2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Novel - The Strategy of Jack Reacher to Find The True Shooter
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Novel
Novel is a long prose narrative that describes fictional character and events in form of a sequential story. Novel is kind of the literature, according to Rees (1973:106) says that novel is a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length in which characters and actions representative of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity.” One of inspiration in writing novel is based on true story with human experience, usually through from relation of sequence events involving a group of person in a specific setting. On the other side that novel teaches the reader by the moral message in a theme of the novel.
Peck and Coyle (1984:102) say, the novel reflects a move away from an essentially of religious view of life towards a new interest in the complexities of everyday experience. Most novels are concerned with ordinary people and their problems in the societies in which to find themselves.
Based on the quotation that novel is one form of literary work in which a fictional story in writing of words and have intrinsic and extrinsic elements. The novel tells the story of human life generally in interacting with the environment and each other.
Watson (1979:102) says, “A novel is a way learning about how things were or are-cognitive instrument; and those who destruct stories as evidence should consider how often in conversation we use them to make a points or answer questions.” It means novel has many functions to inform or make points in some subjects of destruct stories.
2.2 Character
Taylor (1981:62) says, “character is a mere construction of words meant to express an idea or view of experience and must be considered in relation to other features of the composition, such as action and setting, before its full significance can be appreciated.
Shaw (1972:50) says, “Character is the aggregate if traits and gestures that from the natures of some person or animal.” Character also refers to moral qualities and ethical standards and principles. In literature, character has several other specific meaning notably that of a person represented in a story, novel, play, etc. In seventeenth and eighteenth century England, a character was a formal sketch of descriptive analysis of a particular virtue or vice as represented in a person, what is now more often called a character sketch.” Character has two types namely: flat or minor character and round or main character.
In a story emphasizing a major character, you may expect that each action or speech, no matter how small, is part of a total presentation of that complex combination of both the inner and outer self that constitute a human being.
Robert and Jacob (1993:131) say, “In fiction, a character may be defined as a verbal representation of a human being. Through action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray character that are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also character you may laugh at, dislike, or even hate.
Based on the quotations, that character is a form of characteristic or trait human or animal, character also refers to the quality of the moral and ethical standards and principle. It can show the reaction of Jack Reacher in solving the shooting case. And why is the suspect pointed to James Barr.
2.3 Plot
Gwynn (2002:7) says that plot may be defined as a story’s sequence of incidents, arranged in dramatic order. One is tempted to insert the word “Chronological” but doing so will exclude many stories that depart from this strict ordering of events. In opposite fashion, novelist sometimes uses of foreshadowing prevents a story’s outcome from seeing haphazard or contrived which is largely illusory.
Shaw (1972:211) says that plot is a plan or scheme to accomplish a purpose. In literature, plot refers to arrangement of events to achieve an intended effect. A plot is a series of carefully devised and interrelated actions that progresses through a struggle of opposing forces (conflict) to a climax and denouement. A plot is different from story line (the order or events as they occur).
Kennedy (1991:7) says, “Plot is the artistic arrangement of those events. It means the most important element among other elements of fiction because structure events are rising out of conflict. Plot is the logical interaction of the various thematic elements of a tech which lead to a change of the original situation as presented at the outset of the narrative. One of the most important elements in shaping a work of fiction is plot.
Based on the quotations from the three critics, that Plot is a story’s sequence of incidents, arranged in dramatic order which is different from the story line. It is arranged from the most important element among other elements of events to achieve an intended effect.
2.4 Setting
Shaw (1972:247) says that setting is the environment or surrounding of anything. The term is usually applied in literature to the local or period in which the action of a play, novel, motion picture, etc. takes place in theatrical jargon. Setting may also refer to scenery or properties.
Gwynn (2002:17) says that setting is simply the time and the place of a story, and in most cases the details of descriptions are given to the reader directly by the narrator. Description to place important to give the impression to the readers and make them knows where the story takes place. From the study of the setting would be known the extent of conformity and correlation between behavior and temperament with the community leaders, social situation, and opinion of society.
Taylor (1981:69) says, “Setting is the major factor in the formulation of subject matter and a direct influence on the expression of theme. As in the case of the other factors, however, setting needs not to be realistic, nor, in fact, even physical. Historical time (past, present or future) is very effective for certain narratives and an accurate geographical location advisable, but it is also possible to set a fiction in some vague undetermined time, omitting historical references altogether in order to achieve a sense of timelessness and universality.
Based on the three quotations, setting means the time, place, and social reality within which a story takes place. We have no understand where we are, in which period of time in which society and at which level in that society if we are to intreprate correctly the other element in the story.
There are three elements of the novel such as Character, Plot, Setting that can show the data about how James Barr could be the suspect as the shooter? And what did Jack Reacher do to find the true shooter?
2.5 Intrinsic Approach
Welleck and Warren (1977:157) say that the research literature on the
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interpretation and analysis of literary works itself. In the 19 century popular literature research is research on an explanation of the origin and poetical
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literature in the 19 century moved to the tastes of readers. In this case, the art should be and can be enjoyed. Old methods describe again in the terms of modern methods such as rhetoric, classic, poetic, and dimension. Methods of the explication texts have been widely introduced in France based on a survey of literary forms. The Germans developed a formal analysis and look for parallels between art and art history and history of art pioneered by Walzel. IA Richard’s followers in the UK began to focus on poetry text. A group of critics in America began trying to restore a major concern in the study of literature. And a number of studies also emphasize the difference between drama and life and tend to combine drama with empirical reality to which it refers. The conclusion of Welleck and Warren is analysis based on the text itself.
2.6 Descriptive Research
Best (1982) says that Descriptive research purpose to describe what is happening now, and in which there is an attempt descriptions, printing, analysis, and interpretation of the conditions that occur at this time. In the descriptive study included a comparison of various type and it may well come to attempt to find the relationship between the set of variables.