2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Novel - The Description of Telekinesis in Stephen Kings 's Novel Carrie
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Novel
The word “novel” comes from the Italian, Novella. Novel is a long narrative prose that describe fictional characters and events in the form of a sequential story. A novel is a literary work has been appreciated by many people because it aims to entertains and teaches. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novel. The latter, an Italian word used to describe short stories, supplied the present generic English term in the 18th century. The first significant European novelist is Miguel de Cervantes, author of Don Quixote, the first part of which was published in 1605.
Shaw (1972:189) says, “A novel is lengthy fictitious narrative prose portraying character and presenting an organized series of events and settings.” It means that long or short of a work is often used as a distinguishing feature between short stories and novels. Short stories usually range between 1,500 to 15,000 words, while novel about 70,000 sometimes 40,0000 words. Characters and action representative of the real life of past or present times. Novel and short story tell all events or problems that occur in human life.
Every novel has five elements: Characters - The people (or sometimes animals) the story is about. Theme - The writer of the story is trying to teach the reader and provide the message. Plot - What happens in the story. Setting - When and where the story takes place. And the last, Point of view - Who is telling the story. First person point of view uses "I", and is told by one of the characters of the story. Third person point of view uses an unnamed narrator who knows what all (or most) of the story's characters are thinking.
2.2 Character
A character or fictional characters is a person in narrative work of arts, such as a novel, drama, television series, or film. In literature, characters guide readers through their stories, helping them to understand plots and theme. The types of characters in the novel is flat characters and round characters. A character has strategic position to delivers the message, moral, or something that would be given to the reader.
Abrams (1981:20) says, “Character is the person who is performed in a narrative prose or drama, and it is interpreted by the reader which has quality of moral and the certain tendency such as expression in conversation and what he has done in action.” It means that a character with the personal quality is related to the reader to get the message and the reader interprets the character by seeing his action and conversation.
Furqonul (1987:51) says that the characters in a good novel are interesting, intriguing, consistent, convincing, complex and realistic. If the author has created a particularly vivid or individualistic characters, then we, as readers, will find that character interesting regardless of whether or not we symphatize with him or her.
It means that characters is one part which very important in a story. Character make the story become real and interesting.
Round Characters is a major character in a fiction of work who encounters conflict and is changed by it. Round characters tend to be more fully developed and described than flat, or static, characters. If you think of the characters you most love in fiction, they probably seem as real to you as people you know in real life. This is a good sign that they are round characters. A writer employs a number of tools or elements to develop a character, making him or her round, including description and dialogue. A character's responses to conflict and his or her internal dialogue are also revelatory.
Flat Characters is a minor character in a fiction of work who does not undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Also referred to as "two-dimensional characters" or "static characters," flat characters play a supporting role to the main character, who as a rule should be round. To the degree that the stock characters have many common traits, they are representative of their class, or group. Such characters, with variations in names, ages, and sexes, have been constant in literature since the ancient Greeks. Some regular stock characters are insensitive father, the interfering mother, the sassy younger brother or sister, the greedy politican, the resourceful cowboy or detective, the overbearing or henpecked husband, the submissive or nagging wife, and the angry police captain. Stock characters stay flat as long as they merely perform their roles and exhibit conventional and un individual traits. When they posses no attitudes except those of their class, they are labeled stereotype, because they all seem to be cast from the same mold or printing matrix.
Main Characters are actors which appear the most in the story and always have connection with other actors. Main characters are the most dominant told in the story either do an action. Main characters really determine the development of plot. Main characters are the important part in the novel because the y have role to run the story, main characters in a novel could be more than one in the different major quality.
Peripheral characters are the actors who have part in supporting the story. The presence of the peripheral characters in whole story are limited and they are usually only related to the main characters.
2.3 Theme
Yelland (1983:189) says that the central thought in a literary work. In a novel, theme is the central idea developed in the plot. Theme is one of the fundamental components of fiction. Theme is a broad idea, message or moral of a story. The message may be about life, society or human nature. Theme often explore timeless and universal ideas and are almost implied rather than stated explicitly.
In contemporary literary studies, a theme is the central topic a text treats. Themes can be divided into two categories : a work’s thematic concept is what readers “think the work is about” and its thematic statements being “what the work says about the subject”.
An imaginative work, a theme can be expressed in various ways, such as through character dialogue, through conflict, or through indirect comments.
Therefore, a good theme is a theme that is not expressed directly and clearly. You extract it from the characters, action, and setting that make up the story. In other words, you must figure out the theme yourself.
Shaw (1972:237) says that theme is the central and dominating idea in a literary work. The theme is the main idea or topic of the story. Sometimes, an author writes a story that is based on a particular theme. Other times, the theme appear before the author writes the story. The theme of the story doesn’t need to convey a moral point. It only needs to convey the author’s views on a particular subject.
Peck and Coyle (1984:141) say, “theme of work is the large of idea or concept it is dealing with. in order to grasp the theme of work, we have to stand back from the text and see what sort of general experience or subject links all its details together.” It means that theme is a large idea, to be able to understand a theme, we must to see from the text or the general experience of the author.
Scharbach (1965) says, “Theme represents all of the many things the author has to say about the various aspect of life that he shows his reader, and statements of theme can be arrived at only through the inductive prose.” It means that every novelist can convey various aspects of life to his readers. Theme sometimes considers a message.
2.4 Plot Plot is one of the most important elements in shaping a work of fiction.
Plot is a literary term used to describe the events that make up a story or the main part of a story. The plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story which the character and setting are built around. Plot as a media for understanding the life of the character and setting in a novel.
Arrowsmith (1963:13) says that plot structure includes three parts :
a) Exposition (setting forth of the begining)
b) Conflict (a complication that moves to climax)
c) Denouement (Literally, the outcome of the conflict, the resolution).
It means that plot elements are just based on exposition of the begining of the events, the development of events that led to the conflict which climax, and the denouement of the conflict.
Stanton (1965:14) says that plot is a story that consist of the sequence of events, but each events just related by casual sequence, and an event is caused or can caused the other events happened. it means that the plot is the arrangement of the events in a story into a casual sequence.
Hartoko (1985:48) says that there are two types of plot. They are:
a) Flashback plot (mixed plot) This technique is used by the author to display events in the past.
b) Flash-forward plot (progressive plot)
This technique is easier to understand by the reader because the author tells the story chronologically.
2.5 Setting
Setting is the time, place, and social reality within which a story takes place. We have no understand where we are , in which period of time, in which society and at which level in that society if we are no to interpret correctly the other elements in the story. Settings can not be separated from the themes, characters, and plot, because all of them is an integral part. Setting should be able to form a specific theme and plot.
Fananie (2001:98) says, “The successful setting must be integrated with the theme, character, style, implication or the related of its philosophical.” It means that setting must be able to form the certain theme and plot with the place, time, area, and certain people with specific characteristic.
Novel not only needs characters, theme and plot, but also setting. Setting usually directs to the definition of place, connection of time and social environment where the event happens. Setting gives the basic of story correctly and clear. The setting is important to give realistic impression to the readers, created a certain situation at a glanced is really happened. So, the readers feel easier to create their imagination and participation to criticize the story
Nurgiyantoro (2004:227-223) says that setting can be divided into three main element, they are : setting of place, setting of time, and setting of social.
Setting of place ; time and social condition that becomes place for figures do and affected an event. Setting will influence the action and way of thought of figures.
Setting of time means when the time of story happen. The problem of when usually connects with factual time for example day, month, year, weather, or historical period. Setting of society is very close to the behavior of social life in a certain place and certain time in novel. Social setting has connection with the system of social life that contains many problems in complex scope. It can be habits, custom, tradition, religion, ideology, faith and the way of thinking.
2.6 Point of View
Point of view is the angle of considering things which shows us the
opinion or feelings of the individuals involved in a situation. In literature, point of view is the mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers “hear” and “see” what takes place in a story, poem, essay etc. Point of view is a reflection of the opinion an individual from real life or fiction can have. The point of view discusses about who is telling story, or from which position the events are perceived. In general, point of view is differentiated into two kinds : first person point of view and third person point of view.
In the first person point of view , the story is told by a character within the story, a character using the first person pronoun, I. In the narrator is a secondary character, the point of view is first person observer. In the third point of view , the story is not told by a character but by "invisible author" using the third person pronoun (he, she, or it) to tell the story. If the third person narrator gives us the thoughts of characters (he wondered where he'd lost his baseball glove), then he is a third person omniscient ( all knowing) narrator. In the third person narrator only gives us information which could be recorded, then he is a third person dramatic narrator.
There are four basic of point of views : a) The first of point of view is the writer must whether the “I” is to be major or minor character, protagonist or observer, or someone merely repeating a narrative he has heard at second hand. b) The omniscient point of view,In which the author himself tells the story in the third person. The narrator knows everything about everyone in the story and can bring into plays as much of that knowledge as he choosen. c) Observer’s point of view, in modification of omniscient point of view, there is the narrative related from the vision of the single character used by the author as a central observer or central intelligence through whom anything cleared. d) The objective point of view, though it is the third person narrative, like the omniscient point of view, the author using this technique refrains from making a sides, commenting on the action, or addressing the reader. The author becomes a seeing eye that reports but does not interpret.
2.7 Telekinesis
Smith (2010:246) says, “Psychokinesis is the direct influence of thought on physical objects or processes (moving things, bending spoons).” It means that Telekinesis or psychokinesis Telekinesis is the psychic ability to directly influence objects using mind. Telekinesis or psychokinesis is a hereditary trait, produced by a gene that is usually recessive. Telekinesis or psychokinesis is not only the ability of person since born, but telekinesis can be learned by ordinary human beings with complicated sufficient concentration exercise. Some people argue that the telekinesis ability is natural, therefore its very likely to learned by practice of concentration of mind. To use telekinesis needs a long time to be able to use it and will spend a lot of energy in the body, because all the energy in the body centered to the brain.
There are two levels of it: Micro and Macro Telekinesis. Micro Telekinesis is influencing matter on a non visible scale. And Macro Telekinesis is Influencing matter on a visible scale. Macro Telekinesis is what most people views as telekinesis. And few knows the difference between Micro and Macro.
Telekinesis is the power to move objects with our mind. As we get stronger and better at it, we might be able to move heavier things. Telekinesis takes great focus and it would help to meditate and practice frequently though it is not required. A theory on Telekinesis is that energy flows where our attention goes and our attention goes where our focus goes. one fact is, we all are made of the same energy, so we must simply connect with whatever we are. trying to move. Another is the Chaos Theory. No matter how small our focus is, it does affect the thing somehow, and greater focus equals to greater effect. Concept of telekinesis or psychokinesis is the argument that all objects have energy. That is why we can move things by connecting our mental energy with the energy of the object.