many generations. Archetypes interpenetrate and interfuse with one another. For example, in Hitler, there is a fusion of the demon and hero archetypes and the result is the satanic leader (Feist, 2002: 99). Jung explained further that in it self, an archetype is neither good nor evil. It is morally neutral, and becomes good or evil only by contact with conscious mind.
Jung identified several archetypes. The ones that he felt were especially important include the persona, the shadow, and the anima/animus. To Jung, abstract figures, situations, places and processes can also give expression to them (Feist, 2002: 127).
Persona is the mask people wear to make a particular impression on others; it is called an artificial personality that is a compromise between a person's real individuality and society's expectations. Jacobi said in his essay “Symbols in an Individual Analysis”, persona has two purposes: first to make specific impression on other people and second, to conceal the individual’s inner self from their prying eyes (1964: 287). Persona is made up of things like professional titles, roles, habits of social behavior, etc. It serves to both guarantee social order and to protect the individual's private life. That is, when the ego identifies itself with the
15 persona, the individual become particularly susceptible to the unconscious.
The shadow is a step further towards self-realization when one recognizes and integrates it. It is the negative or inferior (undeveloped) side of the personality. The shadow may be hidden from public view by persona or repressed into personal unconscious.
It is the archetype of darkness and repression; represents those qualities that people do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from themselves and others, including animal tendencies that Jung claimed we have inherited from our infra-human ancestors. Jung said that to be whole, people must continually strive to know their shadow (Feist, 2002: 101).
Von Franz said in his essay “The Process of Individuation”, when a person attempts to see his shadow, he becomes aware of (and often ashamed of) those qualities and impulsively denies it in himself but can plainly see it in other people; such things as egotism, mental laziness, carelessness, cowardice, etc (1964: 168).
The shadow can appear in dreams and in many forms.
Sometimes an individual feels impaled to live out the worse side of his nature and to repress his better side. In such case, the shadow appears as a positive figure in his dream. But to a person who lives out his natural emotions and feelings, the shadow may appear as a cold and negative figure (von Franz, 1964: 172).
The anima is said to represent the feminine in men, and come from three sources: individual man's experience with women as companion; man's own femininity- rooted presumably in the minority of female genes and hormones present in man's body; and the inherited collective image that has been formed from man's collective experience of woman through out the centuries (www.clas.ufl.edu/users/gthursby/fonda/jung03.html).
Anima often appears in dreams, as long as she remains unconscious. She
16 may also be projected outwards onto various women--first the mother, then lover and wife as one grow. This projection is said to be responsible for the passionate attraction or aversion and a man's general apprehension of the nature of women.
Should a man mistakenly identify with the anima, Jung says, she can produce effeminacy or homosexuality. Anima is also responsible for the feminine tendencies in a man’s psyche such as vague feelings and moods, receptiveness to the irrational, capacity for personal love, feeling for nature and his relation to the unconscious (von Franz, 1964: 177).
Self is called the "midpoint of the personality" a centre between consciousness and the unconsciousness. It signifies the harmony and balance between the various opposing qualities that make up the psyche. It motivates people’s behavior and causes them to search for wholeness especially through the avenues provided by religion. To actualize the self, people must overcome their fear of unconscious, prevent their persona from dominating their personality, and recognize the dark side of them. Also they have to muster greater courage to face their anima or animus. By doing so, they will reach individuation. Individuation means the harmonious blending of all aspects of human’s total personality. It means that the psyche has evolved a new center that is the Self; which takes the place of the old center, the Ego.
According to Jung, one must get in touch with the Shadow and Anima/Animus before one can truly get in touch with the self. To realize it, it is necessary for the various systems of personality to become completely differentiated and fully developed. The process by which this is achieved is called
17 the individuation process.
The self-realized person must allow the unconscious self to become the core of the personality. To deal with the unconscious is a difficult process that demands courage to face the evil nature of his or her shadow and to accept the feminine or masculine side. The self-realized person is dominated by the conscious ego but achieves a balance between all aspects of personality (Feist, 2002: 117).
4. Theories of Symbol
In analytical psychology, symbol considered as an important element, to understand the symbol means to understand the unconscious (Grotjahn, 1971: 160). Symbol is projection of someone’s unconsciousness. In order to know what is projected, the analyst needs to know his or her ideas, feelings, and emotions that occur in his or her symbolical language. Grotjahn states:
“The symbol preserves (or prepares) mastery over thought, ideas, emotion, or, in the case of projecting symbolic representation into the outer world, it establishes magic-mystery over reality. Such mastery, even if only illusionary may avoid anxiety and may lead to creative action later” (1971: 163).
Jung uses the word symbol rather than sign because there is a distinction between symbol and sign. As Fordham says “A sign is a substitute for, or a representation of a real thing, while a symbol carries a wider meaning and expresses a psychic fact which can not be formulated more exactly.” (p. 20)
According to Frye in his book the Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays, there are three phases in which symbols can be identified. First the literal and descriptive phase, in which symbols function as motif and signs. Symbols as motif mean the elements are understood inwardly or centripetally, while symbols as sign mean, as it mentioned above, a representation of real things.
18 Second the formal phase, in which symbols function as image. Formal phase deals with nature and reality. This phase views images as symbols that show analogy or similarity proportion between a work of art and the nature that it imitates. In this phase the work of art is not a shadow of nature, but it enables the nature to be reflected in it.
The third phase is mythical phase. In this phase symbols function as an archetype. Mythical phase looks at literature as a technique of communication and symbols are the communicable unit that is a recurring image called archetype.
There is other way to identify symbols. Rohrberger and Woods state that the readers can usually trust the story for the identification and discovery of symbols because when an author wishes to mark an object or detail with symbolic significance, he will indicate, either explicitly or implicitly, his intended meaning.
“Symbols are not things invented by an author to confuse the readers; it is not a strange object with far-fetched meaning arbitrarily attached to them, but they are, in literature as in life, a vital part of our experience” (Rorhberger and Woods, 1971:136).
5. The Relation between Literature and Psychology
Before the writer go to the theory on relation of literature and psychology, it is important to know what psychology is. Psychology can be defined as the scientific study of the activities of the individual man in interaction with environment (Walker, 1970: 1). In analyzing literary works the readers may relate the work with any psychological theories that are suitable. Things that can be
19 analyzed using psychological theories are human life, personality, behavior, emotion, idea, actions, etc. As Ellis explain that:
The discipline is able to contribute much to the study of literature. The discipline that would appear to be the most useful to literary study must be those that will assist in analyzing both literary text and their function in human life and society (974:249).
Lindeur explain that “literature is best at describing the human condition in a dramatic form while psychology has the strength to investigate human’s character or behavior in systematic ways” (1984: 44). It means that literature depicts human condition in dramatic way while psychology studies human characteristic systematically. Both subjects have one common purpose that is to depict human condition.