THE COMPARISON OF STUDENT’S LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT IN THE TOPIC OF HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM USING THE MODEL OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING TYPE STAD (STUDENT TEAM ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION AND NHT(NUMBERED HEAD TOGETHER) GRADEXI IPA STUDENTS IN SMA NEGERI 1 LUBUKPAKAM

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THE COMPARISON OF STUDENT’S LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT IN THE TOPIC OF HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM USING THE MODEL OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING TYPE STAD ( STUDENT

TEAM ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION )

AND NHT ( NUMBERED HEAD TOGETHER) GRADE XI IPA STUDENTS IN SMA NEGERI 1 LUBUKPAKAM

ACADEMIC YEAR 2011/2012.

By

Syahriani

Reg. Number : 081244410033

Study Program: Biology Bilingual Education

A THESIS

Submitted to Fullfill The Requirement For Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan

BIOLOGY DEPARTEMENT

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

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THE COMPARISON OF STUDENT’S LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT IN THE TOPIC OF HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM USING THE MODEL OF COOPERATIVE

LEARNING TYPE STAD ( STUDENT TEAM ACHIEVEMENT DIVISION AND NHT( NUMBERED HEAD TOGETHER) GRADEXI IPA STUDENTS IN

SMA NEGERI 1 LUBUKPAKAM ACADEMIC YEAR 2011/2012. Syahriani ( 081244410033 )

ABSTRACT

The aimed of this research was to know the comparison of student learning achievement in the topic human reproductive system using STAD model and NHT model of grade XI IPA students of SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam Academic year 2011/2012. This research was started on March 2012 and accomplished in July 2012

This research was designed as a quasi experiment. This quasi experimental research was given to 30 students in grade XI IPA 1 of SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam by teaching them using STAD model and to 32 students in grade XI IPA 4 of SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam by teaching them using NHT model.

Result of research showed that teaching by using STAD model and NHT model can increase the student achievement in the topic human reproductive system. The achievement of student’s by using STAD model ( M = 79 ± 6.83 ) was higher than the student’s achievement by using NHT model ( M = 74.3 ± 6.96 ). The data analysis revealed that there was a comparison of student achievement in the topic human reproductive system STAD model and NHT model of grade XI IPA students of SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam Academic year 2011/2012 (taccount = 2,67 > ttable = 2.00)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The writer would like to express her praise to Allah SWT ( The almighty God, for all the graces and blessings that provide health and wisdom to the writers that the research can be completed in accordance with the planned time.

This Thesis entitled “The Comparison Of Student’s Learning Achievement In The Topic Of Human Reproductive System Using The Model Of Cooperative Learning Type STAD ( Student Team Achievement Division ) And NHT ( Numbered Head Together) Grade XI IPA Students In SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam Academic Year 2011/2012”,prepared to obtain the bachelor degree of Biology Education, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences,State University of Medan.

On this occasion , the writer would like to deliver her thank to Dra.Martina A. Napitupulu, M.Sc who has provided guidance and constructive advice to the writer since the beginning of this research until the completion of this draft. My appreciation goes to Dr.Syarifuddin,M.Sc, Dr.rer.nat .Binari Manurung,M.Si and Dra.Meida Nugrahalia,M.Sc the examiners who have provided input and advise from research plan to complete the preparation of this thesis.

The writer says thanks to Dr.Syarifuddin,M.Sc as the academic adviser. Thanks also extended to Drs.H.Tri Harsono, M.Si. as the head of biology department, and to all my lectures and all staffs in the Department of Biology,Faculty of mathematics and natural sciences of UNIMED that have helped me during the study in the campus. Award also presented to Badaruddin tarigan,M.Pd as the Head Master of SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam, Dra.H.Idawaty Br.Karo and Ni’mah Lubis,S.Pd as a biology teacher in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam, all the teachers and students especially XI IPA in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam who have helped me during this research.

My never ending thankfulness is fully addressed to my beloved father Syamsir,S.E. and my mother Azmaini,S.H. and brothers Lukman Hakim and Wawan Akbar who have given prayers, moral support and material to complete my studies in UNIMED. My gratitude also goes to my friends

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Yeni,Dina,Syadwina,Silvia,Novi,Uci,Yunita,Vegi,Mayen, and all my friends in class Biology Bilingual Education 2008 who helped me during this research can be completed on time.

The writer had tried as much as possible in the completion of this thesis, but the writer is aware there are still many weakness in terms of content and grammar therefore the writer is pleased to receive some suggestions and constructive criticism from readers for this thesis perfectly. Presumably the contents of this thesis are useful in enriching science and education.

Medan. July2012 Writer

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Thesis Approval i

Curriculum Vitae ii

Abstract iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Contents vi

Figure List viii

Table List ix

Attachment List x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background Of The Study 1

1.2 Problem Identification 3

1.3 Problem Scope 4

1.4 Research Question 4

1.5 The Research aims 4

1.6 Research Contributions 5

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Theoretical Framework 6

2.1.1 Definition of Learning 6

2.1.2. Understanding Learning Achievement 7 2.1.4 Factors that influence learning Achievement 8

2.2 Cooperative Learning 9

2.3STAD Model 10

2.4 NHT Model 12

2.5 Human Reproductive System 14

2.6 Conceptual Framework 28

27. Research Hypothesis 29

CHAPTER III 30

RESEARCH METHODS 30

3.1. Research Location and Time 30

3.2.Population And Sample 30

3.3.Research Variable 30

3.4.Data Collection Instruments 30

3.4.1. The Validity of The Test 31

3.4.2. The Reliability of The Test 32

3.4.3. The Difference Power of The Test 32

3.4.4. The Level of Test Difficulty 33

3.5. Research Instrument 33

3.5.1 Test of Student Achievement 33

3.6 The Type And Design Of The Research 36

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3.8Data Collection Technique 37

3.9 Data Analysis Technique 40

3.9.1 Normality Test 30

3.9.2 Homogeneity Test 41

3.9.3 Testing Hypothesis 41

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 43

4.1. Results 43

4.1.1Data Analysis Of Research Instruments 43

4.1.2. Description Of Data 43

4.1.2.1. Description Of Pre-Test Data 44

4.1.2.2. Description Of Post Test Data 45

4.2. Data Analysis Testing Requirements 47

4.3.Hypothesis Testing 48

4.4. Research Findings 49

4.5 Discussion 49

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 54

5.1. Conclusions 54

5.2. Recommendations 54

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LIST OF TABLES

Page Table 2.1. Phases of STAD type cooperative learning 12 Table 3.1 Guidelines of Students Achievemnt Test 34

Table 3.2 pre test- Post test Design. 35

Table 4.1 The difference of Pre-Test value in STAD model class and

NHT model class 44

Table 4.2. The differences of Post-test value in STAD model class and

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LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 2.1 Structure of the male reproductive system 14 Figure 2.2 The structure of the female reproductive system 16 Figure 2.3 The process of spermatogenesis 18

Figure 2.4 The process of oogenesis 19

Figure 2.5 Menstrual Cycle 21

Figure 2.6 The process of fertilization 23

Figure 2.7 Chidbirth Process 25

Figure 3.1. Research Procedure Scheme 39

Figure 4.1 Differences diagram pre test value in STAD class

and NHT class 44

Figure 4.2.The Comparison of Pre-test value in STAD Class

and NHT class 45

Figure 4.1 Differences diagram post test value in STAD class

and NHT class 46

Figure 4.2.The Comparison of Post-test value in STAD Class

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LIST OF APPENDIXES

Appendix 1 Syllabus 57

Appendix 2 Lesson Plan 59

Appendix 3 Instrument Of Pre-Test And Post Test 85

Appendix 4 The Answer Key 94

Appendix 5 Student’s Paper Work STAD Model 95

Appendix 6 The Answer Sheet Of STAD Student Evaluation Sheet 104

Appendix 7 The NHT Student’s Work Sheet 112

Appendix 8 The Answer of NHT Student’s Work Sheet 113

Appendix 9 Table of Validity Test 118

Appendix 10 Calculation Of Validity Test 120

Appendix 11 Table Of Realibility Test 121

Appendix 12 Calculation Of Reliability Test 122 Appendix 13 Table Of Discrimination Index 120 Appendix 14 Calculation Of The Discrimination Index 124 Appendix 15 Table Of Calculation Of Test Difficulty Level 127 Appendix 16 Calculation Of Test Difficulty Level 128 Appendix 17 Result Of Student Learning Data 126

Appendix 18 The Calculation Of Average, Standard Deviation And

Variance Of Pre Test Value 131

Appendix 19 The Calculation Of Average, Standard Deviation And

Variance Of Post-Test Value 133

Appendix 20 The Normality Test Of Research Data 135 Appendix 21 The Homogeneity Test Of Research Data 139

Appendix 22 Hypothesis Testing 141

Appendix 23 Result Data Of Student Worksheet And Discussion 147

Appendix 24 Documentation Of Research 149

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study

Learning is a two-way communication process, teaching that conducted by the teacher as an educator, while the learning is done by the students. In this case, the role of teacher is not merely providing information, but also directing and facilitating the study process to be more appropriate to the learning process (as facilitator). Learning is a process of the study that builds teachers to enhance students' thinking skills, and increase the ability of students to construct new knowledge as a good effort to improve the mastery of subject matter (Syamsudin, 2007).

Observation revealed that as teachers there is a tendency that they still dominate the learning activities in the class. Teachers still use the conventional way of teaching that is lecturing method where the teacher acts as the only source of information. On the other hand, student’s activity are listening and taking notes. This creates a situation where the learning activity is centered on the teacher alone and students act as passive learners.

The condition of learning activities above is not considered as effective as it could have been. Lecturing method tends to create an atmosphere of monotonous and boring circumstance in the classroom. Few observations have revealed that some students cannot focus and pay attention to the teacher. Questions are also rarely asked and discussed. This may relate to the condition that biology contains lots of explanations and memorizations. We can see this problem through their achievement in most exams. Some students have difficulties to reach the minimum requirements to pass in the exams.

Studying biology involves lots of memorization which may quite difficult for some of the students. It contains lots of concepts that lead to many misconceptions as well. Students face problems of understanding concepts and it can be seen through activity of re-iterating some concepts at the end of the learning processes (individual observation, 2012 and Karo, 2012). The students seem to forget all the concepts easily, no sign of retaining the information given.

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It is suspected that this problem led to the low achievements in some topics where the understanding of some concepts are important.

I interviewed the biology teacher for grade XI of SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam and it was suggested that one of the most difficult topic for students is learning human reproductive system (Karo, 2012). She emphasized that the students had problem of memorizing organs of human reproductive system and its anatomical and physiological structure of each organ. The method of lecturing is used to deliver all the information due to the lack of media and alternatives for some reasons. Teacher becomes the only source of information. The observation showed that the result of student monthly test in the biology subject is below the minimum completeness criteria (KKM) . The value is 70 and of the average of students scored only reached 65.

In this situation teachers are in charge to have initiaves dealing with difficulties faced by both teachers and students. Teachers are expected and encouraged to be more active and creative in developing learning strategy. One the strategy may involve the students in the process intead of waiting the informaiton to be delivered. Vygotsky theory suggested that students need to learn and work in groups so that the students can interact with each other and needed the help from teacher to students in learning activities (Syamsudin, 2007). In this case I chose cooperative learning model as a solution to the problem of the grade XI of SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam.

Cooperative learning model is not entirely new for the teachers. Model of cooperative learning is a learning model that prioritizes the groups (Slavin, 2005). Each student in the group had levels of different abilities (high, medium and low) and if it is possible a member of the group come from different races, cultures, different tribes and with regard to gender equality. Cooperative learning model prioritizes cooperation in solving problems to apply the knowledge and skills in order to achieve learning objectives.

Based on the above issues teacher needs to develop the model of learning that can improve student’s achievement and activity in the learning process. One of the options is the model of cooperative learning STAD (Student Team

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Achievement Division) type. According to Slavin ( 2005 ) STAD emphasizes the interaction between student activity to motivate each other and help each other to master the subject matter in order to achieve maximum performance. The advantages of cooperative learning STAD model is a type of cooperation in groups and in determining the success of the group's success not only based on the group scores but also depend on the individual ability of the member, so that the students in a group must ensure that their members master the learning topic.

The other type of the cooperative leaning that will be applied in this reasearch is NHT (Numbered Heads Together ). Numbered Heads Together is the model that emphasizes each student accountable for learning the material. Students are placed in groups and each person is given a number (from one to the maximum number in each group). The teacher poses a question and each student has their own responsibility to figure out the answers relate to the predefined number . According to Lie ( 2004 ) NHT can provide benefits for students who are underachieving and high achieving students that work together to complete the task. The students in a group depend on each other for information and for doing the task assigned on them This model can promote mutual respect among the members and the prevent the domination of particular student in a group.

Based on the problem above I am interested to make the comparison of STAD with NHT in order to know which model is more appropriate that can be served to solve the problem exist in this school and state my research title as The Comparison Of Student’s Learning Achievement In The Topic Of Human Reproductive System Using The Model Of Cooperative Learning Type STAD ( Student Team Achievement Division ) And NHT ( Numbered Head Together) Grade XI IPA Students In SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam Academic Year 2011/2012.

1.2 Problem Identification

1. Some of students learning achievement in the topic human reproductive system is below the KKM.

2. The Lecturing- method is dominantly used in the learning process. 3. Students rely on the listening, taking notes, and memorizing processes.

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4. Activeness and cooperation among the students in the biology learning process are still low.

1.3 Problem Scope

There are many factors that affect the student’s achievement at school but this research focuses on “The Comparison of student’s learning achievement in the topic of human Reproductive System using the model of cooperative learning type STAD and NHT grade XI IPA Students in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam Academic Year 2011/2012”.

1.4. Research Question

In accordance with the issues that have been stated, then the problem can be formulated as follow:

1. How do the students learning achievement in the topic human reproductive system grade XI IPA in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam that taught by using the model of cooperative learning type STAD?

2. How do the students learning achievement in the topic human reproductive system grade XI IPA in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam that taught by using the model of cooperative learning type NHT ?

3. How do the comparison of student’s learning achievement in the topic human reproductive system that taught by using STAD and NHT of grade XI IPA in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam academic year 2011/2012?.

1.5. The Research Aims

There are several aims of this research, they are:

1. To obtain the information about students’ learning achievement in the topic human reproductive system grade XI IPA in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam that taught by using the model of cooperative learning type STAD?

2. To obtain the information about student’s learning achievement in the topic human reproductive system grade XI IPA in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam that taught by using the model of cooperative learning type NHT ( Numbered Head Together ) ? 3. To obtain the information about the comparison of students’ learning achievement in

the topic human reproductive system that taught by using STAD and NHT of grade XI IPA in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam academic year 2011/2012?.

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1.6. Research Contributions:

The research findings will be useful for:

1. Improving student learning achievements in order to achieve the thoroughness standards of learning especially in the topic of Human Reproductive system. 2. Increasing student interest and motivation in learning biology.

3. Increasing the activity of students in learning in the learning process. 4. Improving students' ability to work together in a group / discussion.

5. Enhancing teacher’s awareness to develop alternative strategies to teach biology. References for other researchers who want to continue and develop this

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 5.1. Conclusions

Based on the results of research, the conclusions are :

1. There was an increase result of student’s learning achievement from the value 44.3 to 79 with the increasing percentage 43.96% using STAD model on the topic human reproductive system of grade XI IPA students in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam for academic year 2011/2012.

2. There was an increase result of student’s learning achievement using NHT model from the value 44.8 to 74.3 with the increasing percentage 39,65% on the topic human reproductive system of grade XI IPA students in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam for academic year 2011/2012.

3. There was a comparison of student’s achievement between STAD model and NHT model as amount as 1.06 : 1 with the differences percentage 5.95% on the topic human reproductive system of grade XI IPA students in SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam for academic year 2011/2012.

5.2. Recommendations

There are several recoommendations can be proposed, they are :

1. Students of SMA Negeri 1 Lubukpakam are encouraged to improve their interest and curiosity by implementing cooperative learning model.

2. Teachers are advised to apply the model of cooperative learning type STAD and NHT as an alternative method of teaching biology.

3. For researcher, as a prospectus teacher this study/research will equip him/her to do teaching in the future. This will give her insights and experience to alternate way of teaching human reproductive system.

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