Racial Discrimination As Portrayed In Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AS PORTRAYED IN HARRIET BEECHER STOWE SUNCLE TOM S CABIN
A THESIS
BY
MARSHINTA VERONIKA NAPITUPULU
REG. NO. 080705032
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2012
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AS PORTRAYED IN HARRIET BEECHER STOWE SUNCLE TOM S CABIN
A THESIS
BY
MARSHINTA VERONIKA NAPITUPULU
REG. NO. 080705032
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2012
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AS PORTRAYED IN HARRIET BEECHER STOWE SUNCLE TOM S CABIN
A THESIS
BY
MARSHINTA VERONIKA NAPITUPULU
REG. NO. 080705032
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
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AUTHORS DECLARATION
I, MARSHINTA VERONIKA NAPITUPULU, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : MARSHITA VERONIKA NAPITUPULU
TITLE OF THESIS : RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AS PORTRAYED IN HARRIET BEECHER STOWE SUNCLE TOM S CABIN
QUALIFICATION : S-1 / SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :
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K WM
2 Corinthians 1:3
r
st of all, I would like to praise and thank my Lord, Jesus Christ for His love, kindness and blessing that has given to me, so I can finish my thesis.
Then, I would like to address my special thanks to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A., the Head of Department of English, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S., and the Secretary of Department of English, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Hj. Nurlela M. Hum.
I would like to express my best gratitude to my supervisor and also my academic supervisor, Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum, and my co-supervisor, Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum, who have given me attention and contribution to guide me to finish this thesis.
I would like to thank all my lecturers in Department of English, University of Sumatera Utara, who have taught me lessons so that I can get knowledge. And also to Bang Amran, thank you so much Bang for all your help. May God bless!
My deepest and greatest gratitude is expressed to my beloved parents. My father, Y. Napitupulu, thanks for all your pray and support. My mother, R. Tambunan, thank you so much for your never ending love, prays and support that you have given to me. I love you so much mom, you are great.
Special thanks to all my aunts, my uncles, my cousins, my grandma, and all of my family members who always pray for me. I do love you all. For my lovely sister Mery, thank you for helping me finish this thesis.
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My bestiest Ande Simangunsong, Isabella Sidabalok and Juita Tobing, thank you for all your supports and kindnesses. To the family that I choose, Yosi Sitorus, Faiza Balqis, Ayu Sugianto, Siti Utami, Sandra Cattelya, Yuliza Sembiring, Dewi Meliala, Rina Sari, Arianna Silaban, Pamela Silitonga, thank you so much for always there to help me. And for the best edak in the world, Yova Sianturi, thank you for everything, you are awesome!
My special thanks to Pembangkang 2008 especially Budi Purba, Frandy Sihombing, Johan Tobing, Aditya Simbolon, Andi Aryanto, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Idris, and Handani Hutapea, thanks for all the crazy things we have passed, I m gonna miss those moments guys.
I also would like to thank all my juniors especially our dakdanak, Chyma, Devi, Mora, Omi, Petra and for all my seniors especially Hendra Simbolon, Elisabeth, Eva, Liana, Rinandes, thanks for your helps and supports.
Last but not the least, for all my families, my friends and people who know me, I am truly sorry because I can not write down your names but I want you to know that you are always in my heart. Thank you very much, may God bless.
Medan, October 2012 The Writer,
Marshinta Veronika Napitupulu Reg. Number 080705032
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1.2 Problem of the Analysis ... 4
1.3 Objective of Analysis ... 4
1.4 Scope and Delimitation of the Analysis ... . 5
1.5 Significance of Analysis ... . 5
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2.1 Theme and Literature .. 6
2.2 Racial Discrimination . 11
2.2.1 Definition of Racial Discrimination 11 2.2.2 Forms of Racial Discrimination ... 13
2.2.2.1 Definition of Prejudice ... 14
2.2.2.2 Definition of Slavery .. 15
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3.1 Research Design ... 18
3.2 Data and Source of Data ... 19
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3.4 Data Analysis 19
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4.1 Forms of Racial Discrimination
4.1.1 Prejudice .. . 21
4.1.2 Slavery .. 23
4.2 Effects of Racial Discrimination
4.2.1 Human Trade ... . 26
4.2.2 Family Separation ... .. 28
4.2.3 Physical Mistreat ... ... 31
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5.1 Conclusions .. 35
5.2 Suggestions .. 36
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x di Summary of Uncle Tom s Cabin x di Biography of Harriet Beecher Stowe
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1.1 âãäåæçèénêèëì íuêy
Literature is a written or printed work which expresses feeling, attitude and
life of human in society. According to Wellek and Warren (1977:94), literature
represents life and life is a social reality, even though the natural world and the
inner or subjective world of the individual have also been objects of literary
imitations . Through literature, an author tries to express his or her idea about what
he or she ever experienced in life time or what was happening around them from
natural phenomenon to the life of the people in their community.
According to Peck and Coyle (1984:103) novel, as one of literature genres, is
a long work with a great amount of detail on every page. It presents all the
complicating facts that need to be reconsidered before we can reach any sort of
judgment.
In this thesis, Uncle Tom s Cabin is the object to be analyzed. It is a novel
written byHarriet Beecher Stowe(1811-1896). Published in 1852, the novel became
one of the biggest best-sellers of the 19th century. Uncle Tom s Cabin is very
interesting. It is a novel with a purpose. Through the novel, Stowe wanted to show
the readers that black people are human beings. This novel firmly agrees that racial
discrimination in any form of it, is not allowed to do. Stowe clearly motivated the
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Uncle Tom s Cabinis one of the most popular historical novels that presents
actual events from the point of view of the author. It touches the real human s life at
a certain place in historical time. This novel is dominated by the gap between two
races, the black people towards the white people. The racial concept caused
inequalities in black people s life. Therefore, racial discrimination should be an
unsolved problem until the present time. Further, Gosset (1985:135) clearly stated;
At this point Stowe introduces a problem in Uncle Tom s Cabin which almost as difficult of solution as that of slavery, and one which has by no means been solved up to the present time, the matter of social relationships among members of different races.
Based on the description, racial discrimination became the focus of analysis
in this thesis. Racial discrimination has been a big issue in United States since the
colonial era and slave era as the main setting of time in the novel.
The writer chooses this topic to be analyzed because the writer found that the
main idea of this novel is about the racial discrimination among the race in United
States. As it is generally known, the majority race in this novel is the Whites. The
White people as in this novel have a negative prejudice of the black people. They
have their own opinion towards the black people. According to them, the black
people have no rights to posses their own independence. Harriet Beecher Stowe
described the situation of it intelligently.
According to Bowling (2002:21), racism is the belief that certain groups are
innately, biologically, socially, morally superior to other groups, based upon what is
attributed to be their racial composition.
It can be said that racial discrimination itself is an unequal treatment based on
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institution of slavery, during which Africans were enslaved and treated as property.
Prior to the institution of slavery, early African and non-white immigrants to the
Colonies had been regarded with equal status, serving as sharecroppers alongside
whites. After the institution of slavery, the status of Africans was stigmatized and
this stigma was the basis for the more virulent anti-African racism that persisted until
the present. The condition and situation are clearly drawn by Stowe through Uncle
Tom s Cabin.
According to the novel, black people were never treated well and always
became the victim of white people bad treatments. This novel shows us the
individual experiences which may portray the life experience of the black people
living in the United State that were always afraid of being sold to the slave trade and
being sent to the plantation. It describes the reality that happened toward black
people in United States at the time.
Racial discrimination is strongly shown in this novel when black people on
United States became slaves and were sold just because the prejudice of white
people. The black people experienced many sufferings and miseries because of the
racial discrimination such as seperated away from their family, physical mistreat, and
the human trade.
In the novel Uncle Tom s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the writer found
racial discrimination is the dominant theme of the novel. This dominant theme is
very interesting for the writer to choose the novel to be analyzed. As racial
discrimination is one of big problem which occurs in American society until present
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1.2 îrïð ñ ò óôïõö÷òøöuùy
It is important to find out the problems that are going to be analyzed to get
the clear description on the object of the study. Based on the statement about the
racial discrimination above, the writer points out the problems of the study are:
1. What are the forms of racial discrimination that black people has been through in
Uncle Tom s Cabinnovel?
2. What are the effects of racial discrimination in black people s lives in Uncle
Tom s Cabinnovel?
1.úû üðjòý öþvòïõö÷òøöuùy
There are two objectives based on the statement of the problem above that
have been decided:
1. To portray the form of racial discrimination that black people have been through
inUncle Tom s Cabinnovel.
2. To describe the effects of racial discrimination in black people s lives in Uncle
Tom s Cabinnovel.
1.ÿû ø ýï òïõö÷òøöuùy
In doing the analysis of this thesis becomes much sharper, some scopes of
study are arranged. The main concern of the analysis in this thesis is all about the
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thesis is going to reveal how the racial discrimination that is experienced by one
leading character of this story. This thesis focusses the analysis in showing the form
of racial discrimination such as prejudice and slavery towards black people that
represents by Uncle Tom has been through in this story.
After discussing about the form of racial discrimination in this story, then the
analysis moves to the effects of racial discrimination such as human trade, family
separation and physical mistreat that Uncle Tom experienced in this story.
1.5 uy
The analysis of this thesis is expected to give significance to the readers
generally and for the writer especially. The significances are:
1. This thesis can be a reference to the reader who will discuss about
literary work, especially novel.
2. This thesis can give information and add the reader s knowledge
aboutHarriet Beecher Stowe s work.
3. This thesis can enrich the knowledge of English Department Students
in studying about the intrinsic elements and other literary study so that they
interesting to analyze the other side that contain the novel Uncle Tom s
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2.1
! "r "ur
The theme in a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is
simple thing that means the reader of novel can understand about the novel story
from theme. Then Nurgiyantoro (1995: 66) explains that basically, theme is
implicitly told by the author in the fiction so to get the theme of a fiction it is
necessary to make an interpretation.
It is the author's underlying meaning or main idea that he is trying to convey.
The theme may be the author's thoughts about a topic or view of human nature.
Fiction necessary embodies issues and ideas. Even stories written for entertainment
alone are based in an idea or position. In fiction ideas are taken from of an
underlying theme or central idea, which helps to tie the work together. Often the
author makes theme obvious, it does not give much imagination to state the theme.
Further, Siswanto (2008: 161) states that theme plays the role as the starting point of
the author in creating the fiction. It means that theme is used by the author to connect
the meaning and the purpose in telling the fiction. What the author wants to tell can
be meant as theme.
In reading a story the reader will discover, not be taught, human values. The
meaning of the story with this `element discovery is a comment on human values
embodying in the story as inseparable part of it, not something apart from the story.
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various elements reveals what it is called the theme of the story. A novels theme is
the main idea that the writer expresses. Sometimes the theme of the story is stated
explicitly. However, frequently it is left implicit. Theme can also be defined as the
underlying meaning of the story. The theme of a novel is more than its subject
matter, because an author s technique can play as a strong role in developing a theme
as the actions of the characters do. A novels theme can rarely be interpreted in only
way. Because of the length of novels, and the various characters, conflicts, and
scenes found within them, readers can look at different aspects of the work to
uncover different interpretations of the meaning of the tale.
A common theme in novels is the conflict between appearance and reality.
Another common theme is the search for personality identity. The theme of
individual who strikes out alone to face the world is used in many works. Some
novels feature people who cannot break from their society s convention and instead
become disillusioned with conflict between their inspiration and the reality of their
lives.
Throughout the history of the novel, a major theme has been the most
important thing whether people can change their situation in life or whether they are
in the grips of forces beyond their control. Other common themes in novels include
how art and reflected in one another, the meaning of religion, and whether
technology helps people or whether it is a harmful aspect of society.
The novel can present something more and more involved the more complex
issues. It includes various elements that build the novel's story. Novel is frequently
focused on the tension between individuals and society in which they live, presenting
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novel can be based on true story. Their true story re-telling in a story that we call as
life experience. This true story is more reliable than the other one that which based
on imagination. It is because the second one sometime could not happen in real life.
Peck and Coyle (1984:102) stated
Writers have, of course, always been interested in the world around them, but the development of the novel reflects a move away from an essentially religious view of life towards a new interest in the complexities of everyday experience. Most of novels are concerned with ordinary people and their problems in the societies in which they find themselves.
Novel can be a reflect of our daily living around them. It could be easier
because we just need to take from our daily activities and our experiences. Put the
ordinary story and also tells about the ordinary person stories.
Novel itself belongs to literature. Literary writing is the imagination of the
writer about something, about life, about everything they have felt or they thought in
life. It could reflect the picture of the writer. Literature can be a picture of life in the
past, now, and future. Further Roberts and Jacobs (1995:1,2) said that
Literature refers to compositions that tell stories, dramatize situations, express emotions, and analyze and advocate ideas. [ ] Literature may be classified into four genres which are poetry, drama, nonfiction prose and fiction prose. Fiction is not a real story that based on the author s imagination. Fiction prose includes myth, parable, romance, short story and novel.
In analyzing literary works, Rene Wellek and Austin Warren in their book
Theory of Literature(1977) introduced two kinds of approach; intrinsic and extrinsic
approach. Intrinsic approach emphasizes the analysis on the text while extrinsic
approach emphasizes the analysis on the external courses of literary work such as
history, social culture, religion, psychology, and philosophy. Intrinsic approach
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Intrinsic approach is an approach that takes the data from literary work itself.
According to Rene Wellek and Austin Warren in their book Theory of literature ,
the main part of intrinsic approach is based on the text of literary works itself by
doing an interpretation and analysis of it (1977: 139).
Intrinsic approach however starts the analysis of literary works from the
work itself. A. Teeuw (1983: 61) quotes from Wellek and Warren that to know the
author, the social status of the work and the background of the work, the first thing to
do is analyzing, interpreting and structuring the text of literary works. Teeuw (1983:
62) also says in his book that in analyzing a literary works, it is necessary to analyze
the structure of the text because it is the first step which has to do in doing literary
research. Further Wellek and Warren (1977: 157) states
In recent years a healty reaction has taken place which recognizes that the study of literature should, first and foremost, concentrate on the actual works of art themselves.
Intrinsic approach is applied by the writer in order to show the elements of
the novel Uncle Tom s Cabin especially theme that would be the tools to answer
the problems of analysis.
Basically, there are some theories of literature. Abrams (1953) divides theory
of literature into four kinds. They are mimetic theory, pragmatic theory, expressive
theory, and objective theory. Mimetic theory is the most primitive approach of the
four categories. Mimesis is the idea that art imitates reality, an idea that traces back
to Aristotle who argued that the universal can be found in the concrete. Mimetic
theory defines literature in relation to life, seeing it as a way of reproducing or
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between the literary text and the extra-textual universe which provides the source
and stimulus for what the literary text actually represents.
Pragmatics theory focuses on the relationship of literary text and the reader of
the literary text. It is called pragmatics because literature may give the practical
result to its readers, and is sometimes called affective since literature may give
emotional effect to its readers. Pragmatics theory is used to reveal the functions of
literary work in the middle of society, the spread, and the development. Pragmatics
deals with the competence of the readers.
Expressive theory focuses on the relationship of literary text and the writer of
the literary text. This kind of critical theory of literature makes sense of the meaning
and significance of literature by focusing upon what the literary text expresses about
the thoughts and feelings of its writer or, in cases where it is not clear what the writer
thinks and feels, about those of the speaker or the narrator in the text.
Objective theory focuses on the literary work itself, its language, forms, and
devices. This kind of critical theory of literature, makes sense of the meaning and
significance of literature by focusing upon the literary text in deliberate abstraction
from its relations to its writer, its readers, and surrounding social-historical and
political-ideological contexts; the aim here is to understand the literary work. Each
work is to be judged by its own criteria for internal consistency, its intrinsic rather
than extrinsic qualities.
Mimetic theory is an appropriate theory in doing analysis in this thesis.
Mimetic theory defines literature in relation to life, seeing it as a way of reproducing
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Tom s Cabin is a simple reflection of the author s experienced in her environment
that actually reflects the real condition of the society at that time.
2.2 #$%& $'( &) %& *&n
$+&,-2.2.1 (./&n&+ &,-,/# $%&$'(& )%r& *&n
$+&,-Discrimination is the prejudicial treatment of an individual based on their
membership in a certain group or category. It involves the actual behaviors towards
groups such as excluding or restricting members of one group from opportunities that
are available to another group. The act of discrimination could cover all aspect of
life, because everybody could be discriminated no matter who ever and where ever
you are.
Bowling (2002:38) states,
Discrimination consist of unequal, unfavorable and unjustifiable treatment based on a person s sex, gender, race , ethnicity, culture, religion, language, class, sexual preference, age, physical disability or any improper ground. It includes refusal to offer employment, pay fair wages, to provide housing or medical treatment or to provide a commercial or social service. It can also take the form of harassment, attack, exclusion and expulsion.
According to Omi and Winant in Sacknel (2003:2), race is a concept that
signifies and symbolizes social conflicts and interests by referring to different types
of human bodies. It is a sociohistorical process, by which racial categories are
created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed. While people may interchange or
confuse the concepts of ethnicity and race, the differences are important. Race has
always existed as groups of people living in certain areas, developing lifestyles and
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Most of the countries in the word consist of various races. Those various
races can be a big power for those countries if the people can accept the varieties
which exist among them because they have skills to increase their life and their
country. On the other hand, it also can cause a big problem if they cannot regard one
to another. This condition happened in United States which had various races. The
White people created a new kind of understanding and interpretation of human
differences that gave bad effects and sufferings towards black people. White people
cannot accept the existence of black people, as consequence they never treat black
people as the true human beings due to the different types of physical characteristics.
The Black people always become the victims of white people bad treatments.
Smedley in Sacknel (2003:7) states
Whites Americans relegated black Americans to a low status and constantly portrayed them as culturally backward, primitive, intellectually stunted, prone to violence, morally corrupt, undeserving of the benefits of civilization, insensitive to the finer arts and (in the case of Africans) aesthetically ugly and animal like.
It means that the concept of race can not be accepted by white people well
and the concept of race discrimination appears in United States.
Based on the description above, racial discrimination is an unequal treatment
based on a person s race. Further, Bowling (2002:21) states that racism is the belief
that certain group are innately, biologically, socially, morally superior to other
groups, based upon what is attributed to be their racial composition.
The term racial discrimination is usually used to describe the action of a
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and undemocratic behavior or way. In a broader sense, racial discrimination is the
active and overt aspects of negative prejudice toward a person or a group of people.
2.2.2 012 341 56 789 7:;9 4 8r9 39n7<91=
According to Bowling (2002) there are two types of discrimination, those are;
direct and indirect discrimination.
Direct discrimination is a type of discrimination which is more obvious. It
involves in treating someone less favorably because of their possession of an
attribute such as sex, age, race, religion, family status, national origin, military status,
sexual orientation, disability, body size or shape, compared with someone without
that attribute in the same circumstances. Further, Bowling (2002:39) explains
A distinction can be made between direct and indirect discrimination. Among the best examples of direct discrimination are those which have been enshrined in law. The South African apartheid legal system, for example, prohibited black people from voting or participating in the political process, created separated white residential areas and schools, and also prohibited mixed marriages .
The other type of discrimination is indirect discrimination. It refers to
treatment which might be described as equal in a formal sense between different
groups, but is discriminatory in its actual effect on a particular group. The minimum
height requirement for appointment as a police officer in some jurisdictions is an
example of indirect discrimination (Bowling, 2002:40). Unlike direct discrimination,
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of indirect discrimination is the capability test used in job applications to disqualify
certain ethnic.
One example of direct discrimination is racial discrimination. Racial
discrimination also has two forms, those are prejudice and slavery.
2.2.2.1>?@AnA BACDC@Er?juF A G?
Prejudice is an unfair, intolerant, or unfavorable attitude toward a group of
people. Prejudice as the possession of negative attitudes targeted against members of
a particular religious, racial, ethnic, social, and/or political group. These attitudes
give rise to negative or unfavorable evaluations of individuals seen as belonging to
that group. Individuals that have a prejudice against specific groups will tend to
experience intense negative feelings when they come into contact with these groups,
either directly or indirectly (Baron, 2007:177).
According to Feldman in Simanjuntak (2011:5), prejudice is the negative (or
positive) evaluations or judgments of members of a group that are based primarily on
membership in the group and not necessarily on the particular characteristics of
individual members. Usually prejudice in racism towards minority groups, their right
have been destroyed by the majority groups.
Feldman states that minority group means a group in which the members
have significantly less power, control, and influence over their own lives than do
members of a dominant group. In African-American, minority group is the blacks or
(27)
black were made as a slave to the whites. They had no right for their self and as if
any hope and better future for them.
According to Sacknell (2003:3), white Americans naturalized their new racial
attitudes by focusing on physical differences and concluded that black Americans
were a lesser form of human being dictated by the laws of nature, or that it was God
give. As the superior race, the white people played a great deal in determining other
race life. Because of the unlimited power that white people possessed at the time, the
black people were forced to live their live in fear, intolerance, separation and hatred.
Lipsitz in Sacknel (2003:6) also describes how strong the power of white people
among black people. He says:
The power of whiteness depended not only on white hegemony over separate racial groups, but also on manipulating racial outsiders to fight against one another, to compete with each other with for white approval , and to seek the rewards and privileges of whiteness for themselves at the expense of other racial populations.
From the definition, racial discrimination usually deals with the prejudice. Prejudice
is an attitude of superiority group such white people toward a minority group, in this
case a black race people.
2.2.2.2HIJKnK LKMNMJO PQR Iry
Another form that deals with racial discrimination besides prejudice that the
writer found inUncle Tom s Cabinnovel; it is slavery.
The most prominent and notable form of American racism began with the
(28)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States). Prior to the institution
of slavery, early African and non-white immigrants to the Colonies had been
regarded with equal status, serving as sharecroppers alongside whites. Slaves were
primarily used for agricultural labor, notably in the production of cotton and tobacco.
Slavery means human discrimination since the treatments towards slave are usually
unfair. Most slaves are tortured. They are put in to the lowest level, cannot join with
the whites, cannot get formal education and do not have right as human being.
Slavery in America grew into a major economic and social system. By the
dawn of the nineteenth century the economy of the southern states, and thus that of
the nation, was rooted in the agricultural system of chattel labor. The economic
health of plantations rested in the right of planters to hold fellow humans without
their consent and to demand their labor without paying them wages. This tenuous
master-slave relationship informed the emergence of American society in both the
North and the South. In the South, most blacks were enslaved and most worked as
agricultural laborers. While they lived in close proximity to their masters and other
whites, legal and social codes relegated blacks to outcast status. In general, whites
did not recognize blacks as having fundamental human rights and needs and
presumed that they did not have the intellectual and moral capacity to comprehend
the motives and actions of their white enslavers.
Though slavery had ended in the North by the 1820s, the experience of
northern free blacks was not overwhelmingly better than that of their southern
counterparts. At the conclusion of the colonists' fight for independence there were
free blacks able to trace their ancestry back to several generations of free blacks.
(29)
ancestry, nor did it distinguish them significantly from first-generation slaves or their
offspring. Whiteness signaled freedom and privilege, while blackness marked the
opposite; whether slave or free, the place of blacks in American society grew out of
this black-white dichotomy. Free blacks faced constant reminders that their freedom
was limited: from laws that restricted their movement, that excluded them from legal
protection and privileges, and that often against reality gave them their identity, free
blacks understood well that their status was simply a step above those in bondage. In
America, slavery and blackness were considered one and the same.
Similar with Agustissi (2000:40), in a specific way, slavery also means racial
discrimination especially the discrimination to the blacks race. The blacks proved
(30)
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]cdi jk
In composing this thesis, the writer uses descriptive qualitative research. The
research is applied by describing and analyzing the data related to the focus of
analysis. According to Neuman (1997:331), there are six characteristics of a
qualitative research:
1. The importance of context. Qualitative researchers emphasize the
importance of social context for understanding the social world. They
hold that the meaning of a social action or statement depends, in an
important way, on the context in which it appears. When a researcher
removes an event, social action, answer to a question, or conversation
from the social context in which it appears, or ignore the context, social
meaning and significance are disorted.
2. The case study method. The researchers might gather a large amount of
information on one or a few cases, go into greater depth, and get more
details on the cases being examined.
3. The researcher s integrity. The researchers ensure that their research
accurately reflects the evidence and have checks on their evidence.
4. Grounded theory. A qualitative researcher begins with a research question
(31)
more inductive method means that the theory is built from data or
grounded in the data.
5. Process. Qualitative researchers look at the sequence of events and pay
attention to what happens first, second, and so on. Because qualitative
researchers examine the same case over time, they can see an issue
involve, a conflict emerge, or a social relationship develop. The
researcher can detect process and casual relations.
6. Interpretations. The data are in the form of word, including quotes or
descriptions of particular events. The researcher interprets data by giving
them meaning, translating them, or making them understandable.
lmnopqppr st uvrwxuyopqp
The source of data in this thesis is novel itself, Uncle Tom s Cabin. This
novel is written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and published first in 1852.
lml. opqpzu{ {xwq| ur
The important step in data collection is collecting the data from the novel by
reading the whole story of Uncle Tom s Cabin. After reading the novel, the writer
underlines the information about the racial discrimination through the main
character. The second step is choosing the most significant data that would give brief
explanation to prove the data. The data and information found from the related books
(32)
}~. nyz n
Data analysis is applied when all the data from the novel are collected and
selected, as the data from the novel is in the form of written text, which concern
about the racial discrimination found from the characters that has been chosen to the
most significant data, then the data will be interpreted and to be brought into this
thesis as the subject matter of the analysis. Next, the analysis will be stated by
explaining the racial discrimination of the characters based on the definition as the
descriptions above which reflected by the characters. The conclusions are acquired to
complete this thesis.
The writer also uses intrinsic approach in doing the analysis. Intrinsic
approach contains the element that focused only on the literary work itself. It is
theme that is used in this analysis to examine the intrinsic part of Uncle Tom s
(33)
UNCLE TOM S CABIN
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Racial discrimination occurs when someone is treated less favorably than
another person because of their race, color, nationality or ethnic origin. This kind of
treatment could take in two forms, they are prejudice and slavery. Each form of
these discriminations is portrayed in the novelUncle s Tom Cabin.
rju« ¦¥
Prejudice refers to prejudgment or making decision about a person based on
their race, religion or class without knowing them personally. Prejudice can lead
somebody to make different evaluations of the same behavior. Prejudice which is
based on race can be found in Harriet Beecher Stowe s novel entitled Uncle Tom s
Cabin novel. In this novel, the whites in United States have a negative prejudice
towards the black. In a place that fills with racial discrimination, prejudice in United
States has become the main social disease that needs to be aware off.
This novel expresses a common 19th century racist belief that blacks do not
feel the way whites do about things like family and freedom. According to this
quotation, blacks feel differently and less intensely than whites. In this case, the
whites believe that your race can affect your ability to feel. They are not realized that
(34)
"I would rather not sell him," said Mr. Shelby, thoughtfully; "the fact is, sir, I'm a humane man, and I hate to take the boy from his mother, sir." [ ]
"Lor bless ye, yes! These critters ain't like white folks, you know; they gets over things, only manage right."
(Stowe, 1995:13)
Through this novel, Stowe shows us how complicated racism can be. The
whites believe blacks have duller feelings than whites, and that the sentiments of a
black mother and a white mother toward their children cannot be compared.
The whites in United States believe that they are better than the blacks.
Therefore certain kind of attitude such as coldness, rejection and reserve were
developing because of the prejudice belief that they adopt. The whites complained
about how much trouble slaves were.
Marie St. Claire is a white master who treats slaves like things not human
beings. She complains about how much trouble slaves are. Her main point is that
servants are difficult, so whites have to put them down and keep them down. She
doesn t know why she keeps them, especially since slaves are such a hassle and so
selfish. She feels that blacks are dirty things that can cause an illness to people
around them.
I don't know, I'm sure, except for a plague; they are the plague of my life. I believe that more of my ill health is caused by them than by any one thing; and ours, I know, are the very worst that ever anybody was plagued with. (Stowe, 1995: 191)
From the quotation above we could see that the whites deep-seated racism makes
(35)
¬®¯ ° ±²³´ry
Slavery becomes a bitter history in United States that brought them into Civil
war in the nineteenth century. Until recent days the story of racial discrimination is
continuously produced. Most of the story are adopted from the true story of a man
experiencing the discrimination. Uncle Tom s Cabin is one of the literary works
containing history of racial discrimination. The novel reveals the unfair treatments
towards the blacks as the slaves. The whites never treat blacks as human being, since
their ancestors actually were slaves and have been repeated in each generation, they
should be put at the lowest level in society.
For most of the novel, Stowe explores the slavery in an undemanding setting,
in which slaves and masters have seemingly positive relationships. At the Shelby s
house, and again at the St. Clare s , the slaves have good masters who do not
mistreat them. Stowe does not offer these settings in order to show slavery s evil as
conditional. She seeks to expose the vices of slavery even in its best-case scenario.
Though Shelby and St. Clare possess kindness and intelligence, their ability to
tolerate slavery renders them hypocritical and morally weak. Even under kind
masters, slaves suffer, as we see when a financially struggling Shelby guiltily
destroys Tom s family by selling Tom, and when the selfish Marie, by demanding
attention be given to herself, prevents the St. Clare slaves from mourning the death
of her own angelic daughter, Eva. A common contemporary defense of slavery
claimed that the institution benefited the slaves because most masters acted in their
slaves best interest.
There is a black man in this novel named Uncle Tom who experience being a
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humanely. Suddenly, he has to sell Uncle Tom to pay his debt to the slave trader, Mr.
Haley. From Mr. Haley, Uncle Tom was sold to St. Claire. St. Claire was buying
Uncle Tom because of his daughter, Eva, was asking him to buy Uncle Tom. Before
the death of Eva, St. Claire promises her to freed Tom. Unfortunately, he died shortly
after Eva in an accident. St. Claire mistress, Marie, sold Uncle Tom with the other
servants and move back to her father plantation. Uncle Tom was bought by Simon
Legree. Uncle Tom did not get any harassment treatment while worked for both his
master, Mr. Shelby and St. Claire. But while he was a Simon Legree s maid he got
many physical abused. Simon Legree is an evil man who has a very different view of
slaves than Augustine or Mr. Shelby had. Simon Legree works his slaves to death.
According to Simon Legree:
I don t go for savin niggers. Use up, and buy more, s my way;--makes you less trouble, and I m quite sure it comes cheaper in the end .Stout fellers last six or seven years; trashy ones gets worked up in two or three When one nigger s dead, I buy another, and I find it comes cheaper and easier, every way.
(Stowe, 1995:377)
Simon Legree as an animalistic man, who sets his slaves against each other, even
putting two of the slaves as task masters over the others. Legree encourages the
slaves to snitch on each other.
Through Simon Legree, this novel shows the reader the cruelty of the white
masters in treating their slaves. Simon Legree s mindset stated that a slave is a
devil s act so that he did not treat Uncle Tom such a human. Simeon Legree is a
sadist, so he enjoys tormenting other people and swaggering around inspiring fear.
Legree and Uncle Tom are in conflict largely because Uncle Tom is good and Legree
(37)
In other part of this novel, there is a master that hires his slave to a
manufacture because of the slave s ability. In his new place, the slave (George) has
invented a machine for the plantation and been praised. The master becomes jealous
and decides to take his slave home with him and puts him back to working the lowest
chores on the farm.
The tyrant observed the whisper, and conjectured its import, though he could not hear what was said; and he inwardly strengthened himself in his determination to keep the power he possessed over his victim.
George was taken home, and put to the meanest drudgery of the farm. He had been able to repress every disrespectful word; but the flashing eye, the gloomy and troubled brow, were part of a natural language that could not be repressed, indubitable signs, which showed too plainly that the man could not become a thing.
(Stowe, 1995:21-22)
From the quotation above, we can see that slavery is an immoral act. The whites feel
that the blacks are not human beings but things. They treat the blacks as they like.
They do not care about the blacks feeling.
µ¶· ¸¹ º»¼¼ º½¾¿À ¼Á½ÃÂÄŠÿ ½rà ÆÃn ¾ÃÀ Ç
In this analysis, the writer finds two forms of racial discrimination. They are
prejudice and slavery. Consequently, various forms of racial discrimination
obviously cause some effects on the black people. This effects mostly sense negative.
Those effects have damage on the lack people as the victims physically and
psychologically. In Stowe Harriet Beecher s Uncle Tom s Cabin, the writer finds
three effects of racial discrimination, namely: human trade, family separation and
(38)
ÈÉÊÉË ÌuÍÎÏÐrÎ Ñ Ò
Human trade or human trafficking is the illegal trade of human beings for the
purposes of commercial sexual exploitation or reproductive slavery, forced labor, or
a modern-day form of slavery (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking). The
victims of human trade are not permitted to leave upon arrival at their destination.
They are held against their will through acts of coercion and forced to work or
provide services to the trafficker or others.
Several factors that should be considered in any effort to understand why
human trafficking occurs and how the problem can be dealt with more effectively.
Factors that push individuals to become susceptible to trafficking include, but are not
limited to, poverty, war, civil war, crisis, natural disaster, status of women
(extremely patriarchal society), lack of dowry, globalization, high demand for cheap
and exploitable labor, weak government, corruption of institutions, and governments
with an organized black market (with regards to drugs and guns). Factors that pull
individuals or lure victims into becoming susceptible to trafficking are kidnapping,
deception, violence, threats, and debt bondage.
Methods are used by traffickers vary. Some traffickers simply kidnap victims
and force them into slavery, while other traffickers employ deception with the
victims and their families. Some personal accounts state that traffickers often pretend
to fall in love with the victims, describe enticing job opportunities abroad, or marry
women and later sell them. In still other reported scenarios, traffickers beat people or
threaten them with the use of violence against the life of a close relative to force
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bondage : the trafficked victims owe money to the traffickers, and because they have
no available means to repay their debt the victims must work it off.
In Uncle Tom s Cabin, the human trade mostly happened for the reason of
debt payment from bankruptcy. Most transaction occurred because of economic
failures. Both of Tom s masters, Mr. Shelby and Mr. St. Claire, sold Tom for debt
payment. Like Tom, Harry, George s son almost sold because of Mr. Shelby debt.
Being used mainly as servants, blacks were considered unimportant and were
compared to property.
"Well, since you must know all, it is so. I have agreed to sell Tom and Harry both; and I don't know why I am to be rated, as if I were a monster, for doing what every one does every day."
"But why, of all others, choose these?" said Mrs. Shelby. "Why sell them, of all on the place, if you must sell at all?"
"Because they will bring the highest sum of any, -- that's why. I could choose another, if you say so. The fellow made me a high bid on Eliza, if that would suit you any better," said Mr. Shelby. (Stowe, 1995:44)
That conversation between Mr. Shelby and his wife showed us that the blacks were
never treated as human being. They were sold like a property. Mr. Shelby has to sold
Tom and Harry to pay his debt. He chooses Uncle Tom because he has the highest
price. Price is not for human being. Human is a creature that cannot be valued in
money. To put them on a price is to treat them like a property. And usually the slaves
were sold together with other properties such as plantation, crops, households and
kitchen furniture.
In the other part of novel, Cassy was sold for clearing off her master s
gambling debts. Human trade does not stop in this place. In Chapter XII, the story is
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advertised by the name of Hagar. She has a figure of native African. She might have
been sixty but was older because of disease and hard work, was partially blind, and
somewhat crippled with rheumatism. She has one remaining son named Albert.
Albert was a fourteen years old boy. They could not avoid the legal slave trade
performed by the whites and could not refuse people trading them like property.
They even could not wish not to be separated with their family in the auction.
Beside Hagar and Albert, there was also a man named John. He is thirty
years old and gets his hands chained. There were Lucy and her son who were traded
through cheating by her master. They were sold by the master to the trader then the
trader sold them separately.
All the slaves story is fitted with the fact that a trader did anything to
perform the trade. If the object of the trade escaped, the trader would chase after
him. Usually the trader made an advertisement to get the slaves back. And of course,
there was a prize for that. In this process, many people got advantages. And for this
reason everybody had chances to raise money so there is no doubt that human or
slave trade was maintained.
ÓÔÕÔÕ Ö×ØÙÚy Û ÜÝ× Þ× ßÙàá
The separation of families was another cruel facet in the world of slavery.
Family separation is to separate a slave from his family member. Many times it was
too expensive to buy the entire family of slaves, or the entire family was not needed.
Also, one of the family members may be old, broken, too young, or handicapped.
Remember that slaves were not treated as people. They were considered property. If
(41)
and more confident than if they were alone. A confident group of slave family could
be dangerous if they decided to rebel against their master.
The institution of slavery in this novel of course caused family separation. By
separating a slave with his other family members, the assumption those slaves are
property had been really conducted in society at that time. Family separation mostly
happened at the slave warehouse where the slaves were readily purposed to be sold.
In this novel, so many events portray the misery of family separation. Some
characters in the novel have enough courage to defend their right to be with their
family. Yet some submit to their fate of losing family.
Uncle Tom is one of the black people that submit to his fate, losing his
family. Though he knew that he would be sold, Uncle Tom did not escape. This case
made his wife worried. She thought about the hunger, pain and the more dread
penalties of re-capture that possibly happened to her husband. The touching
atmosphere is felt when Uncle Tom s children followed their father to the gate as if it
was their last time to see their beloved father. It is described as;
Tom rose up meekly, to follow his new master, and rose up his heavy box on his shoulder. His wife took the baby in her arms to go with him to the wagon, and the children, still crying, trailed on behind.
(Stowe, 1995:113)
Uncle Tom and Mr. Haley, the slave trader, leave for the South. In the trip,
Uncle Tom saves a little girl from drowning. The girl's father decides to buy Uncle
Tom to be his daughter's personal servant. Uncle Tom is lucky because the girl s
father, Augustine St. Clare, treats his slaves relatively well. The little girl, Eva, is
also a sweet child, devoted to her servants and family. Unfortunately, the mother,
Marie St. Clare, is a more typical slave owner and runs her slaves ragged as they try
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finishes making out the papers, he is killed. Tom is sold at auction, along with many
of the other St. Clare slaves.
Uncle Tom s new master is Simon Legree, an evil and violent man who
works his slaves until they die, then buys new ones cheaply in a never-ending cycle.
Despite Legree s treatment, Tom maintains his honest, kind behavior. When Tom
encourages two female slaves to escape, Legree beats Tom to death.
He began to draw his breath with long, deep inspirations; and his broad chest rose and fell, heavily. The expression of his face was that of a conqueror.
"Who, -- who, -- who shall separate us from the love of Christ?" he said, in a voice that contended with mortal weakness; and, with a smile, he fell asleep.
George sat fixed with solemn awe. It seemed to him that the place was holy; and, as he closed the lifeless eyes, and rose up from the dead, only one thought possessed him, -- that expressed by his simple old friend,
--(Stowe, 1995:462)
It takes a few days for him to die, however, and in the meantime, his old
master s son, George Shelby, arrives to free Uncle Tom. But it is too late. Uncle
Tom s cannot reunite with his wife and his children. They are separate forever.
The family separation also released in George Harris and Eliza. It is told that
George Harris saw her mother with her seven children was put up at sheriff s sale.
The children were sold before her eyes, all to the different masters. Eliza was
separated from her mother, Cassy.
"The most dreadful part of slavery, to my mind, is its outrages on the feelings and affections, the separating of families, for example." "Thatisa bad thing, certainly," said the other lady, holding up a baby's dress she had just completed, and looking intently on its trimmings; "but then, I fancy, it don't occur often."
(43)
From the quotation above, it can be said that to separate a slave from his family is a
bad thing. The blacks are human beings that have same feelings like the whites. The
claim that the blacks are not comparable to those of whites is totally wrong. The
blacks do hurt when they had to separate with their family.
âãäãå æçyèé êëìíéèîrï ëî
Bracey (1984:31) states that black slaves were being maimed for constantly
running away, sexually abused and assaulted, terrorized and brutally beaten into
submission to work for mostly white slave holders. It helps the writer to know and
understand the social life in the period of racial discrimination, how the whites treat
the blacks and the effects of racial discrimination itself.
Physical mistreat or physical abuse is an act of another party involving
contact intended to cause feelings of physical pain, injury, or other physical
suffering or bodily harm.
Mistreatment was most often meted in response to disobedience or perceived
infractions, but sometimes abuse was carried out simply to re-assert the dominance
of the master or overseer over the slave.
Punishment given to slaves for even the most minor of offences could
be hard. Plantation owners saw it as their right to attack their slaves as and when they
felt like it. Slaves working in the fields were often flogged if the owner thought they
weren't working hard enough and the punishment was carried out by the owner,
overseer or even the black slave-driver. Very few slaves reached the end of their
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Physical mistreat is the other result of what the whites done to the blacks. The
reason of doing this is the assumptions of the whites that blacks were not human
being at all but a property or animal so that they can do whatever they like to the
blacks without considering the pain as its result.
In Uncle Tom s Cabin, there is a slave named Rosa that was taken to the
whipping house because she was only trying on her mistress dress. Prue, a slave that
had a problem with her master who accused her of taking his money. Her master
thought that she did it on purpose that she needed money to get drunk. But Prue
herself admitted that she needed to get drunk by which she forgot her misery. At last,
her master ordered his men to put her in the cellar and Prue was dead.
George, also got the physical mistreat from his master. George has been
kicked and cuffed and sworn by his master. He s been patient but he can t be patient
any longer. George assured that his master has no right to own him and decide to run
away.
I have been careful, and I have been patient, but it's growing worse and worse; flesh and blood can't bear it any longer; every chance he can get to insult and torment me, he takes. I thought I could do my work well, and keep on quiet, and have some time to read and learn out of work hours; but the more he sees I can do, the more he loads on. He says that though I don't say anything, he sees I've got the devil in me, and he means to bring it out; and one of these days it will come out in a way that he won't like, or I'm mistaken! [. . .] I have been kicked and cuffed and sworn at, and at the best only let alone; and what do I owe? I've paid for all my keeping a hundred times over. Iwon'tbear it. No, Iwon't!" he said, clenching his hand with a fierce frown.
(Stowe, 1995:)
From the quotation above we can see that George has to face any suffer because of
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can see that sometimes the mistake that the slave has been done did not fit the
punishment.
The main character in this novel, Uncle Tom himself never gets harassment
from his two masters, Mr. Shelby and St. Claire. But, soon as the death of St. Claire,
Uncle Tom was sold to a new master, Simon Legree. Legree is portrayed as a brutal
master and show no mercy to his slaves. In the novel, Legree s place is described as
dark place that full of the inhabitations of cruelty. Legree has two black men as his
main slaves on the plantation. Legree had trained them in brutality.
One day, Uncle Tom transferred several handful of cotton from his own sack
to the other slave who was evidently in a condition of great suffering and seemed to
fall down. Unfortunately, this accident was found out by one of Legree main slaves,
who then whipped the women and kicked her until she was fainted. Then they gave a
more painful punishment for Uncle Tom because of helping the women. Uncle Tom
was violently kicked with his master s boot and put him in an old forsaken room of
the gin-house.
"Ye'll larn a pretty smart chance of things ye never did know, before I've done with ye!" said Legree, taking up a cowhide, and striking Tom a heavy blow cross the cheek, and following up the infliction by a shower of blows.
[ ]
An't I yer master? Didn't I pay down twelve hundred dollars, cash, for all there is inside yer old cussed black shell? An't yer mine, now, body and soul?" he said, giving Tom a violent kick with his heavy boot; "tell me!"
(Stowe, 1995:395,396)
The physical mistreat which is experienced by Uncle Tom continues in the
next days. One day, his friends in Legree s plantation, lost from the sight of the
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escape. To protect his friends, he insisted to cover the place of the escape. He swore
he would keep the secret from the master or the others. For this reply, his master
foaming with rage; fell Tom to the ground and Tom was entirely fainted.
It was but a moment. There was one hesitating pause, -- one irresolute, relenting thrill,-- and the spirit of evil came back, with seven-fold vehemence; and Legree, foaming with rage, smote his victim to the ground.
[ ]
"He's most gone, Mas'r," said Sambo, touched, in spite of himself, by the patience of his victim.
"Pay away, till he gives up! Give it to him! -- give it to him!" shouted Legree. I'll take every drop of blood he has, unless he confesses!" (Stowe, 1995:456,457)
From the quotation above, we can see that Uncle Tom, a black slave
experienced the physical mistreat that doing by the white slave-owner. He was beat
(47)
ð ñò óôõö÷
ðø ùðú ûü ýøùüòùþü ûÿÿõüôý ø ù
1.1 ð u
After analyzing the analysis in this thesis, the writer concludes that in Harriet
Beecher Stowe s novel Uncle Tom s Cabin, the racial discrimination is clearly
portrayed. Racial discrimination that was occurred in this novel found in two forms,
those are: prejudice and slavery. Having the data from the novel Uncle Tom s Cabin,
the writer conclude that there are three effects on the black people live because of
prejudice and slavery such as human trade, family separation and physical mistreat.
1.2 üu
Racial discrimination is interesting subject to be analyzed. It reminds us to
the history of black people in the United States. It teaches us to treat human being as
well and fair. There are wide ranges of literature that will be possible to be studied.
In particular for students of literature, the writer invites the readers to analyze
and explore the knowledge in literary studies in term racial discrimination.
Uncle Tom s Cabinis a fictional novel that tells about life value. The writer
would like to give suggestions, especially for student in Department of English to
make further analysis to this novel because there are many topics can be discussed
from this novel. It can be discussed from the moral values, from the Christianity and
(48)
The analysis of this thesis also can be the sources to analyze theme in
different novel especially historical novel. Although this thesis is not good enough,
but the writer hopes the theory that the writer used in this thesis can be used in
(49)
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Education.
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Simanjuntak, A. 2011. An Analysis of Prejudice in Harper Lee s To Kill A Mockingbird.
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http://www.beyondintractability.org/bi-essay/prejudice
http://www.unt.edu/honors/eaglefeather/2005_Issue/Johnykutty2.shtml
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Why_were_slave_families_separated
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking
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Harriet Elizabeth Beecher, better know Harriet Beecher Stowe was an American author, social reformer, and philanthropist. Stowe was an intense though modest woman who would devote her life to education and good, honest, and compassionate works for others.
Harriet Beecher Stowe was born 14 June 1811 in the New England town of Litchfield, Connecticut. Her mother was Roxanna née Foote and her father was Lyman Beecher. Her father was a Calvinist preacher who spoke out against slavery and encouraged the education of his children. Harriet had three sisters and five brothers. Roxanna Beecher died when Stowe was only five years old. Her later pursuit of painting and drawing honored her mother's talents in those areas. Oldest sister Catharine became an important maternal influence. Stowe wrote at an early age: at seven, she won a school essay contest earning praise from her father.
Lyman's second wife, Harriet Porter Beecher (1800-1835), was a beautiful woman slightly overwhelmed by the 8 boisterous children she inherited. Her own children, Isabella, Thomas and James, added to the noisy household. In Litchfield and on frequent visits to her grandmother in Guilford, CT, Stowe and her sisters and brothers played, read, hiked, and joined their father in games and exercises.
Harriet Beecher Stowe died on July 1, 1896, at age eighty-five inHartford,
Connecticut. That same year, Houghton, Mifflin and Company of Boston
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Stowe learned to make a persuasive argument at the family table. The Beechers took in boarders from Tapping Reeve's law school. Lyman Beecher taught religion at Sarah Pierce's Litchfield Female Academy and honed the debating talents of both his students and his children.
Stowe began her formal education at Sarah Pierce's academy, one of the earliest to encourage girls to study academic subjects and not simply ornamental arts.
In 1824, Stowe became first a student and then a teacher at Hartford Female Seminary, founded by sister Catharine. There, Stowe furthered her writing talents, spending many hours composing essays.
For more information on the Beecher family, see the Beecher section of this site and visit the Newman Baruch library at CUNY.
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Stowe's passion for writing allowed her to publicly express her thoughts and beliefs in a time when a woman could not speak publicly, much less vote or hold office. She also contributes financially to the Stowe family household income.
Stowe's publishing career began before her marriage with thePrimary Geography for Children(1833) her sympathetic approach to Catholicism, unusual for its time, won her the praise of the local bishop and a short story collection in 1853, New England Sketches(1835). Later works include numerous articles, essays and short stories regularly published in newspapers and journals
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In 1851,The National Era'spublisher Gamaliel Bailey contracted with Stowe for a story that would "paint a word picture of slavery" and that would run in installments. Stowe expectedUncle Tom's Cabin or Life Among the Lowlyto be three or four installments. She wrote more than 40.
Uncle Tom's Cabin, brought not only financial security, it enabled Stowe to write full time. She began publishing multiple works per year including theKey to Uncle Tom's Cabin, which documented the case histories on which she had based her novel, andDred: A Tale from the Swamp, another and more forceful anti-slavery novel.
Other notable works includeThe Minister's Wooing, which helped American Protestants move towards a more forgiving form of Christianity while simultaneously helping Stowe resolve the death of her oldest son, Henry Ellis Stowe;The American Woman's Home, a practical guide to homemaking, co-authored with sister Catharine Beecher; andLady Byron Vindicated, which strove to defend Stowe's friend Lady Byron and immersed Stowe herself in scandal.
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In 1832, 21 year old Harriet Beecher moved with her family to Cincinnati, OH, where her father Lyman became President of Lane Theological Seminary. There she met and married Calvin Stowe, a theology professor she described as "rich in Greek & Hebrew, Latin & Arabic, & alas! rich in nothing else..."
Six of Stowe's seven children were born in Cincinnati, and in the summer of 1849, Stowe experienced for the first time the sorrow many 19th-century parents knew when her 18-month old son, Samuel Charles Stowe, died of cholera. Stowe later
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credited that crushing pain as one of the inspirations forUncle Tom's Cabinbecause it helped her understand the pain enslaved mothers felt when their children were taken from them to be sold.
In 1850 Professor Stowe joined the faculty of his alma mater, Bowdoin College in Brunswick, ME. The Stowe family moved to Maine and lived in Brunswick until 1853.
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The first installment ofUncle Tom's Cabinappeared on June 5, 1851 in the anti-slavery newspaper,The National Era. Stowe enlisted friends and family to send her information and she scoured freedom narratives and anti-slavery newspapers for first hand accounts as she composed her story. In 1852 the serial was published as a two volume book.Uncle Tom's Cabinwas a best seller in the United States, Britain, Europe, Asia, and translated into over 60 languages.
Later years
Stowe was less than half way through her life when she publishedUncle
Tom's Cabin, and she continued to write and work to improve society for most of her
days. From Brunswick, the Stowes moved to Andover, MA, where Calvin was a professor of theology at Andover Theological Seminary from 1853 to 1864.
After his retirement, the family relocated to Hartford, CT. There Harriet Beecher Stowe built her dream house, Oakholm, in Nook Farm, a neighborhood full of friends and relatives. The high maintenance cost and the encroachment of factories caused her to sell her mansion in 1870. In 1873, she settled into a brick Victorian Gothic cottage-style house on Forest Street. She remained there for 23 years.
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Eva and calls for the doctor. Eva speaks once to her father; then, as she is dying, he asks her what she sees, and she answers, "O! love, joy , peace!"
When Eva's body lies in state in her bedroom, Topsy tries to come in and Rosa sends her away, but St. Clare corrects this, and Topsy throws herself weeping on the floor beside the bed. Ophelia comes in, tries to comfort Topsy, and at last lifts the little girl up and takes her out. St. Clare, recognizing Eva's influence, thinks his own life of little account. Marie's grief is uncontrolled, and she monopolizes the servants. She believes her husband cold; Tom knows better and stays close to St. Clare. The family and servants go back to New Orleans, and St. Clare spends as much time as he can away from home in the cafes and attending to business.
As the weeks go by, St. Clare struggles to find faith and seeks solace in Eva's Bible. He remembers his promise to Eva and begins the legal proceedings to emancipate Tom. Marie continues to be demanding of her servants; Ophelia has become gentler, especially with Topsy, toward whom she no longer feels aversion. She asks that St. Clare immediately sign Topsy over to her legally, and he agrees and gives the girl to Ophelia, who tells St. Clare that the child no more "belongs" to her than she did before; it is only that now she can protect her. She asks if St. Clare has made provisions for his servants in case of his death, and he says he has not.
In a reflective mood, St. Clare plays a piece of religious music on the piano; this surprises and touches Tom and Ophelia. St. Clare and Ophelia talk about Christianity, which he has shunned in part because he believes that most so-called Christians he has known are hypocrites. They talk again about slavery and the inevitability of emancipation, and St. Clare says that the North as well as the South must participate, when that happens, in educating the free men and women and
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preparing them for self-sufficiency. At that point St. Clare goes out for a walk, and Tom awaits his return. But St. Clare is carried home; he has been stabbed while trying to stop a fight between two men in a café, and he is bleeding to death. A doctor comes; the family and servants gather around in grief and terror. St. Clare begs Tom to pray, and Tom does so. At last St. Clare opens his eyes, says his mother's name, and dies.
At St. Clare's death, the servants are all terrified, because they are well acquainted with Marie, who now has complete control over their lives. Their terror is justified, as Rosa soon finds, when she talks back to Marie and is ordered to go to a whipping-establishment. Rosa pleads with Ophelia to intervene with Marie on her behalf, for she and Ophelia both know that young women sent to one of these places will be raped. Ophelia tries to make Marie change her mind, but Marie will not. A few days later, Marie decides to sell the New Orleans house, furniture, and slaves, and return to her parents' house. At Tom's request, Ophelia asks Marie to give him his freedom, as St. Clare had promised, but to no avail. The next day, Tom, Adolph, and several others are taken to a slave warehouse to await their sale.
Tom, Adolph, and a number of other slaves await sale in a warehouse. A large slave tries to bully Tom without success; he does better with Adolph, whom he calls a "white nigger." Adolph tries to fight this man, and the white keeper parts them. In the women's quarters, two of the female slaves are Susan and Emmeline, mother and daughter. The mother, Susan, fears that 15-year-old Emmeline will be sold as a sex slave and tells her to comb her hair back and try to look as plain as possible.
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The next morning, the sale commences. Adolph is sold to a young man who wants a valet and has said he will teach Adolph his place. Tom and Emmeline (separated from her mother) are sold to a revolting man who had earlier inspected them, as are two other men. They now belong to a Mr. Legree, the owner of a cotton plantation.
As they travel to the Legree plantation, Tom realizes that he is in the worst of hands. Legree throws some of Tom's belongings (including his hymnal) into the river and then sells Tom's trunk and its contents to the boat-hands. Legree paws Emmeline, telling her she'd better be pleasant when he talks to her. Then he shows his new slaves his fist, saying it got so hard from knocking down slaves. Later, in the boat's bar, he brags to the other white men about his treatment of slaves, saying he feels it is cheaper in the long run to use them up and buy more than it is to take care of them with good food, medicine, and so on.
The journey to Legree's plantation continues, through rough country, in a wagon. Legree orders the slaves to sing, but when Tom starts a hymn, he tells him to shut up. Another man begins a foolish, meaningless song, and the others join in. The narrator tells us that it is the only way these men can express their sorrow or pray, for the master hears only what he thinks is noisy good humor. Legree is drinking, and he paws the frightened Emmeline, obviously anxious to get home with her.
They get to the plantation house, once a fine, well-kept mansion but now a wreck among ruined grounds. Two black men, Sambo and Quimbo, Legree's overseers, come to greet the wagon with several dogs, and Legree tells the newcomers they had better behave, for the dogs would be happy to eat them. Legree presents Sambo with the older woman he has just acquired, saying he has promised
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to bring him a woman; when Lucy (as her name is) protests that she has a husband, Legree tells her to shut up. He takes Emmeline into the house, and Tom sees a woman's face at the window and hears an angry voice, with Legree responding that he'll do as he likes. Tom is taken to a crude shanty without furniture, and Sambo tells him he may sleep there, not in private, as Tom had hoped, but with many others.
Tom soon becomes familiar with what is expected of him on Legree's plantation. He is quiet, diligent, and despite his disgust with what he sees trusting in God and hopeful of somehow escaping this life. Legree hates him, for he recognizes Tom's moral superiority and sees that he cannot be manipulated. So Legree determines to break Tom's spirit.
One morning a strange woman appears in the field, working alongside Tom. The others jeer at her for having to work, saying they hope to see her flogged, but she works easily and efficiently. That same day, Lucy is obviously ill and in need of help, so Tom puts some of the cotton from his sack into hers. Sambo, overseeing them, kicks and abuses Lucy, and as soon as he turns away, Tom gives her all of his cotton. She protests, saying he'll be punished for this, and he replies that he is more able to stand that than she is. The strange woman, hearing this, gives Tom some of the cotton fromhersack but tells him that he doesn't know the place; in a month, he will not be so kind.
That evening, Sambo tells Legree that Tom is helping Lucy and will cause trouble with the others. Legree tells his overseers that they will have to break Tom in. On the pretext that Lucy's cotton basket is underweight, Legree orders Tom to flog her; Tom refuses. Legree loses his temper and asks if Tom does not belong to him, body and soul. To this, Tom replies that Legree has bought his body but could never
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own his soul and says that Legree can't harm him. Legree gives Tom to Sambo and Quimbo to be punished.
Tom, injured and bleeding, lies alone in the gin-house, trying to pray. The strange woman from the field, Cassy, gives him water and dresses his wounds. She tells him he has been brave but that he must now give up; there is no God, she says, or if there is, He is set against them. The other slaves, she says, are not worth his suffering; they would turn against him in a minute. Tom says he has lost everything else, and he refuses to lose his soul. She tells Tom he will be tortured to death if he does not give up his resistance to Legree, and he replies that he will be dead then and beyond hurting. Then Cassy, thinking of Emmeline, tells Tom her own story.
Legree sits in his cluttered house, drinking punch and regretting having let Sambo talk him into punishing Tom, who now is unfit to work. Cassy hears him and sneers at him; she reminds him that he fears her, and with reason. The narrator tells us that Cassy has a sexual hold over Legree, but that he also fears her because he suspects she is insane, which in his superstitious mind amounts to possession. Cassy has taken Emmeline's side against him and has worked in the field for a day to prove to him that she doesn't fear his threat to send her there. Legree admits that he was foolish to have Tom whipped so severely but says he is determined to break Tom's spirit. Just then Sambo comes in with something he has found while flogging Tom; he says this is a charm Tom wears against feeling pain. Actually, it is the silver dollar given Tom by young George Shelby, together with the lock of Eva's hair. The lock of hair curls around Legree's finger and he screams in fear, throwing the thing into the fire.
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One night, Cassy comes to Tom and says she has drugged Legree's brandy and asks him to kill Legree with an axe; she would do it herself, she says, but she feels she hasn't the strength. Tom refuses and tells her she must not kill Legree, for to do so would be to sell her soul to evil. Instead, he encourages her to take Emmeline and run away.
George Shelby has arrived at Legree's estate to buy Tom back, but he has come too late: Tom is dying. George begs Tom to live, but Tom says the Lord is taking him home and Heaven is better than Kentucky and he makes George promise not to tell Chloe how he has died. Then, secure in the love of Christ, Tom dies.
George Shelby returns home and tells Tom's wife that her husband is dead; as he promised Tom, he does not tell her the details of how he died. A month after returning, George gives each of his and his mother's slaves a certificate of freedom. George tells them, too, to remember Tom; it was at Tom's grave, he says, that he resolved never to own another slave.