I dedicate this thesis to my family, my beloved father

  

CLIFFORD CHATTERLEY’S SELF DEFENSE MECHANISM

  IN D.H. LAWRENCE’S LADY CHATTERLEY’S LOVER A Thesis

  A Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the Bachelor Degree Majoring Literature

  In English Department, Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University

  Submitted by : Anggi Andyaningsih

  A2B309042

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2013

  

PRONOUNCEMENT

  The writer states truthfully that this thesis is compiled by her without taking the results from other research in any university, both in S-1 degree and in diploma. In addition, the writer ascertains that she does not take the material from other publications or someone’s work except for the references mentioned in bibliography.

  Semarang, September 2013 Anggi Andyaningsih

MOTTO AND DEDICATION

  “Sesungguhnya segala kesulitan itu pasti ada kemudahan dan

  jika kamu telah selesai dari sesuatu urusan maka kerjakanlah urusan yang lain dan hanya kepada Allah SWT-lah hendaknya kamu sekalian berharap”.

  Qs. Al-Insyiroh 6-8 If you obey all of the rules, you miss all of the fun.

• --Katharine Hepburn—

  Melanconglah selagi muda!! Berkelanalah sebelum menikah,jelajahi dunia 1 atau 2 kali sebelum kesulitan bahkan untuk merencanakannya sendiri. Setiap perjalanan akan sangat berharga bagi kehidupan

• -Anonim-

  I dedicate this thesis to my family, my beloved father

  APPROVAL

  Approved by: Advisor,

  Eta Farmacelia Nurulhady, S.S., M.Hum., M.A NIP. 1972 0529 2003 122001

  

VALIDATION

  This Thesis Certified and Approved by the Thesis Examination Committee

  S-1 English Department Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University

  Day : Thursday Date : 26 September 2013

  Chief Examiner Dra. Dewi Murni, M.A

  NIP. 194912071976032001 First Member Second Member Eta Farmacelia Nurulhady,S.S., M.Hum., M.A Ariya Jati, S.S.,M.A NIP. 197205292003122001 NIP. 197802282005021001

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

  Praise to Allah SWT who has given the strength, ability and ways to complete this thesis entitled “Clifford Chatterley’s Self Defense Mechanism in D.H.

  Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover”. The writer would like to extend her gratitude to everyone who has supported her and has contributed to the completion of thesis.

  She would like to thank:

  1. Dr. Agus Maladi Irianto, M.A. as The Dean of Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University,

  2. Dra. Wiwik Sundari, M.Hum. as The Head of English department, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University,

  3. Eta Farmacelia Nurulhady, SS, M.Hum, MA. as the writer’s thesis advisor for her patience and guidance,

  4. The writer’s mother, brother and late father for giving the writer support in many aspects and worthy prayers,

  5. All the lecturers for teaching and giving the writer knowledge,

  6. The writer’s family and colleagues in Dean Office Faculty of Engineering for supporting the writer to finish this thesis,

  7. The writer’s fellow students from 2009, especially those in Literature Class, and 8. Bayu Agung Dewanto for his support and his unconditional love.

  The writer realizes that this thesis is not perfect and needs some corrections. Hence, the writer would be grateful to everyone who would like to give some criticism, suggestion, or correction. The writer also hopes this thesis will be useful in both academic and social aspects.

  Semarang, September 2013 Anggi Andyaningsih

  

TABLE OF CONTENT

  TITLE i

  PRONOUNCEMENT ii

  MOTTO AND DEDICATION iii

  APPROVAL iv

  VALIDATION v

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

  TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

  ABSTRACT x

  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

  1

  1.1. Background of The Study

  1

  1.2. Research Problems

  2

  1.3. Objective of The Study

  3

  1.4. Methods of The Study

  3

  1.5. Organization of The Writing

  4 CHAPTER 2 D.H. LAWRENCE AND SYNOPSIS LADY CHATTERLEY’S

   LOVER

  6

  2.1. D.H. Lawrence and Lady Chatterley’s Lover

  6

  2.2. Synopsis of Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1960’s novel version)

  7 CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

  10

  3.1. Intrinsic Aspect

  10

  3.1.1. Character

  10

  3.1.2. Setting

  11

  3.1.3. Conflict

  13

  3.2. Extrinsic Aspect

  14

  3.2.1. Personality Structure and Its Dynamic

  15

  3.2.1.1. The Id (das Es)

  15

  3.2.1.2. The Ego (das Ich)

  17

  3.2.1.3. The Superego (das Uber Ich)

  17

  3.2.2. Self Defense Mechanism

  19 CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION

  23

  4.1. Analysis of Character

  23

  4.1.1. Clifford Chatterley

  23

  4.1.2. Constance Reid

  28

  4.1.3. Ivy Bolton

  30

  4.2. Analysis of Setting

  32

  4.3. Analysis of Conflict

  38

  4.3.1. Internal Conflict

  38

  4.3.2. External Conflict

  40

  4.4. Clifford Chatterley’s Self Defense Mechanism

  44

  4.4.1. Sublimation

  48

  4.4.2. Denial

  51

  4.4.3. Regression

  54 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

  58 BIBLIOGRAPHY

  61

  

ABSTRACT

  Self Defense Mechanism is the mechanism established to reduce a person’s feeling of distress or discomfort in an undesirable state. An example of self defense mechanism in order to overcome the distress caused by frustration and wounded shock can be found in Clifford Chatterley in the novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover by DH Lawrence. This study is aimed at explaining and analyzing the effect of paralysis in Clifford’s married life and how he establishes defense mechanism to reduce his frustration. The methods used in this study are library research and psychological approach that related to conflict and psychological aspect of the character. The analysis shows that Clifford’s paralysis affects his married life with Connie. In order to satisfy his own desire, Clifford sublimates his sexual desire by writing stories and developing his coal mining. Clifford also denies that Connie will never leave him even though he can clearly see that Connie has left him. After realizing that Connie left him, he behaves like a child toward Mrs. Bolton. He regresses his physic pattern as if he were a child while he is a man. Clifford performs sublimation, denial and regression to keep him alive and live his life.

  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

  Literature is an expression of human beings, an experience of life that is written by its author in order to be enjoyed. Novel as a form of literature is also inspired by human’s life. Therefore when people read it, they may experience the real life. Kennedy and Gioia in their book Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry,

  

Drama and Writing write: “a novel is a book-length story in prose, whose author tries

  to create the sense that while we read, we experience actual life” (2007: 275). As novel is inspired by human experience, it is a picture of real life and manner. The readers often find conflicts which also happen in real life while they are reading novel.

  Conflicts found in novel sometimes talks about what happen in someone’s life whether it is his private life or married life. For a married life, the conflict happen may come from one spouse or both of them. In real life, a conflict in marriage is not an impossible matter. When one decides get married, she or he has to be able to consider someone else’s feeling. A conflict may be caused by both of them or only one of them. When there is no one who tries to overcome the conflict, their relationship may become troubled. When the relationship becomes troubled, they seem to have tension for each other. They cannot stay in a healthy relationship. If this unhealthy relationship continues, the people who stay in this kind of relationship will easily get hurt. They will feel restlessness and emptiness that may lead to divorce or affairs. The description of unhealthy married is also found in DH Lawrence novel, which is entitled Lady Chatterley’s Lover.

  DH Lawrence’s novel is one of the famous works around 1928 (Hoggart, 1960: 1). The way Lawrence describes the existence of The Chatterley family is interesting. Clifford Chatterley is not the main character of this novel; however he has a complex emotion and conflict in his life. Clifford is a good looking man and has everything in his life before the war makes the lower half of his body, from hips down ward, paralyzed forever. The struggle of Clifford Chatterley to overcome the conflicts in his life by doing some defense mechanism is the main point of this study.

  Therefore this study is entitled Clifford Chatterley’s Self Defense Mechanism in D.H Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover.

1.2. Research Problems

  There are some problems which can be found and analyzed in this novel. The character of Clifford Chatterley is interesting to be analyzed since he has some conflicts which make him want to protect himself. Does Clifford Chatterley develop his character during the conflicts of his life? Does environment also influence his development? What kind of conflicts does he face when he develops his character? How does he overcome his conflict while he is paralyzed forever? What kinds of defense mechanism which help Clifford to cope with his life?

  1.3. Objectives of the Study

  In order to write this study, the writer has a number of purposes to be achieved as the result of the study. The purposes of this study are:

  1. To analyze character of Clifford Chatterley and its development;

  2. To study the setting of Lady Chatterley’s Lover and its impact on Clifford Chatterley;

  3. To analyze conflict happened in Clifford Chatterley’s life;

  4. To study Clifford Chatterley’s self defense mechanism to cope with the problem in his life.

  1.4. Methods of the Study

  This study uses library research to explain the problems. The library research sources are from books. The books provide some data and information to be analyzed as the research object. The theory and information gained from the library research helps this study to analyze and solve the problems found in the analysis of the novel.

  Novel is considered as a creative process and has to be analyzed from intrinsic and extrinsic aspect to bring this creative process into a literature.

  (Nurgiyantoro, 2009: 8-9). This study analyzes the character, setting, conflict and defense mechanism by using a psychological approach. Some literary critics have borrowed concepts from other disciplines, such as the psychological approach to analyze the literature since the era of Aristotle.

  Since Aristotle, however, philosophers, scholars, and writers have tried to create more precise and disciplined ways of discussing literature. Literary critics have borrowed concepts from other disciplines, such as philosophy, history, linguistics, psychology, and anthropology, to analyze imaginative literature more perceptively (Kennedy and Gioia, 2007: 2177).

  Some literary critics also believe that the psychological approach helps them to analyze literature. Literature has such profound insight into human nature that the character displays the depth and the complexity of real people.

  Psychological approach examines the surface of the literary work, customarily speculates on what lies underneath the text, the unspoken or perhaps the unspeakable memories, motives and fears that covertly shape the work” (Kennedy and Gioia, 2007: 2193).

  The psychological approach is needed to interpret the character and the experience portrayed since it can afford many profound clues toward solving literature work (Guerin.et al, 2005: 152). To limit the object, this study uses Freud’s psychoanalytic theory which deals with the mental function and the mental development.

1.5. Organization of the Writing

  The writing organization of thesis is divided into five chapters and each

  chapter is separated into many sub chapters. The chapters are: Chapter I : Introduction discusses the background of the study, the scope of the study, the purpose of the study, methods of research, and approach, include the writing organizing.

  Chapter II : D.H. Lawrence and Synopsis of Lady Chatterley’s Lover. The chapter talks about the author’s biography and the resume of the novel. D.H. Lawrence biography and his amazing quantity of work are discussed in this chapter including the synopsis of his novel, Lady Chatterley’s Lover , which is used in this thesis.

  Chapter III : Theoretical Framework. The study conveys the nature of intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the novel. The intrinsic aspects discussed are character, setting and conflict. Meanwhile the extrinsic aspects are Freud’s psychoanalytic theory on self defense mechanism.

  Chapter IV : Discussion. The chapter discusses the character of Clifford Chatterley, Constance Reid, Ivy Bolton, setting and conflict in Lady Chatterley’s Lover . This chapter also talks about Clifford’s self defense mechanism

  Chapter V : Conclusion. In this chapter the writer concludes the study of Clifford Chatterley’s self defense mechanism.

CHAPTER 2 D.H. LAWRENCE AND SYNOPSIS OF LADY CHATTERLEY’S LOVER

2.1. D.H. Lawrence and Lady Chatterley’s Lover

  David Herbert Lawrence, also known as D.H. Lawrence was born at Eastwood, Nottinghamshire as written in his novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1960) in 1885, fourth of the five children of a miner and his middle-class wife. Lawrence was educated at Nottingham High School, to which he obtained a scholarship. He worked as a clerk in a surgical appliance factory and then for four years as a pupil-teacher. After his study at Nottingham University, Lawrence briefly pursued a teaching career.

  Lawrence's best known work is Lady Chatterley's Lover, first published privately in Florence in 1928. It tells of the love affair between a wealthy, married woman, and a man who works on her husband's estate. The story’s background is the coal mining in Midland. Lawrence took inspiration for the setting of the novel from Eastwood, Nottinghamshire, where he grew up. Lawrence was intimately familiar with the region of the Nottinghamshire coalfield. The significance of coal in the background to Lawrence's novels cannot be overstressed, when considering his treatment of social class issues.

  Lady Chatterley’s Lover is not categorized as a dirty book. It is serious and

  beautiful. Lawrence has done all he can to make this novel say what he meant it to say openly, honestly and tenderly (Hoggart, 1960: 5). The main subject of Lady

  

Chatterley's Lover is not the sexual passages that were the subject of such debate but

  the search for integrity and wholeness. The key to this integrity is cohesion between the mind and the body for body without mind is brutish; mind without body is a running away from our double being. Lady Chatterley's Lover focuses on the incoherence of living a life that is all mind, which Lawrence saw as particularly true among the young members of the aristocratic classes,

2.2. Synopsis of Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1960’s novel version)

  Lady Chatterley's Lover begins by introducing Connie Reid. She was raised as

  a cultured bohemian of the upper-middle class, and was introduced to love affairs-- intellectual and sexual liaisons--as a teenager. In 1917, at 23, she marries Clifford Chatterley, the scion of an aristocratic line. After a month's honeymoon, he is sent to war, and returns paralyzed from the waist down ward, impotent.

  After the war, Clifford becomes a successful writer, and many intellectuals flock to the Chatterley mansion, Wragby. Clifford writes stories about the people he knows. His writing is published in famous magazines. Meanwhile Connie longs for real human contact, and falls into despair, as all men seem scared of true feelings and true passion. She becomes restlessness and thin. There is a growing distance between Connie and Clifford, who has retreated into the meaningless pursuit of success in his writing. She needs her own time to release her restlessness.

  A nurse, Mrs. Bolton, is hired to take care of the handicapped Clifford so that Connie can be more independent, and Clifford falls into a deep dependence on the nurse, his manhood fading into an infantile reliance. Mrs. Bolton influences Clifford and even gives him courage to put interest in coal mining industry. Clifford starts to read again his technical works on coal mining. He studies the government reports and he reads with care the latest things on mining and the chemistry of coal. Then he becomes successful businessman.

  Connie has so much time for herself now because she does not need to take care of Clifford. She often walks to the wood in which she meets Oliver Mellors. He works as the gamekeeper on Clifford's estate, newly returned from serving in the army. Connie and Mellors have affair after they meet several times. This is a revelatory and profoundly moving experience for Connie; she begins to adore Mellors. When Connie enjoys her affair with Mellors, Clifford inwardly knows that her wife is having an affair. However Clifford believes that his wife will never leave him since they agree to live the integrated life. The integrated life in Clifford’s mind is living together day to day, the life-long companionship.

  Connie goes away to Venice for a vacation and promise that she will come back to Clifford. Connie sends Clifford a letter telling that she will never come back to him. Connie’s letter gives him a huge shocked. His expression is blank and he seems like an idiot. Mrs. Bolton who has an experience for nursing someone with hysteria feels that she should do something to Clifford. She starts to weep and so does Clifford. He begins to behave like a child with Mrs. Bolton. He asks Mrs. Bolton to kiss him and he will lean on Mrs. Bolton’s bosom. Clifford slowly thinks the betrayal of his wife and Clifford asks her to come back. When she comes back, Connie admits to Clifford that she is pregnant with Mellors' baby, but Clifford refuses to give her a divorce. The novel ends with Mellors working on a farm, waiting for his divorce, and Connie living with her sister, also waiting: the hope exists that, in the end, they will be together.

  Clifford’s mental development in the novel is a case which can be analyzed in psychoanalysis. Every experience in his mental life makes him suffer. He has to struggle to defend his superego. He tends to use self defense mechanism to overcome his problems. His self defense mechanism keeps him alive and makes him a man in his paralysis.

CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The aspects which build the novel can be separated into two aspects namely

  intrinsic and extrinsic aspects. To study the intrinsic aspect, the study has to interpret and analyze the works of literature themselves. Wellek and Warren state that to study the extrinsic aspect of literature is concerning themselves with its setting, its environment and its external causes (1962: 73). To sum up, the intrinsic aspects are the aspects which come from the novel itself whereas the extrinsic aspects come from the outside of the novel.

  This chapter is divided into two sub chapters. The first sub chapter is intrinsic aspects which focus on the character, setting and conflict in the novel. The second sub chapter is an extrinsic aspect and the aspect describes the psychological traits which support the analysis of the novel. The theory which is used in analyzing the psychological traits of the novel is Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis.

3.1. Intrinsic Aspect

  In literature, intrinsic aspects are the important aspects which consist of character, theme, plot, setting, diction, and point of view. The points which are described in this chapter are the character, setting and conflict.

3.1.1. Character

  Character plays an important role in novel as it is impossible if the reader cannot find any character in fiction. Abrams in his book writes;

  Character is the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it and from what they do (1999: 32). Character is considered as the inhabitant of the novel who moves in the imaginary world of the novel.

  Character can be classified into static or developing. The static character stays in the same sort of person from the beginning to the end of the story. Developing character undergoes a change in some aspect of character, personality or outlook. “The change may be large or small one, it may be for better or for worse however it is something important.” (Perrine, 1987: 69). The change in developing character makes a great change in the story no matter how small the change is.

  The change in developing character has three conditions. These conditions are within the possibilities of the character that make it, sufficiently motivated by circumstances in which the character is placed, and allowed sufficient time for a change (Perrine, 1987: 69). These conditions must meet each other to allow the character to be called as a developing character.

3.1.2. Setting

  Setting of the novel may be figured as background and environment of the story and it includes its time and its place. “Setting is environment; and environments, especially domestic interiors, may be viewed as metonymic, or metaphoric, expressions of character.” (Warren and Wellek, 1962: 221). Based on the statement above, the study may conclude that setting is not only place, and time but also the nuance of the story. Setting can give experience to the readers when the readers are reading the story to the fullest.

  The settings which are discussed in this study are setting of time, setting of place and setting of society. Setting of time is related to the matter of when the incidents happen in the story.

  The problem of when is usually connected to the factual time such as day, month, and year. When the reader begins to read a historical story then they will soon be aware that they are not reading about life in twenty-first century. (Kennedy and Gioia, 2007: 112).

  Based on the setting of time, the reader can imagine the situation at the time of the story happens.

  Setting of place is related to the matter of where the story takes place. Setting of place directs the location of the event happen in the novel. It includes the physical environment of the story such as a house, a street, a city, a landscape. (Kennedy and Gioia, 2007: 112).

  The description of place is important to give the impression to the reader so that the reader can create their own imagination where the story happens.

  Meanwhile setting of society is the condition of the society or community where the story takes place. Warren and Wellek’s opinion state that setting may be the massive determinant environment viewed as physical or social causation, something over which the individual has little individual control (1962: 221). When people have a control over another people, the society has social class to differentiate these people.

  In fiction, the setting is not only a background, in which it shows where and when the story goes but also the nuance of the story. A novel or even a short story must have happened in such a certain place and time. In the novel, the setting can profoundly affect the character in the story. The author seems to describe a setting to evoke atmosphere.

3.1.3. Conflict

  As a work of literature, novel is a portrait of actual life which sometimes contains a clash. “The clash creates a drama in the story. Drama in fiction occurs in any clash of wills, desires, or power.” (Kennedy and Gioia, 2007: 8). This clash is called conflict and it may happen between characters and character against society.

  The main character may be pitted against something. The conflict may happen when the character is against some other person (man against man), he may be in conflict with some external force such as physical nature, society of fate (man against environment), or he may be in conflict with some elements in his own nature (man against himself) (Perrine, 1987: 42). Therefore the study may conclude that conflict is situation in which a contradiction occurs in a person. This tells the person to decide (not) to do a particular activity.

  Besides the explanation above, there is a division of the conflict: internal and external conflict. Internal conflict is a conflict which occurs in a person as a result of the conflict of his own desire, meanwhile external conflict is a conflict of person that happens between himself and other individual or environment (Meyer, 1990: 46). A character may experience internal and external conflict at the same moment during the story.

3.2. Extrinsic Aspect

  The extrinsic aspect deals with all kind of aspects come from the outside of the literature and enrich the existence of the literature work (Warren and Wellek, 1962: 221). The extrinsic aspect can be considered as a part of aspects which build a novel in which it gives an influence to the whole structure of the novel. The novel may be written as the result of the external expression of the author’s unconscious mind. Therefore, this external expression can be analyzed by using psychoanalysis based on Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis, which include personality structure and personality dynamics.

  Psychoanalysis considers the mind as an energy system. The mind is stated to have different system from the other system of the human body, each of which also has different function such as satisfying the needs of the body, representing the social norms and rules and looking for a strategy to balance the biological urge and social stress (Cervone, 2011: 36). Psychoanalysis is related to human mental functions and development. This is part of the science of psychology and makes a great contribution to the study of literature. As the external expression of the author, the novel must be treated like a dream, applying the psychoanalysis technique to uncover the author’s hidden motives and repressed desires.

3.2.1. Personality Structure and Its Dynamic

  According to Freud, the mind is divided into three parts in a different but related way. “The mind is composed of three parts, each with a very different function: the id (das es), the ego (das ich), and the superego (das uber ich).” (Lahey, 1986: 426). The distinction of these areas is certainly not real because the theory is not based on the real body, but it is based on the mind. Freud calls it as “useful aids to understanding” that he invents to help explain things that can be observed (Myers, 1986: 398). This useful aid which was invented by Freud has helped him to explore and analyze human mind.

3.2.1.1. The Id (das Es)

  The core of personality which is entirely unconscious is psychic area called the id. “The id is a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that constantly strives to satisfy our intellectual drives for survival.” (Myers, 1986: 398). The id is a primitive area which is originally carried by a person since he was born. The id does not have a contact to reality; however the id undertakes some efforts to defuse tensions by satisfying the basic needs. This is because the only function of the id is to obtain satisfaction therefore Freud calls that the id follows pleasure principle (Feist, 2010: 32). The id does not consider anything except following the pleasure principle.

  Pleasure principle according to Freud; “Pleasure principle craves only for pleasure, and it desires instantaneous satisfaction of instinctual drives, ignoring moral and sexual boundaries established by society.” (Bressler, 1998: 150).

  The id is not capable of making decisions on the basis of value or to distinguish the good from the bad. The id is something amoral, not immoral or norms breaking. “Id pours all the energy for the purpose of seeking pleasure without caring whether the pleasure is appropriate or not to display.” (Feist, 2010: 32). The id only exists to have satisfaction without knowing any other reason to be considered.

  The id seeks to satisfy its desires in ways which are totally out of touch with reality. The id has no conception whatsoever of reality. The id attempts to satisfy its needs using what Freud calls primary process thinking, by simply forming a wish- fulfilling mental image of the desired objects (Lahey, 1986: 427). The wish-fulfilling mental image is considered as the image which is attempted to fulfill whatever need to be satisfied. The critics use the primary process when a person daydream about eating a plate of chicken steak when someone is hungry or angrily thinking of how he would like to get a revenge on the person who embarrasses him this morning. The primary process satisfies motives through imagination rather than reality.

  A person could not live only pursuing pleasure principle or using the primary process to meet his needs but he needs to perform real action to meet his needs. As a person grows up, the interactions with parents and other part of the real world lead the children to convert the id into two other divisions namely the ego and the superego. They will help the people to overcome the problems in the world more effectively.

  3.2.1.2. The Ego (das Ich)

  The ego is formed because the id has to develop realistic way to satisfy the needs and also avoids troubles caused by selfish and aggressive behavior. The ego operates according to the reality principle. This means that it holds the id until a safe and realistic way has been found to satisfy its needs. As the only one part of the mind which can be related to the world therefore the ego takes on the role of executive or decision maker of personality (Feist, 2010: 33). The ego uses its abilities to manage and control the id and balances its desire against restriction of reality and the superego

  The ego has abilities that the id does not have. The ego can distinguish fantasy from reality. The ego can tolerate tensions and create approval through rational thinking. Unlike the id, the ego changes over time with the development of complex function during childhood (Cervone, 2011: 106). Because of its ability to distinguish fantasy from reality, the ego operates by means of a secondary process. This secondary process involves realistic, logical thinking and planning to meet the needs.

  3.2.1.3. The Superego (das Uber Ich)

  The ego seeks to satisfy the id’s motives no matter what regardless of the good of others. The ego tries to be realistic to satisfy all the motives. As long as the needs are safely met, it does not care if the rules are broken, lies are told, and people go wrong. If everyone acts in that manner simultaneously while they wants their needs or desires to be satisfied immediately, chaos could probably happen in society. Therefore the society creates the superego to control the id and the ego.

  Mischel quotes Freud view on the superego as follows: The long period of childhood, during which the growing human being lives in dependence on his parents, leaves behind it as a precipitate the formation in his ego of a special agency in which parental influence is prolonged. It has received the name of superego. In so far as this superego is differentiated from the ego or is opposed to it, it constitutes a third power which the ego must take into account (Mischel, 1981: 37)

  The superego is representative of traditional values and ideals of the community as construed parents to their children who are taught by variety of commands and prohibitions. The superego is the judge of wrong or right, good or bad in accordance with the standard of parents and also of society since parents are the main agents of society to create the superego. The superego represents the ideal and it seeks perfection because the superego is the standard of the good in society.

  The superego forces the ego to consider not only the real but also the ideal. Myers explains that

  “as the individual internalizes the morals and values of parents and society, the superego provides booth of our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards; it strives for perfection and judges our actions with accompanying feelings of guilt or pride.” (Myers, 1986: 398).

  A person with strong superego may be continually upright, while the person with weak superego may be self indulgent.

  Personality dynamics involve interaction and clash between the id, the ego and the superego. According to Freud, the three divisions of physic structure are always in conflict (Mischel, 1981: 38). Each of them is seeking the way to meet their role. The id wants to meet the needs or desires while the superego is controlling the ego so that the ego can find the right way to fulfill the id’s desire without causing any troubles or chaos in society.

  The conflict between these three divisions of physic structure causes tensions or anxiety. Based on Sumardi Suryabrata (2003: 141), personality develops in connection with some source of tensions such as the development of physiological process, frustration, conflict and impendence. Anxiety is the result of painful tensions and the human beings seek the way to reduce it. When anxiety cannot be handled by realistic methods, the human beings seek the unrealistic defense. In this condition the ego acts looking for the way to reduce anxiety by doing self defense mechanism.

3.2.2. Self Defense Mechanism

  Freud states that defense mechanism is a strategy which is used by individual to defend against the id and oppose the superego. The ego reacts to the danger caused by the id in two ways; they are fortifying impulse so it cannot be conscious behavior and deflecting impulse so that the original intensity can be attenuated (Alwisol, 2011: 22). By doing these ways, the ego finds the solution to overcome the tension and danger.

  There are a number of defense mechanisms which is used by individual to reduce the tension namely sublimation, denial and regression. Sublimation is a form of defense mechanism which is placing impulse into socially valued achievements. Sublimation is therefore socially adaptive (Myers, 1986: 400). Sublimation is particularly significant in the development of culture. The objective of sublimation is clearly articulated through the creative cultural achievement such as art, music and literature. In most people, sublimation directly mixes to produce a balance between the achievement of social and personal enjoyment. Sublimation is the only self defense mechanism that can be accepted by society.

  Some of the people in society had received their achievement as a result of sublimation process. Freud believes that all the cultural and economic achievements of society were the result of sublimation (Lahey, 1986: 430). The person who sublimates his id energy is going to be able to fit the society. They are considered as successful people and deserved to be followed.

  The other self defense mechanism is denial. Denial is the form of self defense mechanism which eliminates danger from the outside with defiance and assumes that there is no danger (Alwisol, 2011, 28). An individual in his conscious mind denies the traumatic event or fact is not socially acceptable. The fact may be too terrible therefore he wants to deny the truth. A person may deny a terrible thing which happened and he brainwashes to himself to put the terrible thing out of his mind. He may do this consciously, but as the time goes by he may do that unconsciously. This denial has been done consciously, but later he realizes that it is automatic and unconscious so that he becomes unconscious if he does not see the problem. Denial eliminates the danger from outside by disowning or assuming that there is no danger.

  The denial of the reality can be seen when the person says or assumes by saying something will never happen to her/him although there is a clear evidence of the incident. Denial may give temporary composure from the emotional trauma and help people to avoid anxiety or excessive depression. Cervone believes that denial can be adaptive where the individual cannot do something like when someone has a fatal disease yet it may be maladaptive when denial prevent someone from taking constructive steps to address the situation that can be changed (2011, 112). Denial may be the primitive way of self defense mechanism but people can be exhausted if they keep denying.

  Frustration, anxiety and traumatic experiences in certain stage of development can lead to a backward step, backward to the previous stage of development where he feels comfortable (Feist, 2009: 42). This backward step is called regression. When a man experiences a great shock and frustration, he cries as loud as baby and acts like a spoiled child. However regression is considered as contemporary defense. A person cannot perform regression for the entire life. Once he feels comfortable and his anxious feeling is over, he will be back to his normal stage of development. One will perform regression when some of the psychic energies are fixated. “Regression, retreating to an earlier, more infantile stage of development where some of our psychic energies are still fixated.” (Myers, 1986: 400).

  

CHAPTER 4

DISCUSSION

4.1. Analysis of Character

4.1.1. Clifford Chatterley

  Clifford Chatterley grows up in the rich family. His family is an aristocrat because her father, Sir Geoffrey, is a baronet and his mother is a viscount’s daughter.

  Growing up in the rich family, he is used to behave selfish and stubborn. He is aware of his position of the heir of the Chatterley, moreover his brother, Herbert Chatterley, died because of the war. He is used to live with the power over the lower class.

  He is a young man in her twenty two when he meets his future wife, Constance Reid or Connie. Young Clifford Chatterley is handsome and well-bred man.

  “He remained strange and bright and cheerful, almost, one might say, chirpy, with his ruddy, healthy-looking face, and his pale-blue, challenging bright eyes. His shoulders were broad and strong, his hands were very strong.” (Lawrence, 1960: 6).

  His physical appearance is somehow attractive. Because of his parents’ wealth and position, he can study in Cambridge. He has spent two years in Cambridge. After graduated from Cambridge, he continues to study the technicalities of coal mining in Bonn when he has to hurry home to join the army. His family position puts him as a first lieutenant in a smart regiment. The uniform which is worn means a lot for his selfishness. He can mock at everything righteously in his uniform.

  Clifford, Herbert and their sister Emma live isolated in Wragby. They live isolated from the surrounding environment due to the remote location of Wragby.

  They are also isolated from another upper class because their father is an introvert.

  The Chatterleys, two brothers and a sister, had lived curiously isolated, shut in with one another at Wragby, in spite of all their connexions. A sense of isolation intensified the family tie, a sense of the weakness of their position, a sense of defencelessness, in spite of, or because of, the title and the land. They were cut off from those industrial Midlands in which they passed their lives. And they were cut off from their own class by the brooding, obstinate, shut-up nature of Sir Geoffrey, their father. (Lawrence, 1960: 12)

  The Chatterleys are cut off from the Midlands in which they spend their lives. The ways they live in Wragby build Clifford personality. The three of them said that they will live together. However, Herbert has died and his father wants Clifford to marry and present a heir to the Chatterley.

  He marries to Constance Reid and has a month honeymoon before Clifford goes back to Flanders. He fights for English Army. His handling for life is amazing, he is shipped back home smashed after six months. He remained in doctor’s hand for two years before he is pronounced a cure. He can return to life again with the lower half of his body paralyzed forever. He is crippled and knowing that he will never have children then he comes back to Wragby, the Chatterley place. He lives with his wife.

  Although he is paralyzed, Clifford is still handsome as if he could still break every girl’s heart. “He still dressed himself with the expensive suit. He was expensively dressed, and wore handsome neckties from Bond Street.” (Lawrence, 1960: 6). He does not disable completely since he has wheeled chair and bath-chair with motor so he can motor himself around the garden.

  Being paralyzed and suffering for a long time leaves a great shock in Clifford’s life even though he looks healthy with his bright eyes. Some people may say that they see watchful look, seems to be emptiness of being crippled. He may be proud of being alive however he has been hurt so much that something in his heart is vanished. Clifford is self conscious about how lame he is now. He really hates when people, except his wife and personal servants, sees him for being in wheeled chair. He still looks so smart and impressive from the top. However, when he speaks, his voice reveals his nature.

  But Clifford was really extremely shy and self-conscious now he was lamed. He hated seeing anyone except just the personal servants. For he had to sit in a wheeled chair or a sort of bath-chair. Nevertheless he was just as carefully dressed as ever, by his expensive tailors, and he wore the careful Bond Street neckties just as before, and from the top he looked just as smart and impressive as ever. He had never been one of the modern ladylike young men: rather bucolic even, with his ruddy face and broad shoulders. But his very quiet, hesitating voice, and his eyes, at the same time bold and frightened, assured and uncertain, revealed his nature. His manner was often offensively supercilious, and then again modest and self-effacing, almost tremulous (Lawrence, 1960: 16) For he is paralyzed, Clifford only has a little connection with another, even it is with his wife. He is afraid of his miners for they have to see how lame he is. He is not in touch with anybody. He feels safe and lives in a shell called Wragby. There is nothing which touches inside of his life, there is only emptiness. However he needs his wife beside him to make sure his existence no matter how big and strong he is. Yet he is still ambitious.