POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY AN INDONESIAN NATIVE SPEAKER IN A CASUAL CONVERSATION.
Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY AN INDONESIAN NATIVE SPEAKER IN A CASUAL CONVERSATION
A PAPER
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Education Department
By
FADLA TSANIA AGUSTIA 0605279
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND FINE ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
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POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY
AN INDONESIAN
NATIVE SPEAKER IN A CASUAL
CONVERSATION
Oleh
Fadla Tsania Agustia
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Fadla Tsania Agustia 2013 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Agustus 2013
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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PAGE OF APPROVAL
POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY AN INDONESIAN NATIVE SPEAKER IN A CASUAL CONVERSATION
By:
FADLA TSANIA AGUSTIA 0605279
Approved by:
Main Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,
Dr. Didi Sukyadi, M. A. Ernie Diyahkusumaning Ayu I., M.Ed. NIP. 196706091994031003 NIP. 197809222010122001
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ABSTRACT
The present study centered on the use of politeness strategies by an Indonesian native speaker in a casual conversation to a friend and a senior. It was intended to investigate the types of politeness strategies performed by the Indonesian participant to the friend and senior. It also aimed at exploring the factors which influenced the use of politeness strategies by the Indonesian participant in the casual conversation. The main data were the utterances delivered by an Indonesian participant to a friend and a senior in a conversation which were recorded, transcribed, then analyzed using Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness strategies (1987). The other data source was obtained from an interview with the Indonesian participant. The findings revealed that the Indonesian participant applied all the four politeness strategies, namely bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record both to the friend and senior. However, the frequency of occurrence of each strategy was different one to another. It was also discovered that the factors which influenced the Indonesian participant in employing politeness strategies involving relative power, social distance, and ranking of impositions. In addition, there were other possible factors stated by the Indonesian participant which were still needed to explore further namely age, gender, and educational background. It is suggested that the future study would investigate this issue and hire more participants.
Keywords: politeness strategies, relative power, social distance, ranking of impositions, casual conversation
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ...i
PREFACE ... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iii
ABSTRACT ...iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v
LIST OF TABLES ... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ... viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background ... 1
1.2 Statement of problem ... 3
1.3 Aims of study ... 4
1.4 Research methods... 4
1.5 Scope of study ... 5
1.6 Significance of study ... 5
1.7 Clarification of key terms ... 5
1.8 Organization of paper ... 6
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 7
2.1 Theories of politeness ... 7
2.1.1 Grice’s Cooperative Principle (CP) ... 8
2.1.2 Leech’s Politeness Principle (PP) ... 10
2.1.3 The Principle of Mutual Consideration (PMC) ... 12
2.1.4 Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory... 13
2.2 Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies ... 15
2.2.1 Bald on record ... 16
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2.2.3 Negative politeness ... 22
2.2.4 Off record ... 27
2.3 Factors influencing politeness strategies usage ... 32
2.3.1 The social distance (D) of speaker and hearer... 32
2.3.2 The relative power (P) of speaker and hearer ... 33
2.3.3 The absolute ranking (R) of impositions in the particular culture... 34
2.4 Casual conversation and its realization in Indonesian context ... 36
2.5 Previous studies on politeness strategies usage of Indonesians ... 37
2.6 Present study ... 39
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 40
3.1 Research design ... 40
3.2 Data collection ... 40
3.2.1 Data source ... 41
3.2.2 Participants ... 42
3.2.3 Data collection instruments ... 43
3.2.4 Data collection procedure ... 45
3.3 Data analysis ... 45
3.3.1 Identifying and classifying the utterances delivered by IS ... 45
3.3.2 Calculating the percentage of each politeness strategy ... 47
3.3.3 Exploring the factors influencing the use of politeness strategies by IS ... 47
3.3.4 Interpreting the data and representing the findings ... 48
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 49
4.1 Politeness strategies used by the Indonesian participant to friend .... 49
4.1.1 Bald on record: IS to friend ... 49
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4.1.3 Negative politeness: IS to friend ... 56
4.1.4 Off record: IS to friend ... 57
4.2 Politeness strategies used by the Indonesian participant to senior ... 61
4.2.1 Bald on record: IS to senior ... 61
4.2.2 Positive politeness: IS to senior ... 62
4.2.3 Negative politeness: IS to senior ... 66
4.2.4 Off record: IS to senior ... 69
4.3 Factors influencing the use of politeness strategies by the Indonesian participant ... 74
4.3.1 Social distance and Relative power ... 75
4.3.2 Ranking of impositions ... 80
4.3.3 Other possible factors ... 84
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 88
5.1 Conclusions ... 88
5.2 Suggestions ... 90
REFERENCES ...
APPENDICES ... Appendix 1 The conversation transcript ... Appendix 2 The analytical table of politeness strategies used by the Indonesian native speaker towards friend ... Appendix 3 The analytical table of politeness strategies used by the Indonesian native speaker towards senior ... Appendix 4 The interview ...
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
The first chapter presents the brief elaboration of several elements covered in the study. They are background of study, statement of problems, aims of study, research methods, scope of study, significance of study, clarification of related terms, and organization of paper.
1.1 Background of study
While doing social interaction, there is a particular self-image which a person attempts to maintain for each other. This is what Goffman (1967, p. 222) called „face‟ which was defined as a self-image that people share “in terms of
approved social attributes…by making a good showing for himself”. Individuals
save each other‟s face due to the necessity of being polite. In sum, politeness can be regarded as the expressions that are used to take care of individuals‟ faces in order to preserve good relationship among them.
However, during communication, it is frequent that the speaker‟s desire might not be in line with the hearer‟s or vice versa. This condition leads to the acts which are against “the face wants of the speaker and/ or the hearer” namely „Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)‟ (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 65). Dealing with FTAs, people, whether consciously or not, will perform some strategies. Those strategies are known as „politeness strategies‟ and used for redressing messages in order to save the interlocutor‟s face when FTAs are unavoidable.
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In terms of politeness strategies, Brown and Levinson (1987) listed four major types of politeness strategies: 1) Bald on record; 2) Positive politeness; 3) Negative politeness; and 4) Off-record. Furthermore, Brown and Levinson (1987) also stated that the use of politeness strategies depends on three factors, which are 1) the social distance between participants; 2) the power relation of participants; and 3) the rank of impositions (the threat of the FTAs). The detailed explanation is discussed in Chapter II of the study.
Related to politeness strategies usage of Indonesians, several studies have reported various findings. A study conducted by Nanda (2010) explored politeness strategies of Indonesian presenters in a television show and found that positive politeness became the strategy which was mostly used by the Indonesian
presenters. It is in line with the results of Vistiari‟s study (2002) which revealed
that Indonesian native speakers performed positive politeness most often among the other strategies in the course meetings.
Nevertheless, different findings were obtained from Sa‟diyah‟s study (2008). She investigated politeness strategies usage of Indonesian chatters in Internet Relay Chat (IRC). The study evidenced that the most frequently used strategy among them was bald on record. It was probably because the Indonesian chatters thought it was the fastest and most effective way in internet chatting. Moreover, since they did not meet in the real world so there might not be really necessary to maintain each other face.
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The previous studies mentioned earlier have explored politeness strategies usage of Indonesian speakers with various participants. Yet, none of them focused on the factors which influence Indonesians in utilizing politeness strategies. In fact, analyzing the factors may be useful for knowing the notion behind their usage of politeness strategies. Furthermore, there are still a few studies concerning politeness strategies in casual conversation whereas it is also worthwhile to be examined because it actually happens in our daily life.
Regarding those phenomena, the present study attempted to investigate politeness strategies applied by an Indonesian native speaker in a casual conversation. It aimed at revealing types of politeness strategies which were utilized by the Indonesian participant towards a friend and a senior. In addition, it was intended to explore the factors which affected the use of politeness strategies by the Indonesian participant in the casual conversation.
1.2 Statement of problems
The present study began with phenomena which afterwards aroused several enquiries. The questions covered in this study were as follows:
1. What types of politeness strategies are used by an Indonesian native speaker to a friend in the casual conversation?
2. What types of politeness strategies are used by an Indonesian native speaker to a senior in the casual conversation?
3. What are the factors that influence the use of politeness strategies by the Indonesian participant in the casual conversation?
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1.3 Aims of study
Based on the research questions above, the present study aimed to reveal: 1. Types of politeness strategies which are applied by an Indonesian native
speaker to a friend in the casual conversation.
2. Types of politeness strategies which are applied by an Indonesian native speaker to a senior in the casual conversation.
3. The factors which influence the use of politeness strategies by the Indonesian paticipant in the casual conversation.
1.4 Research Methods
The design of this study is a qualitative study since the aims of the study were in line with the basic purpose of qualitative study namely “to describe the characteristics of a particular group, event, or phenomena” (Alwasilah, 2000, p. 151). Particularly, it belongs to a case study which explored the use of politeness strategies by an Indonesian native speaker. The data were collected by means of video-recording and interview. Video-recording was employed to record the conversation performed by the participants, while interview was used for confirming the data obtained from the recording. There were three Indonesian students involved in the conversation, but only the utterances delivered by an Indonesian participant which were analyzed in this study.
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In order to reveal the types of politeness strategies utilized by the Indonesian participant (henceforth, IS) to a friend and a senior, the utterances said by IS in the recorded conversation were analyzed according to Brown &
Levinson‟s politeness strategies (1987). Afterwards, it was investigated whether
IS applied the same or different strategies towards the friend and senior to find out the factors which influenced the use of politeness strategies by IS in the casual conversation. The data were obtained from the analyzed conversation as well as the interview.
1.5 Scope of study
The present study focused on revealing politeness strategies which were performed by an Indonesian native speaker to a friend and a senior in a casual conversation. It also attempted to discover the factors which influenced the use of politeness strategies by the Indonesian participant in the casual conversation.
1.6 Significance of study
The present study is expected to give significance for some people in case of theories, professions, and practices related to this area. The results of this study is hoped to add more valuable data about the use of politeness strategies by Indonesian speaker in casual conversation. Teachers and scholars may use it as an example of language use realizations which can be shared to students or other people. It also appears to be a reference for further studies concerning this topic.
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1.7 Clarification of key terms
The main terms used in this paper would be clarified here in order to avoid misunderstandings, they are as follows:
1. Politeness strategies are the strategies people perform in order to minimize the FTAs (Brown & Levinson, 1987). Here, it refers to the politeness strategies utilized by an Indonesian native speaker towards a friend and a senior in a casual conversation.
2. Casual conversation in this study refers to a daily conversation between three Indonesian native speakers who are regarded as the main participant, the friend, and the senior.
1.8 Organization of paper
This research paper comprises five chapters including Introduction, Theoretical Foundation, Research Methodology, Findings and Discussion, and Conclusions and Suggestions. Chapter I, Introduction, consists of background, statement of problems, aims of study, research methods, scope of study, significance of study, clarification of key terms and organization of paper. Chapter II, Theoretical Foundation, reviews the underlying theories and previous related studies. Chapter III, Research Methodology, elaborates the research design, data collection, and data analysis of the study. Chapter IV, Findings and Discussion, presents results of the study along with the discussion. Chapter V, Conclusions and Suggestions, covers some conclusions of the study and suggestions regarding the research topic.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter comprises several aspects of methodology involving research design, data collection, and data analysis which were employed in this study to examine types of politeness strategies used by an Indonesian native speaker to a friend and to a senior in a casual conversation as well as the factors which influenced the use of politeness strategies by the Indonesian participant in the casual conversation.
3.1 Research design
The present study is a descriptive qualitative study as well as a case study. As suggested by Alwasilah (2000, p. 151), the purpose of qualitative study is “to describe the characteristics of a particular group, event, or phenomena.” It is in line with the aims of the present study which attempted to explore the use of politeness strategies by an Indonesian native speaker to a friend and a senior in a casual conversation and the factors which influenced it.
3.2 Data collection
This sub-chapter presents the detailed explanation of data collection including the data source, participants, data collection instruments, and data collection procedure of the present study.
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3.2.1 Data source
The analyzed recorded conversation was divided into two parts as figured in the following scheme:
Figure 3.1 Indonesian conversation
The first part of the conversation (labeled as IC. 1) belongs to the conversation between the main participant (initialed as IS) and the friend whose relative power (henceforth, P) is equal to IS‟s P. It is considered as equal because they are in the same age and they have the same education level. The social distance (henceforth, D) between them is regarded as close since they have been living together in the same boarding house for three years so they have shared many things in common. Besides, the same age and education level make them easier to build a closer relationship.
Meanwhile, the second part of the conversation (IC. 2) is the conversation between IS and the senior whose P is higher than IS‟s P. It is regarded as higher because the senior is older than IS and has higher education level than IS. The social distance between them is not considered as close because the different age and education level somehow create a gap between them. IS does not hang out
g
Senior IC. 1: IS & Friend IS (P: higher, D: not close)
Friend IC. 2: IS & Senior (P: equal, D: close)
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with the senior as often as with the friend. Moreover, the senior lives in the boarding house less longer than IS and the friend.
The duration of the conversation was approximately ninety minutes with more than 200 utterances. Since the analyzed conversation held in a natural setting, the topics emerged were various. Therefore, the ranking of impositions of the cases evidenced in the conversation were identified in data analysis stage. The number of utterances appeared in each part of the conversation might also differ one to another because the utterances came out spontaneously.
3.2.2 Participants
In fact, there were three people who were involved in the recorded conversation. They were three Indonesian native speakers. However, the utterances analyzed were the ones which were performed by a participant. The utterances delivered by the opposite partners were not examined because the present study only focused on the usage of politeness strategies performed by an Indonesian native speaker to a friend and a senior. Hence, the main participant was an Indonesian native speaker (IS).
All participants were female students, including the researcher who appeared to be the senior. Both the main participant and the friend were 19 years old, while the senior was 24 years old. The reasons for selecting the participants were based on characteristics and accessibility. Since they have been living together for years in the same boarding house, the conversation was taken place in
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natural and casual setting. It is very suitable for this study. Moreover, it is more beneficial that the whole data were obtained in the same time and place.
3.2.3 Data collection instruments
Triangulation technique by means of video-recording and interview was employed for collecting the data in this study. By combining the instruments (triangulation), the risk of obtaining limited data will be minimized and the validity of result will be increased (Alwasilah, 2000). In addition, using a variety of research instruments instead of only a single instrument is useful to solve problems on natural phenomena and the findings are likely to be more valid (Furlong, Lovelace & Lovelace, 2000).
In this study, video-recording was used for recording the conversation held by the participants. Later, the recorded conversation was transcribed. The purpose of transcription is to manage the data which are obtained from various oral data source, such as oral interviews and taped narratives (Furlong et al., 2000). It assists researchers to discover how participants build “the rules of talk using linguistic means” (Mey, 2001, p. 138). By making transcripts of the recorded conversations, any production of verbal information can be analyzed.
The second research instrument administered in this study was open-ended interview. It was conducted to gain deeper information from the speaker who applied the politeness strategies herself. Interview is important because it may explain the participants‟ responses found in the conversations through the insights
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into their belief and experiences (Richards, 2009). The questions that were asked for the interview are presented in Table 3.1 as follows:
Table 3.1 Interview Questions
NO. QUESTIONS
1 Do you use different way of speaking towards different people? (e.g. formal/ informal, direct/ indirect, joke/ hint, etc.)
2 Can you mention towards whom you differentiate your way of speaking? 3 What kind of different way of speaking that you use? (e.g. formal/
informal, direct/ indirect, joke/ hint, etc.)
4 Can you give some examples of sentences that show your different way of speaking towards different people?
5 In your point of view, what are the factors that influence the use of politeness?
6 Do you think the power relation [„the relative power‟] becomes one of the factors (e.g. towards the person whose status is higher than you, such as your teacher or senior)?
7 Do you think the seriousness level of topic talk [„the level of imposition‟] also becomes one of the factors (e.g. borrowing money versus inviting someone)?
8 Do you think the closeness [„the social distance‟] also becomes one of the factors (e.g. towards the person who has a close relationship with you versus the person you have just already met)?
9 In your point of view, besides the social distance, power relation, and ranking of imposition, is there any other factors that influence the use of politeness (e.g. family background, gender, situation/ setting)?
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3.2.4 Data collection procedure
The study adapted data procedure of conversational analysis suggested by Ten Have (1999, p.48, cited in Flick, 2009, p. 336) which is listed as follows:
1. Making recordings of natural interaction. The first stage of data collection in the present study is recording natural interaction, which is casual conversation.
2. Conducting interview. Since this study also employs interview to collect the data, so the second step is conducting interview.
3. Transcribing the tapes. The next sequence is transcribing the recorded conversation as well as the interview.
4. Analyzing selected episodes & reporting the research. These sections are elaborated in the following sub-chapter.
3.3 Data analysis
The data analysis procedures of the present study include identifying, classifying, calculating, investigating, interpreting, and representing. They are elaborated in the following sub-chapters, as follows:
3.3.1 Identifying and classifying the utterances delivered by IS
First, in order to reveal types of politeness strategies applied by IS towards the friend and senior, the utterances in each part of conversation were identified according to Brown and Levinson‟s politeness strategies as illustrated in Figure 3.2. The description of each strategy was provided in Chapter 2 of this paper.
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Figure 3.2 Possible strategies for doing FTAs (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 69)
Each utterance was classified into a particular politeness strategy, as in:
1) IS: “Buat apa, Teh?” (translated: “What is it for, Sist?”)
The above utterance was classified as negative politeness strategy, in which the speaker used an honorific or deference address term “Teh”- “Teteh” which is a Sundanese (one of tribes in Indonesia) term of calling an older female or senior whose age difference is slight.
Another example can be seen in the following utterance:
2) IS: “Bangun!” (translated: “Wake up!”)
The utterance (2) belongs to bald on record strategy, since the speaker said the demand directly in an imperative form.
1. without redressive action, baldly
on record 2. positive politeness
Do the FTA with redressive action
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3.3.2 Calculating the percentage of each politeness strategies
In order to know the percentage of each strategy in each part of conversation, a simple calculation was done by employing the following formula:
F P = Percentage
P = ___ X 100%
F = Frequency of occurrences N
N = Total occurrences
For instance, if the number of bald on record strategy used by IS to friend is 20 times and the total number of politeness strategies used by IS to friend is 80 times, so the percentage of bald on record strategies used by IS to friend is: 20 ÷ 80 = 0,25 x 100% = 25%. The highest percentage of certain strategy represents the strategy which is mostly used by IS.
3.3.3 Exploring the factors influencing the use of politeness strategies by IS After knowing types of strategies used by IS to the friend and senior, the next step was exploring the factors which influence the use of politeness strategies by IS. It was conducted by investigating whether the three sociological variables suggested by Brown and Levinson (1987) namely social distance (D), relative power (P), and ranking of impositions (R) were evidenced in the analyzed conversation. The IS‟s answers from the interview were also included.
From the conversation analysis, it was explored whether IS applied the same or different strategies to the friend and senior whose P and D are different one to another. It was also investigated whether IS used the same or different
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politeness strategies in various impositions. The differences in the use of politeness strategies which were found would indicate that P, R and D influence the use of politeness strategies by IS in the casual conversation.
Afterwards, IS‟s answers from the interview were also investigated. The information concerning how IS used politeness strategies in her daily casual conversation was confirmed with the data obtained from the conversation analysis. IS‟s opinions regarding the factors which influence politeness strategies usage were also revealed.
3.3.4 Interpreting the data and representing the findings
The next step is interpreting the whole data to answer the three research questions. First, the use of politeness strategies by IS towards the friend was described. Second, the use of politeness strategies by IS towards the senior was also explained. Third, the factors which influence the use of politeness strategies by IS was elaborated as well. After all the research questions were answered, the results were then associated with the prevailing theories and previous findings. Finally, the findings were represented along with the discussion.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
This study was concerned with the use of politeness strategies by an Indonesian native speaker towards a friend and a senior in a casual conversation. It was intended to reveal types of politeness strategies which were applied by the Indonesian participant (henceforth, IS) towards each of the interlocutors. The other purpose was to discover the factors which influence the use of politeness strategies by IS in the casual conversation.
The findings of this study revealed that IS utilized all the four Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies (1987), namely bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record both to the friend and senior. Similarly, IS favored positive politeness strategy the most other than the other strategies while talking to both of them. It can be seen from the frequent use of in-group identity markers such as slang, jargon, dialect, and nicknames in the conversation.
However, some differences were discovered in the use of other strategies particularly bald on record and negative politeness. The results showed that to the senior whose relative power (P) is regarded as ‘higher’ and whose social distance (D) value is regarded as ‘not close’, IS tended to use negative politeness strategy and rarely used bald on record strategy. On the contrary, to the friend who has the equal P and whose D is regarded as ‘close’, IS rarely used negative politeness
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strategy and often used bald on record strategy. These facts lead to the conclusion that relative power and social distance has certain influence on politeness strategies usage of IS in the casual conversation.
Furthermore, in terms of the ranking of impositions, it was evidenced that IS applied different politeness strategies in various cases of impositions. When expressing critic and disagreement which were regarded having high impositions, IS tended to use more redressive strategies such as off record and negative politeness. On the other hand, in having small talks like telling story or giving information which have low impositions, IS performed less redressive strategy namely positive politeness. From these findings, it is assumed that ranking of impositions also has some influence on the use of politeness strategies by IS in the casual conversation.
Concerning the other possible factors suggested by IS (e.g. age, gender, and educational background), they cannot be firmly stated yet as the main factors in the present study. It is because the present study did not include all those variables in the focus of study. The age and education level in this study were treated as one of assessments to determine the P and D value of the participants. It is still required to conduct a further study proving that these variables could be treated in separate way with the social distance and power relation factors.
Hopefully, these findings would add more useful data on the realization of politeness strategies among Indonesian speakers and become a basis for further studies concerning this topic.
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5.2 Suggestions
The present study has attempted to reveal the politeness strategies used by an Indonesian native speaker (henceforth, IS) in a casual conversation on the surface level. It also investigated the factors which influenced IS’s usage of politeness strategies through comparing the politeness strategies used by IS towards a friend and towards a senior in the casual conversation. Seemingly, these issues has not been explored in previous studies. Therefore, the present study was conducted to fill the gap.
For further studies, there are some suggestions which could be considered in conducting research with relevant topic. While the present study only analyzed the use of politeness strategies by an Indonesian native speaker, it would be much better if the further research can hire participants as many as possible to enrich the data. Besides casual conversation in boarding house, there are also other settings which can be considered such as at school, home, or public places. In addition, employing any recent theories is also recommended to produce various findings.
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Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
REFERENCES
Abdolrezapour, P. & Eslami-Rasekh, A. (2010). A cross-cultural study of perception of politeness by Iranian and American in request forms. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 164-169. ISSN: 1683-8831
Adolphs, S., Clancy, B., O’Keeffe, A. (2011). Introducing pragmatics in use. NY:
Routledge.
Alwasilah, A. C. (2000). Pokoknya kualitatif: Dasar-dasar merancang dan melakukan penelitian kualitatif. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.
Ambady, N., Koo, J., Lee, F., & Rosenthal, R. (1996). More than words: Linguistic and nonlinguistic politeness in two cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology published by the American Psychological Association, Inc., 70(5), 996-1011. Retrieved from www.tufts.edu/Morethanwords.pdf
Aziz, E. A. (2003). Theorizing linguistic politeness in Indonesian society. Jakarta: Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia.
Bell, Nancy. (1998). Politeness in the speech of Korean ESL learners (Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, Vol. 14(1), pp. 25-47). University of Pennsylvania.
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bumela, L. (2009). Linguistic politeness in the EFL learners’ requests. Unpublished master thesis, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
Eggins, S. & Slade, D. (1997). Relevant approaches to analysing casual conversation. In S. Eggins & D. Slade (ed.), Analysing casual conversation, 35 pages. London: Cassell. Retrieved December 7, 2012,
(28)
Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
from:http://people.ucsc.edu/~gwells/Files/Courses_Folder/documents/Eggi nsSlade.pdf
Flick, U. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research (4th ed.). London: SAGE Publications.
Furlong, N. E., Lovelace, E. A., & Lovelace, K. L. (2000). Research methods and statistics: An integrated approach. USA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Goffman, E. (1967). On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. In B. G. Blount (Eds.), Language, culture, and society (2nd ed., pp. 222-247). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics: Speech acts (Vol. 3, pp. 41-58). NY: Academic Press.
Hadiat, C. (2010). The realization of politeness strategies in children’s refusal: A
case study of parents’ educational background. Paper presented at
International Conference TEFLIN 57th, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung.
Jendra, M. I. I. (2010). Sociolinguistics: The study of societies’ languages (1st ed.). Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Kitamura, N. (2000). Adapting Brown and Levinson’s ‘politeness’ theory to the analysis of casual conversation. Proceedings of ALS2k, the 2000 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society (pp. 163-169). Retrieved from: www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2000/kitamura.pdf
Kwon, S. H. & Ha, S. W. (2009). On Politeness: Cross cultural differences. KLing
(Vol. 3, pp. 79-102). Retrieved from:
http://www.kling.or.kr/pds/kling200902/79-101.pdf
Lee, Y. C. (2011). Comparison of politeness and acceptability perceptions of request strategies between Chinese learners of English and native English
(29)
Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
speakers. Asian Social Science published by Canadian Center of Science and Education, 7(8), 21-34. doi: 10.5539/ass.v7n8p21
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. NY: Longman.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mahyuni. (2006). The socio-cultural significance of valuing linguistic politeness: Theoretical frameworks. LINGUISTIKA, 15(28), 115-128. SK Akreditasi Nomor: 007/BAN PT/Ak-V/S2/VIII/2006
Mey, J. L. (2001). Pragmatics: An introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Nanda, S. (2010). Conversational implicature and politeness strategies of the presenters in “Take Me Out Indonesia”. Unpublished undergraduate research paper, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
Rakhmawati, S. S. (2009). Politeness in consecutive interpreting: A case of English to Indonesian. Paper presented at Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN), August 3-4, 2009, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung.
Rezasanti, R. N. (2010). The realization of politeness strategies by female and male English language learners when expressing disagreement: A case study in the Department of English Education of Indonesia University of Education. Unpublished undergraduate research paper, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
Richards, K. (2009). Interviews. In J. Heigham & R. A. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative research in applied linguistics: A practical introduction (pp. 182- 199). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sa’diyah, I. K. (2008). Politeness strategies used by Indonesian chatters in Internet Relay Chat (IRC). (Undergraduate research paper, State
(30)
Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
University of Malang, 2008, Unpublished). Retrieved from http://library.um.ac.id/free-contents/printjournal.php/35346.html
Scollon, R. & Scollon, S. W. (2001). Intercultural communication: A discourse approach (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Sutoyo, Suwandi. (2001). Physiciant-patient conversations: Politeness strategies among a number of Indonesian and expatriate patients. Unpublished master thesis. Atmajaya Catholic University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in interaction: An introduction to pragmatics. NY: Longman.
Vistiari, R. (2002). The comparison of politeness strategies produced by the native speakers of English and the Indonesian speakers. (Undergraduate research paper, Petra Christian University, 2002, Unpublished). Retrieved from http://digilib.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe/s1/sing/2002/11498150.pdf
Wray, A., Trott, K., Bloomer, A. (1998). Projects in linguistics: A practical guide to researching language. London: Arnold.
Yulia, Made Frida. (2009). A sociolinguistic analysis on politeness features in English text messages. Proceedings of the sixth Conference on English Studies (Conest 6). Center for Studies on Language and Culture, Atmajaya Catholic University, Jakarta, Indonesia, November 30 – December 1, 2009 (pp. 59-62). Jakarta: Center for Studies on Language and Culture, Atmajaya Catholic University.
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89 Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
strategy and often used bald on record strategy. These facts lead to the conclusion that relative power and social distance has certain influence on politeness strategies usage of IS in the casual conversation.
Furthermore, in terms of the ranking of impositions, it was evidenced that IS applied different politeness strategies in various cases of impositions. When expressing critic and disagreement which were regarded having high impositions, IS tended to use more redressive strategies such as off record and negative politeness. On the other hand, in having small talks like telling story or giving information which have low impositions, IS performed less redressive strategy namely positive politeness. From these findings, it is assumed that ranking of impositions also has some influence on the use of politeness strategies by IS in the casual conversation.
Concerning the other possible factors suggested by IS (e.g. age, gender, and educational background), they cannot be firmly stated yet as the main factors in the present study. It is because the present study did not include all those variables in the focus of study. The age and education level in this study were treated as one of assessments to determine the P and D value of the participants. It is still required to conduct a further study proving that these variables could be treated in separate way with the social distance and power relation factors.
Hopefully, these findings would add more useful data on the realization of politeness strategies among Indonesian speakers and become a basis for further studies concerning this topic.
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90 Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
5.2 Suggestions
The present study has attempted to reveal the politeness strategies used by an Indonesian native speaker (henceforth, IS) in a casual conversation on the surface level. It also investigated the factors which influenced IS’s usage of politeness strategies through comparing the politeness strategies used by IS towards a friend and towards a senior in the casual conversation. Seemingly, these issues has not been explored in previous studies. Therefore, the present study was conducted to fill the gap.
For further studies, there are some suggestions which could be considered in conducting research with relevant topic. While the present study only analyzed the use of politeness strategies by an Indonesian native speaker, it would be much better if the further research can hire participants as many as possible to enrich the data. Besides casual conversation in boarding house, there are also other settings which can be considered such as at school, home, or public places. In addition, employing any recent theories is also recommended to produce various findings.
(3)
Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
REFERENCES
Abdolrezapour, P. & Eslami-Rasekh, A. (2010). A cross-cultural study of perception of politeness by Iranian and American in request forms.
Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 164-169. ISSN: 1683-8831
Adolphs, S., Clancy, B., O’Keeffe, A. (2011). Introducing pragmatics in use. NY:
Routledge.
Alwasilah, A. C. (2000). Pokoknya kualitatif: Dasar-dasar merancang dan
melakukan penelitian kualitatif. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.
Ambady, N., Koo, J., Lee, F., & Rosenthal, R. (1996). More than words: Linguistic and nonlinguistic politeness in two cultures. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology published by the American
Psychological Association, Inc., 70(5), 996-1011. Retrieved from www.tufts.edu/Morethanwords.pdf
Aziz, E. A. (2003). Theorizing linguistic politeness in Indonesian society. Jakarta: Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia.
Bell, Nancy. (1998). Politeness in the speech of Korean ESL learners (Working Papers in Educational Linguistics, Vol. 14(1), pp. 25-47). University of Pennsylvania.
Brown, P. & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language
usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bumela, L. (2009). Linguistic politeness in the EFL learners’ requests. Unpublished master thesis, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
Eggins, S. & Slade, D. (1997). Relevant approaches to analysing casual conversation. In S. Eggins & D. Slade (ed.), Analysing casual
(4)
Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
from:http://people.ucsc.edu/~gwells/Files/Courses_Folder/documents/Eggi nsSlade.pdf
Flick, U. (2009). An introduction to qualitative research (4th ed.). London: SAGE Publications.
Furlong, N. E., Lovelace, E. A., & Lovelace, K. L. (2000). Research methods and
statistics: An integrated approach. USA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Goffman, E. (1967). On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. In B. G. Blount (Eds.), Language, culture, and society (2nd ed., pp. 222-247). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.),
Syntax and semantics: Speech acts (Vol. 3, pp. 41-58). NY: Academic
Press.
Hadiat, C. (2010). The realization of politeness strategies in children’s refusal: A
case study of parents’ educational background. Paper presented at
International Conference TEFLIN 57th, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung.
Jendra, M. I. I. (2010). Sociolinguistics: The study of societies’ languages (1st ed.). Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
Kitamura, N. (2000). Adapting Brown and Levinson’s ‘politeness’ theory to the
analysis of casual conversation. Proceedings of ALS2k, the 2000
Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society (pp. 163-169). Retrieved
from: www.als.asn.au/proceedings/als2000/kitamura.pdf
Kwon, S. H. & Ha, S. W. (2009). On Politeness: Cross cultural differences. KLing
(Vol. 3, pp. 79-102). Retrieved from:
http://www.kling.or.kr/pds/kling200902/79-101.pdf
Lee, Y. C. (2011). Comparison of politeness and acceptability perceptions of request strategies between Chinese learners of English and native English
(5)
Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
speakers. Asian Social Science published by Canadian Center of Science and Education, 7(8), 21-34. doi: 10.5539/ass.v7n8p21
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. NY: Longman.
Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mahyuni. (2006). The socio-cultural significance of valuing linguistic politeness: Theoretical frameworks. LINGUISTIKA, 15(28), 115-128. SK Akreditasi Nomor: 007/BAN PT/Ak-V/S2/VIII/2006
Mey, J. L. (2001). Pragmatics: An introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Nanda, S. (2010). Conversational implicature and politeness strategies of the
presenters in “Take Me Out Indonesia”. Unpublished undergraduate research paper, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
Rakhmawati, S. S. (2009). Politeness in consecutive interpreting: A case of English to Indonesian. Paper presented at Conference on Applied Linguistics (CONAPLIN), August 3-4, 2009, Indonesia University of Education, Bandung.
Rezasanti, R. N. (2010). The realization of politeness strategies by female and
male English language learners when expressing disagreement: A case study in the Department of English Education of Indonesia University of Education. Unpublished undergraduate research paper, Indonesia
University of Education, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
Richards, K. (2009). Interviews. In J. Heigham & R. A. Croker (Eds.), Qualitative
research in applied linguistics: A practical introduction (pp. 182- 199).
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sa’diyah, I. K. (2008). Politeness strategies used by Indonesian chatters in
(6)
Fadla Tsania Agustia, 2013
Politeness Strategies Used By An Indonesian Native Speaker In A Casual Conversation Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
University of Malang, 2008, Unpublished). Retrieved from http://library.um.ac.id/free-contents/printjournal.php/35346.html
Scollon, R. & Scollon, S. W. (2001). Intercultural communication: A discourse
approach (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Sutoyo, Suwandi. (2001). Physiciant-patient conversations: Politeness strategies
among a number of Indonesian and expatriate patients. Unpublished
master thesis. Atmajaya Catholic University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in interaction: An introduction to pragmatics. NY: Longman.
Vistiari, R. (2002). The comparison of politeness strategies produced by the native speakers of English and the Indonesian speakers. (Undergraduate research paper, Petra Christian University, 2002, Unpublished). Retrieved from http://digilib.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe/s1/sing/2002/11498150.pdf
Wray, A., Trott, K., Bloomer, A. (1998). Projects in linguistics: A practical guide
to researching language. London: Arnold.
Yulia, Made Frida. (2009). A sociolinguistic analysis on politeness features in English text messages. Proceedings of the sixth Conference on English
Studies (Conest 6). Center for Studies on Language and Culture, Atmajaya Catholic University, Jakarta, Indonesia, November 30 – December 1, 2009 (pp. 59-62). Jakarta: Center for Studies on Language and Culture,