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Livestock Research for Rural Development 26 (11)
2014

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Replacing soybean meal with processed Lupin (Lupinus Albus)

meal as poultry layers feed
Gebremedhn Beyene, Negassi Ameha1, Mengistu Urge1 and Awet Estifanos2
College of Agriculture and Natural resource Sciences, Department of Animal Science,
P.O.Box 445, Debre Berhan University
gebremedhnb@yahoo.com
1
College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Animal and Range Sciences, Haramaya
University,
P.O.Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
2
Tigray Agricultural Research Institute,
P.O.Box 492, Mekelle, Tigray

Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate effects of replacing Processed Lupin Meal (PLM) for soybean meal
(SBM) as protein ingredient on feed intake, body weight gain, egg production and quality, feed conversion
efficiency, and profitability for a period of 90 days. A total of 150 birds with uniform body weight and age
were randomly allocated to five treatments. Treatments were SBM replaced by PLM at a proportion of 0
(PLM0), 25 (PLM25), 50 (PLM50), 75 (PLM75) and 100% (PLM100) within the ration formulated to be
isocaloric and isonitrogenous.

Except the egg yolk color, replacing SBM with PLM did not affect egg production and quality parameters.
Feed cost decreased with increasing level of PLM. It is therefore concluded that all levels of replacement
of SBM with PLM in a layer diet did not affect production and quality parameters. However, it had a
significant reduction in egg production cost of white leghorn layers. Therefore, replacing SBM with PLM
reduces cost of production and improves poultry egg productivity.
Key words: egg quality, local feed source, poultry production, white leghorn

Introduction
Poultry production is gaining popularity in the developing countries due to its role in bridging the protein
deficiency, economic empowerment of the resource poor segment of different societies and its ability to fit
well in the farming systems commonly practiced (King’ori 2011 ). The proportion of feed cost in poultry
production has been increasing because of the volatility of the feed market and stiff competition for feed
resources between human and animal feed industry (Yegani 2009 ). The most appropriate strategy for
developing countries is likely to be the development of dietary formulations, which allow locally available
ingredients to be used as substitution for traditional feed ingredients to reduce feed costs (Jurgen et al
1998).

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2008). It is therefore, essential to reduce anti nutritional factors and utilize this resource as livestock feed.
Although shortage of protein sources limit livestock production in Ethiopia, the contribution of lupin as
livestock feed has remained negligible. Therefore, the effect of lupins substitution to soybean on the
performance of layers in Ethiopia seems to be economical and applicable. However, there is limitation of
information regarding substituting it for other feed ingredients in the diet of poultry in the country. The
current study is therefore designed to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal with processed lupin
meal on egg production and quality of white leghorn layers and determine the cost implications of the two
feed ingredients.

Materials and methods
Experimental design and treatments
Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments replicated three times was used. Treatments were
substitution of roasted, soaked, and coarsely ground lupin meal (PLM) for soybean meal at the rate of 0%
(PLM0), 25% (PLM25), 50% (PLM50), 75% (PLM75) and 100% (PLM100) level. The experiment
started with 10 pullets per replication.

Feed preparation
Whole lupin grain was processed by roasting on metal pan at average roasting plate surface temperature of
145ºC for an average of 12 minutes. Then the grain was soaked in a bucket of tap water (1:10 ratio) and
was changed every 2 hours (6 times a day) for five days. After soaking, the grain was allowed to dry in
sunshine for two days and was coarsely ground to lupin grits (Yilkal 2011; Paulos 2009). All the
ingredients except wheat short and vitamin premix were hammer-milled to 5 mm sieve size. The five
treatment rations were formulated to be iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous with 2800 - 2900 kcal
ME/kg DM and 16 - 17% CP (NRC 1994) to meet the nutrient requirements of layers. Ingredients
and diets analysis were according to proximate analysis method (AOAC 1990). Metabolisable energy
(ME) of the experimental diets was determined by indirect method of the formula given by Wiseman
(1987) as follows:
ME (Kcal/kg DM) = 3951 + 54.4 EE – 88.7 CF – 40.8 Ash
Table 1. Proportion of ingredients (%) used in formulating the
experimental rations
Ingredients
Treatment diets
PLM0 PLM25 PLM50 PLM75 PLM100
Maize
38
38

38
38
38
Wheat short
19.7
19.7
19.7
19.7
19.7
Soybean meal
10
7.5
5
2.5
0
PLM
0
2.5
5
7.5

10
Noug seed cake
23
23
23
23
23
Limestone
8
8
8
8
8
Salt
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Vitamin premix

0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
Total
100
100
100
100
100
PLM=Processed Lupin Meal

Management of experimental birds

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Aminovit = 5 liter) were given through tap water according to the manufacturer ’s recommendation.
Amprolium powder 20% (12 g per 20 Liter), were given for 5 - 7 days through drinking water to the birds
as a preventive and treatment agent against coccidosis disease. Oxytetracycline powder 20% was also
given through tap water (0.5 g per 1 Liter) for 5 - 7 days to increase resistance of birds to disease and
stress of moving at the beginning of the experiment. The poultry house was supplied with artificial light for
16 hours a day from the starting to end of the study.
Hen and egg parameters
Laying hens’ body weight was obtained at the start and end of the experiment. Feed intake was recorded
daily by replicate. Feed conversion efficiency was calculated as gram of egg per gram of feed. Eggs were
collected daily and egg production was calculated on a hen-day basis. Eggs collected daily were weighed
immediately after laying and average egg weight was calculated.
Eggs were examined for interior quality. Shell thickness (without shell membrane) of the eggs was
measured by micrometer gauge. Shell thickness was a mean value of measurements at 3 locations on the
eggs (air cell, equator, and sharp end). The components of egg (albumen, yolk, and shell) were measured
by weekly breakouts on 3 eggs per replicate for 8 weeks. Their weights were measured by sensitive
balance of 0.005 - 3 kg capacity, whereas albumen and yolk heights were measured by tripod micrometer.
Haugh unit was determined and yolk color was evaluated by the Roche yolk color fan.

Partial budget analysis
To estimate the economic benefits of the replacement PLM for soybean meal in layers ration, the partial
budget developed by Upton (91979) was employed. To calculate feed cost for each treatment, the cost of
feed ingredient used was recorded at purchase and the feed consumed by birds was multiplied by the cost
of the ingredient. Cost of labor for processing of lupin was also considered. The sale price of eggs at
Haramaya University during the period of the experiment was used for calculation of total return.
Statistical analysis
The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS computer software version
9.1.3 (SAS 2008). When the analysis of variance indicated the existence of significant difference between
treatment means, tukey’s student range test (HSD) method was used to locate the treatment means that
were significantly different from the other.

Results and discussion
Chemical composition of ingredients and experimental rations
The results showed that soybean and lupin are rich in protein content with almost similar protein value
(38.5 and 36.5, respectively) that make lupin to be a protein feed and good potential substitute for soybean
in poultry rations. The protein content of lupin reported by Yilkal (2011) and Gebru (2009) was 36.8% and
38.5%, respectively which is comparable value with that obtained for lupin used in the current experiment.
The fiber content of lupin reported by (Shimelis 2010) is 10.08%, which is comparable with the value in
the current experiment. Values of DM, EE and ash are similar with that reported by previous authors.

The crude protein, metabolizable energy and calcium contents of treatment rations were comparable. This
is may be due to similar CP, EE and calcium contents of lupin and soybean. The CP, ME and calcium
levels were within the ranges of the recommended levels of 16 - 17%, 2800 - 2900 kcal/kg and 2.5 - 3.5%,
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Table 2. Chemical composition of feed ingredients and treatment diets
Feed ingredients
Treatments
Chemical MaizeWheatPLM Soya Noug PLM0PLM25PLM50PLM75PLM100
component

short
bean seed
meal cake
DM(%)
90.3 90.5 91.0 93.2 92.6 92.1 92.0 92.0 91.9
91.8
CP(%DM) 8.46 15.0 36.5 38.5 29.4 16.8 16.7 16.7 16.6
16.6
(%DM)
EE(%DM) 11.8 3.32 8.00 8.89 8.00 7.85 7.83 7.81 7.79
7.76
(%DM)
Ash(%DM) 3.89 5.00 3.50 7.98 8.90 5.31 5.20 5.08 4.97
4.86
(%DM)
CF(%DM) 2.94 9.82 8.00 6.25 18.00 7.82 7.86 7.90 7.95
7.99
(%DM)
Ca(%DM) 0.02 0.19 0.27 0.35 0.35 3.36 3.36 3.36 3.36
3.35
(%DM)
P (%DM)
0.92 0.78 0.35 0.83 0.32 0.66 0.65 0.64 0.62
0.61
ME(kcal/kg) 3595 3057 3534 3555 2427 2881 2881 2881 2880 2879
DM = Dry Matter; CP = Crude Protein; EE = Ether Extract; CF = Crude Fiber;
Ca= Calcium; P= Phosphorus; ME = Metabolizable Energy;
PLM =Processed Lupin Meal

Dry matter intake

Substitution of PLM for soybean meal at all levels in layers ration had no significant effect on average
daily dry matter intake (Table 3). This may be because of the similar protein and energy content of the
treatment diets. The major dietary factor that affects feed intake is energy concentration of the diet (Smith
2001). The current result agrees with Vogt et al (1987) who reported no significant effect on replacement
of 50% soybean meal with lupin meal on feed intake. The findings of this study disagree with that of
Karunajeewa and Barlett (1985) who found that replacement of 100% of white lupin in the broiler diet
instead of soybean meal caused low performance in terms of feed intake.
Body weight change
There was no significant difference in initial, final and daily body weights among the treatments. This
appears to be a consequence of similar intakes of DM and nutrients among treatments. The present
experiment failed to agree with the finding of Karunajeewa and Barlett (1985) who found that replacement
of 100% of white lupin in the broiler diet instead of soybean meal caused low performance in terms of
body weight gain.
Egg production

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HDEP of 58.5 ± 1.22% and 59.3 ± 2.5 and HHEP of 58.0 ± 1.21% and 56.6 ± 2.9, respectively.
Egg weight and egg mass
There was no difference in egg weight and egg mass among the treatments (Table 3). This agrees with Vogt
et al (1987) who reported that about 50% of the soybean meal used in rations for layers was substituted by
lupin meal without any negative effect on egg weight. Amaefule et al (2007) noted no significant
differences among the layers fed boiled and soaked pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal and control
diets in egg mass. Fakhraei et al (2010) noted that egg mass followed the same trend as egg production,
and the same trend has been seen in the present study as well.
Feed conversion efficiency
The feed conversion efficiency did not differ significantly among treatments (Table 3). As Vogt et al (1987)
reported about 50% of the SBM used in rations for layers was substituted by lupin meal without any
negative effect on feed conversion efficiency. (Hirnik et al 1977) noted that the variation in feed
conversion efficiency is highly dependent on the number of eggs produced (by 51%) followed by feed
consumption (31%) and egg weight (18%). Since the variation in egg production and feed consumption
among treatments did not exist in this study, a difference in feed conversion efficiency was not expected.
Egg quality parameters
Egg shell weight and thickness
The result showed non-significant difference among treatments in egg shell weight and thickness. Similarly,
Senkoylu et al (2005) found the same result for eggshell thickness among hens fed diets consisting
different levels (0, 10, 16, and 22%) of dietary full fat SBM.
Albumen weight, height and haugh unit
All the treatments showed similar results for albumen weight, height and Haugh unit (HU) among
treatments. The result agreed with that of Vogt et al (1987) who reported no significant effect of
replacement of 50% soybean meal with lupin meal on albumen weight. However, the current result
disagrees with that of Vogt et al (1987) who reported increased albumen height when 50% soybean meal
was replaced with lupin meal. As documented by William (1992), albumen quality is not greatly influenced
by nutrition, but decline in HU is mostly related to age of the hen and egg storage conditions. Layers used
in the present experiment were in their first year of production, and the eggs used for quality analysis were
fresh. Thus, a difference in HU as a result of layer and egg age is not expected. The higher the height of
the albumen, the greater the HU and the better the quality of the egg. In this study, all treatments scored
HU within the recommended range of 70 - 100, which is an indication of good egg quality (Lewko and
Ornowicz 2009).
Egg yolk weight, height, diameter and index
There was no significant difference in yolk weight, yolk height, diameter and index among treatments.
The yolk index values of the eggs from all treatment groups in the present experiment were 0.43, which is
within the accepted range of 0.33 - 0.50 for fresh eggs (Ihekoronye and Ngoddy 1985). Similar to the
present study, Amaefule et al (2007) reported lack of significant difference in yolk height, yolk index and
yolk weight between birds fed boiled pigeon pea seed meal and the control diets.

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showed a higher level of yolk color closer to the accepted range for PLM as compared to feeding SBM.
Table 3. Dry matter intake, body weight gain and egg laying performance of
white leghorn hens fed ration containing different levels of PLM as a
replacement for soybean meal
Treatments
PLM0 PLM25 PLM50 PLM75 PLM100
SEM
SL
Parameters
DMI
90.0
90.3
90.5
90.7
91.0
0.35
ns
(g/bird/day)
Initial BW
1006
1021
1027
1015
1025
4.89
ns
(g/bird)
Final BW
1146
1152
1156
1142
1160
6.50
ns
(g/bird)
BW gain
140
131
129
127
135
2.50
ns
(g/bird)
AD gain
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.0028 ns
(g/bird)
Total
51.7
52.3
53.1
55.6
55.2
2.78
ns
egg/hen
HDEP (%)
58.6
58.8
59.0
61.8
61.3
2.76
ns
HHEP (%)
57.5
57.8
59.0
61.8
61.3
2.94
ns
Egg weight
50.4
50.3
50.2
50.0
49.7
0.14
ns
(g)
EM
29.6
29.6
29.6
31.0
30.5
1.35
ns
(g/hen/day)
FCE (g egg
0.27
0.28
0.28
0.29
0.29
0.014
ns
/g feed)
ns=non- significant (P > 0.05); SL=significant level; BW = body weight;
DMI = dry matter intake; EM = egg mass; FCE=feed conversion efficiency;
HDEP = hen day egg production; HHEP = hen-housed egg production;
SEM = standard error of mean

Partial budget analysis

The economic returns in terms of partial budget analysis from egg sale and commercial feed costs are
presented in Table 4. The data indicated that net return increased with increasing dietary level of PLM in
the ration of White Leghorn layers. Complete (100%) replacement of SBM with PLM had higher net
return than all other treatments. Therefore, the replacement of SBM with PLM is profitable because of the
similar egg production but lower cost of the lupin as compared to soybean meal.
Table 4. Economics of replacing soybean meal with PLM
Treatments
PLM0 PLM25 PLM50 PLM75 PLM100
Total feed
287
291
295
297
300
consumed
(kg)
Total feed
1862
1751
1637
1515
1391
cost/
treatment
(birr)
Labor cost
0.00
37.0
75.0
114
153
(for
processing)
(birr)
TVC (birr)
1862
1788
1712
1629
1544
Total egg
1551
1569
1594
1669
1656
produced

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Conclusion

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∆TVC
-73.8
-150
-233
-318
(birr)
∆NR (birr)
109.8
236
469
528
MRR (%)
-149
-157
-201
-166
Birr is Ethiopian currency; egg sale = 2 birr/egg; T =
Treatment; TVC = Change in Total Variable Cost; NI=Net
Income; TR= Change in Total Revenue; NR=Change in
Net Revenue; MRR = Marginal Rate of Return

SBM and PLM have similar nutrient composition particularly for CP and ME content. As the two
are similar in composition, it resulted in similar egg production and quality parameters. However,
PLM is a desirable ingredient and can effectively replace soyabean meal.
Replacing SBM with PLM reduces cost of production and improves poultry egg productivity.

Acknowledgements
We would like to extent our acknowledgement to Ethiopian Ministry of Education for covering all costs to
undertake this piece of work. The authors are very grateful to Haramaya University poultry farm and
Animal Nutrition and Soil Laboratory crew for the support and cooperation in providing poultry farm
facilities and undertaking laboratory analysis and day to day assistance.

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Received 17 August 2014; Accepted 19 October 2014; Published 3 November 2014
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