FINAL PROJECTTHE EFFECT OF AIR FLOW VELOCITY IN COPING The Effect of Air Flow Velocity In Coping Wood Gasification Toward Combustion Temperature and Effective Combustion Time.
FINAL PROJECT
THE EFFECT OF AIR FLOW VELOCITY IN COPING
WOOD GASIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION
TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVE COMBUSTION TIME
This Final Project Has Been Arranged As a Requirement to Get Bachelor
Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Arranged by:
DHIMAS CAHYO ANINDITO
D200112006
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
DECEMBER 2015
i
ii
iii
iv
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT,
Thanks for the guidance and my blessed life.
My mom, mom, mom, and dad
Thanks for your love, affection and support. You always help me in the tough
times.
All of my families,
Thanks for your prayer, support and help.
All of my friends,
Thanks for your jokes, support and invaluable memories.
v
MOTTO
If you can t beat them, die with them.
(Dhimas Cahyo)
If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together.
(Anonymous)
vi
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, coping wood is one of the most reliable solutions for
alternative energy. Coping wood can produce methane by using gasification
technology. By those facts, this research has been held to find out the effect of
air flow velocity toward combustion temperature in lumber gasification.
The first step of this method applied four variation of air flow velocities
such as v=7.6 m/s, v=6.9 m/s, v= 5.6 m/s, and v=4.2m/s. Temperature
measurements were recorded every minute, and by the height and deepness
of fire. Thermocouple has been put at the centre-bottom of fire for recording
temperature changing in every minute. By the height of fire temperature
measurement, the thermocouple put at the outer bottom, middle, and top of
fire.
The result of experiment which measured the highest temperature from
each air flow velocity variation refers at v=7.6 m/s is 571 0C, at v=6.9 m/s is
6000C, at v=5.6 m/s is 6200C, and at v=4.2m/s is 6090C. Whereas the
temperature measurement based on the height of fire show results such as, at
v=7.6 m/s, T1=4720C, T2=4400C, T3=4300C. At v=6.9 m/s, the results are
T1=4700C, T2=4700C, T3=4000C. At v=5.6 m/s, the results are T1=4500C,
T2=4720C, T3=4440C. And at v=4.2 m/s, the results are T 1=4800C, T2=4600C,
T3=4000C. For the temperature measurement based on the deepness of fire,
the result can be shown as t1=4670C, t2= 5100C, t3=5200C at v=7.6 m/s. at
v=6.9 m/s, the results are t1=4690C, t2=5300C, t3=5800C. The temperature
result at v=5.6 are t1=4510C, t2=5000C, t3=5600C. And for v=4.2 m/s, the
results are t1=4720C, t2=4990C, t3= 5700C. Total time of gasification at v=7.6
m/s is 780 s, v=6.9 m/s is 720 s, v=5.6 m/s is 698 s, and v=4.2 m/s is 765 s.
Keywords: coping wood, gasification, air flow velocity, effective
combustion time, combustion temperature.
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahhirobbil alamin. Praise and gratitude to Allah SWT, The
Lord of The Universe, because of His blessing and guidance this research
paper has been done.
The final project entitles The Effect of Air Flow Velocity in Lumber
Gasification Toward Combustion Temperature has been done because of
helping and supporting from other people. Therefore, writer sincerely would
like to say thanks and appreciation to:
1. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT, Ph.D., as the Dean of Engineering Faculty of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2. Dr. Tri Widodo Besar Riyadi., as the Head of Mechanical
Engineering of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
3. Wijianto,ST.M.Eng.Sc., as the Head of Automotive Engineering
Double Degree Program of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
4. Ir. Subroto, MT., as the First Supervisor who has given researcher
inspiration, spirit, advices, suggestions, and corrections to the paper
completion.
5. Wijianto,ST.M.Eng.Sc., as the Second Supervisor who has given
researcher guidance, suggestions, and correction wisely.
viii
ix
CONTENTS
TITLE..................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY ............................... ii
APPROVAL .......................................................................................... iii
VALIDATION ......................................................................................... iv
DEDICATION ........................................................................................ v
MOTTO ................................................................................................. vi
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .......................................................................... viii
CONTENT ............................................................................................. x
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................ xiii
LIST OF TABLE..................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background ........................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................ 2
1.3 Problem Limitation ................................................................. 2
1.4 Objective of Study.................................................................. 3
1.5 Outcome ................................................................................ . 3
1.6 Research Method ................................................................. . 3
1.7 Writing Structure .................................................................... . 4
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Study ..................................................................... 5
2.2 Fundamental Theory.............................................................. 6
x
2.2.1 Fuel ............................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Combustion ................................................................... 6
2.2.3 Biomass ........................................................................ 7
2.2.4 Gasification ................................................................... 9
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Flow Chart of Engine Test ............................................................. 12
3.2
Equipment and Material of Research............................................. 13
3.2.1. Research Equipment
... 13
3.2.2. Material ............................................................................... 18
3.3
Experiment Procedures................................................................. 20
3.4
Temperature Measurement Method .............................................. 21
3.4.1. Temperature Measurement Based on Height of Fire ......21
3.4.2. Temperature Measurement Based on Deepness
of Fire .......................................................................... 22
3.4.3. Temperature Measurement per Minute......................... 22
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Coping Wood Experiment with 7.6 m/s Air Velocity .............. 23
4.2
Coping Wood Experiment with 7.6 m/s Air Velocity ............... 25
4.3
Coping Wood Experiment with 5.6 m/s Air Velocity..
27
4.4
Coping Wood Experiment with 4.2 m/s Air Velocity..
29
4.5
Time and Temperature Comparison from Air Flow Velocities
Variation
... 31
xi
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION
5.1
Conclusion............................................................................ 34
5.2
Suggestion............................................................................ 35
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Type of gasification flow system ........................................ 11
Figure 3.1
Research Flowchart........................................................... 12
Figure 3.2
Dimension of Gasification Furnace.................................... 13
Figure 3.3
Burner................................................................................ 14
Figure 3.4
Reactor.............................................................................. 14
Figure 3.5
Ash Chamber .................................................................... 15
Figure 3.6
Blower ............................................................................... 15
Figure 3.7
Thermoreader.................................................................... 16
Figure 3.8
Thermocouple ................................................................... 16
Figure 3.9
Stopwatch.......................................................................... 17
Figure 3.10 Anemometer...................................................................... 17
Figure 3.11 Analog Scale ..................................................................... 18
Figure 3.12 Coping Wood with 10 mesh size ....................................... 19
Figure 3.13 Glasswool.......................................................................... 19
Figure 3.14 T1 is at centre bottom of fire .............................................. 21
Figure 3.15 T2 is at the half of fire s height ........................................... 21
Figure 3.16 T3 is at top of fire ............................................................... 21
Figure 3.17 t1 is at the outer of fire ....................................................... 22
Figure 3.18 t2 is at the half radius of fire ............................................... 22
Figure 3.19 t3 is at the centre of fire ...................................................... 22
Figure 3.20 Thermocouple position for temperature changing
measurement per minute................................................... 22
xiii
Figure 4.1 Temperature movement at v=7.6 m/s air flow....
..
. 23
Figure 4.2 Temperature movement at v=6.9 m/s air flow..
25
Figure 4.3 Temperature movement at v=5.6 m/s air flow
.. 27
Figure 4.4 Temperature movement at v=4.2 m/s air flow
.. 29
Figure 4.5 Temperature movement comparison from air flow velocity
variations
.
..
Figure 4.6 Comparison temperature distribution
. 31
.
..
31
Figure 4.7 Comparison Ti and Tt between those various air flow
velocities
33
xiv
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Producer gas composition
..
.. 10
Table 4.1 Temperature record based high and deepness of fire with
7.6 m/s air flow velocity.
...
. 24
Table 4.2 Temperature record based high and deepness of fire with
6.9 m/s air flow velocity
26
Table 4.3 Temperature record based high and deepness of fire with
5.6 m/s air flow velocity.......................................................... 28
Table 4.4 Temperature record based high and deepness of fire with
4.2 m/s air flow velocity
.
xv
30
THE EFFECT OF AIR FLOW VELOCITY IN COPING
WOOD GASIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION
TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVE COMBUSTION TIME
This Final Project Has Been Arranged As a Requirement to Get Bachelor
Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
Arranged by:
DHIMAS CAHYO ANINDITO
D200112006
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
DECEMBER 2015
i
ii
iii
iv
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT,
Thanks for the guidance and my blessed life.
My mom, mom, mom, and dad
Thanks for your love, affection and support. You always help me in the tough
times.
All of my families,
Thanks for your prayer, support and help.
All of my friends,
Thanks for your jokes, support and invaluable memories.
v
MOTTO
If you can t beat them, die with them.
(Dhimas Cahyo)
If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together.
(Anonymous)
vi
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, coping wood is one of the most reliable solutions for
alternative energy. Coping wood can produce methane by using gasification
technology. By those facts, this research has been held to find out the effect of
air flow velocity toward combustion temperature in lumber gasification.
The first step of this method applied four variation of air flow velocities
such as v=7.6 m/s, v=6.9 m/s, v= 5.6 m/s, and v=4.2m/s. Temperature
measurements were recorded every minute, and by the height and deepness
of fire. Thermocouple has been put at the centre-bottom of fire for recording
temperature changing in every minute. By the height of fire temperature
measurement, the thermocouple put at the outer bottom, middle, and top of
fire.
The result of experiment which measured the highest temperature from
each air flow velocity variation refers at v=7.6 m/s is 571 0C, at v=6.9 m/s is
6000C, at v=5.6 m/s is 6200C, and at v=4.2m/s is 6090C. Whereas the
temperature measurement based on the height of fire show results such as, at
v=7.6 m/s, T1=4720C, T2=4400C, T3=4300C. At v=6.9 m/s, the results are
T1=4700C, T2=4700C, T3=4000C. At v=5.6 m/s, the results are T1=4500C,
T2=4720C, T3=4440C. And at v=4.2 m/s, the results are T 1=4800C, T2=4600C,
T3=4000C. For the temperature measurement based on the deepness of fire,
the result can be shown as t1=4670C, t2= 5100C, t3=5200C at v=7.6 m/s. at
v=6.9 m/s, the results are t1=4690C, t2=5300C, t3=5800C. The temperature
result at v=5.6 are t1=4510C, t2=5000C, t3=5600C. And for v=4.2 m/s, the
results are t1=4720C, t2=4990C, t3= 5700C. Total time of gasification at v=7.6
m/s is 780 s, v=6.9 m/s is 720 s, v=5.6 m/s is 698 s, and v=4.2 m/s is 765 s.
Keywords: coping wood, gasification, air flow velocity, effective
combustion time, combustion temperature.
vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahhirobbil alamin. Praise and gratitude to Allah SWT, The
Lord of The Universe, because of His blessing and guidance this research
paper has been done.
The final project entitles The Effect of Air Flow Velocity in Lumber
Gasification Toward Combustion Temperature has been done because of
helping and supporting from other people. Therefore, writer sincerely would
like to say thanks and appreciation to:
1. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT, Ph.D., as the Dean of Engineering Faculty of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2. Dr. Tri Widodo Besar Riyadi., as the Head of Mechanical
Engineering of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
3. Wijianto,ST.M.Eng.Sc., as the Head of Automotive Engineering
Double Degree Program of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
4. Ir. Subroto, MT., as the First Supervisor who has given researcher
inspiration, spirit, advices, suggestions, and corrections to the paper
completion.
5. Wijianto,ST.M.Eng.Sc., as the Second Supervisor who has given
researcher guidance, suggestions, and correction wisely.
viii
ix
CONTENTS
TITLE..................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY ............................... ii
APPROVAL .......................................................................................... iii
VALIDATION ......................................................................................... iv
DEDICATION ........................................................................................ v
MOTTO ................................................................................................. vi
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .......................................................................... viii
CONTENT ............................................................................................. x
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................ xiii
LIST OF TABLE..................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background ........................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................ 2
1.3 Problem Limitation ................................................................. 2
1.4 Objective of Study.................................................................. 3
1.5 Outcome ................................................................................ . 3
1.6 Research Method ................................................................. . 3
1.7 Writing Structure .................................................................... . 4
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Study ..................................................................... 5
2.2 Fundamental Theory.............................................................. 6
x
2.2.1 Fuel ............................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Combustion ................................................................... 6
2.2.3 Biomass ........................................................................ 7
2.2.4 Gasification ................................................................... 9
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Flow Chart of Engine Test ............................................................. 12
3.2
Equipment and Material of Research............................................. 13
3.2.1. Research Equipment
... 13
3.2.2. Material ............................................................................... 18
3.3
Experiment Procedures................................................................. 20
3.4
Temperature Measurement Method .............................................. 21
3.4.1. Temperature Measurement Based on Height of Fire ......21
3.4.2. Temperature Measurement Based on Deepness
of Fire .......................................................................... 22
3.4.3. Temperature Measurement per Minute......................... 22
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Coping Wood Experiment with 7.6 m/s Air Velocity .............. 23
4.2
Coping Wood Experiment with 7.6 m/s Air Velocity ............... 25
4.3
Coping Wood Experiment with 5.6 m/s Air Velocity..
27
4.4
Coping Wood Experiment with 4.2 m/s Air Velocity..
29
4.5
Time and Temperature Comparison from Air Flow Velocities
Variation
... 31
xi
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION
5.1
Conclusion............................................................................ 34
5.2
Suggestion............................................................................ 35
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Type of gasification flow system ........................................ 11
Figure 3.1
Research Flowchart........................................................... 12
Figure 3.2
Dimension of Gasification Furnace.................................... 13
Figure 3.3
Burner................................................................................ 14
Figure 3.4
Reactor.............................................................................. 14
Figure 3.5
Ash Chamber .................................................................... 15
Figure 3.6
Blower ............................................................................... 15
Figure 3.7
Thermoreader.................................................................... 16
Figure 3.8
Thermocouple ................................................................... 16
Figure 3.9
Stopwatch.......................................................................... 17
Figure 3.10 Anemometer...................................................................... 17
Figure 3.11 Analog Scale ..................................................................... 18
Figure 3.12 Coping Wood with 10 mesh size ....................................... 19
Figure 3.13 Glasswool.......................................................................... 19
Figure 3.14 T1 is at centre bottom of fire .............................................. 21
Figure 3.15 T2 is at the half of fire s height ........................................... 21
Figure 3.16 T3 is at top of fire ............................................................... 21
Figure 3.17 t1 is at the outer of fire ....................................................... 22
Figure 3.18 t2 is at the half radius of fire ............................................... 22
Figure 3.19 t3 is at the centre of fire ...................................................... 22
Figure 3.20 Thermocouple position for temperature changing
measurement per minute................................................... 22
xiii
Figure 4.1 Temperature movement at v=7.6 m/s air flow....
..
. 23
Figure 4.2 Temperature movement at v=6.9 m/s air flow..
25
Figure 4.3 Temperature movement at v=5.6 m/s air flow
.. 27
Figure 4.4 Temperature movement at v=4.2 m/s air flow
.. 29
Figure 4.5 Temperature movement comparison from air flow velocity
variations
.
..
Figure 4.6 Comparison temperature distribution
. 31
.
..
31
Figure 4.7 Comparison Ti and Tt between those various air flow
velocities
33
xiv
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Producer gas composition
..
.. 10
Table 4.1 Temperature record based high and deepness of fire with
7.6 m/s air flow velocity.
...
. 24
Table 4.2 Temperature record based high and deepness of fire with
6.9 m/s air flow velocity
26
Table 4.3 Temperature record based high and deepness of fire with
5.6 m/s air flow velocity.......................................................... 28
Table 4.4 Temperature record based high and deepness of fire with
4.2 m/s air flow velocity
.
xv
30