THE MORPHOLOGY OF CONTEMPORARY ACEHNESE.

THE MORPHOLOGY OF CONTEMPORARY
ACEHNBSE

A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Graduate Program
in Partial Fulfiliment of The Requir~mnts
for the Degree of MAC1ISTER IN HUMANI0Rt\

HY

M. NAZAR
Reg~

No : 035010099

MJLIK PERPUSTAW~

UN I MEr'

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS
GRADUATE PROGRAl'l

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2005

Thesis

The Morphology of Contemporary
Acehnese
Arranged and Proposed by:
NAME: M. NAZAR
Reg. No:035010099
Has been defended before the Thesis Examination Committee on May 19, 2005
and declared to have fulfilled the requirement

Approved By:
First Consultant,

Second Consultant,

Prof.Dr. J. Naibaho

Graduat

Prof. Dr. Belferrk Manu liang

Acknowledgement
This thesis is completed due to the guidance, motivation, encouragement,
support, and help of many persons. 1 can mention only a few ofthem below, to whom
f am very thankful and grateful, particularly to Prof. Dr. J. Naibaho , and Dr. Lince

Sihombing, M.Pd as my consultants who are always kind and helpful to give strong

Similar thanks are due to Prof D.P. Tampubplon, P.lill, Prof. Amrin Saragih,
P.hD, Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd. who have given lots of important critical comments,
suggestions, and recommendations in improving his thesis.
A high respect is offered by me to Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd, who is always
active to monitor, guide and give valuable encouragement and motivation to me. 1
should also like to thank all the lectures of English Applied Lin.!:,JUistics and his
classmates as l really have benefited much from their lectures, and discussion in class
during my study.

I also would like to thank the STAIN \Vhich has donated scholarship during
academic years (Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Lhokseumawe). Thank j s also
due to the rector of STAIN, Drs. Haffifuddin, M. Ag, for the pennission and facility
given during my S -2 program at State University ofMcdan.

Pro~m

The most precious appreciation is expressed to all liis friends in Graduate
of Applied Linguistics, State University ofMcdan, a few close friends

Samsul Bahri, Vanson, Choki David, Erika, Lely, Lasma, Lili, and all others
who can not be mentioned one by one, for their support.
Finally, I would like to express my deepest brratefulness to my family. His
beloved wife, Cut Adncn, sons and daughter: Nanda Satria, Noennan Akbar and Cut
Nindya Rizky for their fidelity, love, understanding and care without complaining tor
less attention given to them during finishing his study.

God Bless Us!

Lhokseumawe,

z
~

2005

M. Nazar

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(Jit I
II

ABSRACT

M. NAZAR.The Morphology of Contemporary Acehnese. Thesis. English Applied
Linguistics Graduate Program. The State University ofMedan (UNIMED) 2005.

The aim of this study is to identity and analyze the Moiphology of
Contemporary Acehnesc, particularly, morphological process, grammatical properties
and types of morpheme. The data of the study were collected from the daily
conversation uttered by Acehnese speakers. The samples of the study were 30 persons
as Acehnese speakers. They consist of 15 old m
ce nese. orp ological processes involved the contemporary words which were
spoken in daily conversation , namely, morphological process in contemporary
Acehnese, internal change process in Acehnesc, compounding, and conversion.
Affixation consists of derivation, determination of basic forms, types of derivation,
inflection and morphemes

Ill

Table of Contents

111

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION .................................................... .
1.1

1.2
1.3 Research Problem .............................. .................. .
1.4

Objectives ofthe Study............... .... ... ..................

1.5

Significance ofthe Study ..................................... .

6

CHAPTER II :REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATlJRE ............ ..
2.1

Morphology ......................................................... .

2.1. 1 Speech Community............................................. ..

10

2.1.2 The Origin of Acehnese ....................................... .

11

2.1.3 Loans words .................... ..................................... .

12

3. I

Word~

4.1

Morphological Process ........................................ .

Formation ................................................ .

14
1 ~

4.1.1 Morphological process in contemporary Acehnese

18

4.1.2 Contemporary ..................................................... ..

19

4.1.3 Internal Change Process in Acehnese ................. ..

19

4.1.4 Compounding .......................... ........................... ..

21

4.1.5 Conversion............................................................

24

5.1

Affixation...................................... ... .... ................

25

5.1.1 Derivation...................................... .......................

28

5.1.2 Detennination of basic forms .................>'...........

29

JV

5.1.3 Types of derivation................................... ............

31

5.1.4 Inflection...............................................................

32

Types of Morphemes ............................................

35

6.1.1 Morpheme, Free and Bound.................................

36

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY....................................................

38

6.1

3.1
3.2

38
Subject of the Study..............................................

38

3.3 Technique of coliecting the Data ......................... .
3.4

Technique of Analyzing Data .............................. .

CIIAPTER IV; RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... .
4. 1 Research Findings ........................... ..................... .
4.1. J Morphological Process.................... ....................

40

4.1.2 Types of Morpheme......... ...... ... .........................

42

4.1.3 Affixations .......... ............................................... ...

45

4.2

Discussion.............................................................

58

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION......................

61

5.1

Conclusions.................... ......................................

61

5.2. Suggestions...........................................................

63

REFERENCES ....... .... ... .... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ........ .. ... .... ... ... .... ... ........ ....

64

APPENDICCES ....................................................................................

v

Chapter I

Introduction
1.1.

Background of the Study

Aceh located in tip western of Sumatra Island. lt is connoted with Arabic,
China, Europe and Hindi. Acehnese consists of trilingual that are Acehnese,

are used in Aceh hinterland. Acehnese is influenced by four languages, namely,
Arabic, Chinese, European and Hindi. Language majority in use is A:cehncse.
Acehnese is known as spoken language, when Acehnese wants to communicate
through writing they apply Indonesian letters
As other languages in the world, even though Acehnese is merely a spoken
language, it has ovvns morphemes. In science term, everything related to morphemes
and the forms of words in a language is called morphology.
Morphology in Acehnese covers basic words, derivational, inflectional, prefixes,
infixes and suffixes, while in general it differs on morphology of contemporary
Acehnese and this study is concerned on contempr~y

of Achehnese.

Most human beings begin speaking their native language between the ages of
one or two years but they do so with little or without conscious thought on their part.
They will probably find it very difficult to begin, or even impossible, to explain what
they do when they speak t}je~r

language. In this case, it also occurs in the young

generation in Aceh. Most of them arc difficult to communicate by using Acehnese
when they talk in the official events like, speech or rhetoric.
There are many, mistakes in composing words of daily conversation in Aceh
language, especially in Active and Passive voice. Most of people in Eastern and
Northern Aceh differ in speaking active and passive forms. For ExamP.Ie: Eastern
Aceh said I;ih ijep ie /'She drinks water' (Active form). 1- !e nan dijep le jihi] 'The
water is drunk by her' (Passive voice). Northern Aceh said, I Jih dijep ie I ' She
drinks water' (Active Voice). I !e nan d{iep le jih I 'The water is drunk by her'
(Passive voice). Prefix [ i] does not occur in verb form in Acehnese, and also [ di J is
loan word from Indonesian. Most Acehnese people use prefix [diJ at active form in
daily conversation, May be it caused by the influence of loan words from Indonesian.
It actually should be said jih jep ie ;Jih Jep i:/-... She drinks water (Active form), and
ie nyan jijep le jih I i: nan 1I1ep le Jih I--" Water is drunk by her (Passive form). What
we talk above, it is just parts of illustration which occur in daily conversation. There
are more other mistakes done by Acchnesc.
Morphemes are so called words construction because they are used to derive
new words and meanings. They might he prefixes, infixes, and suffixes in Acehnese,
have lexical function, they create new words out of the existing words or morphemes
their addition. There are more other mistakes done by Acehnese one of them such the
following description:

2

Table: 1

The Active and Passive Voice of Acehnese Uttered Wrongly

Spoken by Eastern Acehnese
English

Spoken by Northern Acehnese

_Acehnese

1. She drinks water jih ijep ie

Acehnese
The water is drunk Ie nyan dijep le
by her
jih
' The dog is thrown AsE( nyan dirom le
by Sister
Kak
j

1

2. Sister throw the
dog

Kak irom asci

them

awak nyan

II
Whole actually when the Acehnese follow correctly the sentences 'rules, the
sentences must be stated such the following:

Table: 2

The· Active and Passive Voice of Acehnese Uttered
Correctly

Active voice
1-·~

English

1--·--------··-

Passive Voice
---------+-----------.-------------:1
Acehnese
English
Acehnese
·------· ---t---------+----

1. She drinks coffee

jih jep kupi
/lih ':]ep kupi/

The coffee is drunk Kupi nyan jijep le
by her
jih

2. Sister threw the
dog

Kak rom asee
/kak r9rn asci/

The dog is thrown
by Sister

r
1.

j 3. They kick the ball

I

Awak nyan sipak
bola

Assi nyan jirom le
Kak
Bola nyanjiis'ipak le
awak nyan

awak nan sipak
>bhban/

3

1). The mistakes prefix Ui) to (di) often takes place. Those mistakes actually
occur because of the acculturation of Acehnese and Indonesian. This is the
way of Acehnese contemporary.
The number of words existing within a language varies from one language to
another and no one knows exactly the fixed number of words owned by a language.
Anyhow, investigation in the sources and the making of words have been carried out
by many distinguished scholars and linguists. The linguists agree on three main
resources of words, i.e. origin words, loans, and newly- fanned words. Whereas, with
respect to the word- making, some processes are identified to involve such as
compounding, affixation, and conversation, etc. (Cassidy 1954)
2.) Of course, this acculturation leads to increase the number of words existing
within Acehnesc.
The morphological processes which involve in the making of newly fonned in
the production of new words. Therefore, a morphological process may either
be a class- maintaining or a class-changing one.

4

Table 3.

Morphological Process Involves the Contemporary of New word

I English

Old Word in Acehnese

New Word in Acehnese

--··---------+--·--------1
""Sumantri /sumanri/
Tomat

j Tomato

Cake

Kue

.
I

Pretty

I Lagak

Cedah I tfedah /

, Hot

I Towel
Hit

Ugop I ugop I

Su:um

lja pawe /ija pawo/

Andok

Harn~k

Qrother

l Sister

/hamsk/

Poh

. Polem / polem I

I Abang

I Cupo I tjups /

r

Kakak

__1___····-- ··--··----__j

L _ __ _ _ - - · · - - - · - - ..

The present study is an attempt to describe Acehncse morphology, uttered by
Acehnese speaker, \vhich morphological are there in contemporary Acehnese. There
are

several

morphological

processes

in

contemporary

compounding, affixation, derivation, inflection and conversation.

5

Acehnese,

namely,

1.2

Research Problem
Dealing with the background described above, the problem of the study can be
formulated as follows:
a. What morphological processes are there in contemporary Acehnese?
b. What types of morphemes are there in contemporary Acehnese?
c. What affixations 0\vned by contemporary Acehnese morphemes?

1.3

Objectives of the Study
The study has the objectives as in the following:
a. to find out the morphological processes m contemporary Acelinese
morphemes
b. to find out the types of morphemes in contemporary Acehnese?
c. to find out the affixations owned by contemporary Acchnese?

Scope of the Study
The study restricted on investigation of the Acehnese morphemes which
undergo

the

change of word

in

contemporary Acehnese speakers.

Morphological process occurs in contemporary Acehnese language is caused
by the influence of the other languages which brought by outsiders to Aceh or
by 1\cehnese themselves who interact with outsiders. Thus, the study is not
concerned with such issues as error analysis as far as the constructions made

by Acehnesc speakers in daily conversation"

6

I.5

Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be beneficial as follows:
Firstly, the writer expects that the finding of the study would be useful

especially for Acehnese speakers and the people who want to study the language
especially in learning Acehnese language.
Secondly, the observers of Acehnese are expecte.d to attempt to develop the
grammar book in Aceh not only Acehnese but also the others will be .able to learn
Acehnesc structurally.

7

References
Akmajian, A 1984. Unguistics : An Introduction to /,anguage and CommunicaUon.
The Mit Press, Cambridge.
Bernhart, A.Thorndike. 1979. The World Book Dictionary. Published Exclusively.
Bloomfield, L. 1965. Language. London: Allen and Unwin.Ltd
Chafe,Wallace L. 1971. Linguistics and human knowlecJ..f?e. In Richard J. O'Brien,
S.J. Geortown University Monograph Series on Languages and Linguistics.
Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Hockett, C. F. 1973. A Course In Modern Unguistics. Oxford.
Huddleston, R. 1984. Introduction to Grammar ofl!..'nglish. CUP, Cambridge.
Hurgronje, Snouck. 1985. Aceh di Mata Kolonialis. Jakarta. Yayasan Soko Guru.
Isa Sulaiman, M. I 977. Sejarah Aceh. Jakarta. Pustaka Sinar Harapan.

Jamuda, Affan, 2000. J,heeh Saboh Nang. Ace h.: Kuta Raja. CV. Angkasa Muda
Kerf, Gorys. 1973. tara Bahasa Indonesia. Flores: Nusa Indah
Parera, J.D. !990. Mor.fologT. Jakarta. PT. Gramadia Pustaka Utama.
Said, Muhammad. 1961. A ceh Separyang A bad (Acheh through Ages). Second
edition. Medan.
Staieble, D. 1967. Concise Handbook ofLinguistics. London: Peter Owen.
Tampubolon, D.P. 1983. Verbal Ajfl..xatiom in Indonesian: A Semantic Exploration.
Department of Lin~:,TUstc

Research School of Pacific Studies. The Australian

National University.

64

Appendix

A. Pengantar
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk rnemperoleh data dari penutur Bahasa Aceh di
dalam percakapan sehari hari. Mereka adaJah berjumlah 30 orang, yaitu 1§ orang dari
kalangan remaja Aceli dan 15 orang dari kalangan generasi tua. Mereka dipilih secara

dalam pemahaman Bahasa Aceh dari Bahasa terdahulu hingga penguasaan Bahasa
saat ini. Mereka yang dijadikan sampel adalah berfariasi dari usia 15 -40 talmn dan
dari 40 sampai dengan 60 tahun. Teknik penggunaan sample secara berurutan. Dalam
teknik ini penulis akan rnemilih orang Aceh secara acak di dalam masyarakat.

B. Pertanyaan- Pertanyaan adalah sebagai berikut:
a. Bagaimana mengucapkan "Air itu diminum oleh dia" dalam bahasa
Aceh(Passive voice)

b. Bagaimana mengucapkan "Dia minum Air" dalam Bahasa Aceh(A:ctive
Voice)
c. Sebutkan kata "kue" dalam bahasa Aceh
Untuk lengkapnya dinyatakan dalam daftar table dalam Iampiran Appendik berikut

65