THE RACIAL DISCRIMINATION REFLECTED IN FRANCES PATTON STATHAM’S TRAIL OF TEARS (1993): The Racial Discrimination Reflected In Frances Patton Statham’s Trail Of Tears (1993): A Sociological Approach.
THE RACIAL DISCRIMINATION REFLECTED IN FRANCES
PATTON STATHAM’S TRAIL OF TEARS (1993):
A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements
for getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
DAVID EKO NUGROHO
A 320100158
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
MOTTO
“There is no useless sweat of effort.”
The Researcher
“If you scare, don’t take the way.”
The Researcher
“There is a will there is a way.”
The Researcher
“If you dig deeply you will get trove,
if you love deeply, you will get the same.”
The Researcher
v
!
"
#
$
%
&
&
vi
!
!
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb
Alhamdulillahirobbil’aalami’in, praise to Allah SWT, most gracious, most
merciful who has given the researcher an occasion to finish this research paper as
the partial fulfillment of the requirements of Bachelor Degree of English
Education Department. The researcher had finished his research paper entitled
THE RACIAL DISCRIMINATION REFLECTED IN FRANCES PATTON
STATHAM’S TRAIL OF TEARS (1993): A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH.
The researcher would like to express his gratitude and appreciation for
everybody who have helped, guided, supported, loved and given spirit to the
researcher, they are as follows:
1. Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S, as the first consultant who has guided the researcher,
advice, and correction in finishing the research paper. He is also the best
lecturer for the researcher because of his patience and intelligence.
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D, as the Head of English Education Department
and the second consultant who has given correction and also helped the
researcher in writing this research paper.
vii
3. Lecturers of English Department Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta. Pak Maryadi, Bu Dwi Haryanti, Bu Dewi, Pak Djoko, Pak
Abdillah, Pak Nur Hidayat, Pak Fitri, Pak Titis, Pak Giri, Bu Laila, Pak
Totok, Pak Sigit who have given their knowledge and experience for the
researcher.
4. His beloved parents and sister, Bapak Sutarmin as the best father for the
researcher who always gives support, motivation and spirit for the researcher.
Ibu Sri Suharni as the best mother for the researcher that always gives her
love and support for the researcher. Dek Rizka as the younger sister who
always shares cheerfulness with the researcher every day.
5. His beloved friends of English Education Department 2010 especially
they who are in D class, Cipto Adhi, Lukito Wibowo, Qiyat Alfianto,
Renaldo Gaspie, Rizki L, Dewita, Betty, Diah Retno, Wahyu P, Vivi, Vitha,
Indah S, Ayit, Eka Naning, etc.
6. His beloved friends in AGGELOS drama performance, all of the actors
and committee who have shared many experiences with the researcher.
7. His beloved friends in PPL SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Surakarta, Betty,
Diah Retno, Eka Naning, Andro, Andhi, Ardhi, etc, who have shared the best
experience with the researcher.
8. His best friends in EDSO 2010, Bang Fendi, Mas Ardy, Mas Usop, Mas
Bonis, Heri, Agung Darwanto, Danang who have shared their experience and
knowledge with the researcher.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITTLE ……………………………………………………………………
i
APPROVAL ...…………………………………………………………….
ii
ACCEPTANCE …………………………………………………………...
iii
TESTIMONY ……………………………………………………………..
iv
MOTTO …………………………………………………………………...
v
DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT …………………………………………………
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………
x
SUMMARY ………………………………………………………………
xiv
CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………...
1
A. Background of the Study …………………………………………
1
B. Literature Review ………………………………………………...
7
C. Problem Statement ……………………………………………….
7
D. Limitation of the Study …………………………………………..
8
E. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………..
8
F. Benefits of the Study …………………………………………….
8
G. Research Method …………………………………………………
9
H. Research Paper Organization ……………………………………..
11
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ……………………………….
13
A. Notion of Sociological ……………………………………………....
13
B. Major Principle of Sociology of Literature …………………………
15
1. Sociology of the Society …………………………………
15
2. Sociology of the Writer ………………………………….
16
3. Sociology of the Reader …………………………………
16
x
C. Notion of Racial Discrimination ……………………………………
17
D. Structural Elements of Novel ……………………………………....
18
1. Character and Characterization …………………………
18
2. Setting …………………………………………………..
19
3. Point of View ...…………………………………………
20
4. Plot ……………………………………………………..
21
5. Style …………………………………………………….
21
6. Theme …………………………………………………..
22
E. Theoretical Application …………………………………………
23
CHAPTER III: SOCIAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
AMERICAN SOCIETY IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY ....
24
A. Social Aspect …………………………………………………….
24
B. Economic Aspect .………………………………………………..
27
C. Political Aspect …………………………………………………..
29
D. Science and Technology Aspect ………………………………….
30
E. Cultural Aspect …………………………………………………...
31
F. Religious Aspect ………………………………………………….
32
CHAPTER IV: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ……………………………
34
A. Structural Elements of the Novel …………………………………
34
1. Character and Characterization ……………………………….
34
a. Major Character ………………………………………
34
b. Minor Character ………………………………………
42
2. Setting ………………………………………………………...
45
a. Setting of Place ……………………………………….
46
b. Setting of Time ……………………………………….
48
3. Plot …………………………………………………………...
49
a. Plot Structure ………………………………………...
49
xi
1) Exposition ………………………………….
50
2) Complication ……………………………….
50
3) Climax ……………………………………….
51
4) Denouement …………………………………
51
b. Causality …………………………………………….
52
c. Plausibility …………………………………………..
53
4. Point of View ………………………………………………...
54
5. Style .…………………………………………………………..
55
a. Diction …………………………………………………
55
b. Grammatical Structure ………………………………...
56
c. Sentence Construction …………………………………
56
d. Rethoric ……………………………………………......
57
6. Theme ………………………………………………………....
59
B. Discussion ………………………………………………………….
59
CHAPTER V: SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
A. Sociological Analysis ……………………………………………..
63
1. Social Aspect ……………………………………………………
63
2. Economic Aspect .……………………………………………….
65
3. Political Aspect ………………………………………………….
66
4. Science and Technology Aspect ………………………………… 68
5. Cultural Aspect ………………………………………………….. 69
6. Religious Aspect ………………………………………………… 70
B. Discussion …………………………………………………………..
70
CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ………………………………………………………….
73
B. Suggestion …………………………………………………………..
74
C. Pedagogical Implication ……………………………………………. 74
xii
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………
76
VIRTUAL REFERENCES …………………………………………….
78
APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………..
79
xiii
SUMMARY
NUGROHO,
DAVID
EKO,
A320100158.
THE
RACIAL
DISCRIMINATION REFLECTED IN FRANCES PATTON STATHAM’S
TRAIL OF TEARS (1993): A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH. RESEARCH
PAPER. MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA. 2014.
The major problem of this study is how the racial discrimination is
reflected in Trail of Tears novel. The objectives of this study are to analyze the
novel based on its structural elements and to describe the racial discrimination in
the novel based on the sociological analysis. The object of the study is Trail of
Tears novel by Frances Patton Statham. In analyzing Trail of Tears novel, the
writer uses qualitative method and sociological approach. The data source consists
of primary data and secondary data sources. The primary data source is Trail of
Tears novel and the secondary data sources are the other sources related to the
analysis such as books of literary theory, the author’s biography and the other
relevant information. The method of the data collection is library research. The
technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis.
The outcome of the study is shown in the following conclusions. First,
based on its structural analysis, Frances Patton Statham through this novel wants
to show the racial discrimination of the whites towards American Indians. Second,
based on the sociological analysis, the novel is closely related to the social
phenomena of America in the late twentieth century, in which there are disparities
between American Indians and the whites.
Keywords: Racial Discrimination, Trail of Tears, Sociological Approach
xiv
PATTON STATHAM’S TRAIL OF TEARS (1993):
A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements
for getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by:
DAVID EKO NUGROHO
A 320100158
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2014
MOTTO
“There is no useless sweat of effort.”
The Researcher
“If you scare, don’t take the way.”
The Researcher
“There is a will there is a way.”
The Researcher
“If you dig deeply you will get trove,
if you love deeply, you will get the same.”
The Researcher
v
!
"
#
$
%
&
&
vi
!
!
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb
Alhamdulillahirobbil’aalami’in, praise to Allah SWT, most gracious, most
merciful who has given the researcher an occasion to finish this research paper as
the partial fulfillment of the requirements of Bachelor Degree of English
Education Department. The researcher had finished his research paper entitled
THE RACIAL DISCRIMINATION REFLECTED IN FRANCES PATTON
STATHAM’S TRAIL OF TEARS (1993): A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH.
The researcher would like to express his gratitude and appreciation for
everybody who have helped, guided, supported, loved and given spirit to the
researcher, they are as follows:
1. Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S, as the first consultant who has guided the researcher,
advice, and correction in finishing the research paper. He is also the best
lecturer for the researcher because of his patience and intelligence.
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D, as the Head of English Education Department
and the second consultant who has given correction and also helped the
researcher in writing this research paper.
vii
3. Lecturers of English Department Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta. Pak Maryadi, Bu Dwi Haryanti, Bu Dewi, Pak Djoko, Pak
Abdillah, Pak Nur Hidayat, Pak Fitri, Pak Titis, Pak Giri, Bu Laila, Pak
Totok, Pak Sigit who have given their knowledge and experience for the
researcher.
4. His beloved parents and sister, Bapak Sutarmin as the best father for the
researcher who always gives support, motivation and spirit for the researcher.
Ibu Sri Suharni as the best mother for the researcher that always gives her
love and support for the researcher. Dek Rizka as the younger sister who
always shares cheerfulness with the researcher every day.
5. His beloved friends of English Education Department 2010 especially
they who are in D class, Cipto Adhi, Lukito Wibowo, Qiyat Alfianto,
Renaldo Gaspie, Rizki L, Dewita, Betty, Diah Retno, Wahyu P, Vivi, Vitha,
Indah S, Ayit, Eka Naning, etc.
6. His beloved friends in AGGELOS drama performance, all of the actors
and committee who have shared many experiences with the researcher.
7. His beloved friends in PPL SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Surakarta, Betty,
Diah Retno, Eka Naning, Andro, Andhi, Ardhi, etc, who have shared the best
experience with the researcher.
8. His best friends in EDSO 2010, Bang Fendi, Mas Ardy, Mas Usop, Mas
Bonis, Heri, Agung Darwanto, Danang who have shared their experience and
knowledge with the researcher.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITTLE ……………………………………………………………………
i
APPROVAL ...…………………………………………………………….
ii
ACCEPTANCE …………………………………………………………...
iii
TESTIMONY ……………………………………………………………..
iv
MOTTO …………………………………………………………………...
v
DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT …………………………………………………
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………
x
SUMMARY ………………………………………………………………
xiv
CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………...
1
A. Background of the Study …………………………………………
1
B. Literature Review ………………………………………………...
7
C. Problem Statement ……………………………………………….
7
D. Limitation of the Study …………………………………………..
8
E. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………..
8
F. Benefits of the Study …………………………………………….
8
G. Research Method …………………………………………………
9
H. Research Paper Organization ……………………………………..
11
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY ……………………………….
13
A. Notion of Sociological ……………………………………………....
13
B. Major Principle of Sociology of Literature …………………………
15
1. Sociology of the Society …………………………………
15
2. Sociology of the Writer ………………………………….
16
3. Sociology of the Reader …………………………………
16
x
C. Notion of Racial Discrimination ……………………………………
17
D. Structural Elements of Novel ……………………………………....
18
1. Character and Characterization …………………………
18
2. Setting …………………………………………………..
19
3. Point of View ...…………………………………………
20
4. Plot ……………………………………………………..
21
5. Style …………………………………………………….
21
6. Theme …………………………………………………..
22
E. Theoretical Application …………………………………………
23
CHAPTER III: SOCIAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
AMERICAN SOCIETY IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY ....
24
A. Social Aspect …………………………………………………….
24
B. Economic Aspect .………………………………………………..
27
C. Political Aspect …………………………………………………..
29
D. Science and Technology Aspect ………………………………….
30
E. Cultural Aspect …………………………………………………...
31
F. Religious Aspect ………………………………………………….
32
CHAPTER IV: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ……………………………
34
A. Structural Elements of the Novel …………………………………
34
1. Character and Characterization ……………………………….
34
a. Major Character ………………………………………
34
b. Minor Character ………………………………………
42
2. Setting ………………………………………………………...
45
a. Setting of Place ……………………………………….
46
b. Setting of Time ……………………………………….
48
3. Plot …………………………………………………………...
49
a. Plot Structure ………………………………………...
49
xi
1) Exposition ………………………………….
50
2) Complication ……………………………….
50
3) Climax ……………………………………….
51
4) Denouement …………………………………
51
b. Causality …………………………………………….
52
c. Plausibility …………………………………………..
53
4. Point of View ………………………………………………...
54
5. Style .…………………………………………………………..
55
a. Diction …………………………………………………
55
b. Grammatical Structure ………………………………...
56
c. Sentence Construction …………………………………
56
d. Rethoric ……………………………………………......
57
6. Theme ………………………………………………………....
59
B. Discussion ………………………………………………………….
59
CHAPTER V: SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
A. Sociological Analysis ……………………………………………..
63
1. Social Aspect ……………………………………………………
63
2. Economic Aspect .……………………………………………….
65
3. Political Aspect ………………………………………………….
66
4. Science and Technology Aspect ………………………………… 68
5. Cultural Aspect ………………………………………………….. 69
6. Religious Aspect ………………………………………………… 70
B. Discussion …………………………………………………………..
70
CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ………………………………………………………….
73
B. Suggestion …………………………………………………………..
74
C. Pedagogical Implication ……………………………………………. 74
xii
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………
76
VIRTUAL REFERENCES …………………………………………….
78
APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………..
79
xiii
SUMMARY
NUGROHO,
DAVID
EKO,
A320100158.
THE
RACIAL
DISCRIMINATION REFLECTED IN FRANCES PATTON STATHAM’S
TRAIL OF TEARS (1993): A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH. RESEARCH
PAPER. MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA. 2014.
The major problem of this study is how the racial discrimination is
reflected in Trail of Tears novel. The objectives of this study are to analyze the
novel based on its structural elements and to describe the racial discrimination in
the novel based on the sociological analysis. The object of the study is Trail of
Tears novel by Frances Patton Statham. In analyzing Trail of Tears novel, the
writer uses qualitative method and sociological approach. The data source consists
of primary data and secondary data sources. The primary data source is Trail of
Tears novel and the secondary data sources are the other sources related to the
analysis such as books of literary theory, the author’s biography and the other
relevant information. The method of the data collection is library research. The
technique of data analysis is descriptive analysis.
The outcome of the study is shown in the following conclusions. First,
based on its structural analysis, Frances Patton Statham through this novel wants
to show the racial discrimination of the whites towards American Indians. Second,
based on the sociological analysis, the novel is closely related to the social
phenomena of America in the late twentieth century, in which there are disparities
between American Indians and the whites.
Keywords: Racial Discrimination, Trail of Tears, Sociological Approach
xiv