TUGAS AKHIR DASAR PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN Pengembangan Taman Balekambang sebagai Taman Kota Cyber dengan Pendekatan Arsitektur Regionalisme.
TUGAS AKHIR
DASAR PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN
PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR (DP3A)
PENGEMBANGAN TAMAN BALEKAMBANG
sebagai Taman Kota Cyber dengan Pendekatan Arsitektur
Regionalisme
Diajukan sebagai Pelengkap dan
Syarat Guna Mencapai Gelar Sarjana Teknik Arsitektur
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Disusun Oleh :
Adesta Ari Wibowo
D 300 110 013
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2015
i
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang selalu melimpahkan rahmat, hidayah, serta
inayah-Nya dan tak lupa sholawat serta salam selalu tercurah kepada Nabi Besar
junjungan kita Muhammad SAW yang telah memberi tauladan yang baik
sehingga kita masih berada di jalan-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyusun dan
menyelesaikan Dasar Program Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur dengan
judul Pengembangan Taman Balekambang Sebagai Taman Kota Cyber dengan
Pendekatan Arsitektur Regionalisme.
Mata kuliah Dasar Program Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur ini
merupakan salah satu syarat akademik untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Teknik di
Program Studi Arsitektur Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Laporan ini
disusun setelah melaksanakan Pengembangan di obyek yang telah ditentukan.
Kelancaran dalam menyelesaikan Dasar Program Perencanaan dan
Perancangan Arsitektur ini tidak luput dari bantuan, bimbingan serta pengarahan
dari berbagai pihak. Pada kesempatan ini, penulis mengucapkan banyak terima
kasih kepada yang terhormat:
1. Ibu Suryaning Setyowati, ST, MT., selaku ketua Program Studi Arsitektur
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2. Ibu Suharyani, ST., selaku Koordinator mata kuliah Dasar Program
Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur.
3. Ibu Rini Hidayati, ST, MT, selaku Dosen Pembimbing Utama Dasar
Program Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur
4. Ibu Yayi Arsandrie, ST, MT, selaku Dosen Pembimbing Kedua Dasar
Program Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur
5. Ayah dan Ibu ku tercinta yang selalu memberikan do’a, semangat dan
seluruh kasih sayangnya kepada penulis.
6. Teman dekatku Auria Noermy Zahra yang tak pernah bosan memberikan
nasehat, kasih sayang dan motifasi kepada penulis.
7. Sahabatku Iwan, Rizki Karyo, Tendi dan Teris yang selalu memberi
motivasi kepada penulis.
vi
8. Teman-temanku di Program Studi Arsitektur angkatan 2011 yang selalu
bisa bekerja sama dengan baik selama ini.
Penulis menyadari masih banyak kekurangan dalam penyajian laporan ini,
oleh karena itu penulis mohon maaf apabila masih terdapat kesalahan baik dalam
teori, penulisan, maupun penyampaian. Semoga laporan ini dapat bermanfaat.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Hormat Saya
(Adesta Ari Wibowo)
vii
DAFTAR ISI
TUGAS AKHIR ....................................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN TUGAS AKHIR........................................................ ii
LEMBAR PENILAIAN TUGAS AKHIR ............................................................. iii
LEMBAR PENILAIAN TUGAS AKHIR ............................................................. iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ................................... v
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................. xv
DAFTAR DIAGRAM .......................................................................................... xvi
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xvii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xviii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1
1.1.
Pengertian Judul ....................................................................................... 1
1.2.
Latar Belakang.......................................................................................... 2
1.3.
Rumusan Permasalahan .......................................................................... 22
1.3.1.
Permasalahan................................................................................... 22
1.3.2.
Persoalan ......................................................................................... 22
1.4.
Tujuan dan Sasaran................................................................................. 22
1.4.1.
Tujuan ............................................................................................. 22
1.4.2.
Sasaran ............................................................................................ 23
1.5.
Lingkup Pembahasan.............................................................................. 23
1.6.
Keluaran/Desain yang Dihasilkan .......................................................... 24
1.7.
Metodologi Pembahasan ........................................................................ 24
1.8.
Sistematika Pembahasan ........................................................................ 24
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................................................................... 27
2.1
Ruang Terbuka ....................................................................................... 27
2.1.1.
Pengertian Ruang Terbuka Hijau .................................................... 27
2.1.2.
Fungsi RTH ..................................................................................... 28
viii
2.1.3.
Ruang Terbuka Non Hijau .............................................................. 29
2.1.4.
Fungsi Ruang Terbuka Non Hijau .................................................. 29
2.1.5.
Tipologi Ruang Terbuka Non Hijau ............................................... 31
2.2
Cyber City............................................................................................... 46
2.2.1.
Bangunan dengan Gaya Futuristik .................................................. 48
2.2.2.
Hotspot ............................................................................................ 49
2.2.3.
Video Mapping ................................................................................ 49
2.2.4.
Water Fountain ............................................................................... 50
2.2.5.
Holografi ......................................................................................... 51
2.3
Arsitektur Regionalisme ......................................................................... 52
2.3.1.
Lahirnya Regionalisme ................................................................... 52
2.3.2.
Jenis dan Taksonomi Regionalisme ................................................ 53
2.3.3.
Aplikasi Regionalisme dalam Desain Arsitektur ............................ 54
2.3.4.
Strategi Arsitektur Regionalisme .................................................... 55
2.4
Kebudayaan Jawa ................................................................................... 56
2.4.1.
Wayang Kulit .................................................................................. 57
2.4.2.
Keris ................................................................................................ 57
2.4.3.
Batik ................................................................................................ 58
2.4.4.
Gamelan .......................................................................................... 59
2.5
Arsitektur Mangkunegaran ..................................................................... 59
2.6
Studi Komparasi ..................................................................................... 61
2.6.1.
Cyber City ....................................................................................... 61
2.6.2.
Taman Kota ..................................................................................... 67
2.7
Tanaman Tradisional Jawa ..................................................................... 74
2.7.1.
Waringin (Beringin) ........................................................................ 74
2.7.2.
Tanjung ........................................................................................... 75
2.7.3.
Gayam ............................................................................................. 75
2.7.4.
Sawo Kecik ..................................................................................... 76
2.7.5.
Asem ............................................................................................... 76
2.7.6.
Kemuning ........................................................................................ 76
2.7.7.
Bodhi ............................................................................................... 77
ix
2.7.8.
Kepel Watu...................................................................................... 77
2.7.9.
Jambu Darsana dan Jampu Tlampok Arum. ................................... 78
BAB III TINJAUAN UMUM WILAYAH PERANCANGAN............................ 79
3.1.
Definisi Kota Surakarta .......................................................................... 79
3.
................................................................................................................ 79
3.1.1.
Aspek Fisik Kota Surakarta ............................................................ 79
3.1.2.
Aspek Non Fisik Kota Surakarta..................................................... 81
3.2.
Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Surakarta ....................................... 83
3.3.
Definisi Taman Balekambang ................................................................ 85
3.3.1.
Definisi Umum Taman Balekambang ............................................. 85
3.3.2.
Sejarah Balekambang ...................................................................... 87
3.3.3.
Identifikasi Taman Balekambang ................................................... 88
BAB IV ANALISA PENDEKATAN DAN KONSEP PERENCANAAN DAN
PERANCANGAN................................................................................................. 96
4.1.
Analisa dan Konsep Makro .................................................................... 96
4.1.1.
Analisa Kota Surakarta ................................................................... 96
4.1.2.
Analisa Potensi Site ......................................................................... 96
4.1.3.
Analisa Pencapaian Tapak .............................................................. 97
4.2.
Analisa dan Konsep Mikro ..................................................................... 99
4.2.1.
Pendekatan Konsep Pengolahan Site .............................................. 99
4.2.2.
Analisa dan Konsep Pengguna ...................................................... 116
4.2.3.
Analisa dan Konsep Aktifitas dan Ruang ..................................... 118
4.2.4.
Analisa dan Konsep Massa ........................................................... 133
4.2.5.
Analisa dan Konsep Tampilan Arsitektur ..................................... 137
4.2.6.
Analisa dan Konsep Struktur ........................................................ 145
4.2.7.
Analisa dan Konsep Lansekap ...................................................... 151
4.2.8.
Analisa dan Konsep Utilitas .......................................................... 156
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................... 161
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Dimensi Motor .................................................................................. 31
Gambar 2.2 Dimensi Parkir Mobil ........................................................................ 32
Gambar 2.3 Dimensi Mobil................................................................................... 32
Gambar 2.4 Contoh RTNH Pembatas ................................................................... 35
Gambar 2.5 Paving Block Permeable ................................................................... 36
Gambar 2.6 Antopometri Manusia Duduk ............................................................ 36
Gambar 2.7 Fasilitas Tempat Sampah .................................................................. 36
Gambar 2.8 Kemiringan Ramp ............................................................................. 39
Gambar 2.9 Susunan Ubin Pemandu .................................................................... 40
Gambar 2.10 Playground ...................................................................................... 41
Gambar 2.11 Taman Edukasi di Taman City Walk ............................................... 42
Gambar 2.12 Amphitheater Hollywood Bowl ...................................................... 42
Gambar 2.13 Gedung Kesenian Jakarta ................................................................ 43
Gambar 2.14 Outbound ......................................................................................... 44
Gambar 2.15 Wikipedia ........................................................................................ 45
Gambar 2.16 Kolam Air ........................................................................................ 45
Gambar 2.17 Art Gallery Outdoor ........................................................................ 46
Gambar 2.18 Cyber City ....................................................................................... 48
Gambar 2.19 Bangunan Futuristik ........................................................................ 49
Gambar 2.20 Video Mapping Karya Adi Panuntun .............................................. 50
Gambar 2.21 Water Fountain ............................................................................... 51
Gambar 2.22 Holografi ......................................................................................... 52
Gambar 2.23 Wayang Kulit .................................................................................. 57
Gambar 2.24 Keris ................................................................................................ 58
Gambar 2.25 Batik ................................................................................................ 58
Gambar 2.26 Gamelan .......................................................................................... 59
Gambar 2.27 Pura Mangkunegaran....................................................................... 61
Gambar 2.28 Losari sebagai Makassar Cyber City ............................................... 63
Gambar 2.29 Konsep Modern Berbasis Informasi di Banda Aceh ....................... 64
Gambar 2.30 Proses Pembuatan Dubai Fountain ................................................. 66
Gambar 2.31 Dubai Fountain ............................................................................... 66
Gambar 2.32 Central Park .................................................................................... 68
Gambar 2.33 Taman Bungkul Surabaya ............................................................... 69
Gambar 2.34 Area Kolam dengan Teater Terbuka ............................................... 70
Gambar 2.35 Pedagang Kaki Lima ....................................................................... 71
xi
Gambar 2.36 Pedestrian ........................................................................................ 71
Gambar 2.37 Area Berumput ................................................................................ 71
Gambar 2.38 Rekreasi ........................................................................................... 74
Gambar 2.39 Pohon Beringin ................................................................................ 75
Gambar 2.40 Pohon Tanjung ................................................................................ 75
Gambar 2.41 Pohon Gayam .................................................................................. 75
Gambar 2.42 Pohon Sawo Kecik .......................................................................... 76
Gambar 2.43 Pohon Asem .................................................................................... 76
Gambar 2.44 Pohon Kemuning ............................................................................. 77
Gambar 2.45 Pohon Bodhi .................................................................................... 77
Gambar 2.46 Pohon Kepel Watu .......................................................................... 77
Gambar 2.47 Pohon Jambu Darsana ..................................................................... 78
Gambar 3.1 Peta Surakarta.................................................................................... 79
Gambar 3.2 Peta Rencana Struktur Ruang Kota Surakarta................................... 84
Gambar 3.3 Peta Rencana Pola Ruang Kota Surakarta......................................... 84
Gambar 3.4 Peta Rencana Kawasan Strategis Kota Surakarta ............................. 85
Gambar 3.5 Peta Rencana Pola Ruang Kota Surakarta 2031 tentang RTH .......... 86
Gambar 3.6 Peta Rencana Kawasan Strategis Kota Surakarta ............................. 86
Gambar 3.7 Eksisting Taman Balekambang ......................................................... 88
Gambar 3.8 Gedung Kesenian Balekambang ....................................................... 89
Gambar 3.9 Open Stage Balekambang ................................................................. 89
Gambar 3.10 Bale Tirtoyoso Balekambang .......................................................... 90
Gambar 3.11 Bale Apung Balekambambang ........................................................ 90
Gambar 3.12 Musholla .......................................................................................... 91
Gambar 3.13 KM/WC ........................................................................................... 91
Gambar 3.14 Open Stage ...................................................................................... 92
Gambar 3.15 Teater pada Gedung Kesenian Balekambang.................................. 92
Gambar 3.16 Rekreasi Taman Balekambang ........................................................ 92
Gambar 3.17 Pemancingan Balekambang ............................................................ 93
Gambar 3.18 Rekreasi Kolam Air ......................................................................... 93
Gambar 3.19 Area Outbound Taman Balekambang ............................................. 93
Gambar 3.20 Festival Payung ............................................................................... 94
Gambar 4.1 Site Taman Balekambang.................................................................. 98
Gambar 4.2 Site Taman Balekambang .................................................................. 99
Gambar 4.3 Metode Cut and Fill ........................................................................ 101
Gambar 4.4 Arah Aliran Air ............................................................................... 102
Gambar 4.5 Aliran Air Hujan.............................................................................. 102
Gambar 4.6 Konsep Kontur ................................................................................ 102
Gambar 4.7 Orientasi ke Dalam .......................................................................... 104
Gambar 4.8 Orientasi ke Luar ............................................................................. 104
xii
Gambar 4.9 Konsep Main Entrance dan Side Entrance ..................................... 105
Gambar 4.10 Konsep Sirkulasi Jaringan ............................................................. 107
Gambar 4.11 Konsep Sirkulasi Terpusat pada Partinah Bosch .......................... 108
Gambar 4.12 Konsep Pembagian Sirkulasi ......................................................... 109
Gambar 4.13 Metode Pemecah Angin ................................................................ 110
Gambar 4.14 Konsep Letak Air Mancur dan Tanaman ...................................... 110
Gambar 4.15 Radiasi Matahari pada Area Kolam Air ........................................ 111
Gambar 4.16 Konsep Matahari Pagi ................................................................... 111
Gambar 4.17 Konsep Matahari Siang ................................................................. 112
Gambar 4.18 Konsep Matahari Sore ................................................................... 112
Gambar 4.19 Jalan Ahmad Yani ......................................................................... 113
Gambar 4.20 Metode Pereduksi Bunyi ............................................................... 113
Gambar 4.21 Konsep Peletakan Pohon Pereduksi Bunyi ................................... 114
Gambar 4.22 Eksisting ........................................................................................ 115
Gambar 4.23 Penzoningan Taman Balekambang ............................................... 116
Gambar 4.24 Penzoningan Taman Balekambang Sesuai dengan Pengembangan
............................................................................................................................. 116
Gambar 4.25 Gubahan Massa ............................................................................. 136
Gambar 4.26 Bentuk Dasar dan Pola Tata Massa ............................................... 136
Gambar 4.27 Konsep Pintu Gerbang Timur Taman Balekambang .................... 137
Gambar 4.28 Orientasi Timur Gedung Kesenian ................................................ 137
Gambar 4.29 Orientasi Utara Gedung Kesenian ................................................. 138
Gambar 4.30 Konsep Gedung Kesenian ............................................................. 138
Gambar 4.31 Konsep Amphitheater .................................................................... 139
Gambar 4.32 Konsep Art Gallery Outdoor ......................................................... 139
Gambar 4.33 Konsep Taman Edukasi Indoor ..................................................... 140
Gambar 4.34 Konsep Warung ............................................................................. 140
Gambar 4.35 Konsep Musholla........................................................................... 141
Gambar 4.36 Konsep Toko Pancing dan Pemancingan ...................................... 142
Gambar 4.37 Konsep Bale Apung ...................................................................... 142
Gambar 4.38 Konsep Partinah Bosch dan Partini Tuin ..................................... 143
Gambar 4.39 Landmark Taman Balekambang ................................................... 143
Gambar 4.40 Konsep Holografi .......................................................................... 144
Gambar 4.41 Konsep Video Mapping ................................................................. 144
Gambar 4.42 Konsep Water Foutain .................................................................. 145
Gambar 4.43 Pondasi Lajur................................................................................. 145
Gambar 4.44 Pondasi Setempat .......................................................................... 146
Gambar 4.45 Pondasi Tiang Pancang ................................................................. 146
Gambar 4.46 Struktur Rumah Joglo.................................................................... 147
Gambar 4.47 Struktur Rumah Joglo.................................................................... 148
xiii
Gambar 4.48 Atap Kampung .............................................................................. 148
Gambar 4.49 Struktur Atap Tajug....................................................................... 149
Gambar 4.50 Struktur Dome pada Bangunan Warung........................................ 149
Gambar 4.51 Struktur Dome pada Bangunan Bale Apung.................................. 150
Gambar 4.52 Struktur Dome pada Bangunan Taman Edukasi Indoor................ 150
Gambar 4.53 Struktur Space Frame pada Bangunan Pemancingan ................... 151
Gambar 4.54 Pedestrian ...................................................................................... 151
Gambar 4.55 Permeable...................................................................................... 152
Gambar 4.56 Rencana Guiding Block ................................................................. 152
Gambar 4.57 Desain Tempat Sampah ................................................................. 153
Gambar 4.58 Desain Lampu Taman ................................................................... 153
Gambar 4.59 Pemandu Holografi ....................................................................... 154
Gambar 4.60 Desain Papan Informasi ................................................................ 154
Gambar 4.61 Pengelompokan Jenis Tanaman .................................................... 154
Gambar 4.62 Hydrant Dalam .............................................................................. 159
Gambar 4.63 Standar Perancangan Ramp ........................................................... 160
Gambar 4.64 Hydrant Halaman .......................................................................... 160
Gambar 4.65 Alur Pertukaran Udara .................................................................. 160
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Potensi Taman Balekambang .................................................................. 5
Tabel 1.2 Permasalahan Taman Balekambang ..................................................... 10
Tabel 3.1 Daftar Kecamatan di Surakarta ............................................................. 82
Tabel 3.2 Jumlah Pengunjung Taman Balekambang per Tahun........................... 94
Tabel 4.1 Daftar Pengguna Sesuai Jenis Kegiatan .............................................. 117
Tabel 4.2 Aktifitas di Taman Balekambang ....................................................... 118
Tabel 4.3 Kebutuhan Ruang di Taman Balekambang ........................................ 120
Tabel 4.4 Hubungan Ruang Mikro...................................................................... 125
Tabel 4.5 Besaran Ruang .................................................................................... 126
Tabel 4.6 Total Besaran Ruang Bangunan dan Non Bangunan .......................... 132
Tabel 4.7 Pola Tata Massa .................................................................................. 135
Tabel 4.8 Pengelompokan Jenis Tanaman .......................................................... 155
xv
DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Diagram 2.1 Taksonomi Regionalisme ................................................................. 54
Diagram 4.1 Hubungan Makro dari Segi Penzoningan ...................................... 124
Diagram 4.2 Hubungan Mikro dari Segi Kegiatan ............................................. 124
Diagram 4.3 Sistem Pendistribusian Air Bersih ................................................. 156
Diagram 4.4 Pembuangan Air Bekas .................................................................. 157
Diagram 4.5 Pembuangan Air Bekas Dapur ....................................................... 157
Diagram 4.6 Pembuangan Air Hujan .................................................................. 157
Diagram 4.7 Pembuangan Limbah Tinja ............................................................ 157
Diagram 4.8 Alur Listrik ..................................................................................... 158
xvi
ABSTRAK
Cyber city merupakan salah satu konsep kota modern berbasis teknologi
informasi dan bangunan modern yang kini telah banyak diterapkan di sejumlah
kota besar di seluruh dunia. Ini adalah konsekuensi logis dari meningkatnya
kebutuhan masyarakat yang ingin mengakses informasi dan berkomunikasi
dengan mudah dan cepat.
Setelah cukup lama mencanangkan diri sebagai kota budaya, kini Solo
menegaskan sebuah utopia baru yaitu menjadi kota cyber (cyber city).
Pencanangan mimpi besar itu dilaksanakan pada 30 Juli 2008 lalu yang ditandai
dengan aksi browsing internet bersama di kawasan city walk sepanjang Jalan
Slamet Riyadi. Tata kelola yang memanfaatkan bantuan teknologi akan lebih
efektif jika dibandingkan dengan pemerintahan yang dijalankan hanya dengan
tenaga manual manusia.
Jika dilihat dari konsep cyber city, Taman Balekambang bisa menjadi
penguat untuk konsep Solo cyber city dengan penilaian dari berbagai, namun jika
dilihat
dari
sebagian
kelayakan
Taman
Balekambang saat
ini
cukup
memprihatinkan. Ketidak layakan Taman Balekambang saat ini terlihat dari
fasilitas dan penataan yang sudah rusak serta tidak terawat lagi. Saat ini Taman
Balekambang dibutuhkan pengembangan dan pengelolaan untuk memfungsikan
kembali Taman Balekambang sebagai ruang terbuka hijau secara layak.
Dari pembahasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengembangan Taman
Balekambang sangat dibutuhkan dalam konteks pengembangan teknologi
informasi yang diimbangi dengan teknologi-teknologi modern dalam bentuk
bangunan
maupun
fasilitas
penunjang
serta
penataan
kembali
Taman
Balekambang sebagai ruang terbuka hijau yang layak. Pengembangan ini tidak
lepas dari segi pandang kearifan lokal sehingga pengembangan dibutuhkan
referensi dari arsitektur reginoalisme.
Kata Kunci : Cyber; Taman Balekambang; Regionalisme
xvii
ABSTRACT
Cyber city is one of the modern city concept based on information
technology and modern building which has now been widely applied in a number
of major cities around the world. This is a logical consequence of the growing
need for people who want to access information and communicate easily and
quickly.
After a fairly long proclaimed itself as a city of culture, Solo now confirms
a new utopia that is becoming the city of cyber (cyber city). The declaration of a
big dream that was held on July 30, 2008 and which was marked by the action of
browsing the internet together in the city walk along Jalan Slamet Riyadi.
Governance that utilize technological assistance would be more effective than
government run only by human manual labor.
If viewed from the concept of cyber city, Balekambang Park could be a
reinforcement of the concept of cyber Solo city with an assessment of a variety,
but when viewed from most of today feasibility Balekambang park quite alarming.
Unsuitable Balekambang Park currently visible from the facilities and
arrangements which have been damaged and no longer maintained. Currently
Balekambang park development and management needed to restore both
Balekambang park as a green open space properly.
From the above discussion it can be concluded that the development
Balekambang park is needed in the context of the development of information
technology is balanced with modern technologies in the form of buildings and
supporting facilities as well as the realignment of Park Balekambang as a viable
green open spaces. This development can not be separated from the standpoint of
local knowledge so that development takes reference from reginoalisme
architecture.
Keywords: Cyber; Balekambang Parks; Regionalism
xviii
DASAR PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN
PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR (DP3A)
PENGEMBANGAN TAMAN BALEKAMBANG
sebagai Taman Kota Cyber dengan Pendekatan Arsitektur
Regionalisme
Diajukan sebagai Pelengkap dan
Syarat Guna Mencapai Gelar Sarjana Teknik Arsitektur
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Disusun Oleh :
Adesta Ari Wibowo
D 300 110 013
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2015
i
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang selalu melimpahkan rahmat, hidayah, serta
inayah-Nya dan tak lupa sholawat serta salam selalu tercurah kepada Nabi Besar
junjungan kita Muhammad SAW yang telah memberi tauladan yang baik
sehingga kita masih berada di jalan-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyusun dan
menyelesaikan Dasar Program Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur dengan
judul Pengembangan Taman Balekambang Sebagai Taman Kota Cyber dengan
Pendekatan Arsitektur Regionalisme.
Mata kuliah Dasar Program Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur ini
merupakan salah satu syarat akademik untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Teknik di
Program Studi Arsitektur Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Laporan ini
disusun setelah melaksanakan Pengembangan di obyek yang telah ditentukan.
Kelancaran dalam menyelesaikan Dasar Program Perencanaan dan
Perancangan Arsitektur ini tidak luput dari bantuan, bimbingan serta pengarahan
dari berbagai pihak. Pada kesempatan ini, penulis mengucapkan banyak terima
kasih kepada yang terhormat:
1. Ibu Suryaning Setyowati, ST, MT., selaku ketua Program Studi Arsitektur
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2. Ibu Suharyani, ST., selaku Koordinator mata kuliah Dasar Program
Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur.
3. Ibu Rini Hidayati, ST, MT, selaku Dosen Pembimbing Utama Dasar
Program Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur
4. Ibu Yayi Arsandrie, ST, MT, selaku Dosen Pembimbing Kedua Dasar
Program Perencanaan dan Perancangan Arsitektur
5. Ayah dan Ibu ku tercinta yang selalu memberikan do’a, semangat dan
seluruh kasih sayangnya kepada penulis.
6. Teman dekatku Auria Noermy Zahra yang tak pernah bosan memberikan
nasehat, kasih sayang dan motifasi kepada penulis.
7. Sahabatku Iwan, Rizki Karyo, Tendi dan Teris yang selalu memberi
motivasi kepada penulis.
vi
8. Teman-temanku di Program Studi Arsitektur angkatan 2011 yang selalu
bisa bekerja sama dengan baik selama ini.
Penulis menyadari masih banyak kekurangan dalam penyajian laporan ini,
oleh karena itu penulis mohon maaf apabila masih terdapat kesalahan baik dalam
teori, penulisan, maupun penyampaian. Semoga laporan ini dapat bermanfaat.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Hormat Saya
(Adesta Ari Wibowo)
vii
DAFTAR ISI
TUGAS AKHIR ....................................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN TUGAS AKHIR........................................................ ii
LEMBAR PENILAIAN TUGAS AKHIR ............................................................. iii
LEMBAR PENILAIAN TUGAS AKHIR ............................................................. iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ................................... v
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................. xv
DAFTAR DIAGRAM .......................................................................................... xvi
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... xvii
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xviii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1
1.1.
Pengertian Judul ....................................................................................... 1
1.2.
Latar Belakang.......................................................................................... 2
1.3.
Rumusan Permasalahan .......................................................................... 22
1.3.1.
Permasalahan................................................................................... 22
1.3.2.
Persoalan ......................................................................................... 22
1.4.
Tujuan dan Sasaran................................................................................. 22
1.4.1.
Tujuan ............................................................................................. 22
1.4.2.
Sasaran ............................................................................................ 23
1.5.
Lingkup Pembahasan.............................................................................. 23
1.6.
Keluaran/Desain yang Dihasilkan .......................................................... 24
1.7.
Metodologi Pembahasan ........................................................................ 24
1.8.
Sistematika Pembahasan ........................................................................ 24
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ........................................................................... 27
2.1
Ruang Terbuka ....................................................................................... 27
2.1.1.
Pengertian Ruang Terbuka Hijau .................................................... 27
2.1.2.
Fungsi RTH ..................................................................................... 28
viii
2.1.3.
Ruang Terbuka Non Hijau .............................................................. 29
2.1.4.
Fungsi Ruang Terbuka Non Hijau .................................................. 29
2.1.5.
Tipologi Ruang Terbuka Non Hijau ............................................... 31
2.2
Cyber City............................................................................................... 46
2.2.1.
Bangunan dengan Gaya Futuristik .................................................. 48
2.2.2.
Hotspot ............................................................................................ 49
2.2.3.
Video Mapping ................................................................................ 49
2.2.4.
Water Fountain ............................................................................... 50
2.2.5.
Holografi ......................................................................................... 51
2.3
Arsitektur Regionalisme ......................................................................... 52
2.3.1.
Lahirnya Regionalisme ................................................................... 52
2.3.2.
Jenis dan Taksonomi Regionalisme ................................................ 53
2.3.3.
Aplikasi Regionalisme dalam Desain Arsitektur ............................ 54
2.3.4.
Strategi Arsitektur Regionalisme .................................................... 55
2.4
Kebudayaan Jawa ................................................................................... 56
2.4.1.
Wayang Kulit .................................................................................. 57
2.4.2.
Keris ................................................................................................ 57
2.4.3.
Batik ................................................................................................ 58
2.4.4.
Gamelan .......................................................................................... 59
2.5
Arsitektur Mangkunegaran ..................................................................... 59
2.6
Studi Komparasi ..................................................................................... 61
2.6.1.
Cyber City ....................................................................................... 61
2.6.2.
Taman Kota ..................................................................................... 67
2.7
Tanaman Tradisional Jawa ..................................................................... 74
2.7.1.
Waringin (Beringin) ........................................................................ 74
2.7.2.
Tanjung ........................................................................................... 75
2.7.3.
Gayam ............................................................................................. 75
2.7.4.
Sawo Kecik ..................................................................................... 76
2.7.5.
Asem ............................................................................................... 76
2.7.6.
Kemuning ........................................................................................ 76
2.7.7.
Bodhi ............................................................................................... 77
ix
2.7.8.
Kepel Watu...................................................................................... 77
2.7.9.
Jambu Darsana dan Jampu Tlampok Arum. ................................... 78
BAB III TINJAUAN UMUM WILAYAH PERANCANGAN............................ 79
3.1.
Definisi Kota Surakarta .......................................................................... 79
3.
................................................................................................................ 79
3.1.1.
Aspek Fisik Kota Surakarta ............................................................ 79
3.1.2.
Aspek Non Fisik Kota Surakarta..................................................... 81
3.2.
Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Surakarta ....................................... 83
3.3.
Definisi Taman Balekambang ................................................................ 85
3.3.1.
Definisi Umum Taman Balekambang ............................................. 85
3.3.2.
Sejarah Balekambang ...................................................................... 87
3.3.3.
Identifikasi Taman Balekambang ................................................... 88
BAB IV ANALISA PENDEKATAN DAN KONSEP PERENCANAAN DAN
PERANCANGAN................................................................................................. 96
4.1.
Analisa dan Konsep Makro .................................................................... 96
4.1.1.
Analisa Kota Surakarta ................................................................... 96
4.1.2.
Analisa Potensi Site ......................................................................... 96
4.1.3.
Analisa Pencapaian Tapak .............................................................. 97
4.2.
Analisa dan Konsep Mikro ..................................................................... 99
4.2.1.
Pendekatan Konsep Pengolahan Site .............................................. 99
4.2.2.
Analisa dan Konsep Pengguna ...................................................... 116
4.2.3.
Analisa dan Konsep Aktifitas dan Ruang ..................................... 118
4.2.4.
Analisa dan Konsep Massa ........................................................... 133
4.2.5.
Analisa dan Konsep Tampilan Arsitektur ..................................... 137
4.2.6.
Analisa dan Konsep Struktur ........................................................ 145
4.2.7.
Analisa dan Konsep Lansekap ...................................................... 151
4.2.8.
Analisa dan Konsep Utilitas .......................................................... 156
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................................................................... 161
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Dimensi Motor .................................................................................. 31
Gambar 2.2 Dimensi Parkir Mobil ........................................................................ 32
Gambar 2.3 Dimensi Mobil................................................................................... 32
Gambar 2.4 Contoh RTNH Pembatas ................................................................... 35
Gambar 2.5 Paving Block Permeable ................................................................... 36
Gambar 2.6 Antopometri Manusia Duduk ............................................................ 36
Gambar 2.7 Fasilitas Tempat Sampah .................................................................. 36
Gambar 2.8 Kemiringan Ramp ............................................................................. 39
Gambar 2.9 Susunan Ubin Pemandu .................................................................... 40
Gambar 2.10 Playground ...................................................................................... 41
Gambar 2.11 Taman Edukasi di Taman City Walk ............................................... 42
Gambar 2.12 Amphitheater Hollywood Bowl ...................................................... 42
Gambar 2.13 Gedung Kesenian Jakarta ................................................................ 43
Gambar 2.14 Outbound ......................................................................................... 44
Gambar 2.15 Wikipedia ........................................................................................ 45
Gambar 2.16 Kolam Air ........................................................................................ 45
Gambar 2.17 Art Gallery Outdoor ........................................................................ 46
Gambar 2.18 Cyber City ....................................................................................... 48
Gambar 2.19 Bangunan Futuristik ........................................................................ 49
Gambar 2.20 Video Mapping Karya Adi Panuntun .............................................. 50
Gambar 2.21 Water Fountain ............................................................................... 51
Gambar 2.22 Holografi ......................................................................................... 52
Gambar 2.23 Wayang Kulit .................................................................................. 57
Gambar 2.24 Keris ................................................................................................ 58
Gambar 2.25 Batik ................................................................................................ 58
Gambar 2.26 Gamelan .......................................................................................... 59
Gambar 2.27 Pura Mangkunegaran....................................................................... 61
Gambar 2.28 Losari sebagai Makassar Cyber City ............................................... 63
Gambar 2.29 Konsep Modern Berbasis Informasi di Banda Aceh ....................... 64
Gambar 2.30 Proses Pembuatan Dubai Fountain ................................................. 66
Gambar 2.31 Dubai Fountain ............................................................................... 66
Gambar 2.32 Central Park .................................................................................... 68
Gambar 2.33 Taman Bungkul Surabaya ............................................................... 69
Gambar 2.34 Area Kolam dengan Teater Terbuka ............................................... 70
Gambar 2.35 Pedagang Kaki Lima ....................................................................... 71
xi
Gambar 2.36 Pedestrian ........................................................................................ 71
Gambar 2.37 Area Berumput ................................................................................ 71
Gambar 2.38 Rekreasi ........................................................................................... 74
Gambar 2.39 Pohon Beringin ................................................................................ 75
Gambar 2.40 Pohon Tanjung ................................................................................ 75
Gambar 2.41 Pohon Gayam .................................................................................. 75
Gambar 2.42 Pohon Sawo Kecik .......................................................................... 76
Gambar 2.43 Pohon Asem .................................................................................... 76
Gambar 2.44 Pohon Kemuning ............................................................................. 77
Gambar 2.45 Pohon Bodhi .................................................................................... 77
Gambar 2.46 Pohon Kepel Watu .......................................................................... 77
Gambar 2.47 Pohon Jambu Darsana ..................................................................... 78
Gambar 3.1 Peta Surakarta.................................................................................... 79
Gambar 3.2 Peta Rencana Struktur Ruang Kota Surakarta................................... 84
Gambar 3.3 Peta Rencana Pola Ruang Kota Surakarta......................................... 84
Gambar 3.4 Peta Rencana Kawasan Strategis Kota Surakarta ............................. 85
Gambar 3.5 Peta Rencana Pola Ruang Kota Surakarta 2031 tentang RTH .......... 86
Gambar 3.6 Peta Rencana Kawasan Strategis Kota Surakarta ............................. 86
Gambar 3.7 Eksisting Taman Balekambang ......................................................... 88
Gambar 3.8 Gedung Kesenian Balekambang ....................................................... 89
Gambar 3.9 Open Stage Balekambang ................................................................. 89
Gambar 3.10 Bale Tirtoyoso Balekambang .......................................................... 90
Gambar 3.11 Bale Apung Balekambambang ........................................................ 90
Gambar 3.12 Musholla .......................................................................................... 91
Gambar 3.13 KM/WC ........................................................................................... 91
Gambar 3.14 Open Stage ...................................................................................... 92
Gambar 3.15 Teater pada Gedung Kesenian Balekambang.................................. 92
Gambar 3.16 Rekreasi Taman Balekambang ........................................................ 92
Gambar 3.17 Pemancingan Balekambang ............................................................ 93
Gambar 3.18 Rekreasi Kolam Air ......................................................................... 93
Gambar 3.19 Area Outbound Taman Balekambang ............................................. 93
Gambar 3.20 Festival Payung ............................................................................... 94
Gambar 4.1 Site Taman Balekambang.................................................................. 98
Gambar 4.2 Site Taman Balekambang .................................................................. 99
Gambar 4.3 Metode Cut and Fill ........................................................................ 101
Gambar 4.4 Arah Aliran Air ............................................................................... 102
Gambar 4.5 Aliran Air Hujan.............................................................................. 102
Gambar 4.6 Konsep Kontur ................................................................................ 102
Gambar 4.7 Orientasi ke Dalam .......................................................................... 104
Gambar 4.8 Orientasi ke Luar ............................................................................. 104
xii
Gambar 4.9 Konsep Main Entrance dan Side Entrance ..................................... 105
Gambar 4.10 Konsep Sirkulasi Jaringan ............................................................. 107
Gambar 4.11 Konsep Sirkulasi Terpusat pada Partinah Bosch .......................... 108
Gambar 4.12 Konsep Pembagian Sirkulasi ......................................................... 109
Gambar 4.13 Metode Pemecah Angin ................................................................ 110
Gambar 4.14 Konsep Letak Air Mancur dan Tanaman ...................................... 110
Gambar 4.15 Radiasi Matahari pada Area Kolam Air ........................................ 111
Gambar 4.16 Konsep Matahari Pagi ................................................................... 111
Gambar 4.17 Konsep Matahari Siang ................................................................. 112
Gambar 4.18 Konsep Matahari Sore ................................................................... 112
Gambar 4.19 Jalan Ahmad Yani ......................................................................... 113
Gambar 4.20 Metode Pereduksi Bunyi ............................................................... 113
Gambar 4.21 Konsep Peletakan Pohon Pereduksi Bunyi ................................... 114
Gambar 4.22 Eksisting ........................................................................................ 115
Gambar 4.23 Penzoningan Taman Balekambang ............................................... 116
Gambar 4.24 Penzoningan Taman Balekambang Sesuai dengan Pengembangan
............................................................................................................................. 116
Gambar 4.25 Gubahan Massa ............................................................................. 136
Gambar 4.26 Bentuk Dasar dan Pola Tata Massa ............................................... 136
Gambar 4.27 Konsep Pintu Gerbang Timur Taman Balekambang .................... 137
Gambar 4.28 Orientasi Timur Gedung Kesenian ................................................ 137
Gambar 4.29 Orientasi Utara Gedung Kesenian ................................................. 138
Gambar 4.30 Konsep Gedung Kesenian ............................................................. 138
Gambar 4.31 Konsep Amphitheater .................................................................... 139
Gambar 4.32 Konsep Art Gallery Outdoor ......................................................... 139
Gambar 4.33 Konsep Taman Edukasi Indoor ..................................................... 140
Gambar 4.34 Konsep Warung ............................................................................. 140
Gambar 4.35 Konsep Musholla........................................................................... 141
Gambar 4.36 Konsep Toko Pancing dan Pemancingan ...................................... 142
Gambar 4.37 Konsep Bale Apung ...................................................................... 142
Gambar 4.38 Konsep Partinah Bosch dan Partini Tuin ..................................... 143
Gambar 4.39 Landmark Taman Balekambang ................................................... 143
Gambar 4.40 Konsep Holografi .......................................................................... 144
Gambar 4.41 Konsep Video Mapping ................................................................. 144
Gambar 4.42 Konsep Water Foutain .................................................................. 145
Gambar 4.43 Pondasi Lajur................................................................................. 145
Gambar 4.44 Pondasi Setempat .......................................................................... 146
Gambar 4.45 Pondasi Tiang Pancang ................................................................. 146
Gambar 4.46 Struktur Rumah Joglo.................................................................... 147
Gambar 4.47 Struktur Rumah Joglo.................................................................... 148
xiii
Gambar 4.48 Atap Kampung .............................................................................. 148
Gambar 4.49 Struktur Atap Tajug....................................................................... 149
Gambar 4.50 Struktur Dome pada Bangunan Warung........................................ 149
Gambar 4.51 Struktur Dome pada Bangunan Bale Apung.................................. 150
Gambar 4.52 Struktur Dome pada Bangunan Taman Edukasi Indoor................ 150
Gambar 4.53 Struktur Space Frame pada Bangunan Pemancingan ................... 151
Gambar 4.54 Pedestrian ...................................................................................... 151
Gambar 4.55 Permeable...................................................................................... 152
Gambar 4.56 Rencana Guiding Block ................................................................. 152
Gambar 4.57 Desain Tempat Sampah ................................................................. 153
Gambar 4.58 Desain Lampu Taman ................................................................... 153
Gambar 4.59 Pemandu Holografi ....................................................................... 154
Gambar 4.60 Desain Papan Informasi ................................................................ 154
Gambar 4.61 Pengelompokan Jenis Tanaman .................................................... 154
Gambar 4.62 Hydrant Dalam .............................................................................. 159
Gambar 4.63 Standar Perancangan Ramp ........................................................... 160
Gambar 4.64 Hydrant Halaman .......................................................................... 160
Gambar 4.65 Alur Pertukaran Udara .................................................................. 160
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Potensi Taman Balekambang .................................................................. 5
Tabel 1.2 Permasalahan Taman Balekambang ..................................................... 10
Tabel 3.1 Daftar Kecamatan di Surakarta ............................................................. 82
Tabel 3.2 Jumlah Pengunjung Taman Balekambang per Tahun........................... 94
Tabel 4.1 Daftar Pengguna Sesuai Jenis Kegiatan .............................................. 117
Tabel 4.2 Aktifitas di Taman Balekambang ....................................................... 118
Tabel 4.3 Kebutuhan Ruang di Taman Balekambang ........................................ 120
Tabel 4.4 Hubungan Ruang Mikro...................................................................... 125
Tabel 4.5 Besaran Ruang .................................................................................... 126
Tabel 4.6 Total Besaran Ruang Bangunan dan Non Bangunan .......................... 132
Tabel 4.7 Pola Tata Massa .................................................................................. 135
Tabel 4.8 Pengelompokan Jenis Tanaman .......................................................... 155
xv
DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Diagram 2.1 Taksonomi Regionalisme ................................................................. 54
Diagram 4.1 Hubungan Makro dari Segi Penzoningan ...................................... 124
Diagram 4.2 Hubungan Mikro dari Segi Kegiatan ............................................. 124
Diagram 4.3 Sistem Pendistribusian Air Bersih ................................................. 156
Diagram 4.4 Pembuangan Air Bekas .................................................................. 157
Diagram 4.5 Pembuangan Air Bekas Dapur ....................................................... 157
Diagram 4.6 Pembuangan Air Hujan .................................................................. 157
Diagram 4.7 Pembuangan Limbah Tinja ............................................................ 157
Diagram 4.8 Alur Listrik ..................................................................................... 158
xvi
ABSTRAK
Cyber city merupakan salah satu konsep kota modern berbasis teknologi
informasi dan bangunan modern yang kini telah banyak diterapkan di sejumlah
kota besar di seluruh dunia. Ini adalah konsekuensi logis dari meningkatnya
kebutuhan masyarakat yang ingin mengakses informasi dan berkomunikasi
dengan mudah dan cepat.
Setelah cukup lama mencanangkan diri sebagai kota budaya, kini Solo
menegaskan sebuah utopia baru yaitu menjadi kota cyber (cyber city).
Pencanangan mimpi besar itu dilaksanakan pada 30 Juli 2008 lalu yang ditandai
dengan aksi browsing internet bersama di kawasan city walk sepanjang Jalan
Slamet Riyadi. Tata kelola yang memanfaatkan bantuan teknologi akan lebih
efektif jika dibandingkan dengan pemerintahan yang dijalankan hanya dengan
tenaga manual manusia.
Jika dilihat dari konsep cyber city, Taman Balekambang bisa menjadi
penguat untuk konsep Solo cyber city dengan penilaian dari berbagai, namun jika
dilihat
dari
sebagian
kelayakan
Taman
Balekambang saat
ini
cukup
memprihatinkan. Ketidak layakan Taman Balekambang saat ini terlihat dari
fasilitas dan penataan yang sudah rusak serta tidak terawat lagi. Saat ini Taman
Balekambang dibutuhkan pengembangan dan pengelolaan untuk memfungsikan
kembali Taman Balekambang sebagai ruang terbuka hijau secara layak.
Dari pembahasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengembangan Taman
Balekambang sangat dibutuhkan dalam konteks pengembangan teknologi
informasi yang diimbangi dengan teknologi-teknologi modern dalam bentuk
bangunan
maupun
fasilitas
penunjang
serta
penataan
kembali
Taman
Balekambang sebagai ruang terbuka hijau yang layak. Pengembangan ini tidak
lepas dari segi pandang kearifan lokal sehingga pengembangan dibutuhkan
referensi dari arsitektur reginoalisme.
Kata Kunci : Cyber; Taman Balekambang; Regionalisme
xvii
ABSTRACT
Cyber city is one of the modern city concept based on information
technology and modern building which has now been widely applied in a number
of major cities around the world. This is a logical consequence of the growing
need for people who want to access information and communicate easily and
quickly.
After a fairly long proclaimed itself as a city of culture, Solo now confirms
a new utopia that is becoming the city of cyber (cyber city). The declaration of a
big dream that was held on July 30, 2008 and which was marked by the action of
browsing the internet together in the city walk along Jalan Slamet Riyadi.
Governance that utilize technological assistance would be more effective than
government run only by human manual labor.
If viewed from the concept of cyber city, Balekambang Park could be a
reinforcement of the concept of cyber Solo city with an assessment of a variety,
but when viewed from most of today feasibility Balekambang park quite alarming.
Unsuitable Balekambang Park currently visible from the facilities and
arrangements which have been damaged and no longer maintained. Currently
Balekambang park development and management needed to restore both
Balekambang park as a green open space properly.
From the above discussion it can be concluded that the development
Balekambang park is needed in the context of the development of information
technology is balanced with modern technologies in the form of buildings and
supporting facilities as well as the realignment of Park Balekambang as a viable
green open spaces. This development can not be separated from the standpoint of
local knowledge so that development takes reference from reginoalisme
architecture.
Keywords: Cyber; Balekambang Parks; Regionalism
xviii