FINAL PROJECT THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND The Effect of Burner Variation and Modification Toward Combustion Temperature and Effective Time in Husk Gasification.
FINAL PROJECT
THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND
MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE
AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION
This Final Project Has Been Arranged as A Requirement to Get Bachelor Degree of
Engineering in Automotive Engineering Department
Arranged by:
RIZQI RAUSHAN FIKRI
D 200 112 007
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2016
APPROVAL
THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND
MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE
AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION
PUBLICATION TEXT
Arranged by:
RIZQI RAUSHAN FIKRI
D 200 112 007
Has been checked and approved to be examined by:
Supervisor I
Supervisor II
Ir. Subroto, MT
Wijianto, ST. M.Eng.Sc
ii
VALIDATION
THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND
MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE
AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION
BY
RIZQI RAUSHAN FIKRI
D 200 112 007
Has been defended in front of Examiners Team
at Thursday, November 3 rd 2016
and it has fulfilled the requirements for getting a Bachelor Degree of Engineering
in Automotive Engineering Department.
Team of Examiners:
1. Ir. Subroto, MT
(
)
(
)
(
)
(Chairman)
2. Wijianto, ST. M.Eng.Sc
(Member I)
3. Dr. Supriyono
(Member II)
Dean of Engineering Faculty,
Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT. Ph.D
iii
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY
Through this paper I assert that the research entitled: THE EFFECT OF
BURNER VARIATION AND MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION
TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION as far as I
know there is no plagiarism in it. All materials in the text that referred to the other
creations have been enclosed by citation sources and mentioned in the
bibliography.
If someday, there is any untruth that found in my statements above, i will
take the fully responsibility about it.
Surakarta, October 20th 2016
Writer
RIZQI RAUSHAN FIKRI
D 200 112 007
iv
EFEK DARI VARIASI DAN MODIFIKASI TUNGKU TERHADAP SUHU
DAN WAKTU EFEKTIF PEMBAKARAN PADA GASIFIKASI SEKAM
ABSTRAK
Sekam adalah salah satu solusi yang paling dapat diandalkan untuk energi
alternatif. Sekam dapat menghasilkan metana dengan menggunakan
teknologi gasifikasi. Dari fakta tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk
mencari efek dari variasi dan modifikasi tungku terhadap suhu dan waktu
efektif pembakaran pada gasifikasi sekam.
Langkah pertama dari metode ini adalah mengaplikasikan semua variasi
tungku dan kemudian menggunakan tungku modifikasi. Ujung
thermocouple diletakkan pada tengah-bawah dari api untuk mencatat
perubahan suhu setiap 30 detik. Pengukuran suhu pembakaran dicatat setiap
30 detik.
Hasil percobaan dari setiap variasi tungku adalah pada variasi tungku
tanpa reflektor dan tutup, suhu tertinggi mencapai 6120C dan waktu
pembakaran 35:38 dan ketika menggunakan tungku modifikasi, suhu
tertinggi mencapai 6370C dan waktu pembakaran 44:10. Variasi tungku
dengan reflektor, suhu tertinggi mencapai 5340C dan waktu pembakaran
34:50 dan ketika menggunakan tungku modifikasi, suhu tertinggi mencapai
5840C dan waktu pembakaran 38:38. Variasi tungku dengan tutup, suhu
tertinggi mencapai 7280C dan waktu pembakaran 34:20 dan ketika
menggunakan tungku modifikasi, suhu tertinggi mencapai 6590C dan waktu
pembakaran 41:16.
Kata kunci: energi alternatif, biomassa, sekam, gasifikasi, variasi tungku,
modifikasi tungku, suhu pembakaran, waktu efektif.
v
THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND MODIFICATION
TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN
HUSK GASIFICATION
ABSTRACT
Rice husk is one of the most reliable solutions for alternative energy.
Husk can produce methane by using gasification technology. By those facts,
this research has been held to find out the effect of burner variation and
modification toward combustion temperature and effective time in husk
gasification.
The first step of this method applied all of burners variation and then
using modification burner. Thermocouple tip has been put at the centrebottom of fire for recording temperature changing in every 30 seconds.
Combustion temperature measurements were recorded every 30 seconds.
The result of experiment from each burners variation are on burner
variation without reflector and cap the highest temperature is 6120C and
combustion time 35:38 and when use modification burner the highest
temperature is 6370C and combustion time 44:10. Burner variation with
reflector the highest temperature is 5340C and combustion time 34:50 and
when use modification burner the highest temperature is 5840C and
combustion time 38:38. Burner variation with cap the highest temperature is
7280C and combustion time 34:20 and when use modification burner the
highest temperature is 6590C and combustion time 41:16.
Keywords: alternative energy, biomass, husk, gasification, burner variation,
burner modification, combustion temperature, effective time.
vi
MOTTO
Man Jadda Wa Jada (Where there is a will there is a way)
(Anonymous)
Tan Hana Wighna Tan Sirna (There is no obstacle that cannot be defeated)
(KOPASKA)
Knowledge without courtesy is like fire without wood. Courtesy without
knowledge is like soul without body
(Zakariya Al-Anbari)
vii
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT,
Thanks for the blessing and guidance.
Muhammad SAW,
Thanks for bring us from Jahiliyah into Islamiyah.
My Mother and Father
Thanks for your love, affection and support. You always help me in the tough
times.
All of my families,
Thanks for your prayer, support and help.
All of my friends,
Thanks for your support, jokes and invaluable memories.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahhirobbil’alamin. Praise and gratitude to Allah SWT, because
of His blessing and guidance this research paper has been done.
The final project entitled: THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND
MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVE
TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION has been done because of helping and
supporting from other people. Therefore, writer sincerely would like to say thanks
and appreciation to:
1. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT, Ph.D, as the Dean of Engineering Faculty of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2. Dr. Tri Widodo Besar Riyadi, as the Head of Mechanical Engineering
of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3. Wijianto, ST. M.Eng.Sc, as the Secretary of International Program of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
4. Ir. Subroto, MT, as the First Supervisor who has given researcher
inspiration, spirit, advices, suggestions, and corrections to the paper
completion.
5. Wijianto, ST. M.Eng.Sc, as the Second Supervisor who has given
researcher guidance, suggestions, and correction wisely.
6. All lecturers of Automotive Engineering Department for the guidance
during my study in the university.
7. My beloved Mother and Father, who always give me unlimited pray,
support, and affection.
8. My Classmates in Automotive Engineering 2011, thanks for those
memorable moments.
9. Those who writer cannot mention one by one, writer wants to say
thanks and appreciation to all of them.
ix
The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect, so the
writer sincerely welcomes any constructive comment, criticism, and suggestions
from anyone.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, October 20th 2016
Writer
Rizqi Raushan Fikri
x
CONTENTS
TITLE..................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL........................................................................................................ii
VALIDATION ...................................................................................................iii
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY ......................................iv
ABSTRAK ..........................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................vi
MOTTO ..............................................................................................................vii
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .....................................................................................ix
CONTENT ..........................................................................................................xi
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................xiii
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................xiv
LIST OF GRAPHIC…………………………………………………………....xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background ...................................................................................... 1
1.2
Problem Statement ........................................................................... 2
1.3
Problem Limitation .......................................................................... 2
1.4
Objective of Study............................................................................ 2
1.5
Outcome ........................................................................................... 2
1.6
Research Method ............................................................................. 3
1.7
Writing Structure .............................................................................. 3
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Literature Study................................................................................ 4
2.2
Fundamental Theory ........................................................................ 5
2.2.1
Fuel ......................................................................................... 5
2.2.2
Combustion ............................................................................. 5
2.2.3
Biomass .................................................................................. 5
2.2.4
Gasification ............................................................................. 7
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Flow Chart of Research .............................................................................. 10
xi
3.2
Equipment of Research .............................................................................. 11
3.3
Material ...................................................................................................... 18
3.4
Experiment Procedures............................................................................... 19
3.5
Temperature Measurement Method ........................................................... 19
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Husk Experiment on Burner Variation without Reflector and Cap…21
4.2
Husk Experiment on Burner Variation with Reflector .................... 22
4.3
Husk Experiment on Burner Variation with Cap……………….......23
4.4
Husk Experiment on Modification Burner Uses Burner Variation
without Reflector and Cap . .… .… .… .… .… .… .… .….….…. …24
4.5
Husk Experiment on Modification Burner Uses Burner Variation with
Reflector…………………………………………………………… 25
4.6
Husk Experiment on Modification Burner Uses Burner Variation with
Cap ……………………………………………………………...… 26
4.7
Time and Temperature Comparison from All Variation
Burners..……… …………………………………………………... 27
4.8
Time and Temperature Comparison from All Variation Burners Use
Modification Burner..………… ………………………………….. 28
4.9
Time and Temperature Comparison from Best Variation Burners Uses
and Not Use Modification Burner………………………………… 29
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION
5.1
Conclusion ....................................................................................... 30
5.2
Suggestion ........................................................................................ 30
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Type of gasification flow system ................................................ 9
Figure 3.1
Research Flowchart ..................................................................... 10
Figure 3.2
Dimension of Gasification Furnace ............................................. 11
Figure 3.3
Reactor......................................................................................... 11
Figure3.4
Burner without Additional Equipment ........................................ 12
Figure3.5
Reflector ...................................................................................... 13
Figure 3.6
Burner with Reflector .................................................................. 13
Figure 3.7
Cap............................................................................................... 14
Figure 3.8
Burner with Cap .......................................................................... 14
Figure 3.9
Modification of Burner ................................................................ 15
Figure3.10
Ash Chamber ............................................................................... 15
Figure 3.11
Blower ......................................................................................... 16
Figure 3.12
Thermoreader .............................................................................. 16
Figure3.13
Thermocouple .............................................................................. 16
Figure 3.14
Stopwatch .................................................................................... 17
Figure 3.15
Anemometer ................................................................................ 17
Figure 3.16
Analog Scale................................................................................ 17
Figure 3.17
Size of Husk is 10 mesh .............................................................. 18
Figure 3.18
Thermocouple tip at centre bottom of fire................................... 19
Figure 3.19
Thermocouple tip at the centre of fire ......................................... 20
Figure 3.20
Thermocouple position for temperature changing
measurement per 30 seconds ...................................................... 20
xiii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Producer gas compositions at 0.3 equivalence ratio and rice husk
moisture content 10-30% ……………..…………………………... 8
Table 2.2 Producer gas compositions at 0.3-0.6 equivalence ratio and rice husk
moisture content 30% …………..…………………………………. 8
xiv
LIST OF GRAPHIC
Graphic 4.1 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on burner
without reflector and cap...……………………………………..... 21
Graphic 4.2 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on burner
variation with reflector....………… …………………….....…..... 22
Graphic 4.3 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on burner
variation with cap...………… ………………………………....…23
Graphic 4.4 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on
modification burner uses burner variation without reflector and cap
...………………… ……………………………………………… 24
Graphic 4.5 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on
modification burner uses burner variation with reflector.…...……25
Graphic 4.6 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on
modification burner uses burner variation with cap.…………...…26
Graphic 4.7 Time and temperature comparison from all variation burners do not
use modification burner.…………..……………………......…… 27
Graphic 4.8 Time and temperature comparison from all variation burners use
modification burner ...………… ………………………. ….……28
Graphic 4.9 Time and temperature comparison from best variation burners uses
and not use modification burner…………… ……………………29
xv
THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND
MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE
AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION
This Final Project Has Been Arranged as A Requirement to Get Bachelor Degree of
Engineering in Automotive Engineering Department
Arranged by:
RIZQI RAUSHAN FIKRI
D 200 112 007
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2016
APPROVAL
THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND
MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE
AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION
PUBLICATION TEXT
Arranged by:
RIZQI RAUSHAN FIKRI
D 200 112 007
Has been checked and approved to be examined by:
Supervisor I
Supervisor II
Ir. Subroto, MT
Wijianto, ST. M.Eng.Sc
ii
VALIDATION
THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND
MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE
AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION
BY
RIZQI RAUSHAN FIKRI
D 200 112 007
Has been defended in front of Examiners Team
at Thursday, November 3 rd 2016
and it has fulfilled the requirements for getting a Bachelor Degree of Engineering
in Automotive Engineering Department.
Team of Examiners:
1. Ir. Subroto, MT
(
)
(
)
(
)
(Chairman)
2. Wijianto, ST. M.Eng.Sc
(Member I)
3. Dr. Supriyono
(Member II)
Dean of Engineering Faculty,
Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT. Ph.D
iii
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY
Through this paper I assert that the research entitled: THE EFFECT OF
BURNER VARIATION AND MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION
TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION as far as I
know there is no plagiarism in it. All materials in the text that referred to the other
creations have been enclosed by citation sources and mentioned in the
bibliography.
If someday, there is any untruth that found in my statements above, i will
take the fully responsibility about it.
Surakarta, October 20th 2016
Writer
RIZQI RAUSHAN FIKRI
D 200 112 007
iv
EFEK DARI VARIASI DAN MODIFIKASI TUNGKU TERHADAP SUHU
DAN WAKTU EFEKTIF PEMBAKARAN PADA GASIFIKASI SEKAM
ABSTRAK
Sekam adalah salah satu solusi yang paling dapat diandalkan untuk energi
alternatif. Sekam dapat menghasilkan metana dengan menggunakan
teknologi gasifikasi. Dari fakta tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk
mencari efek dari variasi dan modifikasi tungku terhadap suhu dan waktu
efektif pembakaran pada gasifikasi sekam.
Langkah pertama dari metode ini adalah mengaplikasikan semua variasi
tungku dan kemudian menggunakan tungku modifikasi. Ujung
thermocouple diletakkan pada tengah-bawah dari api untuk mencatat
perubahan suhu setiap 30 detik. Pengukuran suhu pembakaran dicatat setiap
30 detik.
Hasil percobaan dari setiap variasi tungku adalah pada variasi tungku
tanpa reflektor dan tutup, suhu tertinggi mencapai 6120C dan waktu
pembakaran 35:38 dan ketika menggunakan tungku modifikasi, suhu
tertinggi mencapai 6370C dan waktu pembakaran 44:10. Variasi tungku
dengan reflektor, suhu tertinggi mencapai 5340C dan waktu pembakaran
34:50 dan ketika menggunakan tungku modifikasi, suhu tertinggi mencapai
5840C dan waktu pembakaran 38:38. Variasi tungku dengan tutup, suhu
tertinggi mencapai 7280C dan waktu pembakaran 34:20 dan ketika
menggunakan tungku modifikasi, suhu tertinggi mencapai 6590C dan waktu
pembakaran 41:16.
Kata kunci: energi alternatif, biomassa, sekam, gasifikasi, variasi tungku,
modifikasi tungku, suhu pembakaran, waktu efektif.
v
THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND MODIFICATION
TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVE TIME IN
HUSK GASIFICATION
ABSTRACT
Rice husk is one of the most reliable solutions for alternative energy.
Husk can produce methane by using gasification technology. By those facts,
this research has been held to find out the effect of burner variation and
modification toward combustion temperature and effective time in husk
gasification.
The first step of this method applied all of burners variation and then
using modification burner. Thermocouple tip has been put at the centrebottom of fire for recording temperature changing in every 30 seconds.
Combustion temperature measurements were recorded every 30 seconds.
The result of experiment from each burners variation are on burner
variation without reflector and cap the highest temperature is 6120C and
combustion time 35:38 and when use modification burner the highest
temperature is 6370C and combustion time 44:10. Burner variation with
reflector the highest temperature is 5340C and combustion time 34:50 and
when use modification burner the highest temperature is 5840C and
combustion time 38:38. Burner variation with cap the highest temperature is
7280C and combustion time 34:20 and when use modification burner the
highest temperature is 6590C and combustion time 41:16.
Keywords: alternative energy, biomass, husk, gasification, burner variation,
burner modification, combustion temperature, effective time.
vi
MOTTO
Man Jadda Wa Jada (Where there is a will there is a way)
(Anonymous)
Tan Hana Wighna Tan Sirna (There is no obstacle that cannot be defeated)
(KOPASKA)
Knowledge without courtesy is like fire without wood. Courtesy without
knowledge is like soul without body
(Zakariya Al-Anbari)
vii
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
Allah SWT,
Thanks for the blessing and guidance.
Muhammad SAW,
Thanks for bring us from Jahiliyah into Islamiyah.
My Mother and Father
Thanks for your love, affection and support. You always help me in the tough
times.
All of my families,
Thanks for your prayer, support and help.
All of my friends,
Thanks for your support, jokes and invaluable memories.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahhirobbil’alamin. Praise and gratitude to Allah SWT, because
of His blessing and guidance this research paper has been done.
The final project entitled: THE EFFECT OF BURNER VARIATION AND
MODIFICATION TOWARD COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE AND EFFECTIVE
TIME IN HUSK GASIFICATION has been done because of helping and
supporting from other people. Therefore, writer sincerely would like to say thanks
and appreciation to:
1. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT, Ph.D, as the Dean of Engineering Faculty of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2. Dr. Tri Widodo Besar Riyadi, as the Head of Mechanical Engineering
of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3. Wijianto, ST. M.Eng.Sc, as the Secretary of International Program of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
4. Ir. Subroto, MT, as the First Supervisor who has given researcher
inspiration, spirit, advices, suggestions, and corrections to the paper
completion.
5. Wijianto, ST. M.Eng.Sc, as the Second Supervisor who has given
researcher guidance, suggestions, and correction wisely.
6. All lecturers of Automotive Engineering Department for the guidance
during my study in the university.
7. My beloved Mother and Father, who always give me unlimited pray,
support, and affection.
8. My Classmates in Automotive Engineering 2011, thanks for those
memorable moments.
9. Those who writer cannot mention one by one, writer wants to say
thanks and appreciation to all of them.
ix
The writer realizes that this research paper is far from being perfect, so the
writer sincerely welcomes any constructive comment, criticism, and suggestions
from anyone.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warohmatullahi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta, October 20th 2016
Writer
Rizqi Raushan Fikri
x
CONTENTS
TITLE..................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL........................................................................................................ii
VALIDATION ...................................................................................................iii
DECLARATION OF RESEARCH AUTHENTICITY ......................................iv
ABSTRAK ..........................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................vi
MOTTO ..............................................................................................................vii
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .....................................................................................ix
CONTENT ..........................................................................................................xi
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................xiii
LIST OF TABLE ................................................................................................xiv
LIST OF GRAPHIC…………………………………………………………....xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background ...................................................................................... 1
1.2
Problem Statement ........................................................................... 2
1.3
Problem Limitation .......................................................................... 2
1.4
Objective of Study............................................................................ 2
1.5
Outcome ........................................................................................... 2
1.6
Research Method ............................................................................. 3
1.7
Writing Structure .............................................................................. 3
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Literature Study................................................................................ 4
2.2
Fundamental Theory ........................................................................ 5
2.2.1
Fuel ......................................................................................... 5
2.2.2
Combustion ............................................................................. 5
2.2.3
Biomass .................................................................................. 5
2.2.4
Gasification ............................................................................. 7
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Flow Chart of Research .............................................................................. 10
xi
3.2
Equipment of Research .............................................................................. 11
3.3
Material ...................................................................................................... 18
3.4
Experiment Procedures............................................................................... 19
3.5
Temperature Measurement Method ........................................................... 19
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Husk Experiment on Burner Variation without Reflector and Cap…21
4.2
Husk Experiment on Burner Variation with Reflector .................... 22
4.3
Husk Experiment on Burner Variation with Cap……………….......23
4.4
Husk Experiment on Modification Burner Uses Burner Variation
without Reflector and Cap . .… .… .… .… .… .… .… .….….…. …24
4.5
Husk Experiment on Modification Burner Uses Burner Variation with
Reflector…………………………………………………………… 25
4.6
Husk Experiment on Modification Burner Uses Burner Variation with
Cap ……………………………………………………………...… 26
4.7
Time and Temperature Comparison from All Variation
Burners..……… …………………………………………………... 27
4.8
Time and Temperature Comparison from All Variation Burners Use
Modification Burner..………… ………………………………….. 28
4.9
Time and Temperature Comparison from Best Variation Burners Uses
and Not Use Modification Burner………………………………… 29
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION
5.1
Conclusion ....................................................................................... 30
5.2
Suggestion ........................................................................................ 30
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Type of gasification flow system ................................................ 9
Figure 3.1
Research Flowchart ..................................................................... 10
Figure 3.2
Dimension of Gasification Furnace ............................................. 11
Figure 3.3
Reactor......................................................................................... 11
Figure3.4
Burner without Additional Equipment ........................................ 12
Figure3.5
Reflector ...................................................................................... 13
Figure 3.6
Burner with Reflector .................................................................. 13
Figure 3.7
Cap............................................................................................... 14
Figure 3.8
Burner with Cap .......................................................................... 14
Figure 3.9
Modification of Burner ................................................................ 15
Figure3.10
Ash Chamber ............................................................................... 15
Figure 3.11
Blower ......................................................................................... 16
Figure 3.12
Thermoreader .............................................................................. 16
Figure3.13
Thermocouple .............................................................................. 16
Figure 3.14
Stopwatch .................................................................................... 17
Figure 3.15
Anemometer ................................................................................ 17
Figure 3.16
Analog Scale................................................................................ 17
Figure 3.17
Size of Husk is 10 mesh .............................................................. 18
Figure 3.18
Thermocouple tip at centre bottom of fire................................... 19
Figure 3.19
Thermocouple tip at the centre of fire ......................................... 20
Figure 3.20
Thermocouple position for temperature changing
measurement per 30 seconds ...................................................... 20
xiii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 2.1 Producer gas compositions at 0.3 equivalence ratio and rice husk
moisture content 10-30% ……………..…………………………... 8
Table 2.2 Producer gas compositions at 0.3-0.6 equivalence ratio and rice husk
moisture content 30% …………..…………………………………. 8
xiv
LIST OF GRAPHIC
Graphic 4.1 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on burner
without reflector and cap...……………………………………..... 21
Graphic 4.2 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on burner
variation with reflector....………… …………………….....…..... 22
Graphic 4.3 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on burner
variation with cap...………… ………………………………....…23
Graphic 4.4 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on
modification burner uses burner variation without reflector and cap
...………………… ……………………………………………… 24
Graphic 4.5 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on
modification burner uses burner variation with reflector.…...……25
Graphic 4.6 Correlation between combustion temperature and time on
modification burner uses burner variation with cap.…………...…26
Graphic 4.7 Time and temperature comparison from all variation burners do not
use modification burner.…………..……………………......…… 27
Graphic 4.8 Time and temperature comparison from all variation burners use
modification burner ...………… ………………………. ….……28
Graphic 4.9 Time and temperature comparison from best variation burners uses
and not use modification burner…………… ……………………29
xv