t bing 0907553 table of content
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................. .ii
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ...................................... iii
PREFACE ................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................... v
ABSTRACT ................................................................................ vi
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................. vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................. ..1
1.1. Background of the Study................................................... ..1
1.2. Identification of the Problems .......................................... ..2
1.3. Aims and Research Questions........................................... ..3
1.4. Significance of the Study .................................................. ..4
1.5. Organization of the Thesis ................................................ ..4
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW................................. ..6
2.1. Motivation ......................................................................... ..6
2.1.1. Definition ..................................................................... .6
2.1.2. Self-Determination ....................................................... ..8
2.1.2.1. Extrinsic Motivation............................................... ..8
2.1.2.2. Instinct Motivation ................................................. ..9
2.1.2.2.1. Competence Needs ............................................ 10
2.1.2.2.2. Relatedness Needs ............................................. 11
2.1.2.2.3 Autonomy Needs ................................................ 12
2.2. Contextual Teaching Learning ......................................... 13
2.2.1. Definition of CTL ........................................................ 14
2.2.2. Historical Roots of CTL ............................................... 14
2.2.3. Principles of CTL ......................................................... 15
2.2.3.1. Self-Regulated Learning ......................................... 16
2.2.3.2. Teaching and Learning in Diverse Context ............ 17
2.2.3.3. Teaching and Learning in Multiple-Context ........... 18
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2.2.3.4. Using Problem-Based Learning .............................. 19
2.2.3.5. Using Independent Learning Groups ...................... 19
2.2.3.6. Using Authentic Assessment .................................. 20
2.2.4. Approaches for Implementing CTL ............................ 21
2.3. Motivational Indicators ..................................................... 22
2.4. Speaking ............................................................................ 24
2.4.1. Speaking as Interaction ................................................ 24
2.4.2. Speaking as Transaction ............................................... 25
2.4.3. Speaking as Performance ............................................. 26
2.4.4. Speaking in the Curriculum ......................................... 28
2.5. Concluding Remarks ........................................................ 28
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................... 30
3.1. Research Design ................................................................ 30
3.2. Participants ........................................................................ 32
3.3. Data Collection and Analysis ............................................ 33
3.3.1. Data Collection............................................................. 33
3.3.2. Data Analysis ............................................................... 33
3.5. Time and Procedures ......................................................... 34
CHAPTER IV: DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS ..................... 36
4.1. Data Presentation and Analysis for Cycle I ...................... 36
4.1.1. Planning ....................................................................... 36
4.1.2. Action and Observation ............................................... 37
4.1.2.1. Individual Study ...................................................... 37
4.1.2.2. Pair Work Discussion.............................................. 42
4.1.2.3. Group Work ............................................................ 45
4.1.2.4. Whole Class Discussion .......................................... 48
4.1.2.5. Writing Session ....................................................... 50
4.1.3. Reflection ..................................................................... 52
4.1.3.1. Planning ................................................................. 52
4.1.3.2. Action and Observation: Individual Work ............. 53
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4.1.3.3. Action and Observation: Pair Work ....................... .55
4.1.3.4. Action and Observation: Group Work ................... .57
4.1.3.5. Action and Observation: Class Discussion ............ .58
4.1.3.6. Action and Observation: Writing Session .............. .60
4.1.4. Revision ....................................................................... .66
4.1.4.1. Planning ................................................................. .66
4.1.4.2. Action and Observation ......................................... .67
4.1.4.2.1. Individual Work ................................................ .67
4.1.4.2.2. Pair Work .......................................................... .68
4.1.4.2.3. Group Work ...................................................... .68
4.1.4.2.4. Class discussion ................................................ .68
4.1.4.2.5. Writing Session ................................................. .69
4.2. Data Presentation and Analysis for Cycle II ..................... .86
4.2.1. Planning ....................................................................... .86
4.2.2. Action and Observation ............................................... .86
4.2.2.1. Individual Study ...................................................... .70
4.2.2.2 Pair Work Study ....................................................... .74
4.2.2.3. Group Work ........................................................... .76
4.2.2.4. Class Discussion .................................................... .79
4.2.2.5. Writing Session ....................................................... .81
4.2.3. Reflection .................................................................... 81
4.2.3.1. Planning ................................................................. 82
4.2.3.2. Action and Observation ......................................... 83
4.2.3.2.1. Individual Work ................................................ 83
4.2.3.2.2. Pair Work .......................................................... 84
4.2.3.2.3. Group Work ...................................................... 84
4.2.3.2.4. Class Discussion ............................................... 85
4.2.4. Revision ...................................................................... .92
4.3. Findings ............................................................................. .92
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .................................................. .95
5.1. Conclusions ............................................................................ .95
ix
5.2 Implications ............................................................................. ..96
5.3. Suggestions ............................................................................ ..97
References .................................................................................... ..98
Appendices .................................................................................. 107
Apendix 1
Students’ Diaries ...................................................... 107
Apendix 2
Teacher’s Diary ........................................................ 108
Apendix 3
Observers’ Diaries .................................................... 110
Apendix 4
Questionnaires .......................................................... 112
Apendix 5
Topics of Discussion ................................................ 114
Apendix 6
Individual Work’s List ............................................. 115
Apendix 7
Pair Work’s List ....................................................... 116
Apendix 8
Group Work’s List ................................................... 117
Apendix 9
Language Enrichment............................................... 118
Apendix 10 Prepared Questions ................................................... 119
Apendix 11 Example of Presentation ........................................... 120
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APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................. .ii
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ...................................... iii
PREFACE ................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................... v
ABSTRACT ................................................................................ vi
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................. vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................. ..1
1.1. Background of the Study................................................... ..1
1.2. Identification of the Problems .......................................... ..2
1.3. Aims and Research Questions........................................... ..3
1.4. Significance of the Study .................................................. ..4
1.5. Organization of the Thesis ................................................ ..4
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW................................. ..6
2.1. Motivation ......................................................................... ..6
2.1.1. Definition ..................................................................... .6
2.1.2. Self-Determination ....................................................... ..8
2.1.2.1. Extrinsic Motivation............................................... ..8
2.1.2.2. Instinct Motivation ................................................. ..9
2.1.2.2.1. Competence Needs ............................................ 10
2.1.2.2.2. Relatedness Needs ............................................. 11
2.1.2.2.3 Autonomy Needs ................................................ 12
2.2. Contextual Teaching Learning ......................................... 13
2.2.1. Definition of CTL ........................................................ 14
2.2.2. Historical Roots of CTL ............................................... 14
2.2.3. Principles of CTL ......................................................... 15
2.2.3.1. Self-Regulated Learning ......................................... 16
2.2.3.2. Teaching and Learning in Diverse Context ............ 17
2.2.3.3. Teaching and Learning in Multiple-Context ........... 18
vii
2.2.3.4. Using Problem-Based Learning .............................. 19
2.2.3.5. Using Independent Learning Groups ...................... 19
2.2.3.6. Using Authentic Assessment .................................. 20
2.2.4. Approaches for Implementing CTL ............................ 21
2.3. Motivational Indicators ..................................................... 22
2.4. Speaking ............................................................................ 24
2.4.1. Speaking as Interaction ................................................ 24
2.4.2. Speaking as Transaction ............................................... 25
2.4.3. Speaking as Performance ............................................. 26
2.4.4. Speaking in the Curriculum ......................................... 28
2.5. Concluding Remarks ........................................................ 28
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .......................................... 30
3.1. Research Design ................................................................ 30
3.2. Participants ........................................................................ 32
3.3. Data Collection and Analysis ............................................ 33
3.3.1. Data Collection............................................................. 33
3.3.2. Data Analysis ............................................................... 33
3.5. Time and Procedures ......................................................... 34
CHAPTER IV: DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS ..................... 36
4.1. Data Presentation and Analysis for Cycle I ...................... 36
4.1.1. Planning ....................................................................... 36
4.1.2. Action and Observation ............................................... 37
4.1.2.1. Individual Study ...................................................... 37
4.1.2.2. Pair Work Discussion.............................................. 42
4.1.2.3. Group Work ............................................................ 45
4.1.2.4. Whole Class Discussion .......................................... 48
4.1.2.5. Writing Session ....................................................... 50
4.1.3. Reflection ..................................................................... 52
4.1.3.1. Planning ................................................................. 52
4.1.3.2. Action and Observation: Individual Work ............. 53
viii
4.1.3.3. Action and Observation: Pair Work ....................... .55
4.1.3.4. Action and Observation: Group Work ................... .57
4.1.3.5. Action and Observation: Class Discussion ............ .58
4.1.3.6. Action and Observation: Writing Session .............. .60
4.1.4. Revision ....................................................................... .66
4.1.4.1. Planning ................................................................. .66
4.1.4.2. Action and Observation ......................................... .67
4.1.4.2.1. Individual Work ................................................ .67
4.1.4.2.2. Pair Work .......................................................... .68
4.1.4.2.3. Group Work ...................................................... .68
4.1.4.2.4. Class discussion ................................................ .68
4.1.4.2.5. Writing Session ................................................. .69
4.2. Data Presentation and Analysis for Cycle II ..................... .86
4.2.1. Planning ....................................................................... .86
4.2.2. Action and Observation ............................................... .86
4.2.2.1. Individual Study ...................................................... .70
4.2.2.2 Pair Work Study ....................................................... .74
4.2.2.3. Group Work ........................................................... .76
4.2.2.4. Class Discussion .................................................... .79
4.2.2.5. Writing Session ....................................................... .81
4.2.3. Reflection .................................................................... 81
4.2.3.1. Planning ................................................................. 82
4.2.3.2. Action and Observation ......................................... 83
4.2.3.2.1. Individual Work ................................................ 83
4.2.3.2.2. Pair Work .......................................................... 84
4.2.3.2.3. Group Work ...................................................... 84
4.2.3.2.4. Class Discussion ............................................... 85
4.2.4. Revision ...................................................................... .92
4.3. Findings ............................................................................. .92
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .................................................. .95
5.1. Conclusions ............................................................................ .95
ix
5.2 Implications ............................................................................. ..96
5.3. Suggestions ............................................................................ ..97
References .................................................................................... ..98
Appendices .................................................................................. 107
Apendix 1
Students’ Diaries ...................................................... 107
Apendix 2
Teacher’s Diary ........................................................ 108
Apendix 3
Observers’ Diaries .................................................... 110
Apendix 4
Questionnaires .......................................................... 112
Apendix 5
Topics of Discussion ................................................ 114
Apendix 6
Individual Work’s List ............................................. 115
Apendix 7
Pair Work’s List ....................................................... 116
Apendix 8
Group Work’s List ................................................... 117
Apendix 9
Language Enrichment............................................... 118
Apendix 10 Prepared Questions ................................................... 119
Apendix 11 Example of Presentation ........................................... 120
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