Module 1 – (L3) Introduction and Basic Concepts
o d u c ti o n a n d B a s ic C o n c e p ts a te r s h e d M a n a g e m e n t P o li c ie s 11 1 g
L3 W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t L3 L3 – W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t L3 Policie s
Topics Cove r e d Topics Cove r e d
I nt roduct ion t o Wat er Policy I nt roduct ion t o Wat er Policy -- Legislat ive Legislat ive f f fram ew ork, I nst it ut ional fram ew ork, Wat ershed fram ew ork, I nst it ut ional fram ew ork, Wat ershed k I k I t it t i t it t i l f l f k W t k W t h d h d Policies; Form ulat ion, Policy issues for successful Policies; Form ulat ion, Policy issues for successful w at ershed m anagem ent , Nat ional Wat er Policy, w at ershed m anagem ent , Nat ional Wat er Policy, w at ershed m anagem ent Nat ional Wat er Policy w at ershed m anagem ent Nat ional Wat er Policy Case St udy. Case St udy.
Wat er policy, I nst it ut ional Fram ework, Wat er policy, I nst it ut ional Fram ework,
Keywords: Keywords: Legislat ive Fram ew ork , Wat ershed Managem ent Policy. Legislat ive Fram ew ork , Wat ershed Managem ent Policy.
W a t e r Policy W a t e r Policy
Wat er policy Wat er policy --
set of guidelines and direct ives t o t he set of guidelines and direct ives t o t he St at e for harnessing wat er resources St at e for harnessing wat er resources -- t o cat er t he t o cat er t he sect oral ( agricult ure indust rial and dom est ic) sect oral ( agricult ure indust rial and dom est ic) need in need in sect oral ( agricult ure, indust rial and dom est ic) sect oral ( agricult ure, indust rial and dom est ic) -- need in need in equit able way t hat leads t o sust ainable developm ent . equit able way t hat leads t o sust ainable developm ent .
A policy st at em ent defines A policy st at em ent defines--
A policy st at em ent defines A policy st at em ent defines
- – – Ownership and relat ed right wit h regard t o it s use Ownership and relat ed right wit h regard t o it s use
- – – I ncent ive and penalt y awards t owards conservat ion I ncent ive and penalt y awards t owards conservat ion and det eriorat ion of wat er resources and det eriorat ion of wat er resources
- – – Wat er allocat ion priorit ies t o sect ors Wat er allocat ion priorit ies t o sect ors
Wat er conservat ion Wat er conservat ion – – Wat er conservat ion Wat er conservat ion
- – – I nst it ut ional st ruct ure for execut ing planning and I nst it ut ional st ruct ure for execut ing planning and im plem ent at ion im plem ent at ion
Com pon e n t s of W a t e r Policy Com pon e n t s of W a t e r Policy Com pon e n t s of W a t e r Policy Com pon e n t s of W a t e r Policy
Legislat ive fram ew ork Legislat ive fram ew ork g g
- – – Legal fram ew ork t hat defines t he right s t o Legal fram ew ork t hat defines t he right s t o exploit / use of w at er resources and exploit / use of w at er resources and provisions of aw ard of incent ives and provisions of aw ard of incent ives and penalt ies penalt ies
I nst it ut ional fram ew ork I nst it ut ional fram ew ork
- – Adm inist rat ive syst em responsible for Adm inist rat ive syst em responsible for – assessm ent and m anagem ent of wat er assessm ent and m anagem ent of wat er t d t d t t f t f t resources resources
Le gisla t ive Fr a m e w or k Le gisla t ive Fr a m e w or k
Wat er in I ndian const it ut ion Wat er in I ndian const it ut ion
- – “ Wat er” in ent ry 56 of union list and ent ry 17 of st at e “ Wat er” in ent ry 56 of union list and ent ry 17 of st at e – “ Wat er” in ent ry 56 of union list and ent ry 17 of st at e “ Wat er” in ent ry 56 of union list and ent ry 17 of st at e list . list .
- – Art icle 246 and Art . 262, em powers parliam ent t o Art icle 246 and Art . 262, em powers parliam ent t o – m ake law regarding developm ent and m anagem ent m ake law regarding developm ent and m anagem ent of int er-- st at e rivers. of int er st at e rivers.
- – “ Art 262 specifies t hat parliam ent m ay by law “ Art 262 specifies t hat parliam ent m ay by law Art 262, specifies t hat parliam ent m ay by law Art 262, specifies t hat parliam ent m ay by law – provide t hat neit her t he suprem e court or any ot her provide t hat neit her t he suprem e court or any ot her court shall exercise j urisdict ion wit h respect of int er-- court shall exercise j urisdict ion wit h respect of int er st at e river disput es I nt erpret at ion arbit rat ion st at e river disput es I nt erpret at ion st at e river disput es . I nt erpret at ion st at e river disput es . I nt erpret at ion-- arbit rat ion arbit rat ion arbit rat ion
ht t p: / / m owr.gov.in/ index3.asp?sslid= 301&subsublinkid= 394&langid= 1 ht t p: / / m owr.gov.in/ index3.asp?sslid= 301&subsublinkid= 394&langid= 1
W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia
Surface wat er and groundwat er is not defined separat ely “ wat er” in Surface wat er and groundwat er is not defined separat ely “ wat er” in const it ut ion m ost ly defined as surface wat er ( I yer const it ut ion m ost ly defined as surface wat er ( I yer R, 2003) R, 2003)
Wit hdrawal of wat er
W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia … W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia …
Wat er ( Prevent ion and Cont rol of Pollut ion) Wat er ( Prevent ion and Cont rol of Pollut ion)
Act 1974 ( A 1978 & 1988) Act 1974 ( A 1978 & 1988) Act 1974 ( A 1978 & 1988) Act 1974 ( A 1978 & 1988)
Dealing wit h set t ing up inst it ut ion relat ed t o Dealing wit h set t ing up inst it ut ion relat ed t o adm inist rat ion of wat er ( Cent ral Pollut ion cont rol adm inist rat ion of wat er ( Cent ral Pollut ion cont rol adm inist rat ion of wat er ( Cent ral Pollut ion cont rol adm inist rat ion of wat er ( Cent ral Pollut ion cont rol Board and st at e PCB’s) Board and st at e PCB’s)
I t undert ake funct ions relat ed t o prevent ion and I t undert ake funct ions relat ed t o prevent ion and I t undert ake funct ions relat ed t o prevent ion and I t undert ake funct ions relat ed t o prevent ion and cont rol and m aint aining and rest oring relat ed t o cont rol and m aint aining and rest oring relat ed t o wholesom eness of wat er wholesom eness of wat er
The inst it ut ion provide consent t o operat e and The inst it ut ion provide consent t o operat e and consent t o est ablish t o indust ries based on consent t o est ablish t o indust ries based on applicabilit y applicabilit y applicabilit y applicabilit y
W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia … W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia …
Environm ent and Prot ect ion Act , 1986 Environm ent and Prot ect ion Act , 1986
- – I t lays dow n t he procedure for set t ings of I t lays dow n t he procedure for set t ings of – st andards em ission and discharge of pollut ion st andards em ission and discharge of pollut ion
- – based on BI S st andards such as I S : 3025 ( for based on BI S st andards such as I S : 3025 ( for – sam pling) , I S: 2373 ( for flow m easurem ent ) , sam pling) , I S: 2373 ( for flow m easurem ent ) , p p
g) , ( ( ) , ) ,
BI S: 10500 ( drinking w at er specificat ion) , BI S: 10500 ( drinking w at er specificat ion) ,
cont am inant w ise relat ed guidelines for cont am inant w ise relat ed guidelines for w ast ew at er issued by respect ive PCB s w ast ew at er issued by respect ive PCB s w ast ew at er issued by respect ive PCB’s w ast ew at er issued by respect ive PCB’sg) ,
W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia … W a t e r Le gisla t ion s in I n dia …
Model Groundwater Bill 1970 Model Groundwater Bill 1970
- – Contains the broad framework of groundwater Contains the broad framework of groundwater – regulation of the country regulation of the country
- – The bill provides the union territory and state The bill provides the union territory and state – government to establish ground water authority to government to establish ground water authority to notify areas of control and regulate the groundwater notify areas of control and regulate the groundwater development and management development and management
- – Under the bill CGWA categorizes country as “safe”, Under the bill CGWA categorizes country as “safe”, – “critical” and “over--exploited” “critical” and “over exploited”
W a t e r I n st it u t ion s: Adm in ist r a t ive st r u ct u r e W a t e r I n st it u t ion s: Adm in ist r a t ive st r u ct u r e
Minist ry of Wat er Resources -- nodal agency for Minist ry of Wat er Resources nodal agency for
- planning , developm ent & m anagem ent of planning , developm ent & m anagem ent of wat er resources wat er resources t t Depart m ent s-- Depart m ent s
- Cent ral Wat er com m ission C Cent ral Wat er com m ission – C t t l W t l W t i i i i – for surface w at er f f for surface w at er f f t t relat ed issues relat ed issues
- Cent ral Ground Wat er Board •• Cent ral Ground Wat er Board Cent ral Ground Wat er Board – Cent ral Ground Wat er Board – for groundwat er for groundwat er for groundwat er for groundwat er
- Nat ional Wat er Developm ent Agency Nat ional Wat er Developm ent Agency-- t o provide t o provide t echnical support t echnical support t echnical support t echnical support
- Wat er and Land Managem ent I nst it ut es and Wat er and Land Managem ent I nst it ut es and
Agricult ural Universit ies Agricult ural Universit ies Agricult ural Universit ies – Agricult ural Universit ies – research at st at e level research at st at e level research at st at e level research at st at e level
Ot h e r M in ist r ie s Ot h e r M in ist r ie s – – I n I n dia I n I n dia
W a t e r sh e d Policy
To m anage & prot ect wat ershed fully and effect ively, a clear policy is required - em phasize int er alia a coordinat ed & int egrat ed approach, local part icipat ion, coordinat ed & int egrat ed approach local part icipat ion m anpower & resource building, land use planning, am ong ot hers.
M a in obj e ct ive of w a t e r sh e d m a n a ge m e n t : prom ot e
int egrat ed prot ect ion, conservat ion & developm ent of land & wat er resources in wat ersheds for sust ainable use and for t he benefit of t he nat ion as a whole.
W a t e r sh e d Policy: what regulat es bot h public and
privat e act ivit ies wit hin our wat ersheds, prim arily privat e act ivit ies wit hin our wat ersheds prim arily t hrough use of codes & ordinances, t hrough t he est ablishm ent of m inim um or m axim um st andards, and t he set t ing of budget s. t he set t ing of budget s
St r a t e gie s for I m ple m e n t a t ion of t h e W a t e r sh e d Policy of t h e W a t e r sh e d Policy
Develop a Nat ional Wat ershed Program m e Develop a Nat ional Wat ershed Program m e
Est ablish an int er- Minist erial Wat ershed Managem ent Com m it t ee
St rengt hen hum an and financial resources required t o h h d f l d co- ordinat e, im plem ent and m onit or work in t he wat ersheds
Rank each wat ershed and est ablish priorit ies for int ervent ions.
Secure budget ary support for im plem ent at ion of t he Policy
W a t e r sh e d D e ve lopm e n t Policy W a t e r sh e d D e ve lopm e n t Policy
Regulat ions Regulat ions or policies or policies generat ed generat ed t ow ards one t owards one aspect aspect of wat ershed of wat ershed of of wat ershed m anagem ent wat ershed m anagem ent m anagem ent should m anagem ent should should not should not not be not be be cont radict ory be cont radict ory cont radict ory cont radict ory t o t o t he t he ot her ot her aspect aspect
Wat ershed Wat ershed developm ent h d d h d developm ent is d l l is prerequisit e prerequisit e for ff for land, land, w at er l l d d w at er and biom ass and biom ass m anagem ent m anagem ent
Wat ershed Wat ershed developm ent developm ent policy form ulat ion policy form ulat ion should should be be consist ent wit h consist ent wit h federal, federal, st at e st at e and and local local legislat ion legislat ion
Overall Overall policy policy form ulat ion form ulat ion should should be be done done by by co s de considering larger considering co s de g g a ge larger int erest a ge int erest of e es e es of t he o o t he count ry e cou e cou count ry y y
Ch a r a ct e r ist ics of W a t e r sh e d Ch a r a ct e r ist ics of W a t e r sh e d Policie s Policie s
Policies should st and as ready guides t o answering m any Policies should st and as ready guides t o answering m any quest ions t hat m ay arise in t he im plem ent at ion of quest ions t hat m ay arise in t he im plem ent at ion of w at ershed w at ershed t t h d h d
Generally, wat ershed policies are form ulat ed at t he Generally, wat ershed policies are form ulat ed at t he g governm ent level governm ent level g
At Governm ent level – At Governm ent level – w at ershed policy wat ershed policy Decisions and act ions ( significant im port ance) Decisions and act ions ( significant im port ance)
Widest ram ificat ion Widest ram ificat ion Widest ram ificat ion Widest ram ificat ion longest t im e perspect ive longest t im e perspect ive g g p p p p
For m u la t in g W a t e r sh e d Policy For m u la t in g W a t e r sh e d Policy
Wat ershed policy form ulat ion is very dat a Wat ershed policy form ulat ion is very dat a int ensive int ensive
Hydrological inform at ion on w at ershed is Hydrological inform at ion on w at ershed is expensive t o obt ain and int erpret expensive t o obt ain and int erpret
Basics set s of inform at ion required Basics set s of inform at ion required
a) An invent ory of w at ershed resources
a) An invent ory of w at ershed resources
a) An invent ory of w at ershed resources
a) An invent ory of w at ershed resources
b) An invent ory of use of resources
b) An invent ory of use of resources
Colle ct ion of I n for m a t ion Colle ct ion of I n for m a t ion
Right of access t o inform at ion: I t should be Right of access t o inform at ion: I t should be readily available readily available
Follow ing aspect s should be considered for Follow ing aspect s should be considered for collect ion of inform at ion collect ion of inform at ion
I nform at ion requirem ent s: I nform at ion requirem ent s: – – Gat hering and processing of inform at ion is a huge t ask. Gat hering and processing of inform at ion is a huge t ask
- – – Requirem ent s should be kept t o t he m inim um . Requirem ent s should be kept t o t he m inim um .
- – – Should be gat hered cost effect ively Should be gat hered cost effect ively
Policy issu e s for su cce ssfu l Policy issu e s for su cce ssfu l w a t e r sh e d m a n a ge m e n t w a t e r sh e d m a n a ge m e n t t t h d h d t t
Underst anding Underst anding and quant ifying and quant ifying t he t he biom ass biom ass t ypes t ypes and int eract ions and int eract ions bot h bot h in in space space and and t im e t im e..
There There should should be be proper proper linkage linkage bet w een bet ween social, social, polit ical & polit ical polit ical & polit ical & t echnical & t echnical t echnical syst em t echnical syst em syst em at syst em at at appropriat e at appropriat e appropriat e levels appropriat e levels levels.. levels
Agro Agro-- ecological ecological approach approach should should be be considered considered for for p p planning of planning g g of w at ershed w at ershed..
Priorit y should be given t o w at er resources Priorit y should be given t o w at er resources developm ent in w at ershed. developm ent in w at ershed.
Requirem ent s of poor people & influences on t he Requirem ent s of poor people & influences on t he w at ershed -- considered in policy form ulat ion. w at ershed considered in policy form ulat ion.
Policy issu e s for su cce ssfu l Policy issu e s for su cce ssfu l w a t e r sh e d m a n a ge m e n t … w a t e r sh e d m a n a ge m e n t … t t h d h d t t
Need t o Need t o est ablish est ablish and and m anage m anage a a nat ional nat ional dat abase dat abase syst em syst em for wat ershed for for wat ershed for wat ershed wat ershed
Wat ershed Wat ershed m odels m odels should should be be properly properly form ulat ed, form ulat ed, verified verified and confirm ed and confirm ed w it h wit h field field observat ions observat ions
Agricult ure Agricult ure is ll is highly highly dependent h h hl hl d d dependent on d d on soils soils and ll and clim at e d d ll clim at e
Eg Eg.. Based Based on on 50 50 years years of of clim at e clim at e dat a dat a and and an an up up-- t o t o-- dat e dat e soil soil dat abase, soil dat abase, soil dat abase, I ndia dat abase, I ndia I ndia divided I ndia divided divided int o divided int o int o 20 int o 20 20 agro 20 agro agro ecological agro-- ecological ecological zones ecological zones zones zones ( AEZs) ( AEZs)
Each Each AEZ AEZ is is as as uniform uniform as as possible possible in in t erm s t erm s of of physiography, physiography physiography physiography, clim at e, clim at e, lengt h clim at e clim at e lengt h of lengt h of lengt h of growing of growing growing period growing period period and period and and soil and soil soil soil t ype for t ype for m acro level m acro level land land-- use use planning planning and and effect ive effect ive t ransfer of t ransfer of t echnology t echnology
Policy issu e s for su cce ssfu l Policy issu e s for su cce ssfu l w a t e r sh e d m a n a ge m e n t … w a t e r sh e d m a n a ge m e n t … w a t e r sh e d m a n a ge m e n t w a t e r sh e d m a n a ge m e n t
Collaborat ion of all organizat ions can expand t he Collaborat ion of all organizat ions can expand t he experiences in an efficient m anner. experiences in an efficient m anner. experiences in an efficient m anner experiences in an efficient m anner
EX: Minist ry of agricult ure, Minist ry of Wat er EX: Minist ry of agricult ure, Minist ry of Wat er Resources et c. Resources et c. Resources et c. Resources et c.
There should be proper inst it ut ional set up w it h There should be proper inst it ut ional set up w it h
people’s init iat ive and involvem ent people’s init iat ive and involvem ent Cont inuous m onit oring of t he physical progress of Cont inuous m onit oring of t he physical progress of t he w at ershed proj ect s t he w at ershed proj ect s
U U Use of Rem ot e sensing t echniques and GI S should Use of Rem ot e sensing t echniques and GI S should f R f R t t i i t t h i h i d GI S h d GI S h ld ld be prom ot ed for assessing t he capabilit y of t he land be prom ot ed for assessing t he capabilit y of t he land invent ory invent ory invent ory invent ory
1 yy c li o P d e h rs te a W l fu s s e c c u
2 2 1
Successful Watershed Policy in I ndia y
c , ti o n , ic ip a ti o n High r n m ic w it h e r v a ti o n e c o n o m ic c o n s e r v a t p a ti o n c ip a ti o n e s ig n , a ti o n
Proj ect success
b li c P a r ti n ly w a te r n s e r v a ti o n o -e c o n o m te r c o n s e S o c io -e w a te r c p a r ti c ip b li c p a r ti a n n in g , d e p le m e n ta
1970 1980 1990 2000
P u Low M a in c o n S o c io w a t
P u p la im p
W a t e r sh e d de ve lopm e n t pr ogr a m Singh A.K., Eldho T.I., Prinz D., 2002
N a t ion a l w a t e r policy in I n dia -- N a t ion a l w a t e r policy in I n dia N e e ds N e e ds
Availabilit y of w at er is highly uneven in bot h space and t im e Availabilit y of w at er is highly uneven in bot h space and t im e
Precipit at ion is confined t o only few m ont hs in a year Precipit at ion is confined t o only few m ont hs in a year
Rainfall Varies spat ially – Rainfall Varies spat ially Rainfall Varies spat ially Rainfall Varies spat ially – eg. I n I ndia: from 100 m m in t he w est ern eg. I n I ndia: from 100 m m in t he w est ern eg I n I ndia: from 100 m m in t he w est ern eg I n I ndia: from 100 m m in t he w est ern part s of Raj ast han t o over 10000 m m at Cherrapunj i in Meghalaya part s of Raj ast han t o over 10000 m m at Cherrapunj i in Meghalaya
On an average, floods affect around 7.5 m illi. Hect are/ year On an average, floods affect around 7.5 m illi. Hect are/ year
Planning and im plem ent at ion of w at er resources proj ect s involve a Planning and im plem ent at ion of w at er resources proj ect s involve a num ber of socio num ber of socio-- econom ic aspect s and issues econom ic aspect s and issues
Eg: environm ent al sust ainabilit y, rehabilit at ion of proj ect -- affect ed Eg: environm ent al sust ainabilit y, rehabilit at ion of proj ect affect ed
people and livest ock people and livest ock Com m on approaches and guidelines are necessary on t hese Com m on approaches and guidelines are necessary on t hese m at t ers m at t ers
Gross irrigat ion pot ent ial is est im at ed t o have increased from 19.5 Gross irrigat ion pot ent ial is est im at ed t o have increased from 19.5 m illion about 95 m illion hect are by t he end of t he Year 1999-- 2000. m illion about 95 m illion hect are by t he end of t he Year 1999 2000.
Som e ot her fact ors like degradat ion of w at er qualit y Som e ot her fact ors like degradat ion of w at er qualit y Som e ot her fact ors like degradat ion of w at er qualit y Som e ot her fact ors like degradat ion of w at er qualit y
N a t ion a l W a t e r Policy in I n dia N a t ion a l W a t e r Policy in I n dia
First adopt ed in 1987 and form ulat ed in 2002 First adopt ed in 1987 and form ulat ed in 2002
I t advocat es w at er resources of t he count ry should I t advocat es w at er resources of t he count ry should
I t advocat es w at er resources of t he count ry should I t advocat es w at er resources of t he count ry should
be brought w it hin t he cat egory of ut ilizable be brought w it hin t he cat egory of ut ilizable resources t o t he m axim um possible ext ent resources t o t he m axim um possible ext ent
Salient feat ures Salient feat ures
- – – Policy prom ot es use of non Policy prom ot es use of non-- convent ional m et hods such convent ional m et hods such as t radit ional wat er & rooft op rainwat er harvest ing as t radit ional wat er & rooft op rainwat er harvest ing as t radit ional wat er & rooft op rainwat er harvest ing as t radit ional wat er & rooft op rainwat er harvest ing
- – – Wat er t ransfer t o wat er scarce region Wat er t ransfer t o wat er scarce region
- – – People’s part icipat ion People’s part icipat ion p p p p p p
- – – Public Privat e Part nership Public Privat e Part nership
- – – Wat er Resources planning at hydrologic unit not on Wat er Resources planning at hydrologic unit not on lit i l it lit i l it polit ical unit polit ical unit
N a t ion a l W a t e r Policy in I n dia .. N a t ion a l W a t e r Policy in I n dia .
Direct ed st at e t o devise it s ow n w at er policy Direct ed st at e t o devise it s ow n w at er policy – – in pract ice very few st at e has prepared it so far in pract ice very few st at e has prepared it so far
Allocat ion priorit y ( nat ional level, m ay differ at Allocat ion priorit y ( nat ional level, m ay differ at st at e level) st at e level)
1.
1. Drinking Wat er Drinking Wat er 2.
2. I rrigat ion Hydropower I rrigat ion Hydropower
3
3. 3 Ecology Ecology
3. Ecology Ecology 4.
4. Agro Agro-- indust ries indust ries 5.
5. Non Non-- agricult ural indust ries agricult ural indust ries g g 6.
6. Navigat ion Navigat ion
Same for all state, except Maharashtra where water for industrial use is top priority than irrigation top priority than irrigation
N a t ion a l W a t e r Policy in I n dia .. N a t ion a l W a t e r Policy in I n dia .
I t em phasizes on-- I t em phasizes on 1
1. Need for efficient pricing syst em and t ransparent Need for efficient pricing syst em and t ransparent subsidy st ruct ure for disadvant aged and poor subsidy st ruct ure for disadvant aged and poor
2. Transfer t he wat er m anagem ent t o user groups and Transfer t he wat er m anagem ent t o user groups and Transfer t he wat er m anagem ent t o user groups and Transfer t he wat er m anagem ent t o user groups and local bodies local bodies
2 2.
2
3. Privat e sect or part icipat ion in wat er sect or Privat e sect or part icipat ion in wat er sect or 4.
3.
4. Undert aking phased program m e for im provem ent of Undert aking phased program m e for im provem ent of wat er qualit y based on ‘ pollut er pay principle’ wat er qualit y based on ‘ pollut er pay principle’
5. Need based econom ic act ivit ies on t he wat er zoning of Need based econom ic act ivit ies on t he wat er zoning of Need based econom ic act ivit ies on t he wat er zoning of Need based econom ic act ivit ies on t he wat er zoning of t he count ry t he count ry
5 5.
5
6. Priorit izing t he need of drought prone areas Priorit izing t he need of drought prone areas
6.
Ca se St u dy1 : U.S Re gu la t ion s r e la t e d t o Ca se St u dy1 : U.S Re gu la t ion s r e la t e d t o
W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t W a t e r sh e d M a n a ge m e n t Federal Clean w at er act ( CWA) Federal Clean w at er act ( CWA)- – For evaluat ing Federal Wat er Pollut ion cont rol Act For evaluat ing Federal Wat er Pollut ion cont rol Act – For evaluat ing Federal Wat er Pollut ion cont rol Act For evaluat ing Federal Wat er Pollut ion cont rol Act – – Am ended in 1977, revised in 1981 and Am ended in 1977, revised in 1981 and reform ulat ed in 1987 reform ulat ed in 1987 reform ulat ed in 1987 reform ulat ed in 1987
Obj ect ive: Obj ect ive:
- – To rest ore and m aint ain t he chem ical, physical, To rest ore and m aint ain t he chem ical, physical, , p y –
, p y , , biological int egrat ions of t he nat ions wat er biological int egrat ions of t he nat ions wat er
- – As a part of CWA, t he EPA delegat es t his As a part of CWA, t he EPA delegat es t his – responsibilit ies t o st at es or nat ive Am ericans responsibilit ies t o st at es or nat ive Am ericans ibilit i ibilit i t t t t t t t i t i A A i i
- – Clean Wat er Act ( CWA) is t he cornerst one of surface Clean Wat er Act ( CWA) is t he cornerst one of surface – wat er qualit y prot ect ion in t he Unit ed St at es wat er qualit y prot ect ion in t he Unit ed St at es wat er qualit y prot ect ion in t he Unit ed St at es wat er qualit y prot ect ion in t he Unit ed St at es
Sa lie n t fe a t u r e s of r e gu la t ion Sa lie n t fe a t u r e s of r e gu la t ion
I nvolvem ent of st akeholder groups in t he I nvolvem ent of st akeholder groups in t he developm ent and im plem ent at ion of st rat egies developm ent and im plem ent at ion of st rat egies developm ent and im plem ent at ion of st rat egies developm ent and im plem ent at ion of st rat egies
For achieving and m aint aining st at e w at er qualit y is For achieving and m aint aining st at e w at er qualit y is anot her hallm ark of t his approach anot her hallm ark of t his approach pp pp
Under t he CWA, EPA has im plem ent ed pollut ion Under t he CWA, EPA has im plem ent ed pollut ion cont rol program s such as set t ing w ast ew at er cont rol program s such as set t ing w ast ew at er st andards for indust ry st andards for indust ry t t d d d f d f i d i d t t
Wat er qualit y st andards for all cont am inant s in Wat er qualit y st andards for all cont am inant s in surface w at ers surface w at ers surface w at ers surface w at ers
- Cont rols w at er pollut ion by regulat ing Cont rols w at er pollut ion by regulat ing
po po point sources t hat discharge pollut ant s int o wat ers. point sources t hat discharge pollut ant s int o wat ers. t sou ces t at d sc a ge po ut a t s t sou ces t at d sc a ge po ut a t s t o t o at e s at e s
CW A Tim e Lin e a n d Am e n dm e n t s CW A Tim e Lin e a n d Am e n dm e n t s
1972 1972- – Goal Goal -- prohibit t he discharge of any pollut ant t o G G l l prohibit t he discharge of any pollut ant t o hibit t h di hibit t h di h f –
h f ll t ll t t t t t w at ers of t he USA from a point source unless t he w at ers of t he USA from a point source unless t he discharge is aut horized by a NPDES perm it discharge is aut horized by a NPDES perm it g g y y p p
- – NPDES: Nat ional Pollut ant Discharge Elim inat ion NPDES: Nat ional Pollut ant Discharge Elim inat ion – Syst em Syst em
- – NPDES NPDES -- t rack point sources, such as indust rial t rack point sources, such as indust rial –
w ast e w at er and m unicipal sew erage and t o w ast e w at er and m unicipal sew erage and t o
m inim ize t he discharge of pollut ant s m inim ize t he discharge of pollut ant s m inim ize t he discharge of pollut ant s m inim ize t he discharge of pollut ant s - – Process was ext rem ely successful in m anage t he Process was ext rem ely successful in m anage t he – p p pollut ion from point sources pollut ion from point sources p p
Tim e lin e con t d Tim e lin e con t d…….. …….
1987 1987 1987 1987
- – Sect ion deals wit h non point source pollut ions Sect ion deals wit h non point source pollut ions –
- – – Goals of t he NPDES program are achieved t hrough t he Goals of t he NPDES program are achieved t hrough t he Goals of t he NPDES program are achieved t hrough t he Goals of t he NPDES program are achieved t hrough t he use of BMP ( Best Managem ent Pract ices) use of BMP ( Best Managem ent Pract ices)
- – To im prove t he qualit y of st orm wat er out flow To im prove t he qualit y of st orm wat er out flow –
1992 1992
- – – EPA published a not ice request ing inform at ion and public EPA published a not ice request ing inform at ion and public com m ent s for preparing regulat ions under CWA point com m ent s for preparing regulat ions under CWA point com m ent s for preparing regulat ions under CWA point com m ent s for preparing regulat ions under CWA point source pollut ion sect ion source pollut ion sect ion
1995 1995 1995 1995
- – EPA proclaim ed form ally a final rule, refused t o t he EPA proclaim ed form ally a final rule, refused t o t he – regulat ions in 1987 am endm ent s t o apply for an NPDES regulat ions in 1987 am endm ent s t o apply for an NPDES perm it by August 7, 2001 perm it by August 7, 2001 perm it by August 7 2001 perm it by August 7 2001
Tim e lin e con t d Tim e lin e con t d…….. …….
1996 1996 1996 1996
EPA’s Nat ional Wat er Qualit y invent ory showed t hat 40% EPA’s Nat ional Wat er Qualit y invent ory showed t hat 40% o su o su of surveyed U.S w at er bodies did not m eet nat ional w at er of surveyed U.S w at er bodies did not m eet nat ional w at er eyed U S eyed U S a e bod es d d a e bod es d d o o ee ee a o a a o a a e a e qualit y st andards qualit y st andards
1998 1998
EPA EPA nat ional wat er qualit y invent ory report showed t hat EPA EPA nat ional w at er qualit y invent ory report show ed t hat t i t i l l t t lit i lit i t t t h t h d t h t d t h t nonpoint source pollut ion, which includes urban st orm nonpoint source pollut ion, which includes urban st orm wat er runoff is considered as t he leading cause wat er runoff is considered as t he leading cause
1999 1999
Goals was set of est ablishing t ot al m axim um daily loads Goals was set of est ablishing t ot al m axim um daily loads ( TMLDS) ( TMLDS) ( TMLDS) ( TMLDS)
TMDL specifies t he am ount of each part icular pollut ant TMDL specifies t he am ount of each part icular pollut ant t hat m ay be present in a wat er body t hat m ay be present in a wat er body
Ca se St u dy 2 : Rive r in t e r lin k in g Ca se St u dy 2 : Rive r in t e r lin k in g pr oj e ct of I n dia pr oj e ct of I n dia pr oj e ct of I n dia pr oj e ct of I n dia ( pr opose d) ( pr opose d) ( pr opose d) ( pr opose d)
large spat ial & t em poral dist ribut ion of large spat ial & t em poral dist ribut ion of Rat ionale: Rat ionale:
rainfall pat t erns causing drought and flood like condit ion in rainfall pat t erns causing drought and flood like condit ion in rainfall pat t erns causing drought and flood like condit ion in rainfall pat t erns causing drought and flood like condit ion in I ndia. This give birt h t o policy concept of river-- int erlinking I ndia. This give birt h t o policy concept of river int erlinking proj ect , connect ing wat er surplus area wit h wat er scarce proj ect , connect ing wat er surplus area wit h wat er scarce area. area. area area
Suggested Reading : Suggested Reading : http:/ / www.ecoworld.com/ waters/ indias--water http:/ / www.ecoworld.com/ waters/ indias water--future.html future.html
Ca se St u dy 2 : Rive r in t e r lin k in g Ca se St u dy 2 : Rive r in t e r lin k in g pr oj e ct of I n dia pr oj e ct of I n dia j j t t f I f I di di ( ( ( pr opose d) … ( pr opose d) …
d)
d)
Policy I m pact : Policy I m pact :
- – ( ant icipat ed) enhance food – – ( ant icipat ed) enhance food ( ant icipat ed) enhance food ( ant icipat ed) enhance food – grain product ion by 500 m illion grain product ion by 500 m illion t onnes t o m eet ever increasing t onnes t o m eet ever increasing populat ion dem and by 2025. populat ion dem and by 2025. provide 35 m illion ha. of provide 35 m illion ha. of addit ional pot ent ial arable land addit ional pot ent ial arable land and 34000 MW of elect ricit y. and 34000 MW of elect ricit y.
- – I nvolve huge expendit ure , I nvolve huge expendit ure , – I n ol e h ge e pendit I n ol e h ge e pendit e e causing burden on t axpayers. causing burden on t axpayers. Require huge energy t o lift Require huge energy t o lift w at er. w at er.
- – Ant icipat ed displacem ent of Ant icipat ed displacem ent of – people and environm ent al people and environm ent al dam ages dam ages
Re fe r e n ce s Re fe r e n ce s
Raj Vir Singh ( 2000) , Wat ershed Planning and Raj Vir Singh ( 2000) , Wat ershed Planning and Raj Vir Singh ( 2000) Wat ershed Planning and Raj Vir Singh ( 2000) Wat ershed Planning and Managem ent , Yash Publishing House Managem ent , Yash Publishing House
ht t p: / / cfpub.epa.gov/ npdes/ ht t p: / / cfpub.epa.gov/ npdes/
ht t p: / / w w w .ecow orld.com / w at ers/ indias-- w at er ht t p: / / w w w .ecow orld.com / w at ers/ indias w at er-- fut ure.ht m l fut ure.ht m l
ht t p: / / w w w .nrca.org/ policies/ w at ershed/ policy_inform at i ht t p: / / w w w nrca org/ policies/ w at ershed/ policy inform at i ht t p: / / w w w nrca org/ policies/ w at ershed/ policy inform at i ht t p: / / w w w .nrca.org/ policies/ w at ershed/ policy_inform at i on.ht m on.ht m
ht t p: / / m owr.gov.in/ index3.asp?sslid= 301&subsublinkid= 394&langid= 1 ht t p: / / m owr.gov.in/ index3.asp?sslid= 301&subsublinkid= 394&langid= 1
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tu t or ia ls - Qu e st ion s!.?
Discuss t he needs of wat er policy and com ponent s of an effect ive w at er policy. com ponent s of an effect ive w at er policy.
Describe t he out com e of a successful
Describe t he out com e of a successful wat ershed m anagem ent policy.
Discuss t he Nat ional Wat er policy in I ndia.
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
Se lf Eva lu a t ion - Qu e st ion s!. Q
What are t he im port ant policy issues
for successful wat ershed f f l t h d m anagem ent ?. Discuss wat er relat ed I nst it ut ions, it s , roles & Adm inist rat ive St ruct ure in
I ndia
Prof. T I Eldho, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay P f T I Eldh D t t f Ci il E i i
IIT B b
Assign m e n t - Qu e st ion s?. g Q
I llust rat e various wat er Legislat ions in I ndia and it s im pact s. I di d it i t
How t o form ulat e an effect ive wat ershed policy?.
Discuss about t he necessit y of an y
effect ive wat ershed policy for bet t er
wat ershed m anagem ent pract ices. g pUn solve d Pr oble m !. Un solve d Pr oble m !
- Develop a case st udy of w at ershed policy of Develop a case st udy of w at ershed policy of a count ry by considering: Physical set t ing, a count ry by considering: Physical set t ing, a count ry by considering: Physical set t ing a count ry by considering: Physical set t ing
w at ershed condit ions and problem s, Hist ory w at ershed condit ions and problem s, Hist ory
of wat ershed m anagem ent , I nt ernat ional o of wat ershed m anagem ent , I nt ernat ional o at e s ed at e s ed a age a age e t , e t , t e t e at o a at o a t rends, legislat ive fram ew ork, I nst it ut ional t rends, legislat ive fram ew ork, I nst it ut ionalfram ew ork, challenges, st rat egies for policy fram ew ork, challenges, st rat egies for policy
im plem ent at ion, financial aspect s, im plem ent at ion, financial aspect s, im plem ent at ion issues et c. im plem ent at ion issues et c.
Hint : Check Wat ershed Policy of Jam aica: Hint : Check Wat ershed Policy of Jam aica: Hint : Check Wat ershed Policy of Jam aica: •• Hint : Check Wat ershed Policy of Jam aica: •• ht t p: / / w w w .nrca.org/ policies/ DRAFT% 20WATERSHED% 20POLI CY. ht t p: / / w w w .nrca.org/ policies/ DRAFT% 20WATERSHED% 20POLI CY. •• pdf pdf
Dr. T. I. Eldho Dr. T. I. Eldho Professor, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, p p g g g g Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India, 400 076. Mumbai, India, 400 076. Email: Email: Email: Email: eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in eldho@iitb.ac.in